Affinage

VAPA

Vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein A · UniProt Q9P0L0

Length
249 aa
Mass
27.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
89 papers in source corpus 29 papers cited in narrative 28 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

VAPA is an ER-resident transmembrane protein that functions as a universal scaffold for membrane contact site (MCS) formation by engaging FFAT and FFAT-like motifs on diverse cytoplasmic and organelle-tethered proteins through its MSP domain, thereby tethering the ER to the plasma membrane, Golgi, mitochondria, endolysosomes, nuclear envelope, and autophagosomes (PMID:26898182, PMID:36693319). At these contact sites, VAPA recruits lipid transfer proteins—including OSBP, CERT, and ORP1L—to mediate non-vesicular exchange of sterols, ceramide, and phosphoinositides, supporting processes ranging from sphingomyelin synthesis and mitochondrial cardiolipin buildup to plasma membrane phosphoinositide homeostasis during cell migration and focal adhesion turnover (PMID:12023275, PMID:36693319, PMID:38446032, PMID:35421371). VAPA also scaffolds Kv2.1/Kv2.2 potassium channel clusters at ER–PM junctions with neuroprotective significance, stabilizes the ULK1/FIP200 complex during autophagosome biogenesis, participates in ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation of misfolded proteins, and forms a nuclear envelope complex with ORP3 and Rab7 that is exploited by HIV-1 for nuclear entry (PMID:29941597, PMID:29628370, PMID:41179805, PMID:37563144). Multiple pathogenic organisms—including HCV, norovirus, Aichi virus, SARS-CoV-2, and Leishmania—hijack the VAPA FFAT-binding interface to establish replication platforms or nutrient acquisition, while VAPA additionally modulates innate immune signaling by facilitating NEDD4-mediated JAK1 ubiquitination and degradation (PMID:15016871, PMID:28698274, PMID:40163521, PMID:40080976).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 2001 Medium

    Establishing VAPA as an ER/ERGIC-resident protein with broad SNARE-binding capacity raised the question of whether it functions primarily in vesicular trafficking or as a more general ER scaffold.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation and in vitro binding assays in COS-7 cells

    PMID:11511104

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of SNARE binding unresolved
    • No in vivo validation
    • Specificity versus VAPB not addressed
  2. 2002 High

    The discovery that VAPA binds OSBP and that disruption of this complex impairs ceramide transport and sphingomyelin synthesis established VAPA as a functional scaffold for non-vesicular lipid transfer at ER–Golgi contacts.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, GST pulldown, Co-IP, and ceramide transport assays

    PMID:12023275

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether VAPA directly affects lipid transfer kinetics or only tethering was not resolved
    • Role of VAPB redundancy unknown
  3. 2004 High

    Demonstrating that HCV co-opts VAPA to assemble its RNA replication complex on lipid rafts revealed that the VAPA scaffolding interface is a common target for pathogen exploitation, a theme later extended to norovirus, Aichi virus, and SARS-CoV-2.

    Evidence Co-IP, siRNA, dominant-negative mutants, detergent-resistant membrane fractionation in HCV replicon system; later extended by norovirus FFAT-mimic mutagenesis and knockout cells, Aichi virus Co-IP/knockdown, and NMR binding of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp peptide

    PMID:14557663 PMID:15016871 PMID:21957124 PMID:24223774 PMID:28698274 PMID:29367253 PMID:34312846

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of how viral FFAT mimics compete with host FFAT proteins not fully resolved
    • Therapeutic targeting of the MSP–FFAT interface remains unexplored
  4. 2008 High

    Showing that VAPA overexpression blocks ER-to-Golgi transport through microtubule association—reversed by FFAT peptide competition—established that FFAT-motif occupancy regulates VAPA's functional state and distinguishes it from VAPB.

    Evidence In vitro ER vesicle budding reconstitution, cargo transport assays, FFAT peptide competition

    PMID:18713837

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological stoichiometry of VAPA:FFAT partners not determined
    • Whether microtubule association is direct or adaptor-mediated unclear
  5. 2016 High

    Systematic analysis revealing that ~100 proteins constitute the VAP interactome, roughly half binding through FFAT motifs, redefined VAPA as a universal ER hub rather than a pathway-specific factor.

    Evidence Bioinformatic FFAT motif analysis across confirmed experimental interactors

    PMID:26898182

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative affinities and competition among FFAT clients unknown
    • How VAPA discriminates among simultaneous FFAT partners not addressed
  6. 2018 High

    Two independent studies demonstrated that VAPA scaffolds Kv2.1/Kv2.2 channel clusters at ER–PM junctions through a noncanonical VAP-binding motif, extending VAPA's role from lipid transfer to ion channel organization at MCS.

