Affinage

CCL19

C-C motif chemokine 19 · UniProt Q99731

Audit flag: ungrounded claim
Length
98 aa
Mass
11.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 36 papers cited in narrative 36 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CCL19 is a homeostatic CC chemokine that orchestrates the directional migration, arrest, and functional maturation of T cells and dendritic cells within secondary lymphoid organs (PMID:11070085, PMID:15845453). It is expressed by T-zone stromal cells and CD8+ dendritic cells (PMID:11070085), and perivascular CCL19 is transcytosed to the luminal surface of high endothelial venules to drive CCR7-mediated lymphocyte arrest and lymph node homing (PMID:11342595). Through its principal receptor CCR7, CCL19 engages G-protein-coupled cascades—PI3K/Akt, PLC/Ca2+, ERK/p38/NF-κB, and the Rho-family GTPases Rac and Cdc42—the latter driving rapid dendritic extension in mature DCs (PMID:14592837, PMID:12200351, PMID:27459960). A defining feature distinguishing CCL19 from the co-ligand CCL21 is that CCL19 alone triggers β-arrestin-3-dependent CCR7 internalization and desensitization, a bias encoded by the chemokine core domain and CCR7 extracellular loop 2 (PMID:18802075, PMID:31572374); this internalization additionally creates a self-generated chemokine sink that shapes extracellular gradients to sustain collective DC migration (PMID:37656776). CCL19 also promotes DC maturation and Th1 programming (PMID:15845453), directly induces STAT5-dependent TH2 differentiation in naive CD4+ T cells (PMID:37956733), drives T-cell lymph node egress via a CCR7→ERK5→KLF2→EDG-1 axis (PMID:22334704), and enforces clonal contraction through Fas-ligand-mediated activation-induced cell death (PMID:16973962). Extracellular CCL19 abundance is controlled by the atypical scavenging receptors ACKR4/CCX-CKR and CCRL2/CRAM, which bind CCL19 with high affinity but, rather than signaling, internalize and degrade it to establish directional gradients for APC trafficking (PMID:10706668, PMID:16791897, PMID:20002784, PMID:26976955). Although CCL19 is sufficient to mediate these activities, it is dispensable in vivo when CCL21 is intact, and only combined CCL19/CCL21 loss reproduces the CCR7-null phenotype (PMID:20039103). Beyond lymphoid homeostasis, CCL19-CCR7 signaling contributes to tumor immunity and pathology, including DC-dependent anti-tumor responses and tertiary lymphoid structure formation (PMID:37201522, PMID:39137726), CNS lymphoma retention (PMID:31526758), and CCR7-driven invasion programs in carcinoma cells (PMID:23649655, PMID:21165582).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 34 steps
  1. 2000 High

    Establishing where CCL19 is produced was prerequisite to understanding its role in lymphoid architecture; the finding localized it to T-zone stromal cells and CD8+ DCs co-expressing CCL21.

    Evidence Double in situ hybridization and bone marrow reconstitution in wild-type and plt/plt mice

    PMID:11070085

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not separate the functional contributions of stromal- versus DC-derived CCL19
    • Co-expression with CCL21 leaves individual ligand roles unresolved
  2. 2000 High

    Receptor profiling answered which receptors bind CCL19, identifying CCX-CKR (ACKR4) as a high-affinity binder in addition to CCR7 and laying the groundwork for the scavenger-receptor concept.

    Evidence Stalk-immobilized chemokine adhesion and radiolabeled competition binding across >80 chemokines

    PMID:10706668

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding alone did not establish whether CCX-CKR signals or scavenges
    • In vivo relevance not addressed
  3. 2000 High

    Placing CCL19 within a defined trafficking pathway, this work showed DC egress from skin epidermis requires CCL19 downstream of leukotriene signaling.

    Evidence In vitro chemotaxis with LTC4/LTD4 rescue, MRP1-/- mice, and in vivo CCL19 antagonism

    PMID:11114332

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not distinguish CCL19 from CCL21 contributions in vivo
    • Receptor coupling not directly tested
  4. 2001 High

    Demonstrating how luminal CCL19 reaches circulating lymphocytes explained CCR7-mediated arrest at HEVs, showing transcytosis enables homing and that injected CCL19 rescues trafficking in plt/plt mice.

    Evidence ISH, IHC vesicle localization, and footpad-injection lymph node trafficking rescue in plt/plt mice

    PMID:11342595

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular machinery of transcytosis not identified
    • Functional redundancy with CCL21 in this assay
  5. 2001 Medium

    A core functional distinction between the two CCR7 ligands emerged: CCL19, but not CCL21, induces CCR7 internalization and desensitization.

    Evidence Flow cytometry surface receptor and functional re-stimulation assays on T cells

    PMID:11745346

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of internalization not yet defined
    • Single-lab observation
  6. 2002 High

    Linking CCL19 to lymphoid neogenesis, ectopic CCL19 induced organized infiltrates and lymphotoxin expression, connecting the chemokine to tissue organization.

    Evidence CCL19 transgenic mice, histopathology, LTα1β2 assays, LTβR-Fc antagonism

    PMID:12077273

    Open questions at the time
    • Ectopic expression may not reflect physiologic levels
    • Receptor mediating LT induction not confirmed
  7. 2002 Medium

    Identifying the cytoskeletal effectors of CCL19, this work showed rapid dendritic extension in mature DCs via Rac/Cdc42, distinct from CCL21.

    Evidence DC morphology assay with toxin B and Y-27632 inhibitors, time-course imaging

    PMID:12200351

    Open questions at the time
    • GTPase identity inferred pharmacologically, not genetically
    • Functional consequence of dendritic extension untested
  8. 2003 High

    Resolving a signaling co-requirement, PGE2 was shown to license CCR7 coupling to PI3K/Akt and Ca2+ for DC migration.

    Evidence Phosphorylation and calcium assays with PLC/PI3K inhibitors in DC migration

    PMID:14592837

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of PGE2-CCR7 coupling unresolved
    • In vivo requirement not tested
  9. 2004 Medium

    An expanded cellular source was defined—activated neutrophils produce biologically active CCL19 that recruits DCs and triggers lymphocyte adhesion.

