Affinage

ACKR4

Atypical chemokine receptor 4 · UniProt Q9NPB9

Length
350 aa
Mass
39.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
56 papers in source corpus 18 papers cited in narrative 18 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ACKR4 is an atypical chemokine receptor that scavenges CCL19, CCL21, CCL25, CCL20, and CCL22 by constitutive internalization and degradation without activating canonical Gi-protein signaling or inducing calcium flux (PMID:11981810, PMID:32480426). Upon ligand binding, ACKR4 recruits GRK3 followed by β-arrestins, though β-arrestin-independent endocytic routes also operate and are governed by a C-terminal PDZ-binding domain that controls the balance between these pathways (PMID:32391018, PMID:39623381). In vivo, ACKR4 is expressed on discrete non-hematopoietic stromal populations—keratinocytes, lymphatic endothelial cells, thymic cortical epithelial cells, submucosal fibroblasts, and splenic peri-marginal sinus endothelium—where it shapes functional CCL21/CCL19 gradients required for CCR7-dependent dendritic cell and T cell migration in skin, thymus, spleen, and tumors (PMID:33875601, PMID:26976955, PMID:23152546, PMID:34260918, PMID:32289156). ACKR4-mediated scavenging in lymphatic collecting vessels is mechanosensitively induced by lymph flow and enables T cell detachment and passive transport toward draining lymph nodes (PMID:35108538).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 2000 Medium

    Initial cloning of the human receptor (then called CCR11) identified high-affinity binding to CCL13/MCP-4 and chemotaxis, establishing it as a functional chemokine receptor—though these ligand assignments were later revised.

    Evidence Stable L1.2 transfectants, radiolabeled CCL13 binding and chemotaxis assays

    PMID:10734104

    Open questions at the time
    • CCL13/MCP-4 binding was not confirmed after receptor reclassification as ACKR4
    • chemotactic signaling contradicts later evidence of signaling-dead receptor
  2. 2002 High

    Resolved the receptor's inability to couple to canonical G-protein signaling: ACKR4 binds CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25 with high affinity but fails to induce calcium flux, establishing it as an atypical (decoy/scavenger) chemokine receptor.

    Evidence Radioligand binding and calcium flux assays in HEK293 cells, mouse and human orthologues

    PMID:11981810

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of ligand degradation not yet determined
    • no in vivo evidence for scavenging
  3. 2006 High

    Demonstrated the mechanistic basis for scavenging: ACKR4 internalizes and degrades CCL19 more efficiently than CCR7, gains scavenging capacity upon repeated exposure rather than desensitizing, and uses a β-arrestin/clathrin-independent endocytic route that is blocked by caveolin-1 overexpression.

    Evidence Transfected HEK293 cells, β-arrestin/clathrin knockdown, caveolin-1 overexpression, ligand internalization kinetics

    PMID:16791897

    Open questions at the time
    • Role of specific GRKs not yet addressed
    • no in vivo validation of internalization route
  4. 2010 High

    First in vivo genetic evidence that ACKR4 functions as a systemic chemokine scavenger: knockout mice show multi-fold elevations of CCL21 in blood and CCL19/CCL21 in lymph nodes, with downstream immune skewing toward Th17 that is reversed by anti-CCL21 antibody.

    Evidence Ackr4-/- mice, ELISA, EAE model, anti-CCL21 antibody rescue

    PMID:20562329

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell type responsible for scavenging in each tissue not identified
    • mechanism linking excess CCL21 to Th17 polarization unclear
  5. 2012 High

    Identified cortical thymic epithelial cells as the key ACKR4-expressing population in thymus and showed that ACKR4-dependent CCL25 scavenging is required for proper thymocyte development, establishing a tissue-specific developmental role beyond immune cell trafficking.

    Evidence Ackr4-/- mice, thymic subset flow cytometry, CCL25 immunofluorescence

    PMID:23152546

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which CCL25 gradient directs DN3 positioning not resolved
    • redundancy with other scavenger receptors in thymus unknown
  6. 2013 High

    Defined the β-arrestin recruitment and signaling properties of ACKR4: all three ligands drive β-arrestin2 recruitment; chimeric receptor studies revealed a DRY-motif-dependent, pertussis-toxin-insensitive signaling capacity when Gi coupling is restored, suggesting the inactive Gi interface constrains signaling.

