Affinage

WIPF2

WAS/WASL-interacting protein family member 2 · UniProt Q8TF74

Length
440 aa
Mass
46.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-11
100 papers in source corpus 7 papers cited in narrative 7 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

WIPF2 (WICH/WIRE) is a verprolin-family actin regulatory scaffold that couples membrane receptor signaling to Arp2/3-dependent actin remodeling (PMID:11829459, PMID:12213210). It binds the WH1 domain of N-WASP strongly and WASP weakly through a defined C-terminal WASP-interacting region, with binding determinants mapping to a core motif at residues 408–412 plus adjacent aromatic residues whose mutation abolishes WASP binding (PMID:11829459, PMID:15265696). Functionally, WIPF2 localizes to actin filaments, relocalizes WASP to filaments and the cell margin, and cooperates with N-WASP to drive actin microspike formation; it also directly cross-links and bundles actin filaments in vitro, an activity that is suppressed upon association with N-WASP (PMID:11829459, PMID:12213210, PMID:15707985). WIPF2 operates downstream of PDGFRβ, where it binds the receptor substrate Nckβ and promotes PDGF-induced filopodia and lamellipodia, and it controls actin dynamics and receptor endocytosis through mechanistically separable pathways: endocytosis inhibition requires an intact WASP-binding domain, whereas WASP-binding-deficient mutants still reorganize the actin system via an N-WASP-independent route (PMID:12213210, PMID:15265696). This independent pathway runs through IRSp53, which binds the WIRE verprolin domain via its SH3 domain under Cdc42 control to generate filopodia even in N-WASP-null cells (PMID:20678498). In invasive breast cancer cells WIPF2 plays a non-redundant role distinct from WIP, specifically regulating N-WASP activation to control invadopodium maturation and matrix-degradative activity, with Nck interactions tuning this output (PMID:27009365), and in airway epithelial cells it mediates Arp2/3-dependent phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia (PMID:30792969).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 6 steps
  1. 2002 Medium

    Established WIPF2 as a dedicated N-WASP/WASP partner required for actin microspike formation rather than a passive cofactor, defining its place in the actin nucleation machinery.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, ectopic overexpression, and dominant-negative W-fragment expression in cultured cells; parallel work in PDGFRβ-expressing cells with PDGF stimulation and imaging

    PMID:11829459 PMID:12213210

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect nature of the actin-filament localization not biochemically resolved
    • Whether N-WASP binding is necessary for all microspike outputs untested at this stage
  2. 2004 Medium

    Mapped the WASP-binding determinant to residues 408–412 plus flanking aromatics and used binding-dead mutants to separate two outputs, showing actin reorganization is WASP-independent while receptor endocytosis requires WASP binding.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis with co-IP and phenotypic readouts (actin reorganization, PDGFR endocytosis) in overexpressing cells

    PMID:15265696

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the WASP-independent effector not yet defined here
    • Endocytosis assay based on overexpression, not endogenous loss-of-function
  3. 2005 High

    Demonstrated an intrinsic actin cross-linking/bundling activity of WIPF2 and that N-WASP association suppresses it, revealing a switch between filament bundling and nucleation-promoting roles.

    Evidence In vitro co-sedimentation, fluorescence and electron microscopy, plus fibroblast overexpression

    PMID:15707985

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of bundling and its suppression by N-WASP unresolved
    • Physiological relevance of bundling in cells not directly tested
  4. 2010 Medium

    Identified IRSp53 as the partner mediating the N-WASP-independent pathway, showing a Cdc42-regulated WIRE–IRSp53 complex drives filopodia even without N-WASP.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, reciprocal pull-downs, domain mutagenesis, and rescue in N-WASP−/− fibroblasts with imaging

    PMID:20678498

    Open questions at the time
    • How Cdc42 regulates complex assembly versus localization not mechanistically separated
    • Quantitative contribution relative to the N-WASP route in normal cells unknown
  5. 2016 High

    Distinguished WIPF2 from the paralog WIP functionally, assigning WIPF2 a non-redundant role in N-WASP-dependent invadopodium maturation and matrix degradation in cancer cells.

    Evidence RNAi knockdown, co-IP, super-resolution STORM imaging, and invasion/degradation assays in breast cancer cells

    PMID:27009365

    Open questions at the time
    • WIP can substitute at elevated levels, so the basis of specificity is concentration-dependent and unresolved
    • In vivo relevance to metastasis not established
  6. 2019 Medium

    Extended WIPF2 function to innate defense, showing it drives Arp2/3-dependent phagocytic uptake of fungal conidia by airway epithelium.