    Evidence BioID, FRET, siRNA, VAPA-KO cells, affinity purification/MS from mouse brain

    PMID:29941597 PMID:30012696

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether VAPA modulates Kv2 channel gating directly was not tested
    • In vivo neuronal consequences of VAPA loss at ER–PM junctions uncharacterized at this point
  7. 2018 High

    Establishing that VAPA/B bind FIP200, ULK1, and WIPI2 via FFAT motifs to stabilize the autophagy initiation complex at ER sites broadened VAPA's role to autophagosome biogenesis.

    Evidence Direct binding assays, Co-IP, RNAi depletion with autophagosome formation imaging, VAPB P56S mutant analysis

    PMID:29628370

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of VAPA versus VAPB to autophagosome initiation not separated
    • Lipid transfer function at autophagy MCS not demonstrated
  8. 2020 High

    Peptide-mediated disruption of the Kv2.1–VAPA interaction was neuroprotective in a murine stroke model, demonstrating that the VAPA scaffolding interface has therapeutic relevance.

    Evidence Membrane-permeable declustering peptide tested in neuronal injury model in vitro and murine ischemia-reperfusion in vivo

    PMID:32937450

    Open questions at the time
    • Long-term effects of chronic Kv2–VAPA disruption unknown
    • Specificity of peptide for VAPA versus VAPB interaction not distinguished
  9. 2021 High

    Cryo-electron tomography of reconstituted VAPA–OSBP contact sites revealed that VAPA's flexibility enables variable intermembrane spacing, providing the first structural explanation for how VAPA accommodates diverse MCS geometries.

    Evidence In vitro reconstituted MCS with two membranes, cryo-ET

    PMID:34103503

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length VAPA structure including transmembrane domain not resolved
    • How IDR regions contribute to flexibility was not structurally addressed at this time
  10. 2022 High

    Demonstrating that VAPA drives biogenesis of ceramide-dependent RNA-containing extracellular vesicles through CERT recruitment to MVBs revealed an unexpected role for ER–endosome MCS in EV composition.

    Evidence VAPA knockdown with EV RNA/lipid quantification, CERT–MVB colocalization, nSMase2 colocalization imaging

    PMID:35421371

    Open questions at the time
    • Cargo selectivity mechanism for RNA loading into EVs unknown
    • Whether VAPB compensates for VAPA in EV biogenesis not tested
  11. 2023 High

    Discovery that intrinsically disordered regions direct VAPA to distinct MCS (ER–Golgi vs. ER–mitochondria), with VAPA promoting mitochondrial fusion through PTPIP51/VPS13A-mediated cardiolipin buildup, established that IDRs encode MCS selectivity and linked VAPA to mitochondrial dynamics.

    Evidence IDR deletion mutants, mitochondrial fusion assays, cardiolipin lipid analysis, Co-IP

    PMID:36693319

    Open questions at the time
    • How IDR post-translational modifications regulate MCS targeting is unexplored
    • Whether cardiolipin transfer is direct through VPS13A or indirect not resolved
  12. 2023 High

    Identification of the VAPA–ORP3–Rab7 (VOR) complex at the outer nuclear membrane promoting nuclear envelope invaginations exploited by HIV-1 for nuclear entry connected VAPA to nuclear import and viral pathogenesis.

    Evidence Co-IP, siRNA knockdown, imaging of NEIs, HIV-1 infection assay in HeLa and CD4+ T cells

    PMID:37563144

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether VOR complex has non-viral physiological roles at the nuclear envelope unknown
    • Mechanism by which NEI formation facilitates HIV capsid translocation not structurally defined
  13. 2025 Medium

    Multiple recent studies extended VAPA's MCS functions: to ER–endolysosome contacts for ERLAD of misfolded proteins, to parasitophorous vacuole contacts hijacked by Leishmania, to inner nuclear membrane organization affecting lamins and chromatin, and to innate immune regulation via NEDD4-mediated JAK1 degradation.