    Evidence β-arrestin2-GFP translocation, BRET, enzyme-fragment complementation, DRY mutagenesis, chimeric receptors

    PMID:23341447

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological relevance of non-Gi signaling in native cells unknown
    • identity of downstream effector(s) not determined
  7. 2013 Medium

    Showed ACKR4 can form heteromeric complexes with CXCR3 that silence CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis through negative binding cooperativity, suggesting a trans-regulatory mechanism beyond scavenging.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, chemotaxis assays, radioligand cooperativity in co-transfected HEK293 and T cells

    PMID:23121557

    Open questions at the time
    • No reciprocal co-IP or structural evidence for heteromer
    • in vivo relevance of ACKR4-CXCR3 heteromerization not tested
    • single-lab observation
  8. 2016 High

    Genetic epistasis (Ackr4/Ccl19 double KO rescue) proved that CCL19, not CCL21, is the critical ACKR4 substrate during cutaneous inflammation that controls Langerhans cell egress and DC accumulation in draining lymph nodes.

    Evidence Ackr4-/- and Ccl19-/- double-KO mice, migratory APC flow cytometry, in situ scavenging assays

    PMID:26976955

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CCL20/CCL22 scavenging contributes to skin immunity not tested
  9. 2018 Medium

    Identified intestinal submucosal fibroblasts as the exclusive ACKR4-expressing population in the gut, physically interacting with lymphatic endothelium, yet showed that ACKR4 deficiency does not alter intestinal DC abundance—highlighting tissue-specificity of scavenging consequences.

    Evidence Ackr4-reporter/KO mice, immunofluorescence co-localization, flow cytometry

    PMID:29760193

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of ACKR4 on intestinal fibroblasts remains unclear
    • single-lab observation
  10. 2020 High

    Comprehensive dissection of ACKR4 proximal signaling showed GRK3 is recruited before β-arrestins, β-arrestins contribute to but are dispensable for scavenging, and no Erk1/2, Akt, or Src activation occurs—solidifying ACKR4 as a purely scavenging receptor with GRK-dependent regulation.

    Evidence NanoBiT/BRET recruitment assays, GRK inhibition, C-terminal truncation mutants, β-arrestin1/2 double-KO cells, fluorescent ligand uptake

    PMID:32391018

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of β-arrestin-independent endocytic adaptor unknown
    • structural basis of GRK3 preference unresolved
  11. 2020 High

    Systematic screening of all 43 human chemokines expanded the ACKR4 ligand repertoire to include CCL20 and CCL22 (potent partial agonist) and disproved CXCL13 as a ligand.

    Evidence β-arrestin recruitment assay across full human chemokine panel

    PMID:32480426

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo scavenging of CCL20 and CCL22 not demonstrated
    • affinities for new ligands not fully characterized
  12. 2020 High

    Established that non-hematopoietic ACKR4 expression controls intratumor CCL21 levels and thereby limits CD103+ DC retention and CD8+ T cell accumulation, identifying ACKR4 as a stromal immune checkpoint.

    Evidence Ackr4-/- mice, bone marrow chimeras, tumor models, intratumoral immune cell and CCL21 quantification

    PMID:32289156

    Open questions at the time
    • Tumor cell type expressing ACKR4 not fully defined
    • therapeutic potential of ACKR4 blockade not tested
  13. 2021 High

    Resolved that ACKR4 scavenges both immobilized full-length and cleaved soluble CCL21 isoforms in barrier tissues; without ACKR4, CCL21 gradients become saturated and non-functional, abolishing directional DC migration toward lymphatic vessels.

    Evidence Ackr4-/- mice, CCL21 isoform immunostaining and ELISA, intravital microscopy of DC migration

    PMID:33875601

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular determinants of ACKR4 discrimination between CCL21 isoforms unknown
  14. 2021 High

    Localized ACKR4 to splenic peri-marginal sinus endothelium and showed it is required for T cell homing into the white pulp and for normal marginal zone organization.

