Affinage

ZMYM2

Zinc finger MYM-type protein 2 · UniProt Q9UBW7

Length
1377 aa
Mass
154.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-11
100 papers in source corpus 26 papers cited in narrative 26 extracted findings
Cross-family judge faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ZMYM2 (ZNF198/FIM) is a nuclear MYM-type zinc-finger protein that acts as a SUMO-dependent scaffold for chromatin-modifying corepressor complexes, restraining transposable elements and developmentally regulated genes (PMID:26283374, PMID:32032525, PMID:37934570). Its tandem MYM zinc fingers function as SUMO-interacting motifs that bind multi-SUMO platforms, and this multi-SIM module is required both for recruitment to chromatin and for transcriptional repression (PMID:25133527, PMID:26283374). Through these domains ZMYM2 binds the intact LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 ternary complex (and additionally ADNP- and TRIM28/KAP1-containing complexes assembled in a SUMO-dependent manner), engagements that are mutually exclusive with REST and that direct repression of LSD1 target genes and retrotransposons (PMID:18806873, PMID:37934570). At the genome level ZMYM2 represses MERVL/LTR elements, SINEs, and young LINE-1 elements and supports DNA methylation and H3K4 demethylation at germline-gene and retroelement promoters, controlling the totipotency-to-pluripotency transition and restraining pluripotency-gene expression in embryonic stem cells (PMID:32032525, PMID:32559458, PMID:37395395). ZMYM2 also functions in genome maintenance, being recruited to DNA double-strand breaks via PIAS4 and SUMO binding where it restricts 53BP1 to favor BRCA1-mediated homologous recombination (PMID:35253893). Its abundance is set post-translationally: PLK1-mediated phosphorylation drives ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation (enhanced by the lncRNA HOTAIR), whereas UBE2B/RAD18-mediated monoubiquitination stabilizes the protein (PMID:25855382, PMID:35313791). Heterozygous ZMYM2 loss-of-function mutations cause congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract in humans (PMID:32891193). Independently, the ZMYM2 N-terminal region is fused to the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain in the t(8;13) myeloproliferative syndrome, where the ZMYM2 proline-rich self-association domain drives FGFR1 dimerization and constitutive kinase activity that signals through STAT5, AKT, MAPK, and PLCγ1 to transform hematopoietic progenitors (PMID:9425908, PMID:10887137, PMID:15050920).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1998 High

    Defined the disease context by showing ZMYM2 is fused to the FGFR1 kinase domain in t(8;13) and that this fusion has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, establishing it as the transforming lesion.

    Evidence Molecular cloning, expression, immunofluorescence localization, and in vitro kinase assay on the fusion protein

    PMID:9425908 PMID:9576949

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define which ZMYM2 sequences mediate dimerization
    • Normal cellular function of full-length ZMYM2 not yet addressed
  2. 1999 High

    Distinguished normal from oncogenic ZMYM2 behavior, showing native FIM is nuclear/nucleolar with a C-terminal nuclear-targeting region while the fusion is cytoplasmic and self-associates via N-terminal sequences.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation, confocal microscopy, co-IP and deletion constructs; reciprocal co-IP transformation assay in Ba/F3 cells

    PMID:10480903 PMID:10935490

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of nucleolar localization (rRNA transcription) only inferred from colocalization
    • Did not map the precise self-association element
  3. 2000 High

    Mapped the oligomerization activity to the ZMYM2 proline-rich region, showing it alone is sufficient to dimerize and activate FGFR1, defining the mechanistic basis of fusion-driven kinase activation.

    Evidence Domain deletion/swap constructs, biochemical oligomerization assay, Ba/F3 transformation

    PMID:10887137

    Open questions at the time
    • Role of the proline-rich domain in normal ZMYM2 function unknown
    • Structural basis of oligomerization not resolved
  4. 2003 Medium

    Connected the fusion to downstream survival signaling and a DNA-repair interactome, identifying HHR6/RAD18 binding and STAT5 as the essential anti-apoptotic effector.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, co-IP, UVB sensitivity assay; dominant-negative STAT epistasis with viability and Rad51 readouts

    PMID:12776193 PMID:14660670

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether full-length ZMYM2 uses HHR6/RAD18 in normal DNA repair not established here
    • STAT5 link is specific to the fusion context
  5. 2004 High

    Established in vivo that both the FGFR1 kinase and the ZMYM2 partner shape disease phenotype, identifying PLCγ1 (FGFR1 Y766) as a required effector for myeloid and lymphoid disease.

