Affinage

HSF1

Heat shock factor protein 1 · UniProt Q00613

Length
529 aa
Mass
57.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 43 papers cited in narrative 43 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HSF1 is the master stress-activated transcription factor of the heat shock response, driving chaperone gene expression while existing under negative control in unstressed cells (PMID:1871105, PMID:31552827). Its intrinsic DNA-binding and transactivation activities are intrinsically active but held latent: Hsp70 binds the HSF1 transactivation domain (and, via a low-affinity conserved element CE2, the regulatory region) to repress transcription, and proteotoxic stress titrates Hsp70 away through misfolded proteins arising from ongoing translation, releasing HSF1 to trimerize and bind heat shock elements (HSEs) of inverted nGAAn pentamers (PMID:7935474, PMID:9499401, PMID:29393852, PMID:31552827, PMID:34191586). Activation is positively driven by the co-chaperone/ubiquitin ligase CHIP, which promotes trimerization, and by IER5-PP2A/B55-mediated dephosphorylation (PMID:14532117, PMID:25816751, PMID:28547133). Promoter engagement requires chromatin remodeling—HSF1 cannot access nucleosomal HSEs without the RSC complex, and PLK1 phosphorylation at S419 recruits the TRRAP-TIP60 acetyltransferase complex to establish active chromatin at HSP loci (PMID:35906200, PMID:30332327). At target genes HSF1 nucleates liquid-liquid phase-separated condensates (nuclear stress bodies) that concentrate transcription machinery; HSP70 disperses these condensates to attenuate transcription, and a fluid-to-gel phase transition under prolonged stress switches the response from survival to apoptosis (PMID:32015439, PMID:35256776). HSF1 activity is extensively tuned by phosphorylation, including activating sites S326 (by AKT1, mTOR, MEK, p38), T142 (trimerization), and S230, and inhibitory S303 by AMPKα, alongside acetylation at K80 by CBP (inhibitory, reversed by SIRT1) and degradation through NEDD4 and FBXW7, the latter blocked by PIM2 phosphorylation at T120 (PMID:25679764, PMID:26503960, PMID:28547133, PMID:35080342, PMID:31409638, PMID:24412756). Beyond canonical chaperone induction, HSF1 represses pro-apoptotic targets (XAF1, HMGB1), activates autophagy genes (ATG4B, ATG5/12) and metabolic genes (NAMPT, PGC-1α, CALM1), forms a ternary complex with PARP13 and PARP1 to support DNA repair, cooperates with HSF2 to drive a cancer-specific transcriptional program, and physically neutralizes amyloid oligomers to suppress proteotoxicity (PMID:16303760, PMID:29158484, PMID:28183717, PMID:33177089, PMID:35294249, PMID:31825792, PMID:34783017, PMID:34780715).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 24 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Establishing whether HSF1's activity is intrinsic or stress-gated: recombinant HSF1 from bacteria was DNA-binding competent without heat shock, showing the protein is intrinsically active and held under negative control in human cells.

    Evidence cDNA cloning and recombinant expression in E. coli with DNA-binding assay

    PMID:1871105

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the repressing factor
    • No structure of the DNA-binding or trimerization domains
  2. 1994 High

    Defining the DNA target: SELEX and chimeric proteins showed HSF1 recognizes inverted nGAAn pentamer HSEs with high cooperativity mapping to its DNA-binding domain, distinguishing it from HSF2.

    Evidence SELEX, EMSA, and chimeric HSF1/HSF2 mutagenesis in vitro

    PMID:7935474

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not address in vivo nucleosomal access
    • Cooperativity mechanism at the molecular level unresolved
  3. 1998 High

    Identifying the autoregulatory brake: Hsp70/Hdj1 binding to the HSF1 transactivation domain represses transcription without altering DNA binding, defining chaperone titration as the core attenuation mechanism.

    Evidence Co-IP and GAL4-transactivation domain reporter with chaperone overexpression

    PMID:9499401

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative affinity and stoichiometry not measured here
    • Did not address regulatory-domain Hsp70 binding
  4. 2003 High

    Identifying a positive regulator of activation: CHIP promotes HSF1 trimerization and transcription, and its loss causes stress-induced multi-organ apoptosis in mice.

    Evidence CHIP knockout mouse phenotyping with trimerization and transcription assays

    PMID:14532117

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct biochemical step CHIP acts on during trimerization not fully resolved
  5. 2005 High

    Extending HSF1 beyond gene activation: HSF1 binds an HSE in the XAF1 promoter and represses this pro-apoptotic gene, establishing it as a direct transcriptional repressor.

    Evidence ChIP, EMSA, reporter assay, and HSE mutagenesis

    PMID:16303760

    Open questions at the time
    • Co-repressor machinery for HSF1-mediated repression not identified
  6. 2008 High

    Linking nutrient signaling to the heat shock response: yeast Yak1 directly phosphorylates Hsf1 to increase DNA binding, under PKA negative control.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, EMSA, and genetic epistasis in yeast

    PMID:18793336

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphosites not mapped
    • Human ortholog of this axis not addressed
  7. 2011 Medium

    Connecting HSF1 to genome stability: HSF1 loss impairs the G2/IR checkpoint, double-strand break repair, and 53BP1 focus formation.

    Evidence HSF1-deficient cells with cell-cycle analysis and γH2AX/53BP1 immunofluorescence

    PMID:21557666

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab, single study
    • Direct molecular link to repair machinery not established here
  8. 2014 Medium

    Defining a trimerization-independent role: HSF1 neuroprotection in Huntington's models requires HDACs and SIRT1 cooperation but not trimerization or HSP70/90, revealing a noncanonical function.

