| 1998 |
ASAP1 was purified and cloned as a PIP2-dependent Arf1 GTPase-activating protein (GAP). The PH, zinc finger, and ANK repeat regions together possess PIP2-dependent GAP activity on Arf1 and Arf5 in vitro. ASAP1 associates with the SH3 domains of Src family members and Crk adapter protein in vitro, coprecipitates with Src from cell lysates, and is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in cells expressing activated Src through the same proline-rich class II Src SH3 binding site. |
Protein purification, in vitro GAP assay, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, in-cell phosphorylation |
Molecular and cellular biology |
High |
9819391
|
| 2000 |
ASAP1 localizes to focal adhesions and cycles with focal adhesion proteins during cell migration. Overexpression of ASAP1 altered focal adhesion morphology and blocked cell spreading and PDGF-induced dorsal ruffle formation; a GAP-inactive mutant had reduced effect on spreading and increased dorsal ruffle formation, demonstrating that GAP activity is required for these cytoskeletal functions. |
Fluorescence microscopy, cell spreading assay, PDGF-stimulation assay, overexpression of wild-type vs. catalytically inactive mutant |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
10725410
|
| 2000 |
PIP2 activates ASAP1 GAP activity by binding the PH domain, which acts as an allosteric site rather than merely a membrane recruitment signal. The PH domain is necessary for GAP activity even in the absence of phospholipids; PIP2 binding causes a conformational change in the Arf GAP domain. Activation and membrane recruitment can be uncoupled. |
In vitro GAP activity assays, limited proteolysis, domain deletion/mutation analysis |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
10734117
|
| 2001 |
ASAP1 (DEF-1) functions as an ARF GAP for ARF1 but not ARF6 in vivo (cell-based ARF GAP assay), unlike ACAP1, ACAP2, and ARFGAP1 which act on both. Enhancement of cell motility by ASAP1 is dependent on GAP activity, whereas inhibition of cell spreading by ASAP1 is GAP-activity independent, indicating two distinct downstream pathways. |
Cell-based ARF GAP assay, stable overexpression, cell motility assay, GAP-domain deletion mutant |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
11773070
|
| 2002 |
ASAP1 binds to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) via an interaction between the C-terminal SH3 domain of ASAP1 and the second proline-rich motif in the C-terminal region of FAK. This interaction contributes to focal adhesion assembly; ASAP1 variants that could not bind FAK or lacked GAP activity showed reduced inhibition of cell spreading and failed to prevent paxillin/FAK organization in focal adhesions. |
Affinity chromatography, yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, cell spreading assay, overexpression of mutants |
Molecular biology of the cell |
High |
12058076
|
| 2003 |
CrkL binds ASAP1 via its N-terminal SH3 domain and directs ASAP1 to peripheral focal adhesions. CrkL co-expression recruited endogenous and exogenous ASAP1 to CrkL-induced focal adhesions; an SH2-mutated CrkL that cannot localize to focal adhesions failed to recruit ASAP1. |
Pulldown/mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence microscopy, overexpression of wild-type vs. SH2-mutant CrkL |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
12522101
|
| 2003 |
Pyk2 interacts with ASAP1 through the proline-rich regions of Pyk2 and the SH3 domain of ASAP1. Pyk2 directly phosphorylates ASAP1 on tyrosine residues (Y308 and Y782) in vitro and in cells; this phosphorylation inhibits ASAP1 GAP activity toward Arf1 as measured by fluorimetric GTPase assay. |
Yeast two-hybrid, pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assay, fluorimetric Arf-GTPase assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
12771146
|
| 2004 |
