Affinage

ZFP42

Zinc finger protein 42 homolog · UniProt Q96MM3

Length
310 aa
Mass
34.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 22 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ZFP42 (REX1) is a YY1-family zinc finger transcription factor that functions as a gatekeeper of cell identity by directly binding promoters and regulatory elements to modulate differentiation, epigenomic integrity, and X-chromosome inactivation in pluripotent and multipotent cells. REX1 transcriptionally represses SOCS1 and MKK3, thereby suppressing JAK/STAT and p38 MAPK signaling to maintain proliferative and undifferentiated states, and silences endogenous retroviral elements in cooperation with the lysine demethylase LSD1/KDM1A (PMID:18237746, PMID:20463961, PMID:31409905, PMID:22844087). REX1 binds the unmethylated allele of imprinting control regions (Peg3, Gnas) to protect them from DNA methylation, and represses Xist transcription at its regulatory region; REX1 is the critical substrate of the X-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF12, whose ubiquitination targets REX1 for proteasomal degradation to permit Xist upregulation and X-chromosome inactivation (PMID:21233130, PMID:22596162, PMID:30420655). REX1 also drives mitochondrial fission and glycolytic metabolism by activating cyclin B1/B2 transcription, leading to CDK1-dependent DRP1 phosphorylation (PMID:23939908).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1989 High

    Establishing that REX1 exists as a differentiation-responsive gene encoding a zinc finger protein resolved how F9 teratocarcinoma cells rapidly alter transcriptional programs upon retinoic acid treatment.

    Evidence Differential hybridization screening, Northern blot, and nuclear run-on assays in F9 cells

    PMID:2511439

    Open questions at the time
    • No target genes identified
    • No protein-level functional data
    • Role in non-F9 contexts unknown
  2. 1993 High

    Identifying an octamer motif essential for Rex1 promoter activity and its regulation by Oct-3/Oct-1 established the upstream pluripotency transcription factor circuit controlling Rex1 expression.

    Evidence Promoter deletion/mutation reporter assays in F9 cells; EMSA supershift confirming Oct-3 binding lost upon RA treatment

    PMID:7945330 PMID:8474450 PMID:9528758

    Open questions at the time
    • Rox-1 identity never resolved
    • Chromatin-level regulation not addressed
  3. 2002 High

    Rex1 knockout in F9 cells revealed that Rex1 is not merely a pluripotency marker but actively constrains lineage-specific differentiation, resolving whether its downregulation is cause or consequence of differentiation.

    Evidence Homologous recombination knockout in F9 cells with molecular marker analysis for parietal and visceral endoderm

    PMID:12354678

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream gene targets not identified
    • In vivo embryonic phenotype not assessed
  4. 2006 High

    Showing that Nanog and Sox2 directly transactivate Rex1 placed it downstream of the core pluripotency network, resolving how Rex1 expression is maintained in ES cells independently of Oct-3/4 alone.

    Evidence Promoter deletion/reporter, siRNA knockdown of Nanog, forced expression in P19 cells

    PMID:16714766

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 to endogenous Rex1 locus not quantified
  5. 2008 High

    Rex1 knockout ES cells and embryos demonstrated that Rex1 is dispensable for pluripotency maintenance but required for proper differentiation outputs, while mechanistic studies revealed Rex1 inhibits JAK/STAT signaling by suppressing SOCS pathway components.

    Evidence Gene targeting in ES cells with embryoid body assays; Rex1-null F9 cells showing elevated pSTAT3 and SOCS-3 via promoter analysis

    PMID:18237746 PMID:18433507

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets genome-wide not mapped
    • How Rex1 represses STAT3 phosphorylation mechanistically unclear
  6. 2010 High

    ChIP-validated direct binding of REX1 to the MKK3 promoter, suppressing the p38 MAPK cascade, identified a second major signaling axis through which REX1 controls stem cell proliferation and differentiation.