    Evidence Co-IP and ERLAD functional assays for ATZ degradation; siRNA/ceramide tracking/PLA in Leishmania infection; RAPIDS proximity proteomics at INM; ubiquitination assays and NEDD4-KO viral replication

    PMID:40080976 PMID:40163521 PMID:41179805 PMID:41537431

    Open questions at the time
    • Inner nuclear membrane localization established by proximity proteomics only, awaits orthogonal confirmation
    • JAK1 regulation finding is from a single lab and cell system
    • ERLAD MCS architecture not structurally resolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key open questions include: how VAPA prioritizes among its ~100 FFAT-motif clients under physiological conditions, whether IDR post-translational modifications dynamically redistribute VAPA across MCS, and what the full extent of VAPA's nuclear functions is beyond the nuclear envelope.
  • No quantitative model of competitive FFAT-client binding exists
  • In vivo tissue-specific phenotypes of VAPA loss in mammals remain poorly characterized
  • Whether VAPA and VAPB have truly non-redundant functions at specific MCS types is unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 6 GO:0008289 lipid binding 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3
Localization
GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 5 GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 3 GO:0005635 nuclear envelope 2 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 1 GO:0005768 endosome 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-382551 Transport of small molecules 3 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 2 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 1
Partners
CERTFIP200KCNB1NEDD4ORP1LORP3OSBPPTPIP51
Complex memberships
VAPA-ORP1L-Rab7 ER-endolysosome MCS complexVAPA-ORP3-Rab7 (VOR) nuclear envelope complexVAPA-OSBP ER-Golgi MCS complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 28 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 VAPA (VAP-A) interacts with oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) through a region in OSBP spanning amino acids 351-442; C- and N-terminal truncations of VAP-A prevent OSBP binding but not VAP multimerization. The VAP-A/OSBP complex localizes to ER-associated structures and its disruption impairs ceramide transport from ER to Golgi, as measured by reduced sphingomyelin synthesis. Yeast two-hybrid screen, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, functional transport assay (ts045-VSVG-GFP, fluorescent ceramide) The Journal of biological chemistry High 12023275
2001 VAPA is a resident of the ER/Golgi intermediate compartment and binds promiscuously to both v- and t-SNAREs including VAMP, syntaxin 1A, rbet1, rsec22, αSNAP, and NSF. Both N- and C-terminal domains of VAPA are required for VAMP binding and VAP dimerization. Subcellular fractionation, in vitro binding assays, domain deletion analysis in COS-7 cells Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 11511104
2004 hVAP-33 (VAPA) binds to HCV nonstructural proteins NS5A and NS5B and is required for the formation of the HCV RNA replication complex on lipid rafts (detergent-resistant membranes). Expression of dominant-negative VAPA mutants or siRNA knockdown of hVAP-33 caused NS5B to relocate from detergent-resistant to detergent-sensitive membranes and reduced HCV RNA and protein levels. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, dominant-negative mutants, detergent-resistant membrane fractionation, HCV replicon system Journal of virology High 15016871
2003 Norwalk virus nonstructural protein p48 directly interacts with VAPA and forms a stable complex in mammalian cells, and this interaction inhibits cell-surface expression of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein, implicating VAPA-mediated disruption of intracellular protein trafficking. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, surface protein transport assay Journal of virology Medium 14557663
2008 Overexpression of wild-type VAPA (but not VAPB) inhibits ER-to-Golgi transport by decreasing segregation of membrane cargo into ER vesicles and inhibiting lateral diffusion of membrane proteins, likely through stable VAPA association with microtubules. The FFAT motif peptide relieves this block and restores ER vesicle budding and disrupts VAP-microtubule association in vitro. Cargo transport assays, in vitro ER vesicle budding assay, lateral diffusion measurements, FFAT peptide competition Journal of cell science High 18713837
2009 Glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) contains an FFAT-like motif and directly interacts with VAPA; mutation of the FFAT-like motif abolishes this interaction, as determined by GST pulldown. GST pulldown, FFAT motif mutagenesis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 19665998
2010 VAPA interacts with the cochlear motor protein prestin, confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation; VAPA expression is reduced in prestin-knockout OHCs, and co-expression of VAPA with prestin increases prestin abundance at the plasma membrane, suggesting VAPA facilitates prestin trafficking to the membrane. Yeast two-hybrid (membrane-based), co-immunoprecipitation, prestin-KO mouse comparison, surface expression assay Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 20359505
