Affinage

Showing CDC34 — UBE2R1 is a alias.

CDC34

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R1 · UniProt P49427

Length
236 aa
Mass
26.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
82 papers in source corpus 55 papers cited in narrative 54 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CDC34 (UBE2R1/Ubc3) is a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) that drives the G1-to-S cell cycle transition by assembling K48-linked polyubiquitin chains on regulatory substrates marked for proteasomal degradation (PMID:2842867, PMID:1848239). Catalysis proceeds through a thioester at the active-site Cys95, and a dominant-negative C95S mutant blocks both growth and substrate ubiquitination, establishing the catalytic center (PMID:7592826). CDC34 shows intrinsic kinetic selectivity for processive K48-linked multiubiquitination (PMID:1848239), with chain processivity and linkage specificity governed by a conserved acidic loop and catalytic-core residues that position the donor ubiquitin and lower the pKa of the attacking acceptor lysine (PMID:16360039, PMID:17698585, PMID:21474069, PMID:24129577). CDC34 functions as the obligate E2 for SCF (Skp1–Cullin/Cdc53–F-box) cullin-RING ligases: Cdc53 scaffolds independent binding sites for CDC34 and Skp1, the RING subunit Hrt1/ROC1 stimulates activity, and the disordered acidic C-terminal tail mediates high-affinity electrostatic binding to the SCF basic canyon while also directly promoting ubiquitin transfer (PMID:9499404, PMID:10385629, PMID:19875449, PMID:25425648). Through SCF complexes it ubiquitinates cell cycle regulators including Sic1, Swe1/Wee1, and p27Kip1 to license replication and mitotic entry (PMID:9285816, PMID:9716410, PMID:9836638, PMID:15652359), and acts with SCF(βTrCP) on phospho-IκBα in a UbcH5/CDC34 handoff in which a priming E2 attaches the first ubiquitin and CDC34 elongates the K48 chain (PMID:10918611, PMID:20347421). CDC34 also mediates degradation of additional substrates (ATF5, hICERIIγ, B-Myb, c-Ski) and, in the case of Met4, catalyzes a non-proteolytic ubiquitination that inactivates a transcription factor without destroying it (PMID:10373550, PMID:10975521, PMID:10871850, PMID:15122324). Its activity is tuned by CK2 phosphorylation of both the catalytic domain and acidic tail, which stimulates ubiquitin charging and accelerates cell cycle progression (PMID:17461777, PMID:18418079). CDC34 is itself a substrate for autoubiquitination and SCF(βTrCP)-mediated turnover, from which the COP9 signalosome protects it (PMID:8383676, PMID:20378537).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 30 steps
  1. 1988 High

    Established the founding identity of CDC34 as an enzyme rather than merely a cell cycle gene, by showing the protein directly conjugates ubiquitin.

    Evidence In vitro ubiquitination of histones H2A/H2B with bacterially expressed protein plus genetic complementation in yeast

    PMID:2842867

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological substrates not yet identified
    • Mechanism of cell cycle coupling unknown
  2. 1991 High

    Defined CDC34's distinctive catalytic preference, showing it is a bifunctional E2 with marked kinetic selectivity for processive K48-linked chains, distinguishing it from RAD6.

    Evidence In vitro conjugation assays with K48R ubiquitin variants and kinetic analysis of purified recombinant proteins

    PMID:1848239

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of K48 selectivity unresolved
    • E3 partners not yet defined
  3. 1992 High

    Localized cell cycle function to a portable C-terminal tail rather than the catalytic core, by transplanting the tail onto RAD6 to confer CDC34 activity.

    Evidence Chimeric E2 construction and in vivo complementation of cdc34 mutants

    PMID:1639075 PMID:1639076

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular partner contacted by the tail unknown
    • Did not distinguish substrate targeting from E3 binding
  4. 1995 High

    Identified Cys95 as the catalytic active-site residue and demonstrated a dominant-negative blockade of an authentic substrate (Cln2).