    Evidence Murine bone-marrow transplantation model with Y766F site-directed mutagenesis and disease phenotyping

    PMID:15050920

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which ZMYM2 sequences modulate phenotype not dissected
    • Did not address normal ZMYM2 hematopoietic function
  6. 2005 Medium

    Began defining the normal nuclear interactome, identifying splicing-associated partners (PSF, hnRNP H3, hnRNP A2/B1, TLS/FUS, PTB) that fail to bind the cytoplasmic fusion.

    Evidence GFP-IP MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with Western blot confirmation

    PMID:15975576

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of splicing-factor interactions unestablished
    • No reciprocal validation of all interactions
  7. 2006 High

    Established ZMYM2 as a SUMO-1-modified component of PML nuclear bodies whose SUMO-binding is required for PML body integrity, linking it to SUMO biology.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, co-IP, confocal microscopy, SUMO-binding-site mutagenesis

    PMID:17027752

    Open questions at the time
    • Exact SUMO-binding determinant not yet mapped to MYM fingers
    • Functional output of PML body localization unresolved
  8. 2008 High

    Identified the core chromatin function, showing ZMYM2 binds the intact LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 complex mutually exclusively with REST and represses LSD1 targets, with binding domains in tandem MYM zinc fingers.

    Evidence Co-IP, ChIP, in vitro sumoylation, domain mapping, gene expression analysis

    PMID:18806873

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide target repertoire not yet defined
    • How SUMO modification gates complex selection only partially characterized
  9. 2014 High

    Provided the molecular basis of SUMO recognition, demonstrating MYM zinc fingers function directly as SUMO-interacting motifs necessary for PML body targeting.

    Evidence In vitro SUMO-binding assays, domain truncation, immunofluorescence

    PMID:25133527

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo chromatin SUMO targets not enumerated
    • Structural detail of MYM-SUMO interface limited
  10. 2015 High

    Defined recruitment logic and turnover control, showing multi-SIM binding to multi-SUMO platforms drives chromatin recruitment while PLK1 phosphorylation (enhanced by HOTAIR) triggers degradation that destabilizes the corepressor complex.

    Evidence Multi-SUMO binding screen, SIM mutagenesis, ChIP, repression assays; phosphorylation/ubiquitination/CHX-chase assays with in vivo validation

    PMID:25855382 PMID:26283374

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise PLK1 phosphosites and E3 ligase not fully defined
    • How SUMO valency is sensed quantitatively unresolved
  11. 2020 High

    Established ZMYM2 as a master repressor of transposons and pluripotency in development, restraining MERVL/2C-like state, restricting ESC growth via the BHC/LSD1-CoREST complex, and as a CAKUT disease gene interacting with FOXP1.

    Evidence miRNA and morpholino loss-of-function in zygotes, ChIP, CRISPR KO screen and ChIP-seq/teratoma in ESCs, exome sequencing with mouse/Xenopus models and PPI assays

    PMID:32032525 PMID:32559458 PMID:32891193

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking renal phenotype to specific target genes incomplete
    • Cell-cycle role identified in HepG2 (PMID 32439918) not mechanistically integrated
  12. 2022 High

    Extended ZMYM2 into genome maintenance and clarified its stability control, showing PIAS4/SUMO-dependent recruitment to DSBs where it restricts 53BP1 to favor BRCA1/HR, and UBE2B/RAD18 monoubiquitination that stabilizes the protein.

    Evidence CRISPR/siRNA, live-cell DSB imaging, HR/NHEJ reporters, 53BP1-depletion epistasis, PARPi/IR sensitivity; co-IP, CHX-chase, ubiquitination assays, xenograft

    PMID:35253893 PMID:35313791

    Open questions at the time
    • How the same SUMO-binding module is partitioned between repair and transcription unclear
    • UBE2B/RAD18 monoubiquitination site not mapped
  13. 2023 High

    Resolved ZMYM2 into distinct repressive complexes and defined its epigenetic mechanism, showing ADNP- and SUMO-dependent TRIM28/KAP1 complexes that silence SINEs and LTRs within TADs and that ZMYM2 enables DNA methylation by limiting H3K4 methylation at germline and LINE-1 targets.

    Evidence Co-IP, ChIP-seq, Hi-C/TAD analysis, bisulfite methylation and RNA-seq in mouse and human ESC knockouts

    PMID:37395395 PMID:37934570

    Open questions at the time
    • Determinants selecting LSD1-CoREST vs ADNP vs TRIM28 complexes per locus unresolved
    • Order of events linking ZMYM2 binding to de novo methylation not fully ordered