2010 The ALS-linked VAPB P56S mutation phenotype (ER aggregation) can be recapitulated in VAPA by mutating the equivalent proline distribution in the conserved region; VAPA normally requires three properly distributed prolines in this region for correct function, explaining why wild-type VAPA is resistant to the equivalent of the P56S mutation. Site-directed mutagenesis, fluorescence microscopy of aggregation phenotype Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 21144830
2011 Viperin inhibits HCV replication by binding to VAPA through its C-terminus, competitively disrupting the VAPA-NS5A interaction; competitive co-immunoprecipitation showed that viperin and NS5A compete for the same region on VAPA. Co-immunoprecipitation, competitive co-immunoprecipitation, mutagenesis, confocal microscopy The Journal of general virology Medium 21957124
2013 GPS2 acts as a bridging factor between HCV NS5A and VAPA; overexpression of GPS2 enhances NS5A-VAPA association while GPS2 knockdown disrupts this interaction and suppresses HCV RNA replication. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, domain mutagenesis, HCV replicon replication assay PloS one Medium 24223774
2015 Sterol ligand-induced changes in ORP-VAPA complex subcellular distribution were demonstrated using BiFC in HuH7 cells: cholesterol depletion concentrated OSBP-VAPA complexes at juxtanuclear position reversible by LDL; ORP2-VAPA complexes redistribute upon ORP2 ligand treatment; sterol-binding-deficient ORP4L localizes predominantly to plasma membrane. This demonstrates that sterol occupancy controls ORP-VAPA complex localization. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), sterol manipulation, sterol-binding deficient mutants Steroids Medium 25681634
2016 VAP proteins (VAPA and VAPB) act as ER-resident receptors for FFAT-motif-containing proteins; approximately 50% of the ~100-protein VAP interactome (VAPome) in humans and yeast binds directly or indirectly via the VAP-FFAT interaction, as determined by systematic motif analysis and literature review of binding experiments. Bioinformatic FFAT motif analysis of confirmed interactors, review of binding experimental data Biochimica et biophysica acta High 26898182
2017 Murine and human norovirus NS1/2 protein directly binds the MSP domain of VAPA through an FFAT motif mimic in the NS1 domain; mutations within this mimic disrupt VAPA binding and reduce viral replication efficiency at a step after cytoplasmic RNA entry but before minus-strand RNA synthesis; VAPA/B-deficient cells show reduced norovirus replication. Structural analysis of NS1 domain, co-immunoprecipitation, VAPA/B-knockout cells, mutagenesis of FFAT mimic, replication cycle stage analysis mBio High 28698274
2018 VAPA and VAPB interact with Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 potassium channels via a noncanonical VAP-binding motif on the channel C-terminus, recruiting VAPs to ER-PM junctions; the interaction depends on Kv2's PRC/clustering motif and the FFAT-binding domain on VAPA; VAPA knockout reduces Kv2.1 clustering at ER-PM junctions. Proximity biotinylation (BioID), colocalization/redistribution assays, siRNA knockdown, FRET, CD4 chimeras, VAPA-KO mammalian cells, affinity immunopurification/mass spectrometry from mouse brain Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences / The Journal of Neuroscience High 29941597 30012696
2018 VAPA and VAPB interact with the ATG proteins FIP200, ULK1, and WIPI2 via FFAT motifs to stabilize the ULK1/FIP200 complex at autophagosome formation sites on the ER, contributing to ER-isolation membrane (IM) contact site formation during autophagosome biogenesis; VAPA/B depletion impairs IM progression into autophagosomes and reduces ULK1 puncta formation. Depletion (RNAi), direct binding assays, co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence imaging of autophagosome formation, VAPB P56S ALS mutant analysis Current biology High 29628370
2018 VAP-A/B are required at Aichi virus RNA replication sites: they interact with viral proteins 2B, 2BC, 2C, 3A, and 3AB as well as host factors OSBP and SAC1, and siRNA knockdown of VAPA/B inhibits AiV RNA replication and cholesterol accumulation at replication organelles. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, cholesterol accumulation assay, electron microscopy Journal of virology Medium 29367253
2020 Disruption of Kv2.1-VAPA association using a membrane-permeable peptide (TAT-DP-2) derived from Kv2.2 C-terminus disperses Kv2.1 surface clusters, prevents pro-apoptotic potassium current enhancement after injury, and is neuroprotective in a murine ischemia-reperfusion model by reducing infarct size and improving neurological function. Peptide-mediated declustering, in vitro neuronal injury model, in vivo murine stroke model (infarct measurement, behavioral scoring) Science advances High 32937450