    Evidence Trimerization-deficient mutants, HDAC inhibitors, and SIRT1 manipulation in HD cell models

    PMID:24478344

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct target genes of this noncanonical mode unknown
    • Single lab
  9. 2014 Medium

    Establishing inhibitory phosphorylation: AMPKα phosphorylates HSF1 at S303 to suppress HSP70/HSP27 under metal stress, via a PP2A-AMPKα axis.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay and Co-IP with HSP expression analysis

    PMID:24412756

    Open questions at the time
    • Limited mechanistic detail
    • Single lab
  10. 2015 High

    Identifying degradation control: NEDD4 ubiquitinates HSF1 under α-synuclein stress, gated by K80 acetylation, which SIRT1 deacetylation reverses to stabilize HSF1.

    Evidence Ubiquitination assay, K80 mutagenesis, NEDD4 knockdown, and in vivo models

    PMID:26503960

    Open questions at the time
    • Acetyltransferase for K80 not identified here
    • Interplay with other E3 ligases unresolved
  11. 2015 High

    Expanding the kinase repertoire: MEK directly phosphorylates HSF1, and the RAS-MEK-HSF1 axis guards proteostasis in tumors.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay with protein aggregation and tumor models

    PMID:25679764

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphosite consequences for trimerization vs transactivation not fully separated here
  12. 2015 Medium

    Identifying an activating dephosphorylation circuit: IER5 recruits PP2A/B55 to dephosphorylate HSF1 and activate target genes as positive feedback.

    Evidence Co-IP, dephosphorylation assay, and target gene expression

    PMID:25816751

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific sites dephosphorylated not defined
    • Single lab
  13. 2015 Medium

    Placing HSF1 in a cytosolic chaperone scaffold: in CLL, HSF1 maintains a p97-HSP90-HDAC6 complex whose disruption acetylates HSP90 and depletes its kinase clients.

    Evidence Co-IP of multi-protein complex with client depletion and in vivo leukemia model

    PMID:26397138

    Open questions at the time
    • Cytosolic non-transcriptional role mechanistically distinct from nuclear function unclear
    • Single lab
  14. 2016 Medium

    Showing cell-to-cell HSF1 variation drives phenotypic outcomes: S326-dependent Hsf1 activity variation sets Hsp90 levels and antifungal drug resistance.

    Evidence Single-cell imaging with S326A mutant and Hsp90 manipulation in yeast

    PMID:29562166

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism generating cell-to-cell variation unresolved
    • Yeast system
  15. 2017 High

    Linking HSF1 to a multi-protein DNA-repair complex: HSF1 scaffolds a ternary complex with PARP13 and PARP1, releasing auto-PARylated PARP1 to DNA lesions upon damage.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, ChIP, HDAC1 assays, and DNA repair models

    PMID:29158484

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the ternary complex unknown
    • How damage signal triggers PARP1 release not detailed
  16. 2017 High

    Connecting HSF1 to NAD+ metabolism: HSF1 transcriptionally drives NAMPT, and its loss lowers NAD+/ATP, raises protein acetylation, and disrupts mitochondria.

    Evidence HSF1 KO cells/mice with metabolite measurement and NAMPT ChIP

    PMID:28183717

    Open questions at the time
    • Tissue-specificity of the NAMPT axis not fully mapped
  17. 2017 Medium

    Defining non-canonical autophagy and metabolic targets: HSF1 directly activates ATG4B, induces CKI-dependent SQSTM1/p62 phosphorylation, and drives a FAM3C-HSF1-CaM-Akt metabolic pathway.

    Evidence ChIP, reporter assays, phospho-specific readouts, and metabolic assays across cell and mouse models

    PMID:27846364 PMID:28246289 PMID:28889000

    Open questions at the time
    • Each pathway from a single study
    • Whether these are conserved across tissues unknown
  18. 2018 High

    Resolving the chaperone-titration mechanism biochemically: Hsp70 binds Hsf1 at a low-affinity CE2 element, and CE2 dosage tunes the timing of activation and deactivation.

    Evidence In vitro affinity measurement plus CE2 deletion/repeat mutants and modeling in yeast

    PMID:29393852

    Open questions at the time
    • Human equivalent of CE2 dynamics not quantified
    • Role of transactivation-domain Hsp70 binding integrated only partially
  19. 2019 High

    Establishing the proteostatic sensing logic: cytoplasmic misfolded nascent proteins titrate Hsp70 from Hsf1 via its substrate-binding domain, and translation is required to generate the activating signal.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution, EMSA, and translation-inhibition genetics in yeast

    PMID:31552827

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative threshold of misfolded protein needed to activate not defined
    • Human in-cell confirmation pending
  20. 2019 High

    Mapping the activating phospho-code and a transcriptional cofactor: PIM2 phosphorylates T120 to block FBXW7 and drive PD-L1, while phospho-S326-dependent SGO2 recruitment facilitates Pol II loading at HSP70.

    Evidence Kinase assays, Co-IP, ChIP, and mutagenesis with xenograft models

    PMID:31409638 PMID:31657478

    Open questions at the time
    • How S326 phosphorylation triggers SGO2 binding structurally unknown
  21. 2020 High

    Establishing phase separation as a cell-fate switch: HSF1 nuclear stress bodies form as fluid condensates whose dissolution promotes transcription and survival, while gel transition triggers apoptosis.

    Evidence FRAP, live-cell and multiplexed tissue imaging with single-cell readouts

    PMID:32015439

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular determinants of the fluid-to-gel transition not fully defined here
  22. 2020 Medium

    Revealing direct cytoprotective binding: AKT-S230-activated HSF1 physically neutralizes amyloid oligomers and shields HSP60 from mitochondrial collapse.

    Evidence In vitro AO-binding assay with Hsf1-deficient and S230A mutant models

    PMID:33177089

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of HSF1-oligomer interaction unknown
    • Single lab
  23. 2022 High

    Reconstituting HSF1 condensates and their dispersal: HSF1 undergoes LLPS at HSP loci to enrich transcription machinery, with HSP70 dispersing condensates and phosphorylation tuning phase-separation capacity.