    Evidence LPS/TNFα-stimulated neutrophil culture, chemotaxis and integrin adhesion assays with neutralizing antibody

    PMID:11449350

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of neutrophil-derived CCL19 not shown
    • Single-lab finding
  10. 2004 Medium

    A specific CCL19 antagonist established a non-redundant role for CCL19 in immune priming distinct from CCL21.

    Evidence CCL19(8-83) truncation antagonist in calcium, chemotaxis, and in vivo allogeneic CTL assays

    PMID:15231820

    Open questions at the time
    • Antagonist specificity may incompletely separate ligands in vivo
    • Single-lab finding
  11. 2005 High

    Connecting CCL19 to DC functional programming, the chemokine was shown to mature migratory CCR7-high DCs and program them for Th1 induction.

    Evidence Expression cloning, DC-T cell coculture, maturation marker flow cytometry, cytokine ELISA, plt/plt model

    PMID:15845453

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not isolate CCL19 from CCL21 contributions in plt/plt mice
    • Th1-skewing mechanism not molecularly defined
  12. 2005 Medium

    A regulatory brake on CCL19-directed migration was identified in the NO/cGMP/cGK→VASP pathway.

    Evidence cGK activity and VASP phosphorylation assays, NO donor and cGK inhibitor DC migration

    PMID:16249377

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiologic source of NO regulating DCs unclear
    • CCL19-specificity mechanism not fully explained
  13. 2006 High

    Resolving how CCL19 levels are controlled, ACKR4/CCX-CKR was shown to sustain scavenging and degrade internalized CCL19 via a caveolin-1 route distinct from CCR7.

    Evidence Transfected HEK293 cells, radiolabeled CCL19 internalization/degradation, caveolin and β-arrestin manipulation

    PMID:16791897

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo gradient-shaping role not yet established here
    • Reconstituted cell system
  14. 2006 High

    A self-limiting function of CCL19 in adaptive immunity emerged: it promotes activation-induced cell death of responding CD4+ T cells via Fas ligand to enforce clonal contraction.

    Evidence plt/plt mice T cell response tracking and in vitro AICD/FasL assays

    PMID:16973962

    Open questions at the time
    • CCL19 versus CCL21 contributions not separated
    • Receptor and signaling route to FasL not mapped
  15. 2006 Medium

    Extending CCL19-CCR7 beyond lymphoid tissue, the pathway was shown to drive proinflammatory and procoagulant programs in vascular cells relevant to atherosclerosis.

    Evidence In vitro macrophage/fibroblast stimulation with MMP/tissue factor/VEGF ELISA

    PMID:17170367

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal role in plaque destabilization not demonstrated in vivo
    • Single-lab finding
  16. 2008 High

    The molecular basis of ligand-biased CCR7 internalization was pinned to β-arrestin 3, required for CCL19 but not CCL21 responses.

    Evidence siRNA and arrestin-null MEF reconstitution with internalization and migration assays

    PMID:18802075

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the ligand structural determinant of bias
    • Downstream functional consequences of bias in vivo untested
  17. 2009 Medium

    A second atypical scavenger was added: CRAM/CCRL2 on B cells binds CCL19 with CCR7-like affinity but internalizes rather than signals.

    Evidence Radiolabeled binding, negative calcium/migration assays, internalization in CRAM-transfected cells

    PMID:20002784

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo scavenging role not established
    • Single-lab finding
  18. 2010 High

    Genetic dissection clarified ligand redundancy: CCL21 is sufficient and CCL19 dispensable in vivo, with only combined loss phenocopying CCR7 deficiency.

    Evidence CCL19-deficient mice with DC migration, maturation, priming readouts versus double knockout

    PMID:20039103

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not exclude CCL19-specific roles under inflammatory or other contexts
    • Mechanism of compensation by CCL21 unclear
  19. 2010 Medium

    Quantitative gradient sensing showed DCs preferentially navigate toward CCL21 over CCL19, refining how the two ligands guide migration.

    Evidence Microfluidic 3D gradient device with quantitative DC tracking

    PMID:21422278

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo gradient configurations not directly tested
    • Single-lab finding
  20. 2010 Medium

    Signaling branch analysis in CLL cells separated migration (PI3K/Rho-ROCK) from survival (ERK/JNK/PI3K) outputs of CCR7.

    Evidence Dominant-negative/constitutively active mutants, inhibitors, Rho pull-down, chemotaxis/apoptosis assays

    PMID:20488224

    Open questions at the time
    • Ligand-specificity (CCL19 vs CCL21) not separated
    • Disease-cell context may not generalize
  21. 2010 Medium

    Competitive scavenging by CRAM was shown to blunt CCR7 signaling in CLL B cells, supporting CRAM as a tuner of CCL19 availability.

    Evidence CRAM expression analysis with calcium, MAPK, and chemotaxis assays in patient cells

    PMID:21092185

    Open questions at the time
    • Causality in disease progression not established
    • Single-lab finding
  22. 2010 Low

    PI3K/Akt was placed downstream of CCL19/CCR7 in T cell effector cytokine output.

    Evidence Akt phosphorylation, PI3K inhibition, IFN-γ ELISA, CCR7 knockdown in HBV-responsive T cells

    PMID:34218330

    Open questions at the time
    • Single pathway readout with pharmacological inhibition only
    • Not independently confirmed
  23. 2012 High

    The egress program was defined: CCL19-CCR7 drives an ERK5→KLF2→EDG-1 axis controlling T cell lymph node exit.

    Evidence ERK5/KLF2/EDG-1 signaling assays and conditional ERK5-knockout T cells with migration readouts

    PMID:22334704

    Open questions at the time
    • CCL19 versus CCL21 contributions to egress not isolated
    • In vivo egress kinetics not directly measured here
  24. 2013 Medium

    A tumor-invasion mechanism was mapped: CCL19/CCR7 induces heparanase via Sp1 to promote lung adenocarcinoma invasion.

    Evidence ChIP for Sp1-heparanase promoter binding, pathway inhibition, Transwell invasion

    PMID:23649655

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo metastatic relevance not tested
    • Single cell line, single lab
  25. 2014 Medium

    CCR7 was confirmed as the mediator of CCL19-driven monocyte adhesion and migration to endothelium in an atherogenic context.