2021 Cryo-tomography of a reconstituted in vitro MCS revealed that VAP-A is a highly flexible ER transmembrane protein enabling formation of MCS of variable intermembrane distances; the tethering portion of its partner OSBP forms a central dimeric T-shaped helical region whose geometry facilitates lipid transfer domain movement between membranes. In vitro MCS reconstitution with two membranes, cryo-electron tomography, structural analysis Nature communications High 34103503
2021 The MSP domain of VAPA binds FFAT-like motifs from diverse proteins including SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as determined by solution NMR; specific binding requires defined sequence elements in the FFAT-like motif, with six of eight tested peptides binding specifically. Solution NMR FEBS letters High 34312846
2021 CDIP1 binds VAPA and VAPB through an FFAT-like motif in its C-terminal region; mutations in this motif reduce CDIP1-induced caspase-3/7-mediated cell death, indicating that VAPA/B interaction contributes to CDIP1-mediated apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation, FFAT motif mutagenesis, caspase-3/7 activity assay International journal of molecular sciences Medium 33503978
2022 VAP-A drives biogenesis of a ceramide-dependent, RNA-containing subpopulation of small extracellular vesicles; VAP-A knockdown reduces EV RNA content and ceramide levels in EVs; the VAP-A binding partner CERT (ceramide transfer protein) localizes to MVBs and its knockdown phenocopies VAP-A knockdown; neutral sphingomyelinase 2 colocalizes with VAP-A-positive ER, and VAP-A promotes luminal filling of MVBs. VAP-A knockdown, lipid analysis, imaging (CERT/MVB colocalization, nSMase2 colocalization), EV RNA quantification, in vivo tumor formation assay Developmental cell High 35421371
2023 VAP-A, hyperphosphorylated ORP3, and Rab7 form a VOR complex at the outer nuclear membrane; this complex promotes the formation of nuclear envelope invaginations (NEIs) exploited by HIV-1 for nuclear entry; silencing VAPA or ORP3 inhibits nuclear transfer of HIV-1 components and productive infection. siRNA knockdown, co-immunoprecipitation, imaging of nuclear envelope invaginations, HIV-1 infection assay in HeLa and CD4+ T cells Nature communications High 37563144
2023 VAP-A localization to different membrane contact sites (ER-mitochondria and ER-Golgi) depends on its intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs); removing IDRs restricts VAP-A to ER-mitochondria MCS exclusively. VAP-A interacts with PTPIP51 and VPS13A at ER-mitochondria MCS to promote mitochondrial fusion through lipid transfer and cardiolipin buildup, and with OSBP and CERT at ER-Golgi MCS for lipid exchange. IDR deletion mutants, fluorescence imaging of VAP-A distribution, mitochondrial fusion assay, lipid analysis (cardiolipin), co-immunoprecipitation Developmental cell High 36693319
2024 VAPA is required for proper cell motility; VAPA-depleted CaCo2 cells show collective and individual motility defects, disorganized actin cytoskeleton, and altered protrusive activity. VAPA maintains PI(4)P and PI(4,5)P2 levels at the plasma membrane during migration via its MSP domain. VAPA stabilizes and anchors ventral ER-PM contact sites to focal adhesions and mediates microtubule-dependent focal adhesion disassembly. VAPA depletion (siRNA), live-cell migration assays, phosphoinositide imaging, focal adhesion dynamics imaging, ER-PM contact site visualization eLife High 38446032
2025 VAPA promotes degradation of JAK1 by facilitating the interaction between the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 and JAK1, enhancing JAK1 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thereby negatively regulating IFN-I (JAK-STAT) signaling during viral infection. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibition, NEDD4-deficient cells, viral replication assay Veterinary microbiology Medium 40080976
2025 VAPA is required for sphingolipid transport to Leishmania-containing parasitophorous vacuoles in macrophages and for bi-directional lipid exchange between the parasite vacuole and ER; VAPA knockdown prevents L. amazonensis replication and vacuole expansion; L. amazonensis hijacks VAPA by disrupting its interactions with lipid transfer proteins CERT and ORP1L. siRNA knockdown, fluorescent ceramide tracking, proximity-ligation assay, co-immunoprecipitation, intracellular parasite replication assay PLoS pathogens High 40163521
2026 VAPA localizes to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) in proximity to nuclear lamins, emerin, LAP2 isoforms, and Nup153; VAPA depletion reduces nuclear lamin levels, causes aberrant nuclear morphology (membrane invaginations and tunnels), and alters histone acetylation levels. RAPIDS proximity proteomics (rapamycin/APEX-SILAC), fluorescence imaging, VAPA depletion with nuclear morphology readout, lamin Western blot Journal of cell science Medium 41537431
2025 VAPA:ORP1L:RAB7 multi-protein complex forms membrane contact sites between the ER and RAB7/LAMP1-positive endolysosomes; this complex participates in ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) of misfolded ATZ polymers by engaging the CNX-FAM134B-LC3 segregation complex and facilitating STX17/VAMP8-mediated membrane fusion for ATZ delivery to endolysosomes. Co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence imaging of MCS, functional ERLAD assay with ATZ client Autophagy reports Medium 41179805