ASAP1 interacts with the N-terminus (amino acids 2–17) of Arf1 at an interface distinct from other Arf GAPs (AGAP1, ArfGAP1). Specific mutations in Arf1 alpha-helix 3 and switch regions (notably I46D reducing ASAP1-catalyzed hydrolysis ~10,000-fold with isolated effect on kcat) distinguish ASAP1's catalytic interface from other Arf GAPs. |
In vitro GAP activity assay, Arf1 mutagenesis, antibody epitope sequestration, in vivo localization studies |
Cellular signalling |
High |
15212764
|
| 2005 |
ASAP1 regulation by phospholipids requires a direct interaction between its PH and Arf GAP domains; the two domains form a composite substrate-binding site. Saturation kinetics, limited proteolysis, FRET, and fluorescence spectrometry support a two-step model: conformational change upon membrane recruitment followed by a second change upon PIP2 binding. |
Saturation kinetics, limited proteolysis, FRET, fluorescence spectrometry, analytical ultracentrifugation |
Cellular signalling |
High |
16038802
|
| 2005 |
CD2AP (CD2-associated protein) binds ASAP1 through its N-terminal SH3 domains. Sequestration of endogenous ASAP1 to mitochondria via a CD2AP SH3-mito fusion protein inhibited cell spreading and migration in response to fibronectin and caused increased GTP loading on Arf1 and loss of paxillin from adhesions. siRNA knockdown of ASAP1 produced the same phenotypes. |
Affinity chromatography/mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, GST pulldown, mitochondria mislocalization strategy, siRNA knockdown, GTP-loading assay, fluorescence microscopy |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
15632162
|
| 2005 |
Arf1 mutant I46D selectively abolishes ASAP1-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis (~10,000-fold reduction in kcat) while having minimal effect on AGAP1 (~3-fold). In vivo, [I46D]Arf1 acts as a constitutively active mutant at the cell periphery, disrupting ASAP1 and paxillin localization. |
In vitro GAP assay with kinetic analysis, in vivo localization by fluorescence microscopy, mutagenesis |
Current biology |
High |
16332543
|
| 2006 |
ASAP1 contains an N-terminal BAR domain that together with the PH domain dimerizes into an extended structure that binds acidic phospholipid-containing vesicles and bends membranes to form tubular structures. This bending activity is regulated by Arf1·GTP binding to the Arf GAP domain (acting as an Arf effector). ASAP1 colocalizes with EGFR in tubular recycling structures; the BAR domain is necessary for ASAP1 function in EGFR trafficking and cell spreading. |
In vitro membrane tubulation assay with electron microscopy, vesicle sedimentation, dimerization analysis, live-cell imaging, EGFR trafficking assay, BAR domain deletion mutant |
Current biology |
High |
16431365
|
| 2007 |
ASAP1 uses Arf1-GTP as substrate with kcat ~57 s−1 and Km ~2.2 μM (steady-state). AlF4− stabilizes an Arf1-GDP·ASAP1 transition-state complex. Arg-497 mutation severely affects kcat with minimal effect on Km. Mutations of residues predicted to affect Arf1 affinity (W479, I490, R505, L511, D512) instead primarily affected kcat, supporting a conformational change in the Arf1-GTP·ASAP1 complex during catalysis. |
Steady-state and single-turnover kinetics, AlF4− trapping, mutagenesis, in vivo dorsal ruffle assay |
The Biochemical journal |
High |
17112341
|
| 2007 |
ASAP1 is required for formation of invadopodia and podosomes. The BAR domain, SH3 domain, and Src phosphorylation site of ASAP1 are each required for podosome formation. The Src binding site and GAP activity are dispensable for podosome formation, suggesting ASAP1 functions as a coincidence detector integrating SH3-domain protein interactions, BAR domain scaffolding, and Src phosphorylation. |
siRNA knockdown, rescue with ASAP1 mutants (BAR-deleted, SH3-deleted, phosphorylation site mutant, GAP-inactive), fluorescence microscopy |
Molecular and cellular biology |
High |
17893324
|
| 2008 |