    Evidence RNAi knockdown, Arp2/3 small-molecule inhibition, super-resolution imaging, and quantitative internalization assays in human bronchial epithelial cells

    PMID:30792969

    Open questions at the time
    • Upstream receptor and signaling input to WIPF2 in this context not identified
    • Whether N-WASP or IRSp53 routes mediate conidial uptake untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the bundling, N-WASP-dependent, and IRSp53/Cdc42-dependent activities are integrated and selectively deployed across distinct cellular processes remains unresolved.
  • No structural model of the WIPF2–N-WASP or WIPF2–IRSp53 interfaces
  • No loss-of-function genetics linking WIPF2 to an organismal phenotype or disease
  • Regulatory inputs controlling the switch between bundling and nucleation-promoting modes unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 2
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1
Partners
IRSP53NCK1NCK2WASWASL

Evidence

Reading pass · 7 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 WIPF2 (WICH/WIRE) associates strongly with N-WASP (and weakly with WASP) via its C-terminal WASP-interacting (W) region, and ectopic expression of WICH induces actin-microspike formation cooperatively with N-WASP; expression of the W fragment alone suppresses N-WASP-induced microspike formation, indicating an essential role for WICH in N-WASP-mediated actin microspike formation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ectopic overexpression, dominant-negative fragment expression in cultured cells Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 11829459
2002 WIRE (WIPF2) binds to the WH1 domain of WASP and N-WASP, localizes to actin filaments, relocalizes WASP to actin filaments (requiring direct WIRE-WASP interaction), binds the PDGF receptor substrate Nckβ, and promotes PDGF-induced peripheral filopodia/lamellipodia formation and WASP translocation to the cell margin downstream of PDGFRβ. Co-immunoprecipitation, ectopic overexpression in PAE/PDGFRβ cells, fluorescence microscopy, PDGF stimulation assay Experimental cell research Medium 12213210
2004 The WASP-binding domain of WIRE (WIPF2) maps to a core motif at amino acid residues 408–412 plus an adjacent stretch of aromatic residues; substitution mutations in either motif abolished WASP binding. Notably, WIRE mutants unable to bind WASP still reorganized the actin filament system, demonstrating that the WASP-independent pathway also regulates actin dynamics. In contrast, inhibition of PDGF receptor endocytosis by WIRE required an intact WASP-binding domain, indicating that WIRE controls receptor endocytosis and actin dynamics through distinct mechanisms. Site-directed mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, ectopic overexpression with phenotypic readouts (actin reorganization, receptor endocytosis assay) Experimental cell research Medium 15265696
2005 WICH (WIPF2) cross-links actin filaments in vitro and induces thick bundled actin fibers upon overexpression in cultured fibroblasts; this actin cross-linking/bundling activity is suppressed by direct association with N-WASP. In vitro co-sedimentation assay, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, overexpression in fibroblasts Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 15707985
2010 WIRE (WIPF2) interacts with IRSp53 via the Verprolin (V)-domain of WIRE and the SH3 domain of IRSp53, and this interaction is regulated by Cdc42; co-expression of WIRE and IRSp53 in N-WASP−/− mouse fibroblasts induces filopodia independently of N-WASP. Cdc42 also regulates the plasma membrane localization of the WIRE-IRSp53 complex. Yeast two-hybrid screen, pull-down assay, overexpression in N-WASP−/− fibroblasts, site-directed mutagenesis of IRSp53 SH3 domain and WIRE V-domain, fluorescence microscopy Experimental cell research Medium 20678498
2016 WICH/WIRE (WIPF2) plays a non-redundant role from WIP in cancer cell invasion: WIP is essential for invadopodium assembly while WICH/WIRE specifically regulates N-WASP activation to control invadopodium maturation and degradative activity. Nck interaction with both WIP and WICH/WIRE modulates invadopodium maturation, and changes in their levels differentially redistribute Nck. WIP can replace WICH/WIRE functions at elevated levels. RNAi knockdown, biochemical co-immunoprecipitation, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (STORM/dSTORM), invasion/degradation assays in breast cancer cells Scientific reports High 27009365
2019 WIPF2 mediates phagocytosis (internalization) of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by human bronchial epithelial cells; RNAi-mediated knockdown of WIPF2 significantly reduces conidia internalization, and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy shows WIPF2 is transiently localized to the site of bound conidia. The Arp2/3 complex acts in the same pathway, as its small-molecule inhibition phenocopies WIPF2 knockdown. RNAi knockdown, small-molecule inhibition of Arp2/3, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, quantitative internalization assay Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology Medium 30792969