    Evidence ACKR4 reporter mice, immunofluorescence, splenic T cell flow cytometry, 3D reconstruction

    PMID:34260918

    Open questions at the time
    • Chemokine substrate responsible for splenic homing defect not identified
    • whether marginal zone B cell defect is cell-intrinsic or chemokine-dependent unclear
  15. 2022 High

    Demonstrated that lymph flow mechanosensitively upregulates ACKR4 in collecting lymphatic endothelium, enabling T cell detachment from vessel walls and transition to passive transport—linking biomechanical cues to chemokine gradient regulation.

    Evidence Intravital microscopy, Ackr4-/- mice, flow-induced gene expression in lymphatic ECs, T cell tracking

    PMID:35108538

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanosensor upstream of ACKR4 induction not identified
    • whether flow-dependent ACKR4 induction occurs in non-lymphatic vasculature unknown
  16. 2024 High

    Identified the C-terminal PDZ-binding domain as a critical regulatory element that gates the balance between β-arrestin-dependent and -independent endocytic pathways: disruption shifts internalization toward β-arrestin-independent uptake and alters pre-association of β-arrestins with the plasma membrane.

    Evidence C-terminal truncation/point mutants, NanoBiT bystander assays, fluorescent CCL19 uptake, β-arrestin1/2 double-KO cells, live-cell confocal microscopy

    PMID:39623381

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the PDZ-domain-interacting scaffold protein unknown
    • no structural model of ACKR4 C-terminus in complex with PDZ partner

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the identity of the β-arrestin-independent endocytic adaptor, the PDZ-domain scaffold partner, the structural basis of ACKR4 ligand selectivity, the in vivo relevance of CCL20/CCL22 scavenging, and whether ACKR4 can be therapeutically targeted to modulate anti-tumor immunity.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of ACKR4
  • β-arrestin-independent endocytic adaptor unidentified
  • in vivo roles of CCL20/CCL22 scavenging untested
  • PDZ-interacting partner not identified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0038024 cargo receptor activity 5 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 7 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 3
Partners
ARRB1ARRB2CCL19CCL21CCL25CXCR3GRK2GRK3