ASAP1 directly binds FIP3 (a Rab11 and Arf6 effector) through its BAR domain as identified by yeast two-hybrid and confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro pulldown. FIP3 binding to the BAR domain stimulates ASAP1 GAP activity against Arf1 but not Arf6. ASAP1 forms a ternary complex with Rab11 via FIP3. ASAP1 colocalizes with FIP3 in pericentrosomal recycling endosomes; ASAP1 or FIP3 depletion alters transferrin receptor localization and transferrin trafficking. |
Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro pulldown, GAP activity assay, siRNA knockdown, fluorescence microscopy, transferrin trafficking assay |
Molecular biology of the cell |
High |
18685082
|
| 2008 |
The BAR domain of ASAP1 autoinhibits GAP activity by intramolecular interaction with the PH and/or Arf GAP domains. The catalytic power of PZA (PH+GAP+Ank) is greater than BAR-PZA; the BAR domain increases Km and decreases kcat. The effect requires the N-terminal loop of the BAR domain and is not due to differential membrane association or membrane curvature changes. |
Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation, in vitro GAP assay on large unilamellar vesicles, steady-state and single-turnover kinetics, BAR loop mutagenesis |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
19017632
|
| 2008 |
NMR spectroscopy reveals a dynamic interaction between the PH and Arf GAP domains of ASAP1: the domains interact transiently, with the interaction partially occluding the PIP2 binding site in solution. PIP2 binding alters PH domain conformation but has little effect on Arf GAP domain structure. PH domain loop mutations at the GAP-domain interface affect PIP2 binding and both Km and kcat for Arf1 GTP hydrolysis. |
NMR spectroscopy, in vitro GAP kinetics, mutagenesis, analytical ultracentrifugation, lipid binding assays |
Cellular signalling |
High |
18675341
|
| 2011 |
GEFH1 (a RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor) binds the BAR domain of ASAP1, colocalizes with ASAP1 in podosomes, inhibits ASAP1 GAP activity, and negatively regulates podosome assembly. GEFH1 overexpression inhibited podosome assembly and a GEFH1 mutant lacking the BAR-binding domain was less effective; GEFH1 siRNA knockdown increased the rate of podosome assembly. |
Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence colocalization, GAP activity assay, overexpression, siRNA knockdown |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
21352810
|
| 2012 |
ASAP1 is a scaffold for ciliary receptor targeting that brings together Arf4, Rab11, Rab8-GEF Rabin8, and rhodopsin. Ablation of ASAP1 abolishes ciliary targeting of rhodopsin and causes actin-rich periciliary membrane projections with mislocalized rhodopsin. ASAP1 recognizes the FR ciliary targeting signal of rhodopsin; rhodopsin FR-AA mutant fails to interact with Rab8 and cannot cross the periciliary diffusion barrier. |
siRNA knockdown, fluorescence microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation, transport assay in photoreceptors |
The EMBO journal |
High |
22983554
|
| 2015 |
Crystal structure of the ASAP1 PH domain was solved in unliganded and dibutyryl-PIP2-bound forms. PIP2 contacts both a canonical site (C site) and an atypical site (A site); PIP2 dependence of vesicle binding and GAP activity is sigmoidal (cooperative), distinct from the hyperbolic binding seen for PLC-δ1 PH domain. Mutations in either the C or A site reduced PIP2-dependent vesicle binding and GAP activity, supporting cooperative binding mechanism for rapid switching. |
X-ray crystallography, vesicle binding assay, in vitro GAP activity assay, site-directed mutagenesis |
Structure |
High |
26365802
|
| 2015 |
ASAP1-depleted dendritic cells show impaired matrix degradation and migration. ASAP1 is involved in actin and membrane remodeling associated with podosomes in dendritic cells; genetic variants reducing ASAP1 expression in M. tuberculosis-infected dendritic cells may impair their migration. |