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 DNA-templated assembly and electrode attachment of a conducting silver wire. Nature 870 9486645
2012 A novel method for the in vivo isolation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood of cancer patients using a functionalized and structured medical wire. International journal of oncology 251 22825490
2014 A proton wire to couple aminoacyl-tRNA accommodation and peptide-bond formation on the ribosome. Nature structural & molecular biology 189 25132179
1995 A new DNA nanostructure, the G-wire, imaged by scanning probe microscopy. Nucleic acids research 162 7899091
2013 Transposable elements re-wire and fine-tune the transcriptome. PLoS genetics 153 23358118
2004 A molecular switch and proton wire synchronize the active sites in thiamine enzymes. Science (New York, N.Y.) 150 15514159
2020 The Crystal Structure of a Biological Insulated Transmembrane Molecular Wire. Cell 137 32289252
2007 A novel electroporation method using a capillary and wire-type electrode. Biosensors & bioelectronics 114 18242073
1999 M-DNA: A complex between divalent metal ions and DNA which behaves as a molecular wire. Journal of molecular biology 111 10610773
2014 Novel graphene/carbon nanotube composite fibers for efficient wire-shaped miniature energy devices. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 92 24464762
2008 Self-assembled DNA photonic wire for long-range energy transfer. Journal of the American Chemical Society 90 18975869
2015 Architecture and migration of an epithelium on a cylindrical wire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 84 25922533
2020 Walking the tight wire between cell adhesion and WNT signalling: a balancing act for β-catenin. Open biology 83 33292105
2023 Miniscope-LFOV: A large-field-of-view, single-cell-resolution, miniature microscope for wired and wire-free imaging of neural dynamics in freely behaving animals. Science advances 78 37083539
2007 Artificial G-wire switch with 2,2'-bipyridine units responsive to divalent metal ions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 78 17439212
1992 Signal and noise in modulation transfer function determinations using the slit, wire, and edge techniques. Medical physics 78 1518465
2000 The cytotoxicity of corrosion products of nitinol stent wire on cultured smooth muscle cells. Journal of biomedical materials research 70 10951381
1997 DNA: Insulator or wire? Chemistry & biology 69 9070421
2002 WICH, a novel verprolin homology domain-containing protein that functions cooperatively with N-WASP in actin-microspike formation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 56 11829459
2017 Directional Photonic Wire Mediated by Homo-Förster Resonance Energy Transfer on a DNA Origami Platform. ACS nano 51 29063765
2022 Mimicry of the proton wire mechanism of enzymes inside a supramolecular capsule enables β-selective O-glycosylations. Nature chemistry 48 35798949
2011 The chromatin remodelling complex B-WICH changes the chromatin structure and recruits histone acetyl-transferases to active rRNA genes. PloS one 46 21559432
2022 Production of cultured meat by culturing porcine smooth muscle cells in vitro with food grade peanut wire-drawing protein scaffold. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) 42 35940781
2016 I-Wire Heart-on-a-Chip II: Biomechanical analysis of contractile, three-dimensional cardiomyocyte tissue constructs. Acta biomaterialia 40 27818306
2013 DNA as a molecular wire: distance and sequence dependence. Analytical chemistry 40 23964773
2019 Luseogliflozin attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after wire injury in high-fat diet-fed mice via inhibition of perivascular adipose tissue remodeling. Cardiovascular diabetology 38 31672147
2016 Genes on a Wire: The Nucleoid-Associated Protein HU Insulates Transcription Units in Escherichia coli. Scientific reports 36 27545593
2016 Paper-based maskless enzymatic sensor for glucose determination combining ink and wire electrodes. Biosensors & bioelectronics 36 27856164
2020 Mobility connects: transposable elements wire new transcriptional networks by transferring transcription factor binding motifs. Biochemical Society transactions 35 32573687
2013 Stress eating and tuning out: cancer cells re-wire metabolism to counter stress. Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology 35 24099138
2002 The WASP-binding protein WIRE has a role in the regulation of the actin filament system downstream of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Experimental cell research 35 12213210
2016 Proton Wire Dynamics in the Green Fluorescent Protein. Journal of chemical theory and computation 33 28068768
2016 Kirschner wire pin site infection in hand and wrist fractures: incidence rate and risk factors. The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 32 27464583
2009 Soluble Flt-1 gene transfer ameliorates neointima formation after wire injury in flt-1 tyrosine kinase-deficient mice. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 32 19164801
2024 CD4+ T cells re-wire granuloma cellularity and regulatory networks to promote immunomodulation following Mtb reinfection. Immunity 29 39214090