    Evidence Super-resolution imaging, in vitro LLPS reconstitution, sequencing, and phosphosite analysis

    PMID:35256776

    Open questions at the time
    • Which intrinsically disordered regions drive LLPS not fully mapped
  24. 2022 High

    Defining the cancer-specific cofactor and chromatin-remodeling step: HSF2 co-occupies chromatin with HSF1 to regulate shared targets, and PLK1-S419 phosphorylation recruits TRRAP-TIP60 to establish active chromatin at HSP promoters.

    Evidence Co-IP, ChIP-seq, kinase assay, and histone-modification analysis with tumor models

    PMID:35294249 PMID:35906200

    Open questions at the time
    • How HSF1/HSF2 selectivity for cancer-specific loci is encoded unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the layered regulatory inputs—chaperone titration, the multi-site phospho-code, acetylation, ubiquitination, and phase behavior—are integrated to produce locus- and tissue-specific HSF1 outputs (canonical HSP induction vs. non-canonical metabolic, apoptotic, and DNA-repair programs) remains unresolved.
  • No unified model linking phospho-state to condensate behavior and target selection
  • Tissue-specific target choice mechanism unknown
  • Structural basis of trimerization and DNA-binding regulation in human HSF1 not determined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 8 GO:0003677 DNA binding 4 GO:0140313 molecular sequestering activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 4 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 4 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 3 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 2
Partners
AKT1CHIPFBXW7HSF2HSP70HSP90PARP1PARP13
Complex memberships
HSF1-HSF2 heterocomplexHSF1-PARP13-PARP1 ternary complexHSF1-p97-HSP90-HDAC6 cytosolic complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 43 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1991 Human HSF1 was cloned and shown to encode a protein with four conserved leucine zipper motifs. HSF1 produced in E. coli in the absence of heat shock is active as a DNA-binding transcription factor, indicating that its intrinsic activity is under negative control in human cells. cDNA cloning, recombinant protein expression in E. coli, DNA-binding assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 1871105
1994 HSF1 and HSF2 bind distinct DNA sequences (alternating inverted nGAAn pentamers). HSF1 exhibits higher cooperativity and can occupy extended HSE sequences, and the domain responsible for cooperative interactions maps within or adjacent to the HSF1 DNA-binding domain, as demonstrated by chimeric HSF1/HSF2 proteins. SELEX (protein binding + PCR amplification of random sequences), EMSA, chimeric protein mutagenesis Molecular and cellular biology High 7935474
1998 Hsp70 and its cochaperone Hdj1 directly interact with the transactivation domain of HSF1 and repress heat shock gene transcription. Overexpression of either chaperone represses endogenous HSF1 transcriptional activity without affecting HSF1 DNA binding or inducible phosphorylation, identifying chaperone binding to the transactivation domain as the primary autoregulatory mechanism during attenuation. Co-immunoprecipitation, GAL4-HSF1 transactivation domain fusion reporter assay, overexpression of Hsp70/Hdj1 Genes & development High 9499401
2003 The co-chaperone/ubiquitin ligase CHIP induces trimerization and transcriptional activation of HSF1, and CHIP-deficient mice are temperature-sensitive and undergo multi-organ apoptosis upon environmental challenge, establishing CHIP as a positive regulator of HSF1 at the level of trimerization. CHIP knockout mouse phenotyping, HSF1 trimerization assay, transcriptional activation assays, stress-induced apoptosis measurement The EMBO journal High 14532117
2005 HSF1 directly binds a heat shock element within the XAF1 gene promoter (-862/-821 region) and represses XAF1 transcription, establishing HSF1 as a transcriptional repressor of a pro-apoptotic gene. Luciferase reporter assay, EMSA, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), site-directed mutagenesis of HSE The Journal of biological chemistry High 16303760
2006 HSF1-mediated transcription directly drives expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Tdag51. Hsp proteins bind directly to the N-terminal pleckstrin-homology-like (PHL) domain of Tdag51 and suppress its death-promoting activity, defining an HSF1-dependent death pathway counterbalanced by its own chaperone targets. Direct target gene identification (Tdag51 as HSF1 target), direct binding assay of Hsps to Tdag51 PHL domain, Tdag51-null mouse testis analysis The EMBO journal Medium 17024176
2008 In yeast, the Yak1 kinase directly phosphorylates Hsf1 in vitro, leading to increased Hsf1 DNA-binding activity. Yak1 is under negative control of PKA, placing Hsf1 in a PKA-Yak1-Hsf1 signaling axis that links nutrient sensing to the heat shock response. In vitro kinase assay, EMSA (DNA binding assay), genetic epistasis (PKA/Pde2 overexpression) Molecular microbiology High 18793336
2011 Loss of HSF1 results in failure to arrest in G2 after ionizing radiation, reduced repair of double-strand DNA breaks, and failure of 53BP1 to accumulate at DNA damage sites, establishing HSF1 as required for DNA damage checkpoint activation and DNA repair. HSF1 loss-of-function (functional HSF1-deficient cells), cell cycle analysis, γH2AX and 53BP1 foci immunofluorescence Radiation research Medium 21557666