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 89 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2004 Interactions between viral nonstructural proteins and host protein hVAP-33 mediate the formation of hepatitis C virus RNA replication complex on lipid raft. Journal of virology 268 15016871
2016 VAP, a Versatile Access Point for the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Review and analysis of FFAT-like motifs in the VAPome. Biochimica et biophysica acta 258 26898182
2002 Vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein-A (VAP-A) interacts with the oxysterol-binding protein to modify export from the endoplasmic reticulum. The Journal of biological chemistry 211 12023275
2018 The ER Contact Proteins VAPA/B Interact with Multiple Autophagy Proteins to Modulate Autophagosome Biogenesis. Current biology : CB 152 29628370
2018 Kv2 potassium channels form endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane junctions via interaction with VAPA and VAPB. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 141 29941597
2003 Deletion of vapA encoding Virulence Associated Protein A attenuates the intracellular actinomycete Rhodococcus equi. Molecular microbiology 112 14507368
2018 Identification of VAPA and VAPB as Kv2 Channel-Interacting Proteins Defining Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Junctions in Mammalian Brain Neurons. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 105 30012696
2022 VAP-A and its binding partner CERT drive biogenesis of RNA-containing extracellular vesicles at ER membrane contact sites. Developmental cell 101 35421371
2011 Viperin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by interfering with binding of NS5A to host protein hVAP-33. The Journal of general virology 95 21957124
2003 Norwalk virus nonstructural protein p48 forms a complex with the SNARE regulator VAP-A and prevents cell surface expression of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. Journal of virology 78 14557663
2001 VAP-A binds promiscuously to both v- and tSNAREs. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 77 11511104
2008 Evolution of the Rhodococcus equi vap pathogenicity island seen through comparison of host-associated vapA and vapB virulence plasmids. Journal of bacteriology 76 18606735
2007 Molecular epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi based on traA, vapA, and vapB virulence plasmid markers. The Journal of infectious diseases 67 17674320
2008 FFAT rescues VAPA-mediated inhibition of ER-to-Golgi transport and VAPB-mediated ER aggregation. Journal of cell science 60 18713837
2004 The LysR-type transcriptional regulator VirR is required for expression of the virulence gene vapA of Rhodococcus equi ATCC 33701. Journal of bacteriology 60 15317761
2014 Membrane-bound methyltransferase complex VapA-VipC-VapB guides epigenetic control of fungal development. Developmental cell 58 24871947
2017 Noroviruses Co-opt the Function of Host Proteins VAPA and VAPB for Replication via a Phenylalanine-Phenylalanine-Acidic-Tract-Motif Mimic in Nonstructural Viral Protein NS1/2. mBio 54 28698274
2018 Model of OSBP-Mediated Cholesterol Supply to Aichi Virus RNA Replication Sites Involving Protein-Protein Interactions among Viral Proteins, ACBD3, OSBP, VAP-A/B, and SAC1. Journal of virology 50 29367253
2021 Nanoscale architecture of a VAP-A-OSBP tethering complex at membrane contact sites. Nature communications 43 34103503
2003 Analysis of anamnestic immune responses in adult horses and priming in neonates induced by a DNA vaccine expressing the vapA gene of Rhodococcus equi. Vaccine 43 12922115
2004 Foal IgG and opsonizing anti-Rhodococcus equi antibodies after immunization of pregnant mares with a protective VapA candidate vaccine. Veterinary microbiology 42 15530741
2015 vapA (A-layer) typing differentiates Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies and identifies a number of previously undescribed subtypes. Journal of fish diseases 41 25846742
2020 Targeted disruption of Kv2.1-VAPA association provides neuroprotection against ischemic stroke in mice by declustering Kv2.1 channels. Science advances 35 32937450
2022 Large Oncosome-Loaded VAPA Promotes Bone-Tropic Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Via Formation of Osteoclastic Pre-Metastatic Niche. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 34 36169100
2006 Internally controlled real-time PCR method for quantitative species-specific detection and vapA genotyping of Rhodococcus equi. Applied and environmental microbiology 34 16751540
1997 Assessment of the immunogenic potential of Rhodococcus equi virulence associated protein (VapA) in mice. Veterinary microbiology 33 9226836
2023 VAP-A intrinsically disordered regions enable versatile tethering at membrane contact sites. Developmental cell 32 36693319
2005 Evaluation of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of Rhodococcus equi and the vapA gene. American journal of veterinary research 30 16173481
2009 The glycolipid transfer protein interacts with the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein VAP-A. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 26 19665998