    Evidence C95S/L99S mutagenesis with in vitro ubiquitination and overexpression growth-arrest phenotype

    PMID:7592826

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase context for Cln2 not yet defined
  5. 1995 Medium

    Mapped catalytic-domain residues (S73, S97, the Cdc34-class insertion) defining the enzyme family and their epistatic interactions.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis with intragenic suppression and in vivo complementation

    PMID:7565715

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-level role of these residues not structurally resolved at the time
  6. 1997 High

    Placed CDC34 within the SCF machinery by reconstituting Sic1 multiubiquitination requiring CDC34, CDC4, CDC53, SKP1, and Cln/Cdc28 kinase.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution in fractionated yeast extract with immunodepletion and Sic1 deletion analysis

    PMID:9285816

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and architecture of the E2-E3 interaction undefined
    • RING subunit not yet identified
  7. 1998 High

    Defined SCF architecture, showing Cdc53 is a scaffold with separate CDC34 and Skp1 sites and that F-box proteins confer substrate specificity, with CDC34 as the shared E2.

    Evidence Co-IP, two-hybrid, and genetic analysis across multiple F-box proteins; parallel human SCF(SKP2) complex co-IP

    PMID:9430629 PMID:9499404

    Open questions at the time
    • How CDC34 is positioned relative to substrate for catalysis unknown
  8. 1998 High

    Connected CDC34/SCF to cell cycle timing by showing CDC34-dependent degradation of Cdk-inhibitory kinases Swe1/Wee1 couples mitotic entry to S-phase completion.

    Evidence Yeast extract polyubiquitination assays and Xenopus egg extract immunodepletion with replication checkpoint experiments

    PMID:9716410 PMID:9836638

    Open questions at the time
    • Checkpoint signal that gates CDC34 activity not identified
  9. 1999 High

    Identified the RING subunit Hrt1/ROC1 as an activator of CDC34 and reconstituted SCF ubiquitination with recombinant components.

    Evidence Mass spectrometry identification, recombinant SCF reconstitution, and binding/ubiquitination assays

    PMID:10385629

    Open questions at the time
    • Conformational mechanism of RING activation of CDC34 not yet resolved
  10. 1999 High

    Extended CDC34 function beyond cell cycle to NF-κB signaling, showing it catalyzes SCF(βTrCP)-dependent polyubiquitination of phospho-IκBα.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution with recombinant components and co-IP from human cells; phosphopeptide substrate assays

    PMID:10437795 PMID:10918611

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative roles of CDC34 versus other E2s in vivo unresolved
    • Mechanism of chain initiation vs elongation not yet dissected
  11. 2000 High

    Revealed a non-proteolytic mode of CDC34/SCF ubiquitination, where ubiquitinated Met4 is stable but transcriptionally inactivated.

    Evidence Genetic epistasis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination and stability assays

    PMID:10975521

    Open questions at the time
    • Reader machinery interpreting non-degradative chains not defined
  12. 2003 Medium

    Established that CDC34 self-association, dependent on the thioester and active-site residues, is a prerequisite for multiubiquitin chain assembly.

    Evidence In vivo co-IP, site-directed mutagenesis, and in vitro thiolester assays

    PMID:12861024

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether dimerization occurs on the SCF in vivo not established
  13. 2003 High

    Defined the catalytic cycle dynamics, showing that release of charged CDC34~Ub from the SCF(Cdc4) RING is essential for substrate ubiquitination.

    Evidence Kinetic binding assays with F72V high-RING-affinity mutant and in vitro ubiquitination

    PMID:13678584

    Open questions at the time
    • How charging-coupled affinity change is structurally encoded unresolved at the time
  14. 2005 High

    Dissected chain synthesis into rate-limiting initiation and rapid elongation and assigned processivity/K48 specificity to the conserved acidic loop.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution with acidic-loop mutagenesis, kinetics, and linkage determination

    PMID:16360039

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic mechanism by which the loop enforces K48 not yet defined
  15. 2005 Medium

    Demonstrated proximity/dimerization-driven activation, with the ROC1/CUL1-Nedd8 module or forced dimerization constitutively activating K48 chain assembly.

    Evidence In vitro chain synthesis with GST-fusion and FKBP chemical-induced dimerization

    PMID:16210246

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological trigger for the activating proximity in vivo unclear
  16. 2005 Medium

    Linked CDC34 to mammalian proliferation control specifically through p27Kip1 degradation.

    Evidence Antisense knockdown with double-knockdown epistasis and proliferation assays in human cells

    PMID:15652359

    Open questions at the time
    • Off-target contributions of antisense not fully excluded
    • F-box receptor for p27 not addressed here
  17. 2007 High

    Separated the active-site machinery for monoubiquitination from that for chain elongation and assigned individual catalytic residues.