2015 MEK directly phosphorylates HSF1, making HSF1 a new MEK substrate beyond ERK. MEK blockade inactivates HSF1 and provokes protein aggregation and amyloidogenesis in tumor cells, identifying the RAS-MEK-HSF1 axis as a proteostasis guardian in cancer. In vitro kinase assay (MEK phosphorylation of HSF1), biochemical fractionation, protein aggregation assays, in vivo tumor growth models Cell High 25679764
2015 NEDD4 is the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for HSF1 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system under α-synuclein proteotoxic stress. Acetylation status of Lys80 in the HSF1 DNA-binding domain is a critical determinant of HSF1 protein stability; SIRT1-mediated deacetylation attenuates NEDD4-mediated HSF1 degradation. Ubiquitination assay, NEDD4 knockdown, site-directed mutagenesis of Lys80, SIRT1 pharmacological activation, in vivo mouse and human tissue validation Human molecular genetics High 26503960
2015 IER5 interacts with PP2A and its B55 regulatory subunits; B55 directly binds HSF1 and promotes HSF1 dephosphorylation, leading to activation of HSF1 target genes. IER5 functions as a positive feedback regulator of HSF1 through the PP2A/B55 complex. Co-immunoprecipitation, HSF1 dephosphorylation assay, target gene expression assay FEBS letters Medium 25816751
2017 HSF1 forms a ternary complex with PARP13 and PARP1; HSF1 recruits PARP1 through the scaffold protein PARP13. HDAC1 maintains PARP1 in the complex by deacetylating and inactivating PARP1. Upon DNA damage, auto-PARylated PARP1 dissociates and redistributes to DNA lesions, and disruption of this complex impairs DNA repair and gene expression. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, HDAC1 functional assay, DNA damage repair assays, BRCA1-null tumor model Nature communications High 29158484
2017 HSF1 transcriptionally regulates nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in the NAD+ salvage pathway; loss of HSF1 reduces NAD+ and ATP levels, impairs NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity, increases protein acetylation, and disrupts mitochondrial integrity in hepatic cells. HSF1 KO cells/mice, NAD+/ATP measurement, NAD+-dependent deacetylase activity assay, ChIP for HSF1 at NAMPT promoter, mitochondrial integrity assays The Journal of cell biology High 28183717
2017 HSF1 directly binds the ATG4B gene promoter (at the -1429 to -1417 region) and upregulates ATG4B transcription, thereby enhancing protective autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells treated with epirubicin. Luciferase reporter assay, ChIP assay, shRNA knockdown, in vivo xenograft Cancer letters Medium 28889000
2017 HSF1 triggers SQSTM1/p62 phosphorylation at S349 and S403 in an HSF1-dependent manner via casein kinase 1, promoting inclusion formation and autophagosome-mediated clearance of protein aggregates. HSF1 inhibition, phospho-specific antibodies, autophagy flux assays, inclusion formation assay Autophagy Medium 27846364
2017 In beta cells, glucolipotoxicity promotes HSF1 acetylation via interaction with the acetyltransferase CBP, which inhibits HSF1 DNA-binding activity and decreases target gene expression. A K80Q acetylation-mimicking mutant of HSF1 fails to protect against glucolipotoxicity, establishing K80 acetylation as a negative regulatory PTM. Gel shift assay (EMSA), western blot for HSF1-CBP interaction, HSF1 K80Q acetylation-mimicking mutant, gene expression analysis Diabetologia Medium 28547133
2018 Yak1 kinase (yeast) and its downstream regulation of Hsf1 was validated as a two-component negative feedback loop: Hsp70 binds Hsf1 at conserved element 2 (CE2) with low affinity (~9 µM in vitro), releasing Hsf1 when Hsp70 is titrated by misfolded proteins. Removal of CE2 increases basal Hsf1 activity and delays deactivation; tandem CE2 repeats accelerate deactivation. An N-terminal domain of Hsf1 negatively regulates DNA binding. In vitro Hsp70-CE2 binding assay (affinity measurement), CE2 deletion and repeat mutants in cells, mathematical modeling validated by genetic uncoupling of Hsp70 induction eLife High 29393852
2018 AKT1 phosphorylates HSF1 at multiple sites: S326 (required for transactivation), T142 (required for trimerization), S230 and T527 (required for gene transactivation and recruitment of TFIIB and CDK9). AKT1 is the most potent activator of HSF1 among several kinases tested (mTOR, p38, MEK1, DYRK2) that all phosphorylate S326. Mass spectrometry (identification of phosphosites), site-directed mutagenesis of HSF1 phosphosites, in vitro kinase assays, HSF1 trimerization assay, reporter assay for transactivation, TFIIB/CDK9 recruitment assay The FEBS journal High 35080342
2019 PIM2 kinase phosphorylates HSF1 at Thr120, which disrupts HSF1 binding to the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7, thereby stabilizing HSF1 protein. HSF1 pThr120 also promotes HSF1 binding to the PD-L1 promoter and enhances PD-L1 expression. In vitro kinase assay, Co-IP of HSF1 with FBXW7, HSF1 T120A mutant analysis, ChIP at PD-L1 promoter, in vivo xenograft Cancer research High 31409638
2019 In budding yeast, Hsp70 inhibits Hsf1 DNA-binding activity through its canonical substrate-binding domain. During heat shock, cytoplasmic misfolded proteins derived from ongoing translation titrate Hsp70 away from Hsf1, releasing Hsf1 to activate the heat shock response. Blocking protein synthesis before stress prevents Hsf1 activation. In vitro reconstitution of Hsf1-Hsp70 complexes, EMSA, misfolded protein titration assay, genetic analysis of translation inhibition eLife High 31552827
2019 HSF1 interacts with the pericentromeric protein shugoshin 2 (SGO2) during heat shock in a manner dependent on inducible phosphorylation of HSF1 at serine 326. SGO2 binds RNA Pol II with a hypophosphorylated C-terminal domain and is recruited to HSP70 promoter, where it facilitates Pol II recruitment and HSP70 expression. Co-IP of HSF1 and SGO2, phospho-S326 dependency assay, ChIP at HSP70 promoter, comparative analysis of HSF1 paralogs and mutants The EMBO journal High 31657478