    Evidence ChIP, shRNA knockdown, p38 inhibitor rescue in human mesenchymal stem cells

    PMID:20463961

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether MKK3 suppression operates in pluripotent stem cells not tested
    • Genome-wide direct targets still not defined
  7. 2011 High

    Discovery that Rex1 binds unmethylated alleles of imprinting control regions and that Rex1-null blastocysts show DMR hypermethylation revealed a role in epigenomic maintenance beyond transcription factor activity, while association with Polycomb components suggested broader chromatin regulatory functions.

    Evidence Bisulfite sequencing of DMRs in Rex1-mutant mice; allele-specific ChIP; Co-IP with Ring1A/B, RYBP, YAF2

    PMID:21233130 PMID:21530438

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which Rex1 protects against methylation unknown
    • Whether Polycomb interaction is functionally separable from imprinting protection unclear
  8. 2012 High

    Two landmark findings unified Rex1's role in X-chromosome inactivation and transposon silencing: RNF12-mediated ubiquitination targets REX1 for degradation to derepress Xist, while Rex1 cooperates with LSD1/KDM1A to silence endogenous retroviruses.

    Evidence Co-IP/mass spec identifying RNF12–REX1 interaction; ChIP-seq at Xist/Tsix; siRNA depletion showing ERV derepression; Co-IP with LSD1

    PMID:22596162 PMID:22844087

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of RNF12–REX1 recognition unknown
    • How LSD1 recruitment by Rex1 leads to ERV silencing mechanistically unresolved
  9. 2013 High

    REX1 was shown to directly activate cyclin B1/B2 transcription, driving CDK1-dependent DRP1 phosphorylation, mitochondrial fission, and glycolytic metabolism — connecting Rex1 to metabolic programming in pluripotent cells.

    Evidence ChIP at cyclin B promoters, DRP1 Ser616 phosphorylation assay, mitochondrial morphology analysis in human PSCs

    PMID:23939908

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether metabolic regulation is separable from differentiation phenotype unknown
    • Relevance of mitochondrial fission role in vivo not tested
  10. 2018 High

    Genetic epistasis confirmed REX1 as the critical RNF12 substrate for XCI: loss of Rex1 in Rnf12-knockout mice fully rescued X-chromosome inactivation defects, producing viable fertile females.

    Evidence Compound Rnf12−/−;Rex1−/− knockout mice with XCI analysis

    PMID:30420655

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other RNF12 substrates contribute to XCI fine-tuning unknown
    • Quantitative relationship between REX1 protein levels and Xist dosage not defined
  11. 2019 High

    REX1's direct repression of SOCS1 was extended to cancer biology, activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling and promoting EMT in cervical cancer, while HMGN-dependent super-enhancer regulation of Rex1 expression was mapped genome-wide.

    Evidence qChIP and dual-luciferase at SOCS1 promoter in cervical cancer cells; ChIP-seq and 3C in HMGN-knockout ES cells

    PMID:30838422 PMID:31409905

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether REX1 oncogenic role is context-dependent across cancer types not established
    • Super-enhancer regulation in non-ES cell contexts not explored
  12. 2021 Medium

    REX1 was found to recruit DNMT3b to the RASSF1a promoter, silencing it through methylation and activating MEK/ERK signaling in prostate cancer, revealing an additional epigenetic effector mechanism.

    Evidence Co-IP of REX1–DNMT3b, chromatin assays, xenograft tumor growth

    PMID:34183450

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab finding; independent confirmation needed
    • Whether DNMT3b recruitment is a general REX1 mechanism or specific to RASSF1a unknown
    • No structural or biochemical reconstitution of the REX1–DNMT3b complex

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis of REX1 DNA-binding specificity versus YY1, the mechanism by which REX1 protects imprinting control regions from de novo methylation, and whether REX1's metabolic, epigenetic, and XCI functions are integrated or independently regulated.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of REX1
  • No genome-wide direct target map integrating all cell types
  • Functional separation of REX1 domains for distinct functions not achieved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 7 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 7
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 5
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 6 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 5 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 3
Partners
DNMT3BLSD1NANOGRING1BRNF12RYBPYAF2