siRNA knockdown of ASAP1 in primary human dendritic cells, matrix degradation assay, migration assay |
Nature genetics |
Medium |
25774636
|
| 2015 |
FIP3 competes with rhodopsin for binding to ASAP1 and displaces it from the ternary complex with Arf4-GTP and ASAP1. FIP3 promotes Rab11a activity and coordinates ASAP1 and Rab11a interactions with Rabin8, facilitating orderly Rab11-Rabin8-Rab8 cascade assembly for ciliary receptor trafficking. Ablation of FIP3 abolishes ciliary targeting similarly to ASAP1 ablation. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, competition binding assay, siRNA knockdown, fluorescence microscopy, trafficking assay |
Journal of cell science |
Medium |
25673879
|
| 2016 |
The ASAP1 BAR domain together with the PH domain directly binds nonmuscle myosin 2A (NM2A) in vitro. ASAP1 and NM2A co-immunoprecipitate and colocalize in cells. ASAP1 knockdown reduced colocalization of NM2A and F-actin. Knockdown of either ASAP1 or NM2A produced similar defects in focal adhesions, cell migration, spreading, and circular dorsal ruffles. Exogenous NM2A rescued ASAP1-knockdown CDR defects, positioning ASAP1 as a positive regulator of NM2A. |
In vitro binding assay, co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, rescue experiments, fluorescence microscopy |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
26893376
|
| 2019 |
PIP2 controls binding of the N-terminal extension (residues 2–17) of ARF1 to the PH domain of ASAP1 and thereby regulates GAP activity. Deletion of the ARF1 N-terminus ([Δ17]ARF1) makes GAP activity largely PIP2-independent. A peptide of residues 2–17 inhibits GAP activity and binds PIP2-dependently to the PH domain including a 17-amino acid interdomain linker N-terminal to the first β-strand. Mutations in the linker or C-terminal α-helix of the PH domain decrease both ARF1 N-terminal binding and GAP activity, and reduce cellular actin remodeling. |
In vitro GAP assay with truncation and point mutants, peptide inhibition assay, NMR binding assay, cell-based actin remodeling assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
31591270
|
| 2019 |
ASAP1 depletion causes defects in actin stress fiber organization. The BAR-PH fragment is sufficient to affect actin; the N-BAR domain of ASAP1 directly binds and bundles actin filaments in vitro, whereas the Arf GAP and C-terminal SH3 domain reduce BAR-PH binding and bundling. Overexpression of ASAP1 enhanced actin remodeling; replacing the ASAP1 BAR domain with the ACAP1 BAR domain abolished actin effects. |
siRNA knockdown, overexpression, actin co-sedimentation, domain swap mutants, fluorescence microscopy |
iScience |
High |
31785555
|
| 2019 |
NMR methyl-geoHARD analysis of the ASAP1 ZA (PH-ArfGAP) domain reveals wide-range conformational dynamics (kex 10²–10⁵ s⁻¹) in the hydrophobic interior, including collective and local motions that may correlate with catalytic function and substrate recognition. |
Methyl-TROSY NMR, adiabatic relaxation dispersion, CPMG relaxation dispersion |
Journal of the American Chemical Society |
Low |
31293161
|
| 2019 |
Loss of ASAP1 in mice (gene-trap) impairs adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells, causing growth retardation and delayed ossification. Mechanistically, FAK/Src and PI3K/AKT signaling is compromised in ASAP1-null MEFs, leading to impaired adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. |
Gene-trap mouse model, in vitro differentiation assays, Western blotting for FAK/Src and PI3K/AKT pathway components |
PLoS genetics |
Medium |
31246957
|
| 2020 |
Binding of multiple PI(4,5)P2 molecules to the ASAP1 PH domain triggers a functionally relevant allosteric conformational switch and maintains the PH domain in a defined orientation that allows critical contacts with Arf1 at the membrane, as determined by combining NMR, neutron reflectometry, and molecular dynamics simulation. |