    Evidence Monocyte-HUVEC adhesion/migration with CCR7-neutralizing antibody

    PMID:24990231

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo atherogenesis contribution not shown
    • Single-lab finding
  26. 2015 High

    Structural mapping revealed CCL19 adopts the chemokine fold and that CCR7 and PSGL-1 N-termini compete at overlapping sites, suggesting co-presentation enhances recruitment.

    Evidence NMR solution structure, chemical shift mapping, competitive binding

    PMID:26115234

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional impact of PSGL-1 co-presentation not tested in vivo
    • Single-lab finding
  27. 2015 Medium

    A metabolic role emerged: CCL19-CCR7 recruitment of DCs to adipose tissue contributes to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.

    Evidence CCR7-/- mice on high-fat diet with metabolic phenotyping and DC marker analysis

    PMID:26097021

    Open questions at the time
    • CCL19-specific (vs CCL21) contribution not isolated
    • Single-lab finding
  28. 2016 High

    In vivo gradient shaping by scavenging was established: ACKR4 on skin stroma scavenges CCL19 specifically to enable APC egress, with Ccl19 deletion rescuing the Ackr4-null phenotype.

    Evidence Ackr4-/- mice, Ccl19-/- genetic rescue, flow cytometry of skin APC populations

    PMID:26976955

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative gradient measurements in tissue not provided
    • Mechanism limited to inflammatory conditions
  29. 2016 Medium

    A non-canonical role for CCL19 in HIV biology was reported, linking CCR7 signaling to NF-κB-dependent integration and JNK/Pin1-mediated integrase stabilization in resting T cells.

    Evidence Pathway phosphorylation/inhibitor assays, NF-κB-mutant virus, Alu-LTR qPCR, Pin1 Co-IP

    PMID:27459960

    Open questions at the time
    • Pin1-integrase interaction from single Co-IP
    • Physiologic relevance to HIV reservoirs not established
  30. 2019 High

    The structural determinants of CCR7 signaling bias were defined: the chemokine core domain (not N-terminus) and CCR7 ECL2/K130 encode differential G-protein versus β-arrestin coupling.

    Evidence BRET signaling assays, chimeric CCL19/CCL21 ligands, CCR7 mutagenesis, migration assays, modeling

    PMID:31572374

    Open questions at the time
    • No experimental receptor-ligand complex structure
    • In vivo consequences of bias determinants not tested
  31. 2023 High

    The internalization-driven sink concept matured into a gradient-self-organization mechanism: CCR7-CCL19 uptake by DCs shapes gradients to enable collective long-range migration.

    Evidence Live-cell imaging, gradient assays, and mathematical modeling of DC migration

    PMID:37656776

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo validation of self-generated gradients limited
    • Quantitative parameters tissue-specific
  32. 2023 High

    A DC-migration-independent mechanism was uncovered: CCL19 directly induces STAT5 phosphorylation in naive CD4+ T cells to drive TH2 differentiation and allergic inflammation.

    Evidence Ccl19-deficient asthma model, T cell co-culture, STAT5 flow cytometry, RNA-seq, recombinant CCL19

    PMID:37956733

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating direct STAT5 induction not defined here
    • How a chemokine activates STAT5 mechanistically unresolved
  33. 2023 High

    CCL19 was shown to be mechanistically required for effective anti-tumor immunity, supporting CCR7+CD8+ T cell responses and anti-PD-1 efficacy in breast cancer.

    Evidence Ccl19 gene ablation, scRNA-seq, anti-PD-1 with tumor growth and flow readouts

    PMID:37201522

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular source of relevant CCL19 not fully isolated
    • Receptor route in this context inferred
  34. 2024 Medium

    Fibroblast-derived CCL19 was assigned a causal role in tertiary lymphoid structure formation, promoting lymphocyte trafficking and anti-tumor protection in liver metastasis.

    Evidence scRNA-seq, Stereo-seq spatial transcriptomics, CCL19 treatment in mice

    PMID:39137726

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of TLS neogenesis induction not molecularly resolved
    • Single-lab finding

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How CCL19 activates a direct STAT5/JAK-type transcriptional program in T cells—and how this reconciles with its canonical CCR7 GPCR signaling—remains to be mechanistically defined.
  • Receptor and proximal kinase coupling CCL19 to STAT5 unidentified
  • Relationship between scavenger receptors and direct T cell signaling unexplored
  • No receptor-bound structure of CCL19 to explain ligand bias

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 4 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 3
Partners
ACKR4CCR7CCRL2PSGL-1