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How a single SUMO-binding scaffold is dynamically allocated among transcriptional repression, DNA-damage repair, PML body organization, and its developmental and renal functions remains unresolved.
  • No structural model of how multivalent SUMO binding selects among partner complexes
  • Causal chain from ZMYM2 loss to CAKUT not mapped to specific targets
  • Interplay between PLK1-driven degradation and RAD18-driven stabilization not quantitatively integrated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 4 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0003677 DNA binding 1
Localization
GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 3 GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2 GO:0005730 nucleolus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 1
Partners
ADNPCORESTHDAC1LSD1PIAS4PMLRAD18TRIM28
Complex memberships
LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 (BHC) complexPML nuclear bodiesZMYM2-ADNP complexZMYM2-TRIM28/KAP1 complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 26 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 ZNF198 (ZMYM2) is fused to the FGFR1 tyrosine-kinase domain in the t(8;13)(p11;q12) translocation; the resulting ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion protein (~87 kDa) localizes predominantly to the cytoplasm and directs synthesis of a polypeptide whose ZNF198 zinc-finger domains are proposed to mediate homodimerization leading to constitutive FGFR1 tyrosine kinase activation. Molecular cloning, transient expression, subcellular localization by immunofluorescence Nature genetics Medium 9425908
1998 The FIM/ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion protein has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, as demonstrated by in vitro kinase assays on the fusion product generated from the t(8;13) translocation. In vitro tyrosine kinase assay on immunoprecipitated fusion protein Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9576949
1999 FIM (ZMYM2) normally has nuclear and nucleolar localization (colocalizing with the upstream binding factor in interphase cells, suggesting a role in rRNA transcription regulation), whereas the FIM-FGFR1 fusion protein is cytoplasmic. Nuclear targeting depends on the C-terminal region of FIM, which is absent in FIM-FGFR1. FIM-FGFR1 has constitutive dimerization capability mediated by FIM N-terminal sequences. Subcellular fractionation, confocal immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, deletion constructs The Journal of biological chemistry High 10480903
1999 ZNF198-FGFR1 self-associates in vitro (shown by co-immunoprecipitation of differentially tagged constructs) and is a cytoplasmic protein with constitutive transformation activity, inducing IL-3-independent growth of Ba/F3 cells with constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT5. In vitro transcription/translation co-immunoprecipitation, Ba/F3 transformation assay, Western blot for phospho-STAT Neoplasia High 10935490
2000 The proline-rich region of ZNF198 constitutes a self-association/oligomerization domain; when fused to the intracellular domain of FGFR1, this proline-rich region alone is sufficient to cause oligomerization, FGFR1 tyrosine kinase activation, and transformation of Ba/F3 cells to IL-3-independent growth. Ba/F3 transformation assay, domain deletion/swap constructs, biochemical oligomerization assay Blood High 10887137
2003 ZNF198 forms protein complexes with the DNA repair-associated proteins HHR6A/6B (RAD6 homologs) and RAD18, as shown by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation. The ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion protein also binds HHR6 but not RAD18. Cells expressing the fusion kinase show markedly increased sensitivity to UVB irradiation, suggesting dominant-negative interference with DNA repair. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, UVB sensitivity assay Oncogene Medium 12776193
2003 ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion kinase activates STATs 1, 3, and 5 constitutively; STAT5 activation (but not STAT1 or STAT3) is essential for the anti-apoptotic effect of the fusion, for elevated BclXL levels, for cell cycle progression, and for Rad51 upregulation in transformed cells. Dominant-negative STAT mutant induction, Western blot, cell viability/cell cycle analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 14660670
2004 ZNF198-FGFR1 induces EMS-like myeloproliferative disease and T lymphoma in mice from common multipotential progenitors. Mutation of FGFR1 Tyr766 attenuates both myeloid and lymphoid diseases, identifying phospholipase C-gamma1 as a downstream effector. The fusion protein thus signals through both the FGFR1 kinase domain and the ZNF198 fusion partner to determine disease phenotype. Murine bone marrow transplantation model, site-directed mutagenesis (Y766F), disease phenotyping Cancer cell High 15050920