Evidence

Reading pass · 18 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2006 ACKR4 (CCX-CKR) mediates rapid internalization of CCL19 upon chemokine exposure, but unlike CCR7, retains and degrades internalized CCL19 more efficiently. CCX-CKR's scavenging activity is enhanced upon repeated chemokine exposure while CCR7 becomes refractory. CCX-CKR internalization is not critically dependent on β-arrestins or clathrin-coated pits, but overexpression of caveolin-1 (stabilizing caveolae) blocks CCL19 uptake by CCX-CKR without affecting CCR7. Transfected HEK293 cells, chemokine internalization assays, β-arrestin/clathrin knockdown, caveolin-1 overexpression European journal of immunology High 16791897
2002 Murine CCX-CKR (ACKR4) binds with high affinity to CCL21, CCL19, and CCL25 but is unable to mediate Ca2+ fluxes upon ligand binding, establishing it as an atypical receptor incapable of classical signaling. Radioligand binding assays, calcium flux assays in HEK293 cells European journal of immunology High 11981810
2010 CCX-CKR-deficient mice show a 5-fold increase in CCL21 in blood and 2–3-fold increases in CCL19 and CCL21 in peripheral lymph nodes, confirming in vivo scavenger function for these homeostatic chemokines. Loss of CCX-CKR skews CD4+ T cell responses toward Th17 and increases IL-23 in the spleen; early disease onset is reversed by anti-CCL21 antibody administration. CCX-CKR knockout mice, protein quantification by ELISA, MOG immunization EAE model, cytokine analysis, antibody neutralization Blood High 20562329
2013 CCX-CKR recruits β-arrestin2 upon CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25 stimulation, demonstrated by β-arrestin2-GFP translocation and BRET/enzyme complementation assays. CCX-CKR chimeras with intracellular loops replaced by CCR7 or CCR9 domains reveal that wild-type CCX-CKR activates CRE reporter in a pertussis-toxin-insensitive, DRY-motif-dependent manner, suggesting that inactive Gi impairs CCX-CKR signaling to pertussis-toxin-insensitive G proteins. β-arrestin2-GFP translocation, BRET, enzyme-fragment complementation, CRE reporter assay, pertussis toxin treatment, DRY motif mutagenesis, chimeric receptor constructs The Journal of biological chemistry High 23341447
2013 CCX-CKR (ACKR4) forms heteromeric complexes with CXCR3, and co-expression completely inhibits CXCR3-induced chemotaxis. Negative binding cooperativity is induced by ligands for both receptors in cells expressing both, suggesting heteromerization as the mechanism of inhibition. Co-transfection in HEK293 and human T cells, co-immunoprecipitation, chemotaxis assays, radioligand binding cooperativity assays British journal of pharmacology Medium 23121557
2012 CCX-CKR deficiency profoundly reduces CCL25 within the thymic cortex, alters cortical thymic epithelial cell (cTEC) biology (cTECs express highest ACKR4 in thymus), reduces DN3 thymocyte precursors, causes DN2 accumulation in the medulla, and reduces negatively-selected mature SP cells, establishing ACKR4-mediated chemokine scavenging by cTECs as required for normal thymocyte development. CCX-CKR KO mice, flow cytometry of thymic subsets, immunofluorescence CCL25 quantification in thymus sections Blood High 23152546
2016 ACKR4 on skin stromal cells (keratinocytes and a subset of dermal lymphatic endothelial cells) scavenges dermal-derived CCL19 during cutaneous inflammation to facilitate Langerhans cell egress and dendritic cell accumulation in skin-draining lymph nodes. Genetic deletion of Ccl19 completely rescues the aberrant APC trafficking in Ackr4-deficient mice, identifying CCL19 (not CCL21) as the critical substrate during inflammation. Ackr4-/- and Ccl19-/- double-KO mice, flow cytometry of migratory APCs, in situ chemokine scavenging assays Journal of immunology High 26976955
2020 ACKR4 recruits GRK3 (and to a lesser extent GRK2) prior to β-arrestins upon chemokine stimulation; GRK2/3 inhibition reduces steady-state and chemokine-driven β-arrestin recruitment to ACKR4. Deletion of the ACKR4 C-terminus abrogates β-arrestin interaction and fluorescent chemokine uptake. β-arrestins contribute to scavenging but are dispensable: cells lacking both β-arrestins still internalize CCL19. CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25 recruit β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 to ACKR4 with no evidence of Erk1/2, Akt, or Src activation. NanoBiT/BRET recruitment assays, GRK inhibition, C-terminal truncation mutants, β-arrestin1/2 knockout cell lines, fluorescent ligand uptake by flow cytometry Frontiers in immunology High 32391018
2020 ACKR4 in non-hematopoietic cells inhibits intratumor CD8+ T cell accumulation by suppressing CD103+ dendritic cell retention in tumors through regulation of intratumor CCL21 abundance. Ackr4-/- mice, bone marrow chimeras distinguishing hematopoietic vs non-hematopoietic expression, tumor growth experiments, flow cytometry of intratumoral immune cells, CCL21 quantification The Journal of experimental medicine High 32289156