Evidence

Reading pass · 36 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 CCL19 (ELC) is expressed by T zone stromal cells (which co-express SLC/CCL21) and by CD8+ dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid organs; this co-expression was established by double in situ hybridization and bone marrow reconstitution experiments in wild-type mice, with both genes deleted in plt/plt mice. Double in situ hybridization, bone marrow reconstitution, genetic deletion (plt/plt mouse) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 11070085
2001 Perivascular CCL19 is transcytosed to the luminal surface of high endothelial venules (HEVs) and enables CCR7-mediated T cell arrest and homing to lymph nodes; injected CCL19 in plt/plt mice restored T cell trafficking to draining lymph nodes as efficiently as CCL21. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry (cytoplasmic vesicle localization), footpad injection with lymph node trafficking assay in plt/plt mice The Journal of experimental medicine High 11342595
2001 CCL19 induces rapid, concentration-dependent internalization of CCR7 on T lymphocytes, markedly reducing subsequent responsiveness to re-stimulation; in contrast, CCL21 does not induce CCR7 internalization, establishing a fundamental functional difference between the two CCR7 ligands. Flow cytometry receptor surface expression, functional re-stimulation assays European journal of immunology Medium 11745346
2000 CCL19 acts as a functional ligand for CCX-CKR (later ACKR4/CCX-CKR), in addition to CCR7; CCX-CKR binds CCL19 with high affinity (IC50 <15 nM) and also binds CCL21 and TECK, identified by stalk-immobilized chemokine adhesion assay and radiolabeled competition binding. Stalkokine adhesion assay, radiolabeled ligand binding and competition with >80 chemokines Journal of immunology High 10706668
2000 DC migration from skin epidermis to lymph nodes requires CCL19: in vitro cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4) promoted optimal chemotaxis to CCL19 (but not other chemokines), and in vivo antagonism of CCL19 prevented DC egress from the epidermis, placing CCL19 downstream of MRP1-transported LTC4 in a defined DC trafficking pathway. In vitro chemotaxis assay, MRP1-/- mice, exogenous LTC4/LTD4 rescue, in vivo CCL19 antagonism Cell High 11114332
2002 Ectopic expression of CCL19 in pancreatic islets induces infiltrates composed of lymphocytes and DCs containing high endothelial venules; CCL19 (like CCL21 but not CXCL12) induces LTα1β2 expression on naive CD4 T cells, suggesting CCL19 drives lymphoid neogenesis partly through induction of lymphotoxin. CCL19 transgenic mouse model, histopathology, LTα1β2 expression assays, LTβR-Fc antagonist treatment Journal of immunology High 12077273
2003 CCL19/CCL21-triggered CCR7 signal transduction and DC migration require prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for coupling: PGE2 enables CCR7 to activate PI3K-mediated Akt phosphorylation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization; migration depends on PLC and intracellular Ca2+ flux but not PI3K. Phosphorylation assays (PI3K/Akt), intracellular calcium mobilization, pharmacological inhibitors (PLC, PI3K), DC migration assay Blood High 14592837
2005 CCL19 (signaling through CCR7) induces maturation of activated/migratory DCs (upregulation of costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines) and programs them for Th1 induction; only CCR7-high migrating DCs (not resting lymph-node-resident DCs) respond to CCL19 with cytokine production; plt/plt DCs (lacking CCL19 and CCL21) display only partially mature phenotype in vivo. Alphaviral expression cloning, DC-T cell coculture proliferation assay, flow cytometry (maturation markers), cytokine ELISA, plt/plt genetic model Immunity High 15845453
2002 CCL19 rapidly induces marked dendritic extension (within 30 min) in mature but not immature DCs via Rac and/or Cdc42 GTPases (not Rho/ROCK), as shown by complete blockade with Clostridium difficile toxin B but not Y-27632; CCL21 fails to induce rapid dendritic extension. Murine DC morphology assay, pharmacological inhibitors (toxin B, Y-27632), time-course imaging Blood Medium 12200351
2004 CCL19 is produced by neutrophils when stimulated with LPS or TNFα; neutrophil-derived CCL19 is biologically active, inducing chemotaxis of DCs and rapid integrin-dependent adhesion of CCR7-expressing lymphocytes to ICAM-1, as demonstrated by neutralizing antibody blockade. Neutrophil culture with LPS/TNFα, chemotaxis assay, integrin adhesion assay, neutralizing antibody blockade European journal of immunology Medium 11449350
2006 CCX-CKR (ACKR4) mediates progressive scavenging and degradation of CCL19: after CCL19 uptake, CCR7 rapidly desensitizes and cannot sustain further scavenging, but CCX-CKR maintains enhanced sequestration activity and degrades internalized CCL19. CCX-CKR uses a caveolin-1-dependent (not clathrin/β-arrestin-dependent) endocytic route distinct from CCR7. Transfected HEK293 cells, radiolabeled CCL19 internalization and degradation assay, siRNA/caveolin-1 overexpression, β-arrestin knockdown European journal of immunology High 16791897
2008 Arrestin 3 (β-arrestin 3) specifically mediates CCR7 internalization following CCL19 binding but is not required for CCL21-induced internalization; CCR7/CCL19 internalization and migration to CCL19 both require arrestin 3, whereas CCR7/CCL21 internalization and migration to CCL21 are arrestin-independent. siRNA knockdown of arrestin 2 and 3, arrestin 2-/-/arrestin 3-/- MEFs reconstituted with arrestin-GFP constructs, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, Transwell migration assay Journal of immunology High 18802075
2009 CCL19 is a specific ligand for CRAM (CCRL2), an atypical chemokine receptor on B lymphocytes; CRAM binds CCL19 with affinity similar to CCR7 but does not induce calcium mobilization or chemotaxis; instead, CRAM constitutively recycles via clathrin-coated pits and internalizes CCL19, functioning as a scavenger receptor. Radioactive binding assay, calcium mobilization assay, migration assay, internalization assay with anti-CRAM antibodies, CRAM-expressing transfected cells Immunology Medium 20002784