2011 Mesenteric artery contraction and relaxation studies using automated wire myography. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 29 21969063
2005 Manufacture of porous polymer nerve conduits through a lyophilizing and wire-heating process. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials 28 15909301
2004 Homologous recombination: down to the wire. Current biology : CB 28 15296782
2023 Superhydrophobic and Conductive Wire Membrane for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 27 36849633
2019 A Novel DNA Helical Wire Containing HgII -Mediated T:T and T:G Pairs. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 27 31507027
2022 Production of cultured fat with peanut wire-drawing protein scaffold and quality evaluation based on texture and volatile compounds analysis. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) 26 36076375
2013 Oxidative thymine mutation in DNA: water-wire-mediated proton-coupled electron transfer. Journal of the American Chemical Society 26 23421474
2012 Nano RNA aptamer wire for analysis of vitamin B₁₂. Analytical biochemistry 26 22658959
2010 A waferscale Si wire solar cell using radial and bulk p-n junctions. Nanotechnology 26 20935359
2020 Super-Soft DNA/Dopamine-Grafted-Dextran Hydrogel as Dynamic Wire for Electric Circuits Switched by a Microbial Metabolism Process. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 24 32670769
2012 Occipitocervical fusion using a contoured rod and wire construct in children: a reappraisal of a vintage technique. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 24 23157394
2011 Effect of garlic on bacterial biofilm formation on orthodontic wire. The Angle orthodontist 24 21446865
2022 4-Octyl itaconate suppresses the osteogenic response in aortic valvular interstitial cells via the Nrf2 pathway and alleviates aortic stenosis in mice with direct wire injury. Free radical biology & medicine 23 35787451
2013 Endogenous CGRP protects against neointimal hyperplasia following wire-induced vascular injury. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 23 23416515
2007 Use of copper oxide wire particles to control gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Journal of animal science 23 17565056
2016 WIP and WICH/WIRE co-ordinately control invadopodium formation and maturation in human breast cancer cell invasion. Scientific reports 22 27009365
2016 Electronic structure and carrier transfer in B-DNA monomer polymers and dimer polymers: Stationary and time-dependent aspects of a wire model versus an extended ladder model. Physical review. E 22 28085358
2016 Biodegradable magnesium wire promotes regeneration of compressed sciatic nerves. Neural regeneration research 22 28197200
2010 Quantifying signal changes in nano-wire based biosensors. Nanoscale 22 21173975
2005 Life on the wire: on tensegrity and force balance in cells. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 22 16116819
2004 The mammalian verprolin homologue WIRE participates in receptor-mediated endocytosis and regulation of the actin filament system by distinct mechanisms. Experimental cell research 22 15265696
2003 M-DNA: a self-assembling molecular wire for nanoelectronics and biosensing. Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry 22 12558018
2018 Effects of wire-type and mesh-type anode current collectors on performance and electrochemistry of microbial fuel cells. Chemosphere 21 29945047
2014 A proton wire and water channel revealed in the crystal structure of isatin hydrolase. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 24917679
2014 High-wire act: the poised genome and cellular memory. The FEBS journal 20 25440020
2005 WICH, a member of WASP-interacting protein family, cross-links actin filaments. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20 15707985
2003 In vitro study of guide wire entrapment in currently available inferior vena cava filters. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 20 12847198
2023 Tripping the wire: sensing of viral protease activity by CARD8 and NLRP1 inflammasomes. Current opinion in immunology 19 37311351
2015 The B-WICH chromatin-remodelling complex regulates RNA polymerase III transcription by promoting Max-dependent c-Myc binding. Nucleic acids research 19 25883140
2014 DNA mediated wire-like clusters of self-assembled TiO₂ nanomaterials: supercapacitor and dye sensitized solar cell applications. Nanoscale 19 24905088
2020 A Proton Wire Mediates Proton Coupled Electron Transfer from Hydroxyurea and Other Hydroxamic Acids to Tyrosyl Radical in Class Ia Ribonucleotide Reductase. The journal of physical chemistry. B 17 31904962
2017 Catch and Release: rare cell analysis from a functionalised medical wire. Scientific reports 17 28233867
2005 Interaction between copper oxide wire particles and Duddingtonia flagrans in lambs. Veterinary parasitology 16 16085365
2003 Ilizarov wire tensioning and holding methods: a biomechanical study. Injury 15 12565024
2022 MXene Enhanced Photoactivity of Bi2O3/Bi2S3 Heterojunction with G-wire Superstructure for Photoelectrochemical Detection of TET1 Protein. ACS sensors 14 36205635