Evidence

Reading pass · 22 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1989 REX1 (ZFP42) encodes a zinc finger protein whose mRNA level is rapidly reduced at the transcriptional level in F9 teratocarcinoma cells upon retinoic acid treatment; the protein contains four zinc finger motifs and a potential acidic activator domain, suggesting a role as a transcriptional regulator. Differential hybridization screening, Northern blot, nuclear run-on transcription assay, DNA sequence analysis Molecular and cellular biology High 2511439
1991 Rex-1 mRNA is expressed in the inner cell mass of the mouse blastocyst, polar trophoblast, trophoblast-derived tissues, and is limited to spermatocytes in adult testis, established by in situ hybridization and Northern analysis, indicating roles in trophoblast development and spermatogenesis. In situ hybridization, Northern blot, RNA from germ-cell-deficient and stage-specific germ cell preparations Development (Cambridge, England) High 1821852
1993 An octamer motif (ATTTGCAT) in the Rex-1 (Zfp42) promoter is required for promoter activity in undifferentiated F9 stem cells and contributes to retinoic acid-mediated transcriptional repression; the Rex-1 gene was mapped to mouse chromosome 8. Promoter deletion analysis, reporter assays, genomic characterization, lacZ reporter in mouse embryos Molecular and cellular biology High 8474450
1994 The octamer motif in the Rex-1 promoter binds Oct-1 and Oct-3 in EC and ES cells; upon retinoic acid-induced differentiation, the Oct-3-containing DNA/protein complex is lost while Oct-1 complex persists, linking Oct-3 to Rex-1 transcription. Gel mobility shift assay, supershift analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 7945330
1998 Oct-3/4 can either activate or repress the Rex-1 (Zfp-42) promoter depending on cellular context; Oct-3/4 activation requires amino acids 1-35 while repression requires amino acids 61-126. Oct-6 represses Rex-1 via the octamer site. A novel positive regulatory element adjacent to the octamer binds a protein designated Rox-1, whose binding activity decreases upon RA treatment. Promoter deletion/mutation analysis, transient transfection, domain mapping, gel shift assays Molecular and cellular biology High 9528758
2002 Rex-1 (Zfp42) knockout F9 cells differentiate into parietal endoderm with RA alone (without cAMP), and fail to fully differentiate into visceral endoderm, demonstrating that Rex-1 regulates lineage-specific differentiation programs in early embryonic cells. Homologous recombination knockout, molecular marker analysis (thrombomodulin, laminin B1, alpha-fetoprotein) Molecular and cellular endocrinology High 12354678
2006 Nanog directly transactivates the Rex-1 promoter by binding a responsive element between -187 and -286; Sox2 cooperates with Nanog to upregulate Rex-1; the C-terminus of Nanog mediates this transactivation. Knockdown of Nanog in ES cells reduces Rex-1 expression. Promoter deletion analysis, reporter assay, siRNA knockdown, Rex-1 reporter in P19 cells, forced expression The Journal of biological chemistry High 16714766
2007 REX1 is a member of the YY1 sub-family of transcription factors generated by retroposition from YY1 in placental mammals; REX1 binds DNA motifs divergent from YY1 but sharing a core 5'-CCAT-3' sequence, as demonstrated by DNA-binding motif studies and phylogenetic analysis. Bioinformatics/phylogenetic analysis, DNA-binding motif studies Nucleic acids research Medium 17478514
2008 Rex1/Zfp42 knockout ES cells show defects in visceral endoderm marker induction when differentiated as embryoid bodies, but Rex1 is dispensable for pluripotency maintenance and embryo development. Conventional gene targeting, embryoid body differentiation, marker gene expression analysis BMC developmental biology High 18433507
2008 Rex1 in F9 cells lacking both Rex1 alleles leads to increased STAT3 phosphorylation and greatly elevated SOCS-3 transcription mediated by STAT3 binding elements; Rex1 inhibits the JAK/STAT pathway, thereby modulating F9 cell differentiation. Promoter deletion/mutation analysis, dominant-negative constructs, transient transfection, phospho-STAT3 measurement Journal of molecular biology High 18237746
2009 Rex1 (zfp42) knockout ES cells show enhanced expression of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm markers compared to wild-type, and Rex1 overexpression opposes RA-induced differentiation; microarray analysis identified potential Rex1 target genes involved in differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and cancer progression. Double knockout ES cell lines, microarray analysis, Rex1 overexpression/rescue experiments Developmental dynamics Medium 19618472