2010 CCL21 is sufficient for DC migration, maturation, and T cell priming in vivo; CCL19 alone is not required: CCL19-deficient mice with intact CCL21 show normal DC frequencies, localization, skin DC migration, maturation, and T cell priming, whereas combined CCL19/CCL21 deficiency reproduces the CCR7-/- phenotype. CCL19-deficient mice (genetic knockout), flow cytometry, skin DC migration assay, T cell priming assay, lymph node histology European journal of immunology High 20039103
2010 CCL21-stimulated DC chemotaxis in 3D gradients is more potent than CCL19 at high gradient concentrations; at small gradients (≤60 nM/mm) DCs respond similarly to both ligands. When exposed to equal/opposing gradients, DCs preferentially migrate toward CCL21 over CCL19, even when matrix binding of CCL21 is prevented. Microfluidic 3D gradient device with defined chemokine gradients, quantitative DC chemotaxis tracking Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 21422278
2012 CCR7/CCL19 signaling upregulates ERK5 and subsequently the transcription factor KLF2 and EDG-1 (S1P receptor 1) expression in T cells; ERK5-deficient T cells (Lck-Cre/ERK5-flox) fail to upregulate EDG-1 in response to CCL19, and show impaired migration toward EDG-1 ligands, defining a CCL19→CCR7→ERK5→KLF2→EDG-1 axis controlling T cell lymph node egress. Signaling assays (ERK5 phosphorylation, KLF2 and EDG-1 expression), conditional knockout mice (ERK5flox/flox/Lck-Cre), Transwell migration assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 22334704
2015 The solution structure of CCL19 contains a canonical chemokine fold; NMR chemical shift mapping shows that the N-termini of CCR7 and PSGL-1 have overlapping and competitive binding sites on CCL19, suggesting PSGL-1 enhances T cell recruitment by co-presentation of CCL19. NMR solution structure determination, NMR chemical shift mapping, competitive binding assay Biochemistry High 26115234
2016 ACKR4 on stromal cells (keratinocytes and dermal lymphatic endothelial cells) scavenges dermal CCL19 during cutaneous inflammation to enable APC egress from skin; Ackr4-deficient mice show impaired Langerhans cell egress and DC accumulation in lymph nodes, and this phenotype is fully rescued by genetic deletion of Ccl19, establishing that ACKR4 functions specifically by scavenging CCL19 (not CCL21) under inflammatory conditions. Ackr4-/- mice, Ccl19-/- genetic rescue (double knockout), flow cytometry of skin APC populations, ACKR4-dependent chemokine scavenging in situ Journal of immunology High 26976955
2016 CCL19 treatment of resting CD4+ T cells activates NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, ERK, and p38 signaling pathways; HIV integration in CCL19-treated resting T cells requires NF-κB signaling (HIV LTR NF-κB mutants show 40-fold reduced integration), and CCL19 stabilizes HIV integrase via a JNK-dependent Pin1 interaction, reducing proteasomal degradation. Phosphorylation assays (Akt, ERK, NF-κB, p38), pathway inhibitors (PI3K, MEK, JNK, NF-κB), HIV infection with NF-κB-site mutant virus, Alu-LTR/2-LTR qPCR, Pin1 co-immunoprecipitation Retrovirology Medium 27459960
2019 Biased signaling between CCL19 and CCL21 through CCR7 is determined by the chemokine core domains (not the N-termini): chimeric ligands with swapped N-termini retain original signaling properties, while swapping core domains transfers signaling bias. Extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) of CCR7 interacts differentially with the two ligands and is central to signaling bias; lysine K130 (TM3) selectively regulates G protein (but not β-arrestin-2) signaling. BRET-based signaling assays (G protein, β-arrestin recruitment), chimeric CCL19/CCL21 ligands, CCR7 mutagenesis screen, Transwell migration assay, in silico modeling Frontiers in immunology High 31572374
2023 CCR7 acts as both a sensor and a sink for CCL19: upon CCL19 exposure, DCs internalize CCR7-CCL19 complexes as part of canonical GPCR desensitization, and this internalization acts as an effective chemokine sink that dynamically shapes CCL19 gradients. This self-generated gradient mechanism drives collective DC migration, enables long-range guidance, adapts to environmental geometry, and provides guidance cues for co-migrating cells. Live-cell imaging, mathematical modeling of chemokine gradients, experimental CCL19 gradient assays, DC migration tracking Science immunology High 37656776
2006 CCL19 promotes proinflammatory cytokine production (including MMP and tissue factor) in macrophages and VEGF/angiopoietin-I in fibroblasts via CCR7; in atherosclerosis, CCL19 and CCL21 upregulate MMP and tissue factor in macrophages, potentially contributing to plaque destabilization. In vitro macrophage and fibroblast stimulation, ELISA for MMP/tissue factor/VEGF/Ang-I, CCR7-expressing cell lines Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology Medium 17170367
2014 CCL19/CCR7 signaling promotes monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via CCR7; CCR7-neutralizing antibody abolishes both CCL19- and CCL21-induced monocyte-to-HUVEC migration and CCL19-induced adhesion, placing CCR7 as the mediator of CCL19-driven atherogenic monocyte trafficking. Cell adhesion assay (monocyte to HUVEC), CCR7-neutralizing antibody blockade, cell migration assay Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology Medium 24990231
2013 CCL19/CCR7 upregulates heparanase expression in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells via the transcription factor Sp1; Sp1 binds the heparanase promoter (confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation), and CCL19-induced invasion is dependent on this CCR7→Sp1→heparanase pathway. Western blot, RT-PCR, CCR7 blockade, Sp1 inhibition, chromatin immunoprecipitation, Transwell invasion assay Tumour biology Medium 23649655