NMR, neutron reflectometry, molecular dynamics simulation |
Science advances |
High |
32998886
|
| 2020 |
The ASAP1 N-BAR domain directly binds F-actin, homodimerization of ASAP1 aligns F-actin in predominantly unipolar bundles, and ASAP1 stabilizes actin filaments against depolymerization. The N-BAR domain moderately reduces spontaneous G-actin polymerization. Overexpression of ASAP1 BAR-PH tandem induced actin-filled cellular projections; an ASAP1 construct lacking the N-BAR domain failed to induce projections. |
Actin cosedimentation, polymerization and depolymerization assays, TIRF microscopy, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, overexpression in fibroblasts |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
32444496
|
| 2021 |
Knockdown of ASAP1 in THP1-derived macrophages increased efficiency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra entry and enhanced F-actin aggregation and vinculin/paxillin-rich puncta formation, identifying ASAP1 as a regulator of Mtb uptake through actin cytoskeleton remodeling. |
siRNA knockdown, fluorescence confocal microscopy, colony forming unit assay, F-actin staining |
Tuberculosis |
Medium |
34058694
|
| 2022 |
A lysine-rich cluster (K75, K76, K79) in the N-BAR domain of ASAP1 is required for binding and bundling actin filaments. Charge-neutralizing or charge-reversing mutations at these positions reduced BAR-PH binding to F-actin and abrogated actin bundle formation in vitro and cellular actin remodeling in U2OS cells; [K75E, K76E, K79E] full-length ASAP1 did not rescue endogenous ASAP1 knockdown-induced reduction of stress fibers. |
Structural modeling, mutagenesis, actin co-sedimentation, in vitro bundling assay, cell-based actin remodeling assay, siRNA rescue |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
35143843
|
| 2023 |
Membrane-bound active Arf1 (Myr-Arf1) explores large conformational dynamics with its G domain oscillating between membrane-associated and membrane-distal conformations. Interaction with the ASAP1 PH domain restricts Arf1 G domain motions and locks it in a conformation exposing functionally relevant regions for catalysis. |
NMR, neutron reflectometry, molecular dynamics simulations |
Nature communications |
High |
37989735
|
| 2023 |
Crystal structure of the ASAP1 SH3 domain in complex with the MICAL1 proline-rich motif (PRM) revealed a unique binding mode: ASAP1 SH3 contains two negatively charged patches that recognize the 'xPx+Px+' sequence in MICAL1 PRM, yielding sub-μM affinity. This binding pocket (termed SH3AGS) is also found in GRAF and SKAP1 SH3 domains. |
X-ray crystallography, ITC/binding affinity measurement, mutagenesis |
International journal of molecular sciences |
High |
36674928
|
| 2023 |
ASAP1 acts as an effector for ARF6 and mediates HGF/IGF-1 signaling to promote nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of NFAT1 in uveal melanoma. HGF and IGF-1 hyperactivate ARF6, which then interacts with ASAP1 to induce NFAT1 nuclear translocation; inhibition of ASAP1 or NFAT impairs cellular invasiveness and reduces metastasis in a xenograft model. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (ARF6-ASAP1), NFAT nuclear localization assay, siRNA knockdown, xenograft mouse model |
Oncogene |
Medium |
37500798
|
| 2023 |
ASAP1 activates the IQGAP1/CDC42 pathway by inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of IQGAP1, thereby enhancing CDC42 activity. Activated CDC42 upregulates the EGFR-MAPK pathway to promote chemotherapy resistance in gastric cancer. |
siRNA/overexpression, Co-IP, ubiquitination assay, Western blotting for CDC42/EGFR/MAPK pathway, in vitro and in vivo tumor assays |
Cell death & disease |
Medium |
36792578
|
| 2024 |