2010 REX1 directly binds to the MKK3 gene promoter (confirmed by ChIP) and suppresses its transcription, thereby reducing p38 MAPK phosphorylation; REX1 knockdown increases MKK3 and p38 MAPK activation, reducing proliferation and altering osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. shRNA knockdown, ChIP assay, p38 MAPK inhibitor rescue, differentiation assays PloS one High 20463961
2010 YY1 and Rex1 positively regulate hRex1 transcription in NT-2 and PrEC cells; Rex1 protein binds a putative Rex1 binding site at -298 bp of the hRex1 promoter (EMSA), suggesting a positive autoregulatory loop lost in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Promoter/luciferase analysis, serial deletion constructs, EMSA, co-transfection Journal of cellular physiology Medium 20232320
2011 Rex-1 is associated with bivalently marked Polycomb-regulated genes in mouse ES cells by ChIP; Rex-1 and YY2 interact with Ring1A/B proteins and PcG-associated proteins RYBP and YAF2, suggesting Rex-1 fine-tunes pluripotency by modulating Polycomb-mediated gene regulation. ChIP assays, co-immunoprecipitation, gene-specific primer analysis Stem cell research Medium 21530438
2011 Rex1/Zfp42-null blastocysts display hypermethylation in the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of Peg3 and Gnas imprinted domains; in vivo binding of Rex1 to the unmethylated allele of these regions was confirmed, suggesting Rex1 protects DMRs against DNA methylation. Rex1 mutant mouse, bisulfite sequencing of DMRs, ChIP-based allele-specific binding analysis Human molecular genetics High 21233130
2012 RNF12 (an X-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase) causes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of REX1; REX1 binds Xist and Tsix regulatory regions (by ChIP-seq); overexpression of REX1 inhibits Xist transcription and X-chromosome inactivation, while Rex1 haploinsufficiency leads to ectopic XCI. Co-IP, mass spectrometry, ChIP-seq, RNF12 knockout ESCs, REX1 overexpression/heterozygous ESCs Nature High 22596162
2012 Rex1 depletion in mouse ES cells markedly increases expression of endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs), particularly muERV-L; REX1 associates with muERV-L, IAP, and musD elements by ChIP; Rex1 also associates with lysine-demethylase LSD1/KDM1A, suggesting cooperative regulation of ERV silencing. siRNA depletion, qPCR, ChIP assay, co-immunoprecipitation with LSD1/KDM1A, gain/loss-of-function in pre-implantation embryos Nucleic acids research High 22844087
2013 REX1 positively regulates cyclin B1/B2 transcription by binding to their promoters; REX1 induces phosphorylation of DRP1 at Ser616 by cyclin B/CDK1, promoting mitochondrial fission and glycolytic metabolism; REX1 depletion in human pluripotent stem cells causes loss of self-renewal and mesoderm potential. ChIP, siRNA knockdown, promoter reporter, DRP1 phosphorylation assay, mitochondrial morphology analysis, reprogramming assays Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) High 23939908
2018 Loss of Rex1 in Rnf12-/- mice rescues the X-chromosome inactivation phenotype; genetic ablation of Rex1 in Rnf12-/- mice results in viable fertile females with normal imprinted and random XCI, confirming REX1 is the critical target of RNF12 in XCI. Compound genetic knockout mice (Rnf12-/-:Rex1-/-), XCI analysis Nature communications High 30420655
2019 REX1 trans-suppresses SOCS1 expression by binding to two specific regions of the SOCS1 promoter (confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter and qChIP), thereby activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and promoting EMT, migration, and invasion in cervical cancer cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, qChIP, western blot, xenograft assay, siRNA knockdown Oncogene High 31409905
2019 HMGN proteins regulate Rex1 expression by recruiting NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 to an ESC-specific super enhancer in the 5' region of Rex1; loss of HMGNs alters local histone modification, reduces enhancer-promoter interactions (by 3C), and decreases REX1 chromatin binding specificity at promoters and enhancers genome-wide. ChIP-seq, chromatin conformation capture (3C), HMGN knockout cells, transcription factor binding analysis Nucleic acids research High 30838422
2021 REX-1 recruits DNMT3b to the RASSF1a promoter, inhibiting RASSF1a transcription through promoter methylation, which activates MEK/ERK signaling and promotes prostate cancer tumor growth. Co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin assays, in vivo xenograft, western blot for MEK/ERK phosphorylation Molecular cancer research Medium 34183450