2010 CCL19/CCL21-CCR7 signaling in CLL cells promotes migration via PI3K and Rho/ROCK pathways (but not MAPKs), while CCR7-mediated survival requires ERK, JNK, and PI3K; activation of Akt, RhoA/ROCK/MLC and MAPK were confirmed biochemically. Pharmacological inhibitors, dominant-negative and constitutively active PI3K/RhoA mutants, pull-down assay (Rho activation), immunoblotting, chemotaxis and apoptosis assays Experimental hematology Medium 20488224
2010 CCL19-induced CCR7 signaling leads to increased phosphorylation of Akt in resting CD4+ T cells; PI3K inhibition partially suppresses IFN-γ secretion from HBV-responsive T cells stimulated with CCL19, placing PI3K downstream of CCL19/CCR7 in T cell activation. Phosphorylation assays (Akt), PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), IFN-γ ELISA, CCR7 knockdown Journal of gastroenterology Low 34218330
2010 CRAM (CCRL2) expressed at high levels on CLL B cells competitively reduces CCL19 availability for CCR7, blunting CCR7-dependent MAP-kinase phosphorylation, intracellular calcium release, and chemotaxis toward CCL19. CRAM expression analysis, calcium mobilization assay, MAP-kinase phosphorylation assay, chemotaxis assay in CLL patient cells Molecular cancer Medium 21092185
2006 Activation of NF-κB-induced astrocyte gliosis upregulates astrocyte-derived CCL19, which retains CCR7-expressing lymphoma cells in brain parenchyma to promote CNS lymphoma; genetic deletion of CCL19 or CCR7 from lymphoma cells abolishes CNS lymphoma development. CCL19-knockout mice, CCR7-knockout lymphoma cells, two-photon microscopy of lymphoma cell brain entry and retention, NF-κB induction model Cancer cell High 31526758
2023 CCL19+ dendritic cells in triple-negative breast cancer exhibit migratory and immunomodulatory phenotypes; in vivo deletion of CCL19 (Ccl19 gene ablation) reduces CCR7+CD8+ T cells and impairs tumor elimination in response to anti-PD-1, establishing that DC-derived CCL19 is mechanistically required for effective anti-tumor immune responses. Ccl19 gene ablation in vivo, single-cell RNA sequencing, anti-PD-1 treatment with tumor growth readout, flow cytometry Med High 37201522
2024 CCL19-secreting fibroblasts facilitate lymphocyte trafficking to tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in colorectal cancer liver metastasis; CCL19 treatment promotes TLS neogenesis and prevents tumor growth in mice, establishing a causal role for fibroblast-derived CCL19 in TLS formation. Single-cell RNA sequencing, Stereo-seq spatial transcriptomics, CCL19 treatment in mouse model, CCL19+ fibroblast identification Cancer cell Medium 39137726
2015 CCL19-CCR7 signaling protects from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance: CCR7-/- mice fed high-fat diet are protected from obesity, fatty liver, dyslipidemia, and adipose tissue inflammation; CCL19 attracts activated dendritic cells to adipose tissue, and DC markers were absent in adipose tissue of CCR7-/- mice. CCR7-/- mice on high-fat diet, metabolic phenotyping, adipose tissue gene expression, flow cytometry for DC markers Obesity Medium 26097021
2006 Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 constitutively expressed in secondary lymphoid organs promote activation-induced cell death (AICD) of antigen-responding CD4+ T cells; plt/plt mice (lacking CCL19/CCL21) show failure of CD4+ T cell clonal contraction; CCL19/CCL21 enhances AICD in vitro partly through upregulating Fas ligand. plt/plt genetic model, in vivo T cell response tracking, in vitro AICD assay with anti-CD3/CD28, FasL expression measurement Blood High 16973962
2005 Nitric oxide (NO) via the cGMP/cGK pathway regulates DC migration toward CCL19: LPS-upregulated cGK phosphorylates VASP (a focal adhesion regulator), inhibiting DC migration; long-term NO treatment inhibits cGK-dependent VASP phosphorylation, releasing this brake and permitting CCL19-directed migration. Migration toward CCL19 requires cGK inhibition, unlike migration toward CXCL12. cGK activity assay, VASP phosphorylation by Western blot, NO donor treatment, pharmacological cGK inhibitors, DC migration assay Blood Medium 16249377
2004 A CCL19 N-terminal truncation mutant, CCL19(8-83), specifically antagonizes CCL19-induced chemotaxis and calcium mobilization without affecting CCL21 responses; treatment with this antagonist in vivo inhibits generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes toward allogeneic DCs, demonstrating that CCL19 (distinct from CCL21) plays a role in immune priming. Calcium mobilization assay, Transwell chemotaxis assay, in vivo allogeneic CTL generation assay with CCL19(8-83) antagonist treatment The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 15231820
2023 CCL19 directly induces STAT5 phosphorylation in naive CD4+ T cells and upregulates genes associated with TH2 and IL-2 signaling pathways; Ccl19-deficient mice show reduced TH2 differentiation and allergic airway inflammation, placing CCL19 as a direct inducer of TH2 responses independent of DC migration. Ccl19-deficient mice (allergic asthma model), naive CD4+ T cell co-culture with Ccl19-/- DCs or fibroblastic reticular cells, STAT5 phosphorylation (flow cytometry), RNA-sequencing, recombinant CCL19 addition to T cell cultures The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology High 37956733
2010 CCL19 signaling in SCCHN cells activates PI3K, which activates Cdc42 GTPase at the leading edge; CCL19-induced Cdc42 membrane localization and GTPase activity are abolished by CCR7 or PI3K inhibition; Cdc42 knockdown reduces Rac activation, actin polymerization, and CCL19-induced invasion and migration, placing Cdc42 downstream of CCR7/PI3K in the invasion pathway. GTPase pull-down assay (Cdc42 activity), immunofluorescence (actin/Cdc42 localization), CCR7/PI3K inhibition, Cdc42 siRNA knockdown, Transwell invasion/migration assay Oncology reports Medium 21165582