2005 ZNF198 mass spectrometry-based immunoprecipitation identified splicing-associated proteins PSF, hnRNP H3, hnRNP A2/B1, and TLS/FUS as interacting partners of ZNF198 in the nucleus. PTB also interacts with ZNF198. In cells expressing ZNF198/FGFR1 fusion, neither PSF nor PTB binds the cytoplasmic fusion protein, consistent with their differential localization. GFP-tag immunoprecipitation combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, Western blot confirmation Experimental cell research Medium 15975576
2006 ZNF198 is covalently modified by SUMO-1 and co-localizes with SUMO-1 and PML at PML nuclear bodies. ZNF198 and sumoylated ZNF198 form a protein complex with PML. Mutation of the SUMO-1 binding site in ZNF198 results in loss of distinct PML bodies and reduced PML levels. In cells expressing ZNF198/FGFR1, which lacks the SUMO-1 binding site, SUMO-1 is mislocalized to the cytoplasm with loss of PML bodies. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, site-directed mutagenesis of SUMO binding site Experimental cell research High 17027752
2007 ZNF198-FGFR1 activates both the AKT and MAPK pro-survival signaling pathways, leading to phosphorylation of FOXO3a (T32) and BAD (S112), which are then sequestered by 14-3-3 proteins to prevent apoptosis. Disruption of 14-3-3–ligand interactions by a competitive antagonist R18 induces apoptosis in ZNF198-FGFR1-transformed cells primarily through liberation of FOXO3a. Western blot phosphorylation analysis, peptide antagonist competition assay, apoptosis assay in Ba/F3 and KG-1a cells Blood Medium 17389761
2008 ZNF198 binds preferentially to the intact LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 (LCH) ternary complex but not its individual subunits. ZNF198- and REST-binding to LCH are mutually exclusive. ZNF198 associates with chromatin independently of LCH. SUMO modification of HDAC1 weakens HDAC1-CoREST interaction but stimulates HDAC1 binding to ZNF198. The LCH-binding and HDAC1-SUMO-binding domains of ZNF198 were mapped to tandem MYM-type zinc finger repeats. ZNF198-like proteins are required for repression of E-cadherin (an LSD1 target) but not REST-responsive genes. Co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, in vitro sumoylation assay, domain mapping with deletion constructs, gene expression analysis PloS one High 18806873
2009 ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion kinase specifically phosphorylates SSBP2 and ABL proteins (as well as FLJ14235, CALM, and TRIM4), identified by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry in HEK293 cells, confirmed by protein-specific immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Phosphorylation events within the ZNF198 moiety of the chimeric protein were also detected. Phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, confirmatory co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot Proteomics Medium 19658100
2011 ZNF198 protein levels are regulated post-translationally by PLK1: co-immunoprecipitation of the PLK1 polo-box domain with ZNF198 suggests ZNF198 is a PLK1 substrate. Knockdown of ZNF198 by siRNA reduces p53 stability and DNA repair, and rescues HBx-expressing hepatocytes from DNA damage-induced apoptosis, while enhancing HBV replication. siRNA knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation (Plk1 polo-box domain with ZNF198), Western blot, apoptosis assay Hepatology Medium 21480320
2014 MYM-type zinc fingers of ZNF198 (and ZNF261) are necessary and sufficient for SUMO binding, functioning as SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs). Individual MYM zinc fingers act as SIMs that interact with the same SUMO-2 surface as the consensus SIM. MYM zinc fingers of ZNF198 are necessary for localization to PML nuclear bodies. In vitro SUMO binding assays, domain truncation analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy PloS one High 25133527
2015 PLK1 induces proteasomal degradation of ZNF198 through site-specific phosphorylation. PLK1-dependent ubiquitination of ZNF198 is enhanced by the lncRNA HOTAIR, significantly reducing ZNF198 stability. This mechanism leads to destabilization of the LSD1/Co-REST/HDAC1 corepressor complex that ZNF198 normally stabilizes. Phosphorylation assays, ubiquitination assays, cycloheximide chase (protein stability), co-immunoprecipitation, in vivo mouse model validation Cancer research High 25855382
2015 ZMYM2/ZNF198 is recruited to chromatin via a multi-SUMO interaction mechanism requiring its multiple SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs), which bind multi-SUMO platforms. This multi-SIM module is required for ZMYM2's function as a transcriptional co-repressor and its chromatin recruitment. Screen for multi-SUMO binding proteins, SIM mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, functional transcriptional repression assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 26283374