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 P-Rex1, a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3- and Gbetagamma-regulated guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Rac. Cell 445 11955434
1989 Detection of mRNA for the tax1/rex1 gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult T-cell leukemia patients and viral carriers by using the polymerase chain reaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 291 2787512
1991 Specific expression of a retinoic acid-regulated, zinc-finger gene, Rex-1, in preimplantation embryos, trophoblast and spermatocytes. Development (Cambridge, England) 238 1821852
1998 Rex-1, a gene encoding a transcription factor expressed in the early embryo, is regulated via Oct-3/4 and Oct-6 binding to an octamer site and a novel protein, Rox-1, binding to an adjacent site. Molecular and cellular biology 206 9528758
2013 PI3K regulates MEK/ERK signaling in breast cancer via the Rac-GEF, P-Rex1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 180 24327733
2010 Identification of the Rac-GEF P-Rex1 as an essential mediator of ErbB signaling in breast cancer. Molecular cell 170 21172654
1989 Expression of REX-1, a gene containing zinc finger motifs, is rapidly reduced by retinoic acid in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Molecular and cellular biology 169 2511439
2012 RNF12 initiates X-chromosome inactivation by targeting REX1 for degradation. Nature 165 22596162
2011 P-Rex1 is required for efficient melanoblast migration and melanoma metastasis. Nature communications 152 22109529
2006 Regulation of the pluripotency marker Rex-1 by Nanog and Sox2. The Journal of biological chemistry 144 16714766
2005 P-Rex1 regulates neutrophil function. Current biology : CB 141 16243035
2009 Upregulation of PIP3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes prostate cancer metastasis. Oncogene 128 19305425
2007 P-Rex1 links mammalian target of rapamycin signaling to Rac activation and cell migration. The Journal of biological chemistry 128 17565979
2005 P-Rex1 is a primary Rac2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor in mouse neutrophils. Current biology : CB 109 16243036
2013 Unveiling the critical role of REX1 in the regulation of human stem cell pluripotency. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 101 23939908
2005 Involvement of a Rac activator,P-Rex1, in neurotrophin-derived signaling and neuronal migration. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 97 15858067
2008 Rex1/Zfp42 is dispensable for pluripotency in mouse ES cells. BMC developmental biology 94 18433507
2007 Retroposition and evolution of the DNA-binding motifs of YY1, YY2 and REX1. Nucleic acids research 89 17478514
2008 Competition between the Rex1 exonuclease and the La protein affects both Trf4p-mediated RNA quality control and pre-tRNA maturation. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 81 18456844
2010 P-Rex1 participates in Neuregulin-ErbB signal transduction and its expression correlates with patient outcome in breast cancer. Oncogene 80 21042280
2014 P-REX1 creates a positive feedback loop to activate growth factor receptor, PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling in breast cancer. Oncogene 75 25284585
2007 Membrane translocation of P-Rex1 is mediated by G protein betagamma subunits and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. The Journal of biological chemistry 72 17698854
2008 Presumed pluripotency markers UTF-1 and REX-1 are expressed in human adult testes and germ cell neoplasms. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 71 18281244
2010 P-Rex1 and Vav1 cooperate in the regulation of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-dependent neutrophil responses. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 69 21178006
2010 Cytogenetic mapping of the retroelements Rex1, Rex3 and Rex6 among cichlid fish: new insights on the chromosomal distribution of transposable elements. Cytogenetic and genome research 66 21196713