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2018 IL-7 and CCL19 expression in CAR-T cells improves immune cell infiltration and CAR-T cell survival in the tumor. Nature biotechnology 647 29505028
2002 Differing activities of homeostatic chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 in lymphocyte and dendritic cell recruitment and lymphoid neogenesis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 464 12077273
2000 Coexpression of the chemokines ELC and SLC by T zone stromal cells and deletion of the ELC gene in the plt/plt mouse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 459 11070085
2000 The leukotriene C(4) transporter MRP1 regulates CCL19 (MIP-3beta, ELC)-dependent mobilization of dendritic cells to lymph nodes. Cell 354 11114332
2001 The CCR7 ligand elc (CCL19) is transcytosed in high endothelial venules and mediates T cell recruitment. The Journal of experimental medicine 275 11342595
2021 IL-7 and CCL19-secreting CAR-T cell therapy for tumors with positive glypican-3 or mesothelin. Journal of hematology & oncology 253 34325726
2013 A myriad of functions and complex regulation of the CCR7/CCL19/CCL21 chemokine axis in the adaptive immune system. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 242 23587803
2005 CCL19 and CCL21 induce a potent proinflammatory differentiation program in licensed dendritic cells. Immunity 215 15845453
2003 CCL19/CCL21-triggered signal transduction and migration of dendritic cells requires prostaglandin E2. Blood 194 14592837
2011 Seminal fluid regulates accumulation of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the preimplantation mouse uterus through expanding the FOXP3+ cell pool and CCL19-mediated recruitment. Biology of reproduction 182 21389340
2011 Dendritic cell chemotaxis in 3D under defined chemokine gradients reveals differential response to ligands CCL21 and CCL19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 165 21422278
2019 CCL19 and CCR7 Expression, Signaling Pathways, and Adjuvant Functions in Viral Infection and Prevention. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 162 31632965
2016 Common and biased signaling pathways of the chemokine receptor CCR7 elicited by its ligands CCL19 and CCL21 in leukocytes. Journal of leukocyte biology 159 26729814
2002 Functional expression of the lymphoid chemokines CCL19 (ELC) and CCL 21 (SLC) at the blood-brain barrier suggests their involvement in G-protein-dependent lymphocyte recruitment into the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. European journal of immunology 155 12209625
2000 Cutting edge: identification of a novel chemokine receptor that binds dendritic cell- and T cell-active chemokines including ELC, SLC, and TECK. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 154 10706668
2001 Mice lacking expression of the chemokines CCL21-ser and CCL19 (plt mice) demonstrate delayed but enhanced T cell immune responses. The Journal of experimental medicine 150 11148224
2001 Neutrophils produce biologically active macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha (MIP-3alpha)/CCL20 and MIP-3beta/CCL19. European journal of immunology 136 11449350
2006 Enhanced expression of the homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 in clinical and experimental atherosclerosis: possible pathogenic role in plaque destabilization. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 128 17170367
2024 CCL19-producing fibroblasts promote tertiary lymphoid structure formation enhancing anti-tumor IgG response in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Cancer cell 126 39137726
2018 CCL19 suppresses angiogenesis through promoting miR-206 and inhibiting Met/ERK/Elk-1/HIF-1α/VEGF-A pathway in colorectal cancer. Cell death & disease 125 30250188
2011 Characterization of CCL19 and CCL21 in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 125 21225692
2006 The chemokine receptor CCX-CKR mediates effective scavenging of CCL19 in vitro. European journal of immunology 123 16791897
2003 Lymphoid chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 are expressed in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications for the maintenance of chronic neuroinflammation. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) 123 12580544
2001 The T cell chemokine receptor CCR7 is internalized on stimulation with ELC, but not with SLC. European journal of immunology 105 11745346
2010 PGE(2) transiently enhances DC expression of CCR7 but inhibits the ability of DCs to produce CCL19 and attract naive T cells. Blood 103 20498301
2000 The CC chemokine CK beta-11/MIP-3 beta/ELC/Exodus 3 mediates tumor rejection of murine breast cancer cells through NK cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 102 10754294
1999 Expression and cellular localization of the CC chemokines PARC and ELC in human atherosclerotic plaques. The American journal of pathology 93 10027395
1998 EBI1-ligand chemokine (ELC) attracts a broad spectrum of lymphocytes: activated T cells strongly up-regulate CCR7 and efficiently migrate toward ELC. International immunology 86 9701028
2010 CCL21 is sufficient to mediate DC migration, maturation and function in the absence of CCL19. European journal of immunology 79 20201039
2008 Arrestin 3 mediates endocytosis of CCR7 following ligation of CCL19 but not CCL21. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 78 18802075
2002 CCL19 induces rapid dendritic extension of murine dendritic cells. Blood 77 12200351
2004 Increased expression of CCL18, CCL19, and CCL17 by dendritic cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and regulation by Fc gamma receptors. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 76 15331393
2009 CCR7-CCL19/CCL21-regulated dendritic cells are responsible for effectiveness of sublingual vaccination. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 75 19454681
2021 The BCMA-Targeted Fourth-Generation CAR-T Cells Secreting IL-7 and CCL19 for Therapy of Refractory/Recurrent Multiple Myeloma. Frontiers in immunology 73 33767695
2018 CCL19-producing fibroblastic stromal cells restrain lung carcinoma growth by promoting local antitumor T-cell responses. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 72 29391257
1999 CCR7 ligands, SLC/6Ckine/Exodus2/TCA4 and CKbeta-11/MIP-3beta/ELC, are chemoattractants for CD56(+)CD16(-) NK cells and late stage lymphoid progenitors. Cellular immunology 72 10222066
2003 EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine (ELC/CCL19) promotes IFN-gamma-dependent antitumor responses in a lung cancer model. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 70 14662845
2016 ACKR4 on Stromal Cells Scavenges CCL19 To Enable CCR7-Dependent Trafficking of APCs from Inflamed Skin to Lymph Nodes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 61 26976955
2013 Global chemokine expression in systemic sclerosis (SSc): CCL19 expression correlates with vascular inflammation in SSc skin. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 55 23873879
2012 Expression of CCL19 from oncolytic vaccinia enhances immunotherapeutic potential while maintaining oncolytic activity. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 55 23308044
2009 CCL19 is a specific ligand of the constitutively recycling atypical human chemokine receptor CRAM-B. Immunology 55 20002784
2004 CCL19 and CXCL12 trigger in vitro chemotaxis of human mantle cell lymphoma B cells. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 54 14871974
2021 Enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of IL-7/CCL19-producing human CAR-T cells in orthotopic and patient-derived xenograft tumor models. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 51 33559069
2023 GPC3-IL7-CCL19-CAR-T primes immune microenvironment reconstitution for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Cell biology and toxicology 48 37853185
2022 Does CCL19 act as a double-edged sword in cancer development? Clinical and experimental immunology 48 35020885
2008 CXCL13 is highly produced by Sézary cells and enhances their migratory ability via a synergistic mechanism involving CCL19 and CCL21 chemokines. Cancer research 48 18757429
2003 Differential expression of CCL19 by DC-Lamp+ mature dendritic cells in human lymph node versus chronically inflamed skin. The Journal of pathology 48 12474232
2022 Development of Nectin4/FAP-targeted CAR-T cells secreting IL-7, CCL19, and IL-12 for malignant solid tumors. Frontiers in immunology 47 36479116
2019 Accumulation of Circulating CCR7+ Natural Killer Cells Marks Melanoma Evolution and Reveals a CCL19-Dependent Metastatic Pathway. Cancer immunology research 44 30940644