2020 ZMYM2 recruits the LSD1/HDAC corepressor complex to MERVL LTR elements for transcriptional repression. miR-344 (activated by DUX) post-transcriptionally represses ZMYM2 and its partner LSD1, relieving MERVL repression and inducing a 2C-like totipotent state. Zygotic depletion of Zmym2 compromises the totipotency-to-pluripotency transition during early mouse development. miRNA overexpression/knockdown, ChIP, reporter assays, morpholino knockdown in zygotes, gene expression analysis Cell stem cell High 32032525
2020 ZMYM2 loss-of-function mutations (heterozygous) in humans cause congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Protein-protein interaction assays show ZMYM2 interacts with FOXP1 (a transcription factor linked to CAKUT) and with additional epigenetic silencing complexes. Heterozygous Zmym2-deficient mice recapitulate CAKUT features with high penetrance. Whole-exome sequencing, morpholino knockdown in X. tropicalis, heterozygous mouse knockout, protein-protein interaction assays American journal of human genetics High 32891193
2020 ZMYM2 is the most potent growth-restricting chromatin-associated protein in human ESCs, functioning through the LSD1-CoREST (BHC) complex. ZMYM2-null human ESCs show genome-wide promoter H3 hyper-acetylation, overexpression of pluripotency genes, resistance to in vitro differentiation, and failure to produce teratomas in immunodeficient mice. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen in ESCs, ChIP-seq, teratoma assay, gene expression analysis Stem cell reports High 32559458
2020 ZMYM2 and ZMYM4 are novel B-MYB binding partners, identified by affinity purification/mass spectrometry and confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Knockdown of ZMYM2 strongly impairs G1/S-phase progression in HepG2 cells, suggesting ZMYM2 is required for S-phase entry in these cells. Affinity purification/mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, cell cycle analysis Scientific reports Medium 32439918
2021 Avadomide (CC-122) induces CRBN-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ZMYM2 through a minimal drug-responsive element contained within the MYM zinc-chelating domain. This domain is universally included in ZMYM2-FGFR1 and ZMYM2-FLT3 fusion oncoproteins, and avadomide induces degradation of these chimeric oncoproteins both in vitro and in vivo. Ubiquitination assays, proteasome inhibitor rescue, domain mapping, in vitro and in vivo xenograft models Blood cancer discovery High 34027417
2022 ZMYM2 is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in a PIAS4 (SUMO E3 ligase) and SUMO-binding-dependent manner, where it restricts 53BP1 recruitment to favor BRCA1 loading and homologous recombination (HR). ZMYM2-deficient cells show genome instability, PARP inhibitor and ionizing radiation sensitivity, and reduced HR. Depletion of 53BP1 in ZMYM2-deficient cells rescues BRCA1 recruitment and HR, establishing the epistatic relationship. CRISPR/KO and siRNA knockdown, live-cell imaging of DSB recruitment, HR/NHEJ reporter assays, epistasis analysis (53BP1 depletion rescue), PARP inhibitor/IR sensitivity assays Nucleic acids research High 35253893
2022 UBE2B and RAD18 form a complex that monoubiquitinates ZMYM2, increasing ZMYM2 protein stability by reducing polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. RAD18 knockdown impairs UBE2B-induced ZMYM2 monoubiquitination. Co-immunoprecipitation, cycloheximide chase assay, ubiquitination assay, siRNA knockdown, xenograft tumor model Bioengineered Medium 35313791
2023 ZMYM2 is essential for DNA methylation and silencing of germline gene promoters and active LINE elements in embryonic development. In Zmym2-/- embryos (lethal by E10.5), germline genes and young LINE-1 elements are upregulated and demethylated. ZMYM2 homes to sites of PRC1.6 and TRIM28 complex binding, and its absence causes hypermethylation of H3K4 at target sites, creating a chromatin landscape unfavorable for DNA methylation establishment. A conserved role in LINE element repression was confirmed in ZMYM2-/- human ESCs. Mouse and human ESC knockout, DNA methylation analysis (bisulfite), ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, H3K4me analysis Nucleic acids research High 37395395
2023 ZMYM2 is part of distinct chromatin-bound complexes: the established LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 complex, and newly identified complexes with ADNP and with TRIM28/KAP1. The ZMYM2-TRIM28 complex forms in a SUMO-dependent manner and is associated with repressive chromatin. ZMYM2-ADNP complexes regulate SINEs, while ZMYM2-TRIM28 complexes regulate LTR retrotransposons within TADs. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP-seq, Hi-C/TAD analysis, SUMO-dependence assays, gene expression analysis after knockdown eLife High 37934570