    Evidence Systematic mutagenesis with in vitro IκBα and chain assembly assays

    PMID:17698585

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural confirmation of proposed oxyanion/lysine coordination lacking at the time
  18. 2007 High

    Established CK2 phosphorylation of the acidic tail as a positive regulator linking phosphorylation to faster Sic1 degradation and cell cycle progression.

    Evidence In vitro kinase and ubiquitination assays plus in vivo cell cycle synchronization with phosphosite mutants

    PMID:17461777

    Open questions at the time
    • How tail phosphorylation alters SCF binding or catalysis mechanistically unresolved
  19. 2008 High

    Identified CK2 phosphorylation within the catalytic domain (S130/S167) as required for stimulated ubiquitin charging and in vivo function.

    Evidence Mass spectrometry, in vitro charging assays, and complementation with S130A/S167A mutant

    PMID:18418079

    Open questions at the time
    • Conformational consequence of catalytic-domain phosphorylation not directly visualized
  20. 2009 High

    Showed the acidic C-terminal tail has a dual role: submicromolar electrostatic binding to SCF and a direct catalytic contribution to ubiquitin transfer.

    Evidence Kinetics, deletion mutants, and CDC34-Cul1 fusion constructs in in vitro ubiquitination

    PMID:19875449

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the catalytic tail function unresolved
  21. 2010 High

    Resolved E2 handoff in IκBα polyubiquitination: UbcH5 primes the substrate and CDC34 elongates the K48 chain on the receptor ubiquitin.

    Evidence Biochemical reconstitution with ubiquitin fusion receptor constructs and kinetics

    PMID:20347421

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether handoff applies generally to other SCF substrates not established
  22. 2010 High

    Defined non-covalent ubiquitin-binding sites in the human CDC34 C-terminus and identified residues governing K48 lysine selectivity, mapping the structural basis of donor/acceptor positioning.

    Evidence NMR chemical shift perturbation, mutagenesis, in vitro ubiquitination, and yeast complementation; Sic1 lysine-selectivity assays

    PMID:20194622 PMID:20353940

    Open questions at the time
    • How these surfaces operate within the assembled SCF in real time unresolved
  23. 2010 Medium

    Identified CDC34 as a regulated target of its own pathway, protected from SCF(βTrCP)-mediated degradation by the COP9 signalosome.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown of CSN4/CSN5, co-IP, and domain mapping of the UBC3 C-terminal extension

    PMID:20378537

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological conditions triggering CDC34 turnover unclear
    • Single-lab co-IP evidence
  24. 2011 High

    Provided structural and mechanistic detail on donor-ubiquitin engagement, showing the disordered C-terminus contacts a non-canonical lysine-rich ubiquitin surface and that Ile44 is critical for donor function.

    Evidence NMR with CDC34-Ub disulfide mimetics, ubiquitin/CDC34 mutagenesis, and computational compensatory design

    PMID:21296085 PMID:21474069

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional weight of the two conformational states in catalysis not quantified
  25. 2011 High

    Validated CDC34 as a druggable target, identifying the allosteric inhibitor CC0651 that blocks ubiquitin discharge and causes p27Kip1 accumulation.

    Evidence Crystal structure of the inhibitor-bound enzyme, biochemical inhibition assays, and cell-based p27 accumulation

    PMID:21683433

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo efficacy and selectivity of the chemotype not established here
  26. 2011 Medium

    Proposed a molecular switch model in which CK2 phosphorylation opens the catalytic cleft via electrostatic repulsion to enhance charging.

    Evidence Microsecond molecular dynamics simulation with supporting biochemical assays

    PMID:21637798

    Open questions at the time
    • Computational model not confirmed by direct structural observation
    • Single-lab study
  27. 2014 Medium

    Detailed the multi-conformational electrostatic CDC34 tail–SCF basic canyon interaction and showed it generalizes across cullin-RING ligases.

    Evidence Protein cross-linking mass spectrometry and binding analysis, including Cul2

    PMID:25425648

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution structure of the encounter complex lacking
  28. 2019 High

    Delivered atomic-resolution mechanism by solving CDC34 structures alone, bound to E1, and as a CDC34~Ub thioester mimic, revealing the closed conformation required for discharge.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography with biochemical and cell-based functional validation

    PMID:31341161

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of the full CDC34~Ub–SCF–substrate complex during chain elongation not captured
  29. 2020 Medium

    Uncovered an SCF-independent, pro-oncogenic role where CDC34 competes with c-Cbl to shield EGFR from degradation, promoting NSCLC growth.