2021 ACKR4 scavenges both full-length immobilized and cleaved soluble CCL21 in steady-state barrier tissues. Without ACKR4, extracellular CCL21 gradients are saturated and non-functional, DCs cannot home directionally to lymphatic vessels, and excess soluble CCL21 from periphery accumulates in lymph nodes. Ackr4-/- mice, quantification of full-length vs. cleaved CCL21 isoforms by immunostaining and ELISA, intravital microscopy of DC migration Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 33875601
2021 ACKR4 expression in endothelial cells of the splenic peri-marginal sinus (a sinusoidal network surrounding the outer perimeter of the marginal zone) is required for T cell homing into the spleen and subsequent migration into T cell areas; loss of ACKR4 also severely disrupts marginal zone organization. ACKR4 reporter mice, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry of splenic T cell subsets in Ackr4-/- mice, 3D reconstruction Cell reports High 34260918
2022 Lymph flow induces ACKR4 expression in lymphatic collector endothelial cells (mechanosensitive upregulation). ACKR4 scavenges CCL19 and CCL21 in collecting vessels, enabling T cell detachment from the vessel wall and transition to passive flow-dependent transport toward draining lymph nodes. In Ackr4-deficient mice, T cells accumulate in dermal collecting vessel segments and fail to efficiently reach draining lymph nodes despite normal capillary entry. Intravital microscopy, Ackr4-/- mice, flow-induced gene expression assays in lymphatic endothelial cells, T cell tracking in TPA-induced inflammation Cell reports High 35108538
2020 CCL20 and CCL22 are newly identified agonist ligands of ACKR4 by β-arrestin recruitment assay; CCL22 acts as a potent partial agonist. CXCL13 agonist activity at ACKR4 is disproved by systematic screening of all 43 human chemokines. β-arrestin recruitment assay (systematic screen of 43 chemokines), independent replication of CCL20 finding Journal of leukocyte biology High 32480426
2021 ACKR4 in cardiac fibroblasts promotes IL-6 generation and fibroblast proliferation via the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. ACKR4-driven IL-6 paracrine signaling induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in endothelial cells. ACKR4 knockout protects against adverse ventricular remodeling post-MI, and AAV9-mediated ACKR4 overexpression in fibroblasts aggravates heart dysfunction, which is abolished by IL-6 neutralizing antibody. Ackr4-/- mice, AAV9 fibroblast-specific overexpression, p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway inhibition, IL-6 neutralizing antibody rescue, in vitro fibroblast/EC co-culture Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 33610913
2018 ACKR4 in the mouse intestine is expressed exclusively by a submucosal fibroblast population that lies in close proximity to blood and lymphatic vessels. These ACKR4+ fibroblasts form physical interactions with lymphatic endothelial cells and engage in molecular interactions via VEGFD/VEGFR3 and CCL21/ACKR4 pathways. Ackr4 deficiency does not affect DC abundance in the intestine or mesenteric LNs, indicating tissue-specific roles. Ackr4-reporter/KO mice, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence co-localization, transcriptional profiling of sorted cell populations Journal of immunology Medium 29760193
2014 CCX-CKR expression on mammary carcinoma cells promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), evidenced by increased invasiveness, motility, reduced matrix/cell adhesion, anoikis resistance, and elevated TGF-β1 mRNA and protein with enhanced autocrine Smad2/3 phosphorylation. CCX-CKR overexpression in 4T1.2 mouse mammary cells, invasion/migration assays, anoikis assays, TGF-β1 ELISA and qPCR, Smad2/3 phosphorylation western blot, in vivo metastasis model Immunology and cell biology Medium 25027038
2024 The C-terminal PDZ-binding domain of ACKR4 is critical for receptor function: C-terminal tagging or PDZ-domain mutation enhances CCL19 internalization, increases pre-association of β-arrestins with the plasma membrane, reduces chemokine-driven β-arrestin recruitment, and shifts internalization from a β-arrestin-dependent to β-arrestin-independent pathway. C-terminal truncation and point mutants, NanoBiT bystander β-arrestin assays, fluorescent CCL19 internalization by flow cytometry and live-cell confocal microscopy, β-arrestin1/2 double-KO cell lines Cell communication and signaling High 39623381
2000 The human homolog of bovine orphan receptor PPR1 (later named CCR11/ACKR4) mediates chemotaxis and high-affinity binding (IC50 0.14 nM) to MCP-4 (CCL13), and also binds MCP-2 (CCL8), MCP-1 (CCL2), eotaxin (CCL11), and MCP-3 (CCL7) when expressed in L1.2 cells. Stable transfection of L1.2 cells, radiolabeled MCP-4 binding assay, chemotaxis assay, competitive binding with multiple chemokines The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 10734104