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 Endothelial progenitor cell capture by stents coated with antibody against CD34: the HEALING-FIM (Healthy Endothelial Accelerated Lining Inhibits Neointimal Growth-First In Man) Registry. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 399 15893169
1986 Two regulatory fim genes, fimB and fimE, control the phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli. The EMBO journal 324 2874022
1998 FGFR1 is fused with a novel zinc-finger gene, ZNF198, in the t(8;13) leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome. Nature genetics 261 9425908
1987 Three fim genes required for the regulation of length and mediation of adhesion of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 206 2890081
1993 Environmental regulation of the fim switch controlling type 1 fimbrial phase variation in Escherichia coli K-12: effects of temperature and media. Journal of bacteriology 173 8104927
1985 The fim genes responsible for synthesis of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli, cloning and genetic organization. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 163 2863734
1991 Type 1 fimbriae mutants of Escherichia coli K12: characterization of recognized afimbriate strains and construction of new fim deletion mutants. Molecular microbiology 147 1686292
1998 Consistent fusion of ZNF198 to the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in the t(8;13)(p11;q12) myeloproliferative syndrome. Blood 143 9716603
1996 Interaction of FimB and FimE with the fim switch that controls the phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli K-12. Molecular microbiology 134 8878036
1998 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 is fused to FIM in stem-cell myeloproliferative disorder with t(8;13). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 133 9576949
2004 Distinct stem cell myeloproliferative/T lymphoma syndromes induced by ZNF198-FGFR1 and BCR-FGFR1 fusion genes from 8p11 translocations. Cancer cell 131 15050920
2015 PLK1 and HOTAIR Accelerate Proteasomal Degradation of SUZ12 and ZNF198 during Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Liver Carcinogenesis. Cancer research 121 25855382
2020 DUX-miR-344-ZMYM2-Mediated Activation of MERVL LTRs Induces a Totipotent 2C-like State. Cell stem cell 109 32032525
2002 Osmolarity and pH growth conditions regulate fim gene transcription and type 1 pilus expression in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infection and immunity 104 11854225
2011 Past and present issues in Rasch analysis: the functional independence measure (FIM™) revisited. Journal of rehabilitation medicine 103 21947180
1987 Identification of two ancillary subunits of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae by using antibodies against synthetic oligopeptides of fim gene products. Journal of bacteriology 100 2890622
2002 Differential binding to and biofilm formation on, HEp-2 cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is dependent upon allelic variation in the fimH gene of the fim gene cluster. Molecular microbiology 95 12207694
2011 Regulation of fim genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. World journal of clinical infectious diseases 82 23638406
1994 The leucine-responsive regulatory protein binds to the fim switch to control phase variation of type 1 fimbrial expression in Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of bacteriology 82 7916011
2012 FIM-1, a new acquired metallo-β-lactamase from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate from Italy. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 78 23114762
1994 Mutational analysis of the Bordetella pertussis fim/fha gene cluster: identification of a gene with sequence similarities to haemolysin accessory genes involved in export of FHA. Molecular microbiology 76 8170396
2001 Stamina pistilloida, the Pea ortholog of Fim and UFO, is required for normal development of flowers, inflorescences, and leaves. The Plant cell 74 11158527
2008 ZNF198 stabilizes the LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 complex on chromatin through its MYM-type zinc fingers. PloS one 73 18806873
1994 Localization of promoters in the fim gene cluster and the effect of H-NS on the transcription of fimB and fimE. FEMS microbiology letters 73 7510658
2010 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium binds to HeLa cells via Fim-mediated reversible adhesion and irreversible type three secretion system 1-mediated docking. Infection and immunity 72 20974826
1989 Retroviral insertions in the CB-1/Fim-3 common site of integration activate expression of the Evi-1 gene. Oncogene 70 2542863
1990 An integumentary mucin (FIM-B.1) from Xenopus laevis homologous with von Willebrand factor. Biochemistry 68 2207068
1998 Leucine alters the interaction of the leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) with the fim switch to stimulate site-specific recombination in Escherichia coli. Molecular microbiology 65 9515701
1992 Growth conditions mediate differential transcription of fim genes involved in phase variation of type 1 pili. Journal of bacteriology 64 1348054
2000 ZNF198-FGFR1 transforming activity depends on a novel proline-rich ZNF198 oligomerization domain. Blood 62 10887137
1999 Characterization of FIM-FGFR1, the fusion product of the myeloproliferative disorder-associated t(8;13) translocation. The Journal of biological chemistry 59 10480903
1988 Fim-1, Fim-2/c-fms, and Fim-3, three common integration sites of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias, map to mouse chromosomes 13, 18, and 3, respectively. Journal of virology 59 2902233