    Evidence siRNA screen, co-IP, and in vitro/in vivo tumor models with knockdown

    PMID:32114396

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CDC34 catalytic activity is required for EGFR stabilization unclear
    • Single-lab finding
  30. 2026 Medium

    Revealed a regulatory role for the N-terminal extension in controlling processive self-elongation using a selective nanobody tool.

    Evidence Nanobody isolation and in vitro charging/chain synthesis assays

    PMID:41706475

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological relevance of N-terminal control in cells not established
    • Single-lab biochemical study

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How CDC34's many regulatory inputs (CK2, PKA/Sch9 phosphorylation, COP9 protection, dimerization, conformational tail/Ub contacts) are integrated on an assembled SCF to determine substrate choice and proteolytic versus non-proteolytic outcomes in living cells remains unresolved.
  • No structure of the complete CDC34~Ub–SCF–substrate elongation complex
  • Substrate-selection logic in vivo not fully mapped
  • Integration of multiple kinase inputs under physiological signaling untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 6 GO:0016740 transferase activity 4 GO:0003723 RNA binding 3 GO:0031386 protein tag activity 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 1
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 5 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3
Partners
BTRCCSNK2BCUL1EGFRRBX1SKP1SKP2UBE2D1
Complex memberships
SCF (Skp1-Cul1/Cdc53-F-box) ubiquitin ligase