2019 REX1 promotes EMT-induced cell metastasis by activating the JAK2/STAT3-signaling pathway by targeting SOCS1 in cervical cancer. Oncogene 62 31409905
2015 Synaptic P-Rex1 signaling regulates hippocampal long-term depression and autism-like social behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 60 26621702
2010 REX-1 expression and p38 MAPK activation status can determine proliferation/differentiation fates in human mesenchymal stem cells. PloS one 59 20463961
2009 Analysis of Rex1 (zfp42) function in embryonic stem cell differentiation. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 58 19618472
2014 P-Rex1 directly activates RhoG to regulate GPCR-driven Rac signalling and actin polarity in neutrophils. Journal of cell science 57 24659802
2011 Identification of P-Rex1 as a novel Rac1-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that promotes actin remodeling and GLUT4 protein trafficking in adipocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 22002247
1993 An octamer motif contributes to the expression of the retinoic acid-regulated zinc finger gene Rex-1 (Zfp-42) in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Molecular and cellular biology 57 8474450
2006 Undifferentiated mouse mesenchymal stem cells spontaneously express neural and stem cell markers Oct-4 and Rex-1. Cytotherapy 53 16793732
2016 P-Rex1 Promotes Resistance to VEGF/VEGFR-Targeted Therapy in Prostate Cancer. Cell reports 51 26923603
2015 The Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-Trisphosphate-dependent Rac Exchanger 1·Ras-related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1 (P-Rex1·Rac1) Complex Reveals the Basis of Rac1 Activation in Breast Cancer Cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 51 26112412
2014 Regulation of Mouse Retroelement MuERV-L/MERVL Expression by REX1 and Epigenetic Control of Stem Cell Potency. Frontiers in oncology 50 24567914
2006 The putative human stem cell marker, Rex-1 (Zfp42): structural classification and expression in normal human epithelial and carcinoma cell cultures. Molecular carcinogenesis 49 16865673
2005 Phosphorylation of P-Rex1 by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the phosphatidylinositiol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and Gbetagamma-mediated regulation of its activity. The Journal of biological chemistry 47 16301320
2007 Oct-4, Rex-1, and Gata-4 expression in human MSC increase the differentiation efficiency but not hTERT expression. Journal of cellular biochemistry 44 17211834
2007 Signaling requirements for translocation of P-Rex1, a key Rac2 exchange factor involved in chemoattractant-stimulated human neutrophil function. Journal of leukocyte biology 44 17227822
2005 Activation of ectopic Oct-4 and Rex-1 promoters in human amniotic fluid cells. International journal of molecular medicine 43 16273276
2012 Expression of endogenous retroviruses is negatively regulated by the pluripotency marker Rex1/Zfp42. Nucleic acids research 42 22844087
2002 Retinoic acid induces parietal endoderm but not primitive endoderm and visceral endoderm differentiation in F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells with a targeted deletion of the Rex-1 (Zfp-42) gene. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 42 12354678
2008 Domain-domain interaction of P-Rex1 is essential for the activation and inhibition by G protein betagamma subunits and PKA. Cellular signalling 41 18514484
2008 P-Rex1 - a multidomain protein that regulates neurite differentiation. Journal of cell science 41 18697831
2011 Rex1/Zfp42 as an epigenetic regulator for genomic imprinting. Human molecular genetics 40 21233130
2017 P-Rex1 and P-Rex2 RacGEFs and cancer. Biochemical Society transactions 38 28710285
2013 Cucurbitacin I inhibits Rac1 activation in breast cancer cells by a reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanism and independently of Janus tyrosine kinase 2 and P-Rex1. Molecular pharmacology 38 23478800
2005 Differential sensitivity of P-Rex1 to isoforms of G protein betagamma dimers. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 16301321