2020 AKT activates HSF1 via Ser230 phosphorylation. HSF1 physically neutralizes soluble amyloid oligomers (AOs) and shields HSP60 from direct assault by AOs, preventing HSP60 destabilization, mitochondrial proteome collapse, and apoptosis. This mechanism also operates in Alzheimer's disease models. In vitro AO-HSF1 binding assay, Hsf1-deficient mouse model with PI3K/AKT hyperactivation, phospho-site mutagenesis (S230A), mitochondrial integrity assays Science advances Medium 33177089
2020 HSF1 foci (nuclear stress bodies) form as small, fluid condensates that enlarge into gel-like indissoluble arrangements under prolonged stress. Foci dissolution (not formation) promotes HSF1 transcriptional activity and cell survival; cells with gel-like HSF1 foci show reduced chaperone gene induction and increased apoptosis, identifying phase transition of HSF1 as a cell-fate determinant. Live-cell microscopy (single-cell), FRAP, multiplexed tissue imaging, quantitative single-cell analysis Nature cell biology High 32015439
2021 HSF1 activation by proteotoxic stress requires concurrent protein synthesis; inhibiting translation before stress prevents Hsf1 activation across diverse stresses. Newly synthesized proteins are especially susceptible to proteotoxic conditions, and disruption of their assembly or localization is sufficient to activate Hsf1. Pharmacological translation inhibition (cycloheximide and others), ethanol-induced stress, nascent protein localization disruption assays in S. cerevisiae Molecular biology of the cell Medium 34191586
2022 HSF1 forms small nuclear condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) at HSP gene loci during heat shock, enriching transcription machinery through co-phase separation. HSP70 disperses HSF1 condensates to attenuate transcription after heat shock and prevents gel-like phase transition under extended stress. Phosphorylation at specific sites in the regulatory domain fine-tunes HSF1 phase-separation capacity. Super-resolution imaging, in vitro reconstitution of LLPS, high-throughput sequencing, phosphosite mutational analysis Nature cell biology High 35256776
2022 HSF2 physically and functionally interacts with HSF1 across diverse cancer types; the two factors share notably similar chromatin occupancy and regulate a common set of genes including HSPs and non-canonical cancer targets. Loss of either HSF1 or HSF2 dysregulates the response to nutrient stress and reduces tumor progression, establishing HSF2 as a critical HSF1 cofactor in cancer. Co-immunoprecipitation of HSF1-HSF2, ChIP-seq (occupancy comparison), genetic knockdown of HSF1/HSF2, xenograft tumor models Science advances High 35294249
2022 HSF1 phosphorylation at S419 by PLK1 recruits the TRRAP-TIP60 acetyltransferase complex to the HSP72 promoter. TIP60-mediated acetylation then recruits TRIM33 (a bromodomain-containing ubiquitin ligase), which cooperates with TRIM24 for mono-ubiquitination of histone H2B at K120, establishing an active chromatin state at HSP gene promoters. ChIP, Co-IP, PLK1 kinase assay, mutagenesis of HSF1-S419, histone modification analysis, melanoma cell proliferation assay Nature communications High 35906200
2022 Mitochondria-localizing HSF1 (mtHSF1) accumulates in Huntington's disease models and drives mitochondrial fission by activating Drp1 phosphorylation at S616 and suppresses SSBP1 oligomer formation, causing mitochondrial DNA deletion. A peptide inhibitor (DH1) blocking HSF1 mitochondrial localization ameliorates HD phenotypes. Subcellular fractionation, overexpression of mitochondria-targeting HSF1, Drp1-S616 phosphorylation assay, SSBP1 oligomerization assay, mtDNA deletion analysis, HD mouse model and human striatal organoids EMBO molecular medicine Medium 35670111
2020 In cardiomyocytes, HSF1 deficiency reduces GPX4 protein expression and disrupts iron homeostasis by transcriptionally regulating iron metabolism genes (Fth1, Tfrc, Slc40a1). HSF1 overexpression restores GPX4 expression by inhibiting ER stress (not autophagy), and Hsf1−/− mice show exacerbated ferroptosis with enhanced ER stress upon palmitic acid challenge. HSF1 overexpression/knockdown, Hsf1−/− mouse model, iron metabolism gene expression analysis (qPCR), ER stress inhibitor experiments, GPX4 western blot Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology Medium 33098823
2014 HSF1-mediated neuroprotection does not require HSF1 trimerization (normally obligatory for HSP gene promoter binding). Protection is also independent of HSP70/HSP90 but requires classical HDACs and involves cooperation with SIRT1, defining a noncanonical, trimerization-independent neuroprotective mechanism. HSF1 trimerization-deficient mutants, HSP70 knockdown, HDAC inhibitor treatment, SIRT1 genetic/pharmacologic manipulation, cell culture models of Huntington's disease The Journal of neuroscience Medium 24478344
2016 In Candida albicans, Hsp90 regulates Hsf1 activation both under basal conditions and during heat shock but with opposing effects; these effects are controlled in part at the level of Hsf1 expression and DNA binding. Hsp90 also modulates global transcription programs by regulating nucleosome levels at promoters of stress-responsive genes. RNA-seq, ChIP-seq (Hsf1 occupancy), Hsp90 inhibitor treatment, nucleosome occupancy assay Nature communications Medium 27226156