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 56 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 Crystal structure of a PPR1-DNA complex: DNA recognition by proteins containing a Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster. Genes & development 146 7958913
1984 Yeast regulatory gene PPR1. I. Nucleotide sequence, restriction map and codon usage. Journal of molecular biology 124 6096561
2006 The chemokine receptor CCX-CKR mediates effective scavenging of CCL19 in vitro. European journal of immunology 123 16791897
1996 DNA sequence preferences of GAL4 and PPR1: how a subset of Zn2 Cys6 binuclear cluster proteins recognizes DNA. Molecular and cellular biology 94 8668194
2002 Characterization of mouse CCX-CKR, a receptor for the lymphocyte-attracting chemokines TECK/mCCL25, SLC/mCCL21 and MIP-3beta/mCCL19: comparison to human CCX-CKR. European journal of immunology 80 11981810
1995 The sequence and binding specificity of UaY, the specific regulator of the purine utilization pathway in Aspergillus nidulans, suggest an evolutionary relationship with the PPR1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The EMBO journal 73 7729421
2009 Involvement of a novel chemokine decoy receptor CCX-CKR in breast cancer growth, metastasis and patient survival. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 72 19383822
2010 The atypical chemokine receptor CCX-CKR scavenges homeostatic chemokines in circulation and tissues and suppresses Th17 responses. Blood 66 20562329
2016 ACKR4 on Stromal Cells Scavenges CCL19 To Enable CCR7-Dependent Trafficking of APCs from Inflamed Skin to Lymph Nodes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 60 26976955
2000 CCR11 is a functional receptor for the monocyte chemoattractant protein family of chemokines. The Journal of biological chemistry 55 10734104
2020 ACKR4 Recruits GRK3 Prior to β-Arrestins but Can Scavenge Chemokines in the Absence of β-Arrestins. Frontiers in immunology 45 32391018
1999 Mapping of the CCXCR1, CX3CR1, CCBP2 and CCR9 genes to the CCR cluster within the 3p21.3 region of the human genome. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 40 10702689
2012 A rhodanine derivative CCR-11 inhibits bacterial proliferation by inhibiting the assembly and GTPase activity of FtsZ. Biochemistry 37 22703373
2013 β-Arrestin recruitment and G protein signaling by the atypical human chemokine decoy receptor CCX-CKR. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 23341447
1993 The 5' untranslated region of the PPR1 regulatory gene dictates rapid mRNA decay in yeast. Gene 34 8370540
2021 Scavenging of soluble and immobilized CCL21 by ACKR4 regulates peripheral dendritic cell emigration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 33 33875601
2012 CCX-CKR deficiency alters thymic stroma impairing thymocyte development and promoting autoimmunity. Blood 33 23152546
2018 Expression of the Atypical Chemokine Receptor ACKR4 Identifies a Novel Population of Intestinal Submucosal Fibroblasts That Preferentially Expresses Endothelial Cell Regulators. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 32 29760193
1984 Yeast regulatory gene PPR1. II. Chromosomal localization, meiotic map, suppressibility, dominance/recessivity and dosage effect. Journal of molecular biology 32 6096562
2020 ACKR4 restrains antitumor immunity by regulating CCL21. The Journal of experimental medicine 31 32289156
2022 Mechanosensitive ACKR4 scavenges CCR7 chemokines to facilitate T cell de-adhesion and passive transport by flow in inflamed afferent lymphatics. Cell reports 28 35108538
2017 A Novel Computational Model Predicts Key Regulators of Chemokine Gradient Formation in Lymph Nodes and Site-Specific Roles for CCL19 and ACKR4. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 27 28807994
2015 CCRL1/ACKR4 is expressed in key thymic microenvironments but is dispensable for T lymphopoiesis at steady state in adult mice. European journal of immunology 26 25521433
2018 Fluorescently Tagged CCL19 and CCL21 to Monitor CCR7 and ACKR4 Functions. International journal of molecular sciences 25 30518137
2013 Effect of genetic variants in two chemokine decoy receptor genes, DARC and CCBP2, on metastatic potential of breast cancer. PloS one 23 24260134
2010 Generation of a panel of monoclonal antibodies against atypical chemokine receptor CCX-CKR by DNA immunization. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods 23 21184834
2003 The Upf-dependent decay of wild-type PPR1 mRNA depends on its 5'-UTR and first 92 ORF nucleotides. Nucleic acids research 23 12799443
2020 Systematic reassessment of chemokine-receptor pairings confirms CCL20 but not CXCL13 and extends the spectrum of ACKR4 agonists to CCL22. Journal of leukocyte biology 22 32480426