2016 Protein Kinase A (PKA) Type I Interacts with P-Rex1, a Rac Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor: EFFECT ON PKA LOCALIZATION AND P-Rex1 SIGNALING. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 26797121
2014 Subtype-specific overexpression of the Rac-GEF P-REX1 in breast cancer is associated with promoter hypomethylation. Breast cancer research : BCR 33 25248717
2013 tRNA 3' processing in yeast involves tRNase Z, Rex1, and Rrp6. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 32 24249226
2003 REX1, a novel gene required for DNA repair. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 12697762
2018 REX1 is the critical target of RNF12 in imprinted X chromosome inactivation in mice. Nature communications 31 30420655
2013 P-Rex1 cooperates with PDGFRβ to drive cellular migration in 3D microenvironments. PloS one 31 23382862
2013 Evolutionary dynamics of retrotransposable elements Rex1, Rex3 and Rex6 in neotropical cichlid genomes. BMC evolutionary biology 31 23865932
1994 The octamer motif present in the Rex-1 promoter binds Oct-1 and Oct-3 expressed by EC cells and ES cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 31 7945330
2019 Cryo-electron microscopy structure and analysis of the P-Rex1-Gβγ signaling scaffold. Science advances 30 31663027
2018 Gβγ signaling to the chemotactic effector P-REX1 and mammalian cell migration is directly regulated by Gαq and Gα13 proteins. The Journal of biological chemistry 30 30446620
2012 The guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor P-Rex1 is activated by protein phosphatase 1α. The Biochemical journal 30 22242915
2010 Chromosome mapping of retrotransposable elements Rex1 and Rex3 in three fish species in the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Cytogenetic and genome research 29 20798486
2016 Norbin Stimulates the Catalytic Activity and Plasma Membrane Localization of the Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Factor P-Rex1. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 26792863
2009 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P1 is regulated by direct interactions with P-Rex1, a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 20036214
2005 Effect of nicotine on Oct-4 and Rex-1 expression of mouse embryonic stem cells. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 23 15749260
2005 Decreased expression of the human stem cell marker, Rex-1 (zfp-42), in renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 22 16344273
2018 cAMP-dependent activation of the Rac guanine exchange factor P-REX1 by type I protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunits. The Journal of biological chemistry 21 30530493
2013 Chromosome mapping of retrotransposable elements Rex1 and Rex3 in Leporinus Spix, 1829 species (Characiformes: Anostomidae) and its relationships among heterochromatic segments and W sex chromosome. Mobile genetic elements 20 24404417
2020 Discovery of Small Molecules That Target the Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) Trisphosphate (PIP3)-Dependent Rac Exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) PIP3-Binding Site and Inhibit P-Rex1-Dependent Functions in Neutrophils. Molecular pharmacology 19 31900312
2013 Phosphorylation of P-Rex1 at serine 1169 participates in IGF-1R signaling in breast cancer cells. Cellular signalling 19 23899556
2012 IL-6 regulated stress-induced Rex-1 expression in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Oral diseases 19 23279369
2011 Association of Rex-1 to target genes supports its interaction with Polycomb function. Stem cell research 19 21530438
2016 Identification of P-Rex1 as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic target for pulmonary fibrosis. Scientific reports 18 27173636
2008 Transcriptional activation of the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) gene via STAT3 is increased in F9 REX1 (ZFP-42) knockout teratocarcinoma stem cells relative to wild-type cells. Journal of molecular biology 18 18237746