1997 Restriction enzyme analysis of the virulence plasmids of VapA-positive Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from humans and horses. Journal of clinical microbiology 25 9041424
2011 Mucosal co-immunization of mice with recombinant lactococci secreting VapA antigen and leptin elicits a protective immune response against Rhodococcus equi infection. Vaccine 23 22019740
1997 Protective effect against Rhodococcus equi infection in mice of IgG purified from horses vaccinated with virulence associated protein (VapA)-enriched antigens. Veterinary microbiology 23 9226833
1993 Transcriptional analysis of the Aeromonas salmonicida S-layer protein gene vapA. Journal of bacteriology 23 7504668
2010 Vaccination of mice with salmonella expressing VapA: mucosal and systemic Th1 responses provide protection against Rhodococcus equi infection. PloS one 22 20072623
2007 Genotypic characterization of VapA positive Rhodococcus equi in foals with pulmonary affection and their soil environment on a warmblood horse breeding farm in Germany. Research in veterinary science 22 17360011
2001 B-Cell epitope mapping of the VapA protein of Rhodococcus equi: implications for early detection of R. equi disease in foals. Journal of clinical microbiology 21 11283104
2015 Sterol liganding of OSBP-related proteins (ORPs) regulates the subcellular distribution of ORP-VAPA complexes and their impacts on organelle structure. Steroids 19 25681634
2005 Assessment in mice of vapA-DNA vaccination against Rhodococcus equi infection. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 18 15734542
2017 VapA of Rhodococcus equi binds phosphatidic acid. Molecular microbiology 17 29205554
2007 Oral administration of a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine strain expressing the VapA protein induces protection against infection by Rhodococcus equi. Microbes and infection 17 17307012
2016 The Rhodococcus equi virulence protein VapA disrupts endolysosome function and stimulates lysosome biogenesis. MicrobiologyOpen 16 27762083
2021 The Novel ALG-2 Target Protein CDIP1 Promotes Cell Death by Interacting with ESCRT-I and VAPA/B. International journal of molecular sciences 15 33503978
2023 HIV-1-induced nuclear invaginations mediated by VAP-A, ORP3, and Rab7 complex explain infection of activated T cells. Nature communications 14 37563144
2011 The vapA co-expressed virulence plasmid gene vcgB (orf10) of the intracellular actinomycete Rhodococcus equi. Microbiology (Reading, England) 14 21565932
2004 Immunogenecity of synthetic peptides representing linear B-cell epitopes of VapA of Rhodococcus equi. Vaccine 14 15003638
2024 The ER tether VAPA is required for proper cell motility and anchors ER-PM contact sites to focal adhesions. eLife 13 38446032
2021 Sequence requirements of the FFAT-like motif for specific binding to VAP-A are revealed by NMR. FEBS letters 13 34312846
2019 Oncogenic Effect of the Novel Fusion Gene VAPA-Rab31 in Lung Adenocarcinoma. International journal of molecular sciences 13 31083279
2016 Use of Serial Quantitative PCR of the vapA Gene of Rhodococcus equi in Feces for Early Detection of R. equi Pneumonia in Foals. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 13 26806422
1995 The leucine zipper of Aeromonas salmonicida AbcA is required for the transcriptional activation of the P2 promoter of the surface-layer structural gene, vapA, in Escherichia coli. Molecular microbiology 13 7494486
2019 Biogeography of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida inferred by vapA genotyping. FEMS microbiology letters 12 30977802
2008 Chimeric vapA/groEL2 DNA vaccines enhance clearance of Rhodococcus equi in aerosol challenged C3H/He mice. Vaccine 12 18423949
2002 Serum and mucosal antibodies of infected foals recognized two distinct epitopes of VapA of Rhodococcus equi. FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 12 12443830
2024 Cancer-associated fibroblasts derived exosomal LINC01833 promotes the occurrence of non-small cell lung cancer through miR-335-5p -VAPA axis. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology 11 39152098
2006 Molecular typing of VapA-positive Rhodococcus equi isolates from Jeju native horses, Korea. The Journal of veterinary medical science 11 16598168
2010 Human VAPA and the yeast VAP Scs2p with an altered proline distribution can phenocopy amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated VAPB(P56S). Biochemical and biophysical research communications 10 21144830
2008 Association between polymorphisms in the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein A (VAPA) gene on chromosome 18p and bipolar disorder. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 10 18665321
2013 Failure of a VapA/CpG oligodeoxynucleotide vaccine to protect foals against experimental Rhocococcus equi pneumonia despite induction of VapA-specific antibody and interferon-γ response. Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire 9 24101791