2017 Benefits and pitfalls of pegylated interferon-α2a therapy in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis: a French Intergroup of Myeloproliferative neoplasms (FIM) study. Haematologica 58 29217781
2006 A tightly regulated inducible expression system utilizing the fim inversion recombination switch. Biotechnology and bioengineering 58 16534780
1999 Construct validity of the functional independence measure (FIM): questioning the unidimensionality of the scale and the "value" of FIM scores. Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine 57 10230001
2009 DNA relaxation-dependent phase biasing of the fim genetic switch in Escherichia coli depends on the interplay of H-NS, IHF and LRP. Molecular microbiology 56 19889099
1987 Frequent involvement of the fim-3 region in Friend murine leukemia virus-induced mouse myeloblastic leukemias. Journal of virology 53 2824835
1986 fim-1 and fim-2: two new integration regions of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias. Journal of virology 52 3464762
2011 Proteins ZNF198 and SUZ12 are down-regulated in hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein-mediated hepatocyte transformation and in HBV replication. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 50 21480320
2007 14-3-3 Integrates prosurvival signals mediated by the AKT and MAPK pathways in ZNF198-FGFR1-transformed hematopoietic cells. Blood 48 17389761
2012 Porphyromonas gingivalis FimA fimbriae: fimbrial assembly by fimA alone in the fim gene cluster and differential antigenicity among fimA genotypes. PloS one 45 22970139
2015 Screen for multi-SUMO-binding proteins reveals a multi-SIM-binding mechanism for recruitment of the transcriptional regulator ZMYM2 to chromatin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44 26283374
2003 Critical role of STAT5 activation in transformation mediated by ZNF198-FGFR1. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 14660670
1999 ZNF198-FGFR1 transforms Ba/F3 cells to growth factor independence and results in high level tyrosine phosphorylation of STATS 1 and 5. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 44 10935490
2009 Genetic fingerprinting of the development and progression of T-cell lymphoma in a murine model of atypical myeloproliferative disorder initiated by the ZNF198-fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 chimeric tyrosine kinase. Blood 41 19506298
2020 Mutations of the Transcriptional Corepressor ZMYM2 Cause Syndromic Urinary Tract Malformations. American journal of human genetics 39 32891193
2007 The leucine-responsive regulatory protein, Lrp, activates transcription of the fim operon in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium via the fimZ regulatory gene. Journal of bacteriology 39 17981960
1998 Colonization ability and pathogenic properties of a fim- mutant of an avian strain of Escherichia coli. Research in microbiology 39 9766199
2003 The oncogenic fusion protein-tyrosine kinase ZNF198/fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 has signaling function comparable with interleukin-6 cytokine receptors. The Journal of biological chemistry 38 12594223
2005 Disability profile of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Spinal cord 37 15520834
1996 Analysis of the fim cluster of an avian O2 strain of Escherichia coli: serogroup-specific sites within fimA and nucleotide sequence of fimI. Journal of medical microbiology 37 8636962
1977 Properties of a factor increasing monocytopoiesis (FIM) occurring in serum during the early phase of an inflammatory reaction. Blood 37 901942
2011 Constitutive Notch pathway activation in murine ZMYM2-FGFR1-induced T-cell lymphomas associated with atypical myeloproliferative disease. Blood 36 21527531
1990 Expression of spasmolysin (FIM-A.1): an integumentary mucin from Xenopus laevis. Experimental cell research 36 2196180
2018 Population Frequency of Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma (STIC) in Clinical Practice Using SEE-Fim Protocol. JNCI cancer spectrum 35 31360879
2006 DNA supercoiling and the Lrp protein determine the directionality of fim switch DNA inversion in Escherichia coli K-12. Journal of bacteriology 35 16855224
2000 Effects of local transcription and H-NS on inversion of the fim switch of Escherichia coli. Molecular microbiology 34 10792731
2021 Avadomide induces degradation of ZMYM2 fusion oncoproteins in hematologic malignancies. Blood cancer discovery 33 34027417
2015 Detection of pap, sfa, afa, foc, and fim Adhesin-Encoding Operons in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates Collected From Patients With Urinary Tract Infection. Jundishapur journal of microbiology 33 26464770
2002 Fifteen minutes of fim: control of type 1 pili expression in E. coli. Omics : a journal of integrative biology 33 11881836
2014 Bordetella pertussis fimbriae (Fim): relevance for vaccines. Expert review of vaccines 32 25102891
1998 Regulation of type 1 fimbrial expression in uropathogenic Escherichia coli: heterogeneity of expression through sequence changes in the fim switch region. Molecular microbiology 32 9622361
1992 Identification of ancillary fim genes affecting fimA expression in Salmonella typhimurium. Journal of bacteriology 32 1360005
2014 Characterization of the SUMO-binding activity of the myeloproliferative and mental retardation (MYM)-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198. PloS one 28 25133527
2006 ZNF198, a zinc finger protein rearranged in myeloproliferative disease, localizes to the PML nuclear bodies and interacts with SUMO-1 and PML. Experimental cell research 28 17027752
1993 Analysis of the Salmonella fim gene cluster: identification of a new gene (fimI) encoding a fimbrin-like protein and located downstream from the fimA gene. FEMS microbiology letters 28 8288102