2010 Characterization of P-Rex1 for its role in fMet-Leu-Phe-induced superoxide production in reconstituted COS(phox) cells. Cellular signalling 17 20074642
2008 Lack of a significant role of P-Rex1, a major regulator of macrophage Rac1 activation and chemotaxis, in atherogenesis. Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators 17 18502673
2020 PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes mammary tumor initiation and metastasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 16 33097662
2017 P-REX1 amplification promotes progression of cutaneous melanoma via the PAK1/P38/MMP-2 pathway. Cancer letters 16 28803992
2016 Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Regulates REX1 Expression Via IL-6 In Stem Cells Isolated From Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth. Journal of cellular biochemistry 16 27883224
2011 Characterization of the Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor P-Rex1 in platelets. Journal of molecular signaling 16 21884615
2010 Transcriptional regulation of Rex1 (zfp42) in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells. Journal of cellular physiology 16 20232320
2020 The first DEP domain of the RhoGEF P-Rex1 autoinhibits activity and contributes to membrane binding. The Journal of biological chemistry 15 32661198
2016 Development and Validation of a Rex1-RFP Potency Activity Reporter Assay That Quantifies Stress-Forced Potency Loss in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem cells and development 15 26651054
2020 P-REX1-Independent, Calcium-Dependent RAC1 Hyperactivation in Prostate Cancer. Cancers 14 32092966
2012 Functional analysis of Rex1 during preimplantation development. Stem cells and development 14 22897771
2006 Purification of P-Rex1 from neutrophils and nucleotide exchange assay. Methods in enzymology 14 16472647
2021 REX-1 Represses RASSF1a and Activates the MEK/ERK Pathway to Promote Tumorigenesis in Prostate Cancer. Molecular cancer research : MCR 13 34183450
2019 P-Rex1 Overexpression Results in Aberrant Neuronal Polarity and Psychosis-Related Behaviors. Neuroscience bulletin 13 31286410
2019 Increased expression of stemness genes REX-1, OCT-4, NANOG, and SOX-2 in women with ovarian endometriosis versus normal endometrium: A case-control study. International journal of reproductive biomedicine 13 31417979
2023 The pseudokinase NRBP1 activates Rac1/Cdc42 via P-Rex1 to drive oncogenic signalling in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 12 36693952
2020 P-Rex1 Mediates Glucose-Stimulated Rac1 Activation and Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 12 33347743
2019 Rlim/Rnf12, Rex1, and X Chromosome Inactivation. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 12 31737626
2016 Characterization of a P-Rex1 gene signature in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 12 27351228
2019 Epigenetic regulation of REX1 expression and chromatin binding specificity by HMGNs. Nucleic acids research 11 30838422
2017 P-Rex1 Expression in Invasive Breast Cancer in relation to Receptor Status and Distant Metastatic Site. International journal of breast cancer 11 28698809
2016 The P-Rex1/Rac signaling pathway as a point of convergence for HER/ErbB receptor and GPCR responses. Small GTPases 11 27588611
2016 Multisite phosphorylation of P-Rex1 by protein kinase C. Oncotarget 11 27788493
2013 Induction of differentiation by down-regulation of Nanog and Rex-1 in cord blood derived unrestricted somatic stem cells. Molecular biology reports 11 23661017
2020 Identification of P-Rex1 in the Regulation of Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration via HGF/c-Met/Akt Pathway. OncoTargets and therapy 10 33061433
2015 Mapping of the Retrotransposable Elements Rex1 and Rex3 in Chromosomes of Eigenmannia (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae). Cytogenetic and genome research 10 26559509
2014 IL-6 regulates stress-induced REX-1 expression via ATP-P2Y1 signalling in stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Archives of oral biology 10 25455130