2007 Regulatory role of lymphoid chemokine CCL19 and CCL21 in the control of allergic rhinitis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 44 17947663
2023 CCR7 acts as both a sensor and a sink for CCL19 to coordinate collective leukocyte migration. Science immunology 43 37656776
2006 CCL19 reduces tumour burden in a model of advanced lung cancer. British journal of cancer 43 16598185
2013 CCL19, a B cell chemokine, is related to the decrease of blood memory B cells and predicts the clinical response to rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 42 23740460
2006 Role of CCL21 and CCL19 in allergic inflammation in the ovalbumin-specific murine asthmatic model. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 41 16675330
2018 Adipose tissue expression of CCL19 chemokine is positively associated with insulin resistance. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 40 30339734
2014 Contribution of homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 to coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 40 24990231
2013 CCL19/CCR7 upregulates heparanase via specificity protein-1 (Sp1) to promote invasion of cell in lung cancer. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 40 23649655
2011 Gamma-ray irradiation impairs dendritic cell migration to CCL19 by down-regulation of CCR7 and induction of cell apoptosis. International journal of biological sciences 40 21383953
2013 CCL19 and CCL28 augment mucosal and systemic immune responses to HIV-1 gp140 by mobilizing responsive immunocytes into secondary lymph nodes and mucosal tissue. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 39 23858028
2017 Ischemic stroke damages the intestinal mucosa and induces alteration of the intestinal lymphocytes and CCL19 mRNA in rats. Neuroscience letters 38 28859865
2023 CCL19+ dendritic cells potentiate clinical benefit of anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Med (New York, N.Y.) 37 37201522
2015 Protection from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice lacking CCL19-CCR7 signaling. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 37 26097021
2015 Loss of RUNX3 expression promotes cancer-associated bone destruction by regulating CCL5, CCL19 and CXCL11 in non-small cell lung cancer. The Journal of pathology 37 26239696
2006 CCL19-IgG prevents allograft rejection by impairment of immune cell trafficking. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 37 16899521
2005 Nitric oxide and cGMP protein kinase (cGK) regulate dendritic-cell migration toward the lymph-node-directing chemokine CCL19. Blood 37 16249377
2015 Crk-like adapter protein regulates CCL19/CCR7-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via ERK signaling pathway in epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 36 25636509
2010 Analysis of migratory and prosurvival pathways induced by the homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Experimental hematology 36 20488224
2019 Age-Related Gliosis Promotes Central Nervous System Lymphoma through CCL19-Mediated Tumor Cell Retention. Cancer cell 35 31526758
2010 Role of the atypical chemoattractant receptor CRAM in regulating CCL19 induced CCR7 responses in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Molecular cancer 35 21092185
2022 CCR7 expression in CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells improves migration toward CCL19-expressing lymphoma cells and increases tumor control in mice with human lymphoma. Cytotherapy 34 35400595
2024 Safety and feasibility of anti-CD19 CAR T cells expressing inducible IL-7 and CCL19 in patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma. Cell discovery 33 38191529
2019 The effects of CCL3, CCL4, CCL19 and CCL21 as molecular adjuvants on the immune response to VAA DNA vaccine in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Developmental and comparative immunology 33 31494219
2017 Increased CCL19 expression is associated with progression in cervical cancer. Oncotarget 33 29088748
2015 Solution Structure of CCL19 and Identification of Overlapping CCR7 and PSGL-1 Binding Sites. Biochemistry 33 26115234
2009 Homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 promote inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with ongoing viral replication. Clinical and experimental immunology 33 19664149
2015 Differential ligand-signaling network of CCL19/CCL21-CCR7 system. Database : the journal of biological databases and curation 32 26504105
2014 Inhibition of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 sialylation suppresses CCL19-stimulated proliferation, invasion and anti-anoikis. PloS one 32 24915301
2003 Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta/CCL19 in pulmonary sarcoidosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 32 12626344
2017 CCR7-CCL19/CCL21 Axis is Essential for Effective Arteriogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia. Journal of the American Heart Association 31 28275068
2016 HIV integration and the establishment of latency in CCL19-treated resting CD4(+) T cells require activation of NF-κB. Retrovirology 31 27459960
2007 CCL19 (ELC) as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination: induction of a TH1-type T-cell response and enhancement of antitumor immunity. Cancer gene therapy 30 17384577
2004 Inhibition of generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity by a CCL19/macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3beta antagonist. The Journal of biological chemistry 30 15231820
2020 CCL19 suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through the CCL19/CCR7/AIM2 pathway. Human cell 29 32564199
2021 CCL19 enhances CD8+ T-cell responses and accelerates HBV clearance. Journal of gastroenterology 28 34218330
2014 CCL19 and CCL21 modulate the inflammatory milieu in atherosclerotic lesions. Drug design, development and therapy 28 25473269
2010 CCL19-induced chemokine receptor 7 activates the phosphoinositide-3 kinase-mediated invasive pathway through Cdc42 in metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oncology reports 28 21165582
2006 Dendritic cells express CCR7 and migrate in response to CCL19 (MIP-3beta) after exposure to Helicobacter pylori. Microbes and infection 28 16500130
2023 Chemokine CCL19 promotes type 2 T-cell differentiation and allergic airway inflammation. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 27 37956733
2019 Elevated CCL19/CCR7 Expression During the Disease Process of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Frontiers in immunology 27 31068931
2017 A Novel Computational Model Predicts Key Regulators of Chemokine Gradient Formation in Lymph Nodes and Site-Specific Roles for CCL19 and ACKR4. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 27 28807994
2017 CCL19/CCR7 contributes to the pathogenesis of endometriosis via PI3K/Akt pathway by regulating the proliferation and invasion of ESCs. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 27 28856757
2016 Epicatechin downregulates adipose tissue CCL19 expression and thereby ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 27 28062181
2012 The expression of chemokines CCL19, CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its relevance to cervical lymph node metastasis. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 27 22976543
2018 Fluorescently Tagged CCL19 and CCL21 to Monitor CCR7 and ACKR4 Functions. International journal of molecular sciences 26 30518137
2017 CK12a, a CCL19-like Chemokine That Orchestrates both Nasal and Systemic Antiviral Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 26 29061765
2012 CCR7/CCL19 controls expression of EDG-1 in T cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 26 22334704
2019 Biased Signaling of CCL21 and CCL19 Does Not Rely on N-Terminal Differences, but Markedly on the Chemokine Core Domains and Extracellular Loop 2 of CCR7. Frontiers in immunology 25 31572374
2016 Graft Site Microenvironment Determines Dendritic Cell Trafficking Through the CCR7-CCL19/21 Axis. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 25 27031839
2014 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is up-regulated by CCL19/CCR7 interaction via PI3K/Akt pathway and is involved in CCL19-driven BMSCs migration. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 25 25086360
2006 Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 promote activation-induced cell death of antigen-responding T cells. Blood 25 16973962

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