2014 In budding yeast, Hsf1 is incapable of binding HSEs within a stably positioned, reconstituted nucleosome, but accesses nucleosomal sites during heat shock in concert with the RSC chromatin remodeling complex, which promotes chromatin disassembly. ChIP-seq (Hsf1 binding), nascent RNA-seq, Hsf1 nuclear depletion, in vitro nucleosome binding assay Molecular biology of the cell High 30332327
2017 ABL2 tyrosine kinase directly interacts with HSF1 protein via its SH3 domain at a noncanonical, proline-independent SH3 interaction motif, regulating HSF1 protein expression. Allosteric (but not ATP-competitive) ABL2 inhibition disrupts this interaction and impairs HSF1-driven E2F transcriptional targets required for brain metastasis outgrowth. Co-IP of ABL2 SH3 domain with HSF1, allosteric vs ATP-competitive inhibitor comparison, HSF1 knockdown, brain metastasis in vivo model Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 33318173
2016 HSF1 Ser326 phosphorylation generates cell-to-cell variation in Hsp90 levels, and this variation (rather than average Hsf1 activity) promotes phenotypic plasticity and antifungal drug resistance in budding yeast. Hsp90 is required for enrichment of drug-resistant cells with high Hsf1 activity. Single-cell fluorescence microscopy, HSF1 phospho-mutant analysis (S326A), genetic Hsp90 manipulation, antifungal resistance assay Cell reports Medium 29562166
2015 In CLL, HSF1 maintains a cytosolic complex with p97, HSP90, and HDAC6; HSF1 inhibition disrupts this complex, causing HSP90 acetylation and abrogating HSP90 chaperone function, leading to loss of HSP90 kinase clients (BTK, c-RAF, CDK4) and depletion of CDC37-HSP90 association. Co-IP of HSF1-p97-HSP90-HDAC6 complex, HSF1 knockdown/triptolide inhibition, HSP90 acetylation assay, client kinase depletion, in vivo Mec-1 leukemia model Oncotarget Medium 26397138
2017 FAM3C overexpression increases HSF1 expression in hepatocytes; HSF1 in turn elevates calmodulin (CaM) protein by inducing CALM1 transcription, which activates Akt in a Ca2+- and insulin-independent manner, defining a FAM3C-HSF1-CaM-Akt pathway controlling hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. HSF1 overexpression, CALM1 promoter-driven reporter assay, Akt activation assay, gluconeogenesis gene expression in vivo and in vitro, CaM-dependent rescue experiments Diabetes Medium 28246289
2022 HSF1 directly binds BDNF gene (Bdnf) promoters (promoters I and IV) in the hippocampus in vivo after kainic acid or footshock, and HSF1 overexpression increases BDNF mRNA and protein in primary neurons. HSF1 binding sites co-immunoprecipitate with pCREB at Bdnf promoters, suggesting functional cooperation. ChIP-qPCR in mouse hippocampus, luciferase reporter assay, viral HSF1 overexpression in neurons, immunohistochemistry Journal of neurochemistry Medium 36227087
2014 AMPKα (when dephosphorylated by PP2A/B56δ) phosphorylates HSF1 at Ser303, leading to transcriptional suppression of HSP70 and HSP27 under metal stress. PP2A B56δ physically interacts with AMPKα, establishing a PP2A-AMPKα-HSF1 signaling axis that regulates HSP expression. In vitro phosphorylation assay (AMPKα phosphorylation of HSF1 at S303), Co-IP of PP2A B56δ with AMPKα, siRNA knockdown, HSP expression analysis Cellular signalling Medium 24412756
2017 HSF1 directly binds the HMGB1 promoter and negatively regulates HMGB1 transcription; HSF1 knockdown aggravates OVA-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity by promoting HMGB1 expression and activating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. ChIP assay, luciferase reporter assay, HSF1 knockdown in OVA asthma mouse model, ELISA for inflammatory markers Life sciences Medium 31825792
2022 Hsf1 directly binds the promoter of PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) when phosphorylated at Ser326 and translocated to the nucleus, inducing mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in hepatocytes. HSF1 and PGC-1α deletion experiments confirmed the HSF1/PGC-1α pathway is independent of AMPK. ChIP-seq (HSF1 binding to PGC-1α promoter), phospho-HSF1 (S326) nuclear translocation assay, HSF1-deficiency rescue experiments, mitochondrial biogenesis assay British journal of pharmacology Medium 34783017
2021 HSF1 is the prime transcription factor for ATG5 and ATG12 in melanocytes; HSF1 deficiency reduces ATG5 and ATG12 expression, leading to accumulation of intracellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance, and apoptosis under oxidative stress. HSF1 overexpression activates protective autophagy via ATG5/ATG12 upregulation. RNA-sequencing, HSF1 KD/overexpression, autophagy flux assay, ROS measurement, mitochondrial membrane potential assay The Journal of investigative dermatology Medium 34780715
2016 CHIP (C-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein) mediates HSF1 stability and nuclear translocation through direct interaction via its tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain. Doxorubicin diminishes the CHIP-HSF1 interaction and triggers proteasomal HSF1 degradation, relieving HSF1 repression of IGF-IIR expression and promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Co-IP of CHIP and HSF1, domain-mapping (TPR domain), proteasome inhibitor experiments, IGF-IIR expression assay, CHIP overexpression rescue, in vitro and in vivo cardiac models Cell death & disease Medium 27809308
2019 HSF1 directly binds the miR-214-3p promoter to increase its expression; miR-214-3p in turn targets and suppresses NFATc2 transcription. This HSF1-miR-214-3p-NFATc2 axis inhibits microglia activation and neuroinflammation in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. ChIP assay (HSF1 at miR-214-3p promoter), dual-luciferase assay (miR-214-3p target NFATc2), functional rescue in MPTP mouse model Folia neuropathologica Medium 37114961