2008 Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of the Geobacillus Thermoleovorans CCR11 thermoalkaliphilic lipase. Molecular biotechnology 21 19107605
2021 Inhibition of fibroblast IL-6 production by ACKR4 deletion alleviates cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20 33610913
2016 Rewiring of the Ppr1 Zinc Cluster Transcription Factor from Purine Catabolism to Pyrimidine Biogenesis in the Saccharomycetaceae. Current biology : CB 20 27321996
2014 The atypical chemokine receptor CCX-CKR regulates metastasis of mammary carcinoma via an effect on EMT. Immunology and cell biology 18 25027038
1990 The C6 zinc finger and adjacent amino acids determine DNA-binding specificity and affinity in the yeast activator proteins LAC9 and PPR1. Molecular and cellular biology 18 2118990
2021 ACKR4 in Tumor Cells Regulates Dendritic Cell Migration to Tumor-Draining Lymph Nodes and T-Cell Priming. Cancers 17 34638505
2014 CCX-CKR expression in colorectal cancer and patient survival. The International journal of biological markers 17 24338720
2013 Inhibition of CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis by the human chemokine receptor-like protein CCX-CKR. British journal of pharmacology 17 23121557
2008 Immobilization in the presence of Triton X-100: modifications in activity and thermostability of Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11 lipase. Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology 15 18704528
2021 Expression of ACKR4 demarcates the "peri-marginal sinus," a specialized vascular compartment of the splenic red pulp. Cell reports 14 34260918
2021 The relation between ACKR4 and CCR7 genes expression and breast cancer metastasis. Life sciences 13 34102193
2006 Expression of CCX CKR in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] 11 17109071
2019 B cell hyperactivation in an Ackr4-deficient mouse strain is not caused by lack of ACKR4 expression. Journal of leukocyte biology 10 31841228
2017 Molecular characterization and expression analysis of four fish-specific CC chemokine receptors CCR4La, CCR4Lc1, CCR4Lc2 and CCR11 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & shellfish immunology 10 28732768
2016 Gene Cloning and Characterization of the Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11 Carboxylesterase CaesCCR11, a New Member of Family XV. Molecular biotechnology 9 26603441
2015 Identification and expression analysis of an atypical chemokine receptor-2 (ACKR2)/CC chemokine binding protein-2 (CCBP2) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & shellfish immunology 9 25747793
1995 Zinc co-ordination in the DNA-binding domain of the yeast transcriptional activator PPR1. FEBS letters 9 7843415
2023 Identification of ACKR4 as an immune checkpoint in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Frontiers in immunology 7 37449198
2020 Biphasic Expression of Atypical Chemokine Receptor (ACKR) 2 and ACKR4 in Colorectal Neoplasms in Association with Histopathological Findings. Biomolecules 7 33374792
2017 Improved expression and immobilization of Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11 thermostable recombinant lipase. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry 6 26339949
2016 Transient expression of recombinant ACKR4 (CCRL1) gene, an atypical chemokine receptor in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. Molecular biology reports 5 27168154
2021 Production and Characterization of Cross-Linked Aggregates of Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11 Thermoalkaliphilic Recombinant Lipase. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 3 34946651
2015 Endogenous expression of the atypical chemokine receptor CCX-CKR (CCRL1) gene in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2 26699909
2010 Enzymatic reactions and synthesis of n-butyl caproate: esterification, transesterification and aminolysis using a recombinant lipase from Geobacillus thermoleovorans CCR11. Environmental technology 2 20718292
2024 Atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4/CCX-CKR): A comprehensive exploration across physiological and pathological landscapes in contemporary research. Cell biochemistry and function 1 38597217
2023 Expression of CCR8 and CCX-CKR on Basophils in Chronic Urticaria Is Amplified by IgE-Mediated Activation. Biomedicines 1 37371632
2024 Corrigendum: Identification of ACKR4 as an immune checkpoint in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Frontiers in immunology 0 38444849
2024 Identification of critical residues at the C-terminal tip of ACKR4 regulating chemokine internalization and βarrestin involvement. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 0 39623381