2011 Development of a live, attenuated, potential vaccine strain of R. equi expressing vapA and the virR operon, and virulence assessment in the mouse. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 9 22088674
2010 Interaction between the motor protein prestin and the transporter protein VAPA. Biochimica et biophysica acta 9 20359505
2004 Rapid determination of vapA/vapB genotype in Rhodococcus equi using a differential polymerase chain reaction method. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 9 15031644
2015 Validation and evaluation of VapA-specific IgG and IgG subclass enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to identify foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine veterinary journal 8 25257622
2002 Molecular epidemiology of VapA-positive Rhodococcus equi in thoroughbred horses in Kagoshima, Japan. The Journal of veterinary medical science 8 12237518
2005 Immune response to vaccines based upon the VapA protein of the horse pathogen, Rhodococcus equi, in a murine model. International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM 7 15715172
2005 Recognition of a B-cell epitope of the VapA protein of Rhodococcus equi in newborn and experimentally infected foals. Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health 7 16219093
2024 The mechanistic basis of the membrane-permeabilizing activities of the virulence-associated protein A (VapA) from Rhodococcus equi. Molecular microbiology 6 38308564
2023 Analysis of small EV proteomes reveals unique functional protein networks regulated by VAP-A. Proteomics 6 37926697
2018 Identification of a VapA virulence factor functional homolog in Rhodococcus equi isolates housing the pVAPB plasmid. PloS one 6 30286098
2025 VAPA suppresses BEFV and VSV-induced type I IFNs signaling response by targeting JAK1 for NEDD4-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Veterinary microbiology 5 40080976
2023 Isolation and identification of vapA-absent Aeromonas salmonicida in diseased snakehead Channa argus in China. International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology 5 38062211
2021 Role of Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein-Associated Proteins (VAP) A and VAPB in Nuclear Egress of the Alphaherpesvirus Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 5 34200728
2013 Nasal vaccination with attenuated Salmonella expressing VapA: TLR2 activation is not essential for protection against R. equi infection. Vaccine 5 23933366
2013 GPS2 is required for the association of NS5A with VAP-A and hepatitis C virus replication. PloS one 5 24223774
2006 Clinical evaluation of a peptide-ELISA based upon N-terminal B-cell epitope of the VapA protein for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health 5 16629724
2024 Synthesis and Evaluation of [18F]AlF-NOTA-c-DVAP: A Novel PET Probe for Imaging GRP78 in Cancer. Molecular pharmaceutics 4 38554143
2024 Coordination of oxysterol binding protein 1 and VAP-A/B modulates the generation of cholesterol and viral inclusion bodies to promote grass carp reovirus replication. Frontiers in immunology 4 39081319
2023 High immunogenicity of virus-like particles (VLPs) decorated with Aeromonas salmonicida VapA antigen in rainbow trout. Frontiers in immunology 3 37283749
2025 VAPA mediates lipid exchange between Leishmania amazonensis and host macrophages. PLoS pathogens 2 40163521
2025 Isolation of vapA-positive Rhodococcus equi from soil and fecal samples in Mongolia. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2 40754416
2024 The N-terminal domain is required for cell surface localisation of VapA, a member of the Vap family of Rhodococcus equi virulence proteins. PloS one 2 38421980
2021 Development of diagnostic assays for differentiation of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida vapA type V and type VI in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta, Ascanius). Journal of fish diseases 2 33493378
2018 Molecular analysis of the chromosomal 16S rRNA gene and vapA plasmid gene of Polish field strains of R. equi. PloS one 2 30252885
2023 Analysis of small EV proteomes reveals unique functional protein networks regulated by VAP-A. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 1 37502906
2026 VAPA at the inner nuclear membrane affects nuclear lamins and nuclear morphology. Journal of cell science 0 41537431
2026 Endothelial cell-derived IGFBP7 suppresses angiogenesis and tumor progression in colorectal cancer via the VAPA-TGF-β1 pathway. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 0 41692778
2026 VapA/Scs2 sustains polarized growth in Aspergillus nidulans by maintaining AP-2-mediated apical endocytosis. Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) 0 41732678
2025 CNX:FAM134B-driven ERLAD of ATZ polymers proceeds via enhanced formation of VAPA:ORP1L:RAB7 contact sites between ER and endolysosomes. Autophagy reports 0 41179805
2025 Update on VAP, a ubiquitous signpost for the ER. Biological chemistry 0 41261728
2012 [siRNAs targeting La, hVAP-33, eIF2Bgamma, and HCV IRES inhibit the replication and expression of HCV in Huh7 cells]. Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology 0 23207339