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2011 Regulation of HSF1 function in the heat stress response: implications in aging and disease. Annual review of biochemistry 598 21417720
1998 Molecular chaperones as HSF1-specific transcriptional repressors. Genes & development 486 9499401
1991 Molecular cloning and expression of a human heat shock factor, HSF1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 414 1871105
2003 CHIP activates HSF1 and confers protection against apoptosis and cellular stress. The EMBO journal 273 14532117
2014 HSF1 at a glance. Journal of cell science 245 24421309
2017 Rethinking HSF1 in Stress, Development, and Organismal Health. Trends in cell biology 210 28890254
2009 Inhibiting the transcription factor HSF1 as an anticancer strategy. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 191 19335068
2015 HSF1: Guardian of Proteostasis in Cancer. Trends in cell biology 177 26597576
2015 MEK guards proteome stability and inhibits tumor-suppressive amyloidogenesis via HSF1. Cell 138 25679764
2022 Reversible phase separation of HSF1 is required for an acute transcriptional response during heat shock. Nature cell biology 134 35256776
2018 Hsf1 and Hsp70 constitute a two-component feedback loop that regulates the yeast heat shock response. eLife 128 29393852
1994 Selection of new HSF1 and HSF2 DNA-binding sites reveals difference in trimer cooperativity. Molecular and cellular biology 120 7935474
2020 HSF1 functions as a key defender against palmitic acid-induced ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 110 33098823
2008 Yeast Yak1 kinase, a bridge between PKA and stress-responsive transcription factors, Hsf1 and Msn2/Msn4. Molecular microbiology 107 18793336
2014 HSF1 deficiency and impaired HSP90-dependent protein folding are hallmarks of aneuploid human cells. The EMBO journal 100 25205676
2019 Cytoplasmic protein misfolding titrates Hsp70 to activate nuclear Hsf1. eLife 99 31552827
2020 HSF1 phase transition mediates stress adaptation and cell fate decisions. Nature cell biology 96 32015439
2019 HSF1 as a Cancer Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Current cancer drug targets 94 30338738
2006 A novel HSF1-mediated death pathway that is suppressed by heat shock proteins. The EMBO journal 84 17024176
2016 Hsf1 and Hsp90 orchestrate temperature-dependent global transcriptional remodelling and chromatin architecture in Candida albicans. Nature communications 80 27226156
2022 Heat Shock Proteins and HSF1 in Cancer. Frontiers in oncology 78 35311075
2015 NEDD4-mediated HSF1 degradation underlies α-synucleinopathy. Human molecular genetics 77 26503960
2019 Phosphorylation of HSF1 by PIM2 Induces PD-L1 Expression and Promotes Tumor Growth in Breast Cancer. Cancer research 75 31409638
2020 Regulation of Hsf1 and the Heat Shock Response. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 74 32297210
2016 Interference with the HSF1/HSP70/BAG3 Pathway Primes Glioma Cells to Matrix Detachment and BH3 Mimetic-Induced Apoptosis. Molecular cancer therapeutics 68 27777286
2006 HSF1 and constitutively active HSF1 improve vascular endothelial function (heat shock proteins improve vascular endothelial function). Atherosclerosis 65 16678833
2016 HSF1 stress response pathway regulates autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62-associated proteostasis. Autophagy 63 27846364
2017 The HSF1-PARP13-PARP1 complex facilitates DNA repair and promotes mammary tumorigenesis. Nature communications 62 29158484
2020 Hsf1 on a leash - controlling the heat shock response by chaperone titration. Experimental cell research 61 32861670
2019 miR-455-3p Alleviates Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis by Suppressing HSF1 Expression. Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids 61 31150929
2018 Genetic and epigenetic determinants establish a continuum of Hsf1 occupancy and activity across the yeast genome. Molecular biology of the cell 60 30332327
2015 Multifaceted roles of HSF1 in cancer. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 59 26108999
2022 Mitochondrial HSF1 triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease. EMBO molecular medicine 58 35670111
2020 HSF1: Primary Factor in Molecular Chaperone Expression and a Major Contributor to Cancer Morbidity. Cells 56 32331382
2019 HMGB1 was negatively regulated by HSF1 and mediated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway in asthma. Life sciences 55 31825792
2012 Transcriptional regulation of small HSP-HSF1 and beyond. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 55 22750029
2020 Emerging roles of HSF1 in cancer: Cellular and molecular episodes. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 54 32653364
2014 HSF1 protects neurons through a novel trimerization- and HSP-independent mechanism. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 54 24478344
2005 HSF1 down-regulates XAF1 through transcriptional regulation. The Journal of biological chemistry 52 16303760
2017 Bidirectional interplay of HSF1 degradation and UPR activation promotes tau hyperphosphorylation. PLoS genetics 49 28678786
2022 Circadian disruption enhances HSF1 signaling and tumorigenesis in Kras-driven lung cancer. Science advances 47 36170373
2016 Doxorubicin attenuates CHIP-guarded HSF1 nuclear translocation and protein stability to trigger IGF-IIR-dependent cardiomyocyte death. Cell death & disease 46 27809308
2017 The transcriptional regulator of the chaperone response HSF1 controls hepatic bioenergetics and protein homeostasis. The Journal of cell biology 45 28183717
2018 HSF1 Is Essential for Myeloma Cell Survival and A Promising Therapeutic Target. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 44 29391353
2022 HSF1 Protects Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Frontiers in immunology 43 35720321
2018 Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, a Dual Activator of Transcription Factors NRF2 and HSF1. Molecular nutrition & food research 43 29710398
2014 Pleiotropic role of HSF1 in neoplastic transformation. Current cancer drug targets 40 24467529
2020 The Maize Hairy Sheath Frayed1 (Hsf1) Mutation Alters Leaf Patterning through Increased Cytokinin Signaling. The Plant cell 39 32205456
2022 HIF1, HSF1, and NRF2: Oxidant-Responsive Trio Raising Cellular Defenses and Engaging Immune System. Chemical research in toxicology 38 35948068
2020 The Multifaceted Role of HSF1 in Tumorigenesis. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 38 32297212
2017 HSF1 upregulates ATG4B expression and enhances epirubicin-induced protective autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer letters 38 28889000