CUL1 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of ASAP1 via the SCF-FBXW7 complex, suppressing osteoblast proliferation and osteogenesis. CUL1 silencing moderated Dex-induced inhibition of proliferation and osteogenesis by restoring ASAP1 levels. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, CUL1 siRNA knockdown, osteogenesis assay, mouse osteoporosis model |
Hormones |
Medium |
39287759
|
| 2024 |
The SH3 domain of ASAP1 binds a 12-residue positively charged peptide from the neuronal scaffold protein 440 kDa ankyrin-B via a noncanonical SH3-ligand binding mode. The crystal structure of ASAP1-SH3 in complex with this gAnkB peptide defined a consensus ASAP1-SH3 binding motif, enabling identification of novel binding partners including Clasp1/2, ALS2, β-Pix, DAPK3, PHIP, and Limk1. |
Crystal structure determination, ITC/binding affinity measurement, mutagenesis, in silico database search |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
39265663
|
| 2024 |
MSUT2 regulates tau seed internalization into neurons via adenosine receptor 1 (A1AR)-mediated modulation of ASAP1 activity. Down-regulation or inhibition of A1AR modulates ASAP1 activity, reducing internalization of pathogenic tau seeds and tau pathology in neuron cultures and mouse models. |
siRNA knockdown, tau seeding assay, A1AR inhibitor treatment, neuron culture and mouse model of tau pathology |
Acta neuropathologica |
Medium |
38472475
|
| 2025 |
ASAP1 and ARF1 are necessary for myogenic differentiation in FN-RMS. Loss of ASAP1 or ARF1/ARF5 (GAP substrates) blocks differentiation and prevents MEK-inhibition-induced inactivation of TAZ (WWTR1), a pro-proliferative transcriptional co-activator. Dual knockdown of ASAP1 and WWTR1 rescued MEKi-induced differentiation, placing ASAP1 upstream of TAZ inactivation. |
siRNA knockdown, MEK inhibitor treatment, Western blotting for TAZ phosphorylation/activation, myogenic transcription factor expression assay, epistasis rescue experiment |
Molecular cancer research |
Medium |
39495123
|
| 2025 |
MYO1F interacts with ASAP1 through an SH3-domain-dependent interaction (proximity labeling proteomics, structural modeling, mutagenesis), and ASAP1 colocalizes with MYO1F at actin-rich podosomes and phagocytic cups in macrophages and microglia. |
Proximity labeling/proteomics, structural modeling, mutagenesis, immunofluorescence colocalization |
Journal of cell science |
Medium |
41208482
|
| 2025 |
ASAP1 interacts with the SMAD2/3 complex and forms a positive feedback loop with TGFβ signaling, promoting EMT and cell invasiveness in papillary thyroid cancer cells. ASAP1 knockdown reduced p-SMAD2 levels; co-immunoprecipitation confirmed ASAP1-SMAD2/3 interaction. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, Western blotting for p-SMAD2, luciferase reporter assay, lentiviral knockdown/overexpression |
Cancer medicine |
Medium |
40742091
|
| 2025 |
Both the Arf GAP domain activity and the BAR domain actin/NM2A-binding activity of ASAP1 are required coordinately to maintain focal adhesions and actin stress fibers; neither domain alone is sufficient. Arf5 (a GAP substrate) loss-of-function phenocopies ASAP1 knockdown on SFs and FAs. |
siRNA knockdown, rescue with domain mutants (GAP-inactive, BAR-deleted), dominant negative and GTPase-deficient Arf5 mutants, fluorescence microscopy in four cell lines |
Biology of the cell |
Medium |
40194952
|
| 2024 |
The PH domain of ASAP1 enhances GAP activity by >7 orders of magnitude by acting as an active catalytic component, not merely a membrane recruitment signal. NMR and MD simulations show the PH domain directly contacts Arf·GTP at the membrane and allosterically drives conformational rearrangements of the GTP binding site to facilitate charge stabilization and accelerate GTP hydrolysis; mathematical modeling indicates this allosteric contribution equals membrane recruitment in importance. |
NMR, molecular dynamics simulation, kinetic assays, mutagenesis, mathematical modeling |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
39763923
|