2021 Spatial Separation of Plasmonic Hot-Electron Generation and a Hydrodehalogenation Reaction Center Using a DNA Wire. ACS nano 14 34875168
2019 Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus by Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Is Mediated by the Arp2/3 Complex and WIPF2. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 14 30792969
2018 Common cues wire the spinal cord: Axon guidance molecules in spinal neuron migration. Seminars in cell & developmental biology 14 29274387
2009 Measurement of orthodontic bracket tie wing elastic and plastic deformation by arch wire torque expression utilizing an optical image correlation technique. Journal of dental biomechanics 14 20948571
2002 Long range molecular wire behaviour in a metal complex of DNA. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics 14 12144356
2014 Excited-state proton coupled electron transfer between photolyase and the damaged DNA through water wire: a photo-repair mechanism. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 13 25341360
2024 The maize transcription factor CCT regulates drought tolerance by interacting with Fra a 1, E3 ligase WIPF2, and auxin response factor Aux/IAA8. Journal of experimental botany 12 37725963
2021 A neutralizing IL-11 antibody reduces vessel hyperplasia in a mouse carotid artery wire injury model. Scientific reports 12 34667238
2021 Local delivery and controlled release of miR-34a loaded in hydroxyapatite/mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles composite-coated implant wire to accelerate bone fracture healing. Biomaterials 12 34920369
2017 DNA G-Wire Formation Using an Artificial Peptide is Controlled by Protease Activity. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 12 29144399
2021 A Single Molecule Polyphenylene-Vinylene Photonic Wire. ACS nano 11 33938214
2021 The WIRE study a phase II, multi-arm, multi-centre, non-randomised window-of-opportunity clinical trial platform using a Bayesian adaptive design for proof-of-mechanism of novel treatment strategies in operable renal cell cancer - a study protocol. BMC cancer 11 34794412
2020 Endothelial cell distributions and migration under conditions of flow shear stress around a stent wire. Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine 11 31796716
2010 Involvement of prostaglandins and histamine in nickel wire-induced acute inflammation in mice. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 11 19839048
2010 The mammalian verprolin, WIRE induces filopodia independent of N-WASP through IRSp53. Experimental cell research 11 20678498
2019 Hardwiring wire-less networks: spatially encoded GPCR signaling in endocrine systems. Current opinion in cell biology 10 30682696
2019 Performance comparison of III-V//Si and III-V//InGaAs multi-junction solar cells fabricated by the combination of mechanical stacking and wire bonding. Scientific reports 10 30867491
2016 Involvement of COX-2 in nickel elution from a wire implanted subcutaneously in mice. Toxicology 10 27452194
2013 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a potent phytochemical inhibitor of intimal hyperplasia in the wire-injured carotid artery. Journal of vascular surgery 10 23538007
2008 Functional and structural changes in the retina of wire-haired dachshunds with early-onset cone-rod dystrophy. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 10 18326738
2021 The hot-wire concept: Towards a one-element thermal biosensor platform. Biosensors & bioelectronics 9 33609951
2020 Long noncoding RNA SNHG14 regulates ox-LDL-induced atherosclerosis cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting miR-186-5p/WIPF2 axis. Human & experimental toxicology 9 32735135
2024 The CCL2-CCR2 axis determines whether glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity or wire-loop lesions develop through glomerular macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in lupus nephritis. The Journal of pathology 8 39056146
2023 FRET cascade miRNA addition probe from non-crosstalk DNA photonic wire assisted with clustering algorithm for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Biosensors & bioelectronics 8 36646015
2023 Bioactivation of an orthodontic wire using multifunctional nanomaterials to prevent plaque accumulation. Biomaterials advances 8 36963344
2022 Bioessential Inorganic Molecular Wire-Reinforced 3D-Printed Hydrogel Scaffold for Enhanced Bone Regeneration. Advanced healthcare materials 8 36213983
2020 Pinellia ternata attenuates carotid artery intimal hyperplasia and increases endothelial progenitor cell activity via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in wire-injured rats. Pharmaceutical biology 8 33253601
2016 Switchable DNA wire: deposition-stripping of copper nanoclusters as an "ON-OFF" nanoswitch. Scientific reports 8 26781761
2016 Wire and extended ladder model predict THz oscillations in DNA monomers, dimers and trimers. Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal 8 27731310
2015 DNA-encapsulated chain and wire-like β-MnO2 organosol for oxidative polymerization of pyrrole to polypyrrole. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 8 25619572

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