2019 Neuroprotective Effects of HSF1 in Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 37 30884523
2019 HSP70/HSF1 axis, regulated via a PI3K/AKT pathway, is a druggable target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. International journal of cancer 37 31044428
2017 Cadmium-Mediated Activation of the HSP90/HSF1 Pathway Regulated by Reactive Persulfides/Polysulfides. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 37 28115653
2017 Combined inhibition of AKT and HSF1 suppresses breast cancer stem cells and tumor growth. Oncotarget 37 29088759
2017 Hepatic Activation of the FAM3C-HSF1-CaM Pathway Attenuates Hyperglycemia of Obese Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 36 28246289
2021 Multifaceted roles of HSF1 in cell death: A state-of-the-art review. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 33 34273469
2022 AKT1 mediates multiple phosphorylation events that functionally promote HSF1 activation. The FEBS journal 32 35080342
2017 Transcription factors NRF2 and HSF1 have opposing functions in autophagy. Scientific reports 32 28887499
2022 HSF2 cooperates with HSF1 to drive a transcriptional program critical for the malignant state. Science advances 31 35294249
2015 HSF1 transcriptional activity is modulated by IER5 and PP2A/B55. FEBS letters 31 25816751
2009 Protective role of HSF1 and HSP70 against gastrointestinal diseases. International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group 31 20021227
2022 HSF1 Stimulates Glutamine Transport by Super-Enhancer-Driven lncRNA LINC00857 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers 30 36010849
2015 Targeting HSF1 disrupts HSP90 chaperone function in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 30 26397138
2014 PP2A-AMPKα-HSF1 axis regulates the metal-inducible expression of HSPs and ROS clearance. Cellular signalling 30 24412756
2021 Hsf1 activation by proteotoxic stress requires concurrent protein synthesis. Molecular biology of the cell 29 34191586
2011 Loss of HSF1 results in defective radiation-induced G(2) arrest and DNA repair. Radiation research 29 21557666
2021 HSF1 promotes endometriosis development and glycolysis by up-regulating PFKFB3 expression. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 28 34107992
2020 HSF1 physically neutralizes amyloid oligomers to empower overgrowth and bestow neuroprotection. Science advances 28 33177089
2018 Hsf1 Phosphorylation Generates Cell-to-Cell Variation in Hsp90 Levels and Promotes Phenotypic Plasticity. Cell reports 28 29562166
2019 The pericentromeric protein shugoshin 2 cooperates with HSF1 in heat shock response and RNA Pol II recruitment. The EMBO journal 27 31657478
2012 HSF1, a versatile factor in tumorogenesis. Current molecular medicine 27 22804234
2020 The ABL2 kinase regulates an HSF1-dependent transcriptional program required for lung adenocarcinoma brain metastasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 26 33318173
2019 Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)-targeted anticancer therapeutics: overview of current preclinical progress. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 26 30931649
2023 The Emerging Role of Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) and Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) in Ferroptosis. Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology 25 36976734
2017 HSF1 acetylation decreases its transcriptional activity and enhances glucolipotoxicity-induced apoptosis in rat and human beta cells. Diabetologia 24 28547133
2022 HSF1 phosphorylation establishes an active chromatin state via the TRRAP-TIP60 complex and promotes tumorigenesis. Nature communications 23 35906200
2021 Insulin/IGF-1 signaling and heat stress differentially regulate HSF1 activities in germline development. Cell reports 23 34469721
2021 HSF1-Dependent Autophagy Activation Contributes to the Survival of Melanocytes Under Oxidative Stress in Vitiligo. The Journal of investigative dermatology 23 34780715
2018 HSF1 mediated stress response of heavy metals. PloS one 23 30566508
2015 Sirtuin inhibitors, EX527 and AGK2, suppress cell migration by inhibiting HSF1 protein stability. Oncology reports 23 26530275
2002 Redox signaling of cardiac HSF1 DNA binding. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 23 12107049
2019 HSF1 Regulates Mevalonate and Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathways. Cancers 22 31540279
2022 A novel HSF1 activator ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by stimulating mitochondrial adaptive oxidation. British journal of pharmacology 21 34783017
2021 The EGFR-HSF1 axis accelerates the tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 21 33422093
2018 Regulation of HSF1 protein stabilization: An updated review. European journal of pharmacology 21 29341886
2023 HSF1 Alleviates Brain Injury by Inhibiting NLRP3-Induced Pyroptosis in a Sepsis Model. Mediators of inflammation 19 36741074
2015 Hsf4 counteracts Hsf1 transcription activities and increases lens epithelial cell survival in vitro. Biochimica et biophysica acta 19 25601714
2022 HSF-1: Guardian of the Proteome Through Integration of Longevity Signals to the Proteostatic Network. Frontiers in aging 18 35874276
2023 HSF1, Aging, and Neurodegeneration. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 17 35995906
2021 Inhibition of HSF1 and SAFB Granule Formation Enhances Apoptosis Induced by Heat Stress. International journal of molecular sciences 17 34067147
2022 Heat shock factor HSF1 regulates BDNF gene promoters upon acute stress in the hippocampus, together with pCREB. Journal of neurochemistry 16 36227087
2023 HSF1 inhibits microglia activation to attenuate neuroinflammation via regulating miR-214-3p and NFATc2 in Parkinson's disease. Folia neuropathologica 15 37114961
2022 Anticancer Effects of Cinnamaldehyde Through Inhibition of ErbB2/HSF1/LDHA Pathway in 5637 Cell Line of Bladder Cancer. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry 15 34315398
2022 HSF1-Activated Non-Coding Stress Response: Satellite lncRNAs and Beyond, an Emerging Story with a Complex Scenario. Genes 15 35456403
2017 Overexpressed HSF1 cancer signature genes cluster in human chromosome 8q. Human genomics 15 29268782
2016 Circadian adaptation to cell injury stresses: a crucial interplay of BMAL1 and HSF1. The journal of physiological sciences : JPS 15 26910317
2016 2'-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis through HSF1-mediated BAG3 expression. International journal of oncology 15 27922674
2023 Dual inhibition of HSF1 and DYRK2 impedes cancer progression. Bioscience reports 14 36622366
2022 Is there a role for HSF1 in viral infections? FEBS open bio 14 35485710

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