Evidence

Reading pass · 54 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1988 CDC34 encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2); the bacterially expressed CDC34 protein catalyzes covalent attachment of ubiquitin to histones H2A and H2B in vitro, establishing its enzymatic activity and its role in G1-to-S cell cycle transition. In vitro ubiquitination assay with bacterially expressed protein; genetic complementation Science High 2842867
1991 CDC34 is a bifunctional E2 enzyme competent in both E3-independent and E3-dependent ubiquitin conjugation reactions, and shows marked kinetic selectivity for processive multiubiquitination via Lys-48 of ubiquitin, in contrast to RAD6 which does not preferentially use K48. In vitro ubiquitin conjugation assays with purified recombinant proteins; kinetic analysis; K48R ubiquitin variants The Journal of biological chemistry High 1848239
1992 The CDC34 C-terminal tail (residues 171-244) is a portable determinant of cell cycle function; transplanting this tail onto RAD6 generates a chimeric E2 that performs CDC34 cell cycle functions, while the catalytic domain alone is insufficient for cell cycle activity. Chimeric E2 construction; in vivo complementation of cdc34 mutants; deletion analysis The EMBO journal High 1639075 1639076
1993 Bacterially expressed Cdc34 catalyzes its own ubiquitination (autoubiquitination) via intramolecular transfer, forming predominantly a single Lys48-linked multiubiquitin chain; the chain attaches within the C-terminal region (residues 215-295) on any of four lysines (K273, K277, K293, K294). In vitro autoubiquitination assay with purified recombinant CDC34; hydroxylamine cleavage; site-directed mutagenesis of lysine residues The Journal of biological chemistry High 8383676
1993 Human CDC34 cDNA functionally complements yeast CDC34 deletion, establishing that the human protein is a functional homolog of the yeast cell cycle ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; the gene is located on chromosome 19p13.3. Yeast complementation; Southern blot; chromosomal mapping Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 8248134
1994 Cdc34 (Ubc3) is itself a substrate for ubiquitination and phosphorylation in vivo; immunochemical localization places the protein in the nucleus. In vivo ubiquitination assay; phosphorylation detection; immunofluorescence/immunochemical localization Molecular and cellular biology Medium 8164658
1994 A 39-residue region of the CDC34 C-terminal tail adjacent to the catalytic domain is necessary and sufficient for full cell cycle function and mediates CDC34 self-association (dimerization) in vitro, as shown by cross-linking. Deletion mutagenesis; biophysical characterization; chemical cross-linking; in vivo complementation The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 7929378
1995 Cdc34 contains a non-covalent ubiquitin binding site; overexpression of ubiquitin suppresses cdc34 temperature-sensitive mutations in an allele-specific manner, and chemical cross-linking confirms a specific noncovalent Ub-CDC34 interaction, indicating correct positioning of Ub on the E2 surface is required for function. Genetic suppression screen; chemical cross-linking; in vivo complementation with ubiquitin variants The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 7721857
1995 Cdc34 residues S73 and S97 (defining the Cdc34 class of E2 catalytic domains) are critical for function; S97 (near active-site C95) is essential, and intragenic suppression between S97D and S73K mutations, further rescued by deletion of residues 103-114 (the unique Cdc34 insertion), defines epistatic interactions within the catalytic domain. Site-directed mutagenesis; in vivo complementation; intragenic suppression analysis Molecular and cellular biology Medium 7565715
1995 A dominant-negative Cdc34 (C95S/L99S double mutant) blocks cell growth when overexpressed and inhibits in vitro ubiquitination of the Cdc34-specific substrate Cln2, establishing that Cys95 is the catalytic active-site residue. Site-directed mutagenesis; in vitro ubiquitination assay; overexpression phenotype analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 7592826
1995 Cbf2p/Ndc10p (a kinetochore protein) is an in vivo substrate of Cdc34; purified Cdc34p catalyzes monoubiquitin conjugation to Cbf2p in vitro, and cdc34-2 mutation alters Cbf2p modification pattern in vivo. In vitro ubiquitination assay; immunoprecipitation with anti-ubiquitin antibody; genetic suppression Molecular and cellular biology Medium 7651401
1997 SIC1 multiubiquitination is reconstituted in yeast extract and requires CDC34 (E2), CDC4, CDC53, SKP1, and CLN/CDC28 kinase; the N-terminal 160 residues of Sic1 are necessary and sufficient for CDC34-dependent ubiquitination. In vitro reconstitution in fractionated yeast extract; immunodepletion; deletion analysis of Sic1 Molecular biology of the cell High 9285816
1997 In Xenopus egg extracts, Cdc34p present in a large complex is required for initiation of DNA replication and appears to regulate Cdk2-cyclin E function, possibly through degradation of the Xenopus CDK inhibitor Xic1. Xenopus egg extract reconstitution; immunodepletion of Cdc34 Science Medium 9287222
1998 Cdc53 functions as a scaffold protein in SCF complexes, containing independent binding sites for Cdc34 and Skp1; Skp1 bridges Cdc53 to F-box proteins (Cdc4, Met30, Grr1) which provide substrate specificity, while the Cdc34-Cdc53-Skp1 E2/E3 core is required for all SCF functions. Co-immunoprecipitation; two-hybrid; in vivo genetic analysis; biochemical fractionation Genes & development High 9499404
1998 SCF(Met30) and Cdc34 are required for degradation of the Cdk-inhibitory kinase Swe1; Met30 binds Swe1 in vivo (GST pulldown), and extracts from cdc34 or met30 mutants are defective in Swe1 polyubiquitination. GST pulldown; in vitro polyubiquitination assay with mutant extracts; genetic interactions Genes & development High 9716410