1991 A molecular genetic linkage map of mouse chromosome 18, including spm, Grl-1, Fim-2/c-fms, and Mbp. Biochemical genetics 27 1679325
2007 Fim operon variation in the emergence of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: an evolutionary and functional analysis. FEMS microbiology letters 26 17559392
2006 Induction of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 in cells expressing the ZNF198/FGFR1 fusion kinase that is involved in atypical myeloproliferative disease. Blood 24 16410451
1999 Analysis of the type 1 pilin gene cluster fim in Salmonella: its distinct evolutionary histories in the 5' and 3' regions. Journal of bacteriology 24 9973358
2022 ZMYM2 restricts 53BP1 at DNA double-strand breaks to favor BRCA1 loading and homologous recombination. Nucleic acids research 22 35253893
2003 ZNF198 protein, involved in rearrangement in myeloproliferative disease, forms complexes with the DNA repair-associated HHR6A/6B and RAD18 proteins. Oncogene 22 12776193
1991 The frequency of fim genes among Salmonella serovars. Microbial pathogenesis 22 1686630
2023 ZMYM2 is essential for methylation of germline genes and active transposons in embryonic development. Nucleic acids research 21 37395395
1999 The genomic structure of ZNF198 and location of breakpoints in the t(8;13) myeloproliferative syndrome. Genomics 21 9889006
2007 Combined translocation with ZNF198-FGFR1 gene fusion and deletion of potential tumor suppressors in a myeloproliferative disorder. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 19 17321332
2007 DNA sequence heterogeneity in Fim tyrosine-integrase recombinase-binding elements and functional motif asymmetries determine the directionality of the fim genetic switch in Escherichia coli K-12. Molecular microbiology 19 18034794
2005 Mass spectroscopy identifies the splicing-associated proteins, PSF, hnRNP H3, hnRNP A2/B1, and TLS/FUS as interacting partners of the ZNF198 protein associated with rearrangement in myeloproliferative disease. Experimental cell research 19 15975576
2013 A ZMYM2-FGFR1 8p11 myeloproliferative neoplasm with a novel nonsense RUNX1 mutation and tumor lysis upon imatinib treatment. Cancer genetics 18 23751892
2016 Development of ZMYM2-FGFR1 driven AML in human CD34+ cells in immunocompromised mice. International journal of cancer 17 27005999
2007 Evaluation of ADL in patients with Hunter disease using FIM score. Brain & development 17 17307320
2009 Phosphorylation of the SSBP2 and ABL proteins by the ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion kinase seen in atypical myeloproliferative disorders as revealed by phosphopeptide-specific MS. Proteomics 16 19658100
2020 The Chromatin Regulator ZMYM2 Restricts Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Growth and Is Essential for Teratoma Formation. Stem cell reports 15 32559458
2020 Phylogenetic diversity in fim and mfa gene clusters between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas gulae, as a potential cause of host specificity. Journal of oral microbiology 15 32944148
2017 Temporal Regulation of fim Genes in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli during Infection of the Murine Urinary Tract. Journal of pathogens 15 29445547
2004 A Salmonella fim homologue in Citrobacter freundii mediates invasion in vitro and crossing of the blood-brain barrier in the rat pup model. Infection and immunity 15 15322026
1991 Expression of Bordetella pertussis fimbrial (fim) genes in Bordetella bronchiseptica: fimX is expressed at a low level and vir-regulated. Microbial pathogenesis 15 1684407
2018 Sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriated end (SEE-FIM) of the fallopian tube in routine practices, is it worth the effort? The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 14 30506766
1983 Presence of the factor increasing monocytopoiesis (FIM) in rabbit peripheral blood during an acute inflammation. Journal of the Reticuloendothelial Society 14 6620255
2020 Characterization of the zinc finger proteins ZMYM2 and ZMYM4 as novel B-MYB binding proteins. Scientific reports 13 32439918
1998 Transcription pattern of a FIM homologue in Impatiens during floral development and reversion. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 13 9628019
2024 A novel imaging method (FIM-ID) reveals that myofibrillogenesis plays a major role in the mechanically induced growth of skeletal muscle. eLife 12 38466320
2023 ZMYM2 controls human transposable element transcription through distinct co-regulatory complexes. eLife 11 37934570
2022 UBE2B promotes ovarian cancer growth via promoting RAD18 mediated ZMYM2 monoubiquitination and stabilization. Bioengineered 11 35313791
2021 Partial Response to Sorafenib in a Child With a Myeloid/Lymphoid Neoplasm, Eosinophilia, and a ZMYM2-FLT3 Fusion. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 11 32852395
2020 Renal and Neurologic Benefit of Levosimendan vs Dobutamine in Patients With Low Cardiac Output Syndrome After Cardiac Surgery: Clinical Trial FIM-BGC-2014-01. Frontiers in pharmacology 11 32982742
2018 Differential Regulation of Escherichia coli fim Genes following Binding to Mannose Receptors. Journal of pathogens 10 29951317
2020 Anti-FIM and Anti-FHA Antibodies Inhibit Bordetella pertussis Growth and Reduce Epithelial Cell Inflammation Through Bacterial Aggregation. Frontiers in immunology 9 33384692
2013 B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma associated with t(8;13)(p11;q12)/ ZMYM2 (ZNF198)-FGFR1 : rare case and review of the literature. Acta haematologica 9 23594707
1999 Rapid in vitro conformational changes of the catalytic site of PKC alpha assessed by FIM-1 fluorescence. Biochemistry 8 10529207

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