1998 Human CUL-1 and CDC34 are partners of p45(SKP2) in vivo, forming a large multiprotein complex with p19(SKP1) and cyclin A, representing the human SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Co-immunoprecipitation from human cells; complex purification The EMBO journal Medium 9430629
1998 Wee1 kinase is degraded in a Cdc34-dependent fashion in Xenopus egg extracts; this proteolysis is required for timely entry into mitosis and is inhibited when DNA replication is blocked, coupling mitosis to completion of S phase. Xenopus egg extract assay; immunodepletion of Cdc34; DNA replication checkpoint experiments Science High 9836638
1999 Hrt1 (RING-H2 protein) is a subunit of SCF that binds Cdc4, Cdc53, and Cdc34 (but not Skp1) individually, potently stimulates SCF E3 activity, and enables reconstitution of Cln2 ubiquitination; the Cdc53/Hrt1 subcomplex activates Cdc34 autoubiquitination by a mechanism not requiring a reactive thiol. Mass spectrometry identification; recombinant SCF reconstitution; binding assays; in vitro ubiquitination Genes & development High 10385629
1999 Human Cdc34 ubiquitinates repressors of cAMP-induced transcription hICERIIgamma and hATF5 in mammalian cells, targeting them for proteasomal degradation; this requires active ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme activity and abrogates repression of cAMP-induced transcription. Yeast two-hybrid; transfection with dominant-negative and antisense CDC34; ubiquitination assays in cells Molecular and cellular biology Medium 10373550
1999 Phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination of IκBα is catalyzed by Ubc3 (CDC34) together with SCF(β-TRCP); ubiquitin is transferred directly from the E2 to phospho-IκBα in an SCF(β-TRCP)-dependent reaction. Ubc4 is also capable but is 19-fold more efficient than Ubc3 in this reaction in THP.1 cells. In vitro reconstitution with recombinant components; co-immunoprecipitation from human cells Oncogene High 10918611
1999 A complex containing βTrCP, Skp1, and Cdc53/Cul1 recruits Cdc34 to catalyze polyubiquitination of phosphorylated IκBα peptide; Ubc5 only stimulates mono- and di-ubiquitination whereas Cdc34 is required for polyubiquitination. In vitro ubiquitination assay with phosphopeptide substrate; reconstituted multiprotein complex FEBS letters Medium 10437795
2000 Met4 transcription factor is ubiquitinated by Cdc34/SCF(Met30) but remains stable (proteolysis-independent ubiquitination); ubiquitinated Met4 associates with target promoters but fails to form functional transcription complexes, revealing a non-proteolytic function of Cdc34/SCF ubiquitination. Genetic suppression (met4Δ suppresses met30Δ lethality); chromatin immunoprecipitation; ubiquitination assays; stability analysis Cell High 10975521
2000 B-Myb physically interacts with CDC34 (E2) and p45Skp2 (E3), and ectopic expression of CDC34 or p45Skp2 accelerates B-Myb degradation; cyclin A promotes CDC34-SCF(p45Skp2)-dependent ubiquitination of B-Myb via its C-terminal domain. Co-immunoprecipitation; ubiquitination assay in cells; overexpression/deletion constructs Oncogene Medium 10871850
2000 During interphase, human CDC34 localizes to distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic speckles; nuclear localization requires C-terminal sequences; in anaphase, CDC34 co-localizes with β-tubulin at the mitotic spindle. Immunofluorescence; biochemical fractionation; deletion mutant analysis Journal of cell science Medium 10769200
2001 HSV-1 ICP0 RING finger domain (exon 2) binds Cdc34 E2 and promotes its polyubiquitination; ICP0 functions as a unimolecular E3 ubiquitin ligase where the RING finger binds E2 while a separate C-terminal domain has ligase activity. In vitro substrate-independent ubiquitination; co-immunoprecipitation; RING finger domain analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 11447293
2001 Elevation of Cdc34 protein levels by microinjection into mammalian cells at prophase selectively blocks CENP-E association with kinetochores and inhibits chromosome congression, causing prometaphase arrest; this effect is not reversed by proteasome inhibitors. Microinjection of recombinant Cdc34 into mitotic mammalian cells; immunofluorescence; electron microscopy The Journal of cell biology Medium 11514588
2001 CK2β (casein kinase 2 regulatory subunit) interacts with human CDC34 in vivo; CK2 phosphorylates human CDC34 at five sites within the C-terminal 36 amino acids in vitro; mutation of these CK2 sites shifts CDC34 localization from nucleus to cytoplasm. Yeast two-hybrid; co-immunoprecipitation; in vitro kinase assay; site-directed mutagenesis; immunofluorescence The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11546811
2003 Cdc34 self-associates in vivo (shown by co-immunoprecipitation); self-association is dependent on intact Cdc34-Ub thiolester and requires active-site Cys and residues S73, S97, and the catalytic domain insertion; self-association is a prerequisite for multi-Ub chain assembly. Co-immunoprecipitation; site-directed mutagenesis; in vitro thiolester formation assay Molecular and cellular biology Medium 12861024
2003 Release of ubiquitin-charged Cdc34~Ub from the RING domain of SCF(Cdc4) is essential for ubiquitination of the bound substrate Sic1; formation of the Cdc34~Ub thioester increases dissociation rate from RING, and an F72V Cdc34 mutant with increased RING affinity blocks substrate ubiquitination. Kinetic binding assays; F72V Cdc34 mutant; in vitro ubiquitination assay Cell High 13678584
2004 Cdc34 mediates cell cycle-dependent degradation of c-Ski proto-oncoprotein; dominant-negative Cdc34 stabilizes Ski both in vitro and in vivo, enhancing Ski's ability to antagonize TGF-β signaling. In vitro ubiquitination assay; dominant-negative CDC34 overexpression; protein stability assay Oncogene Medium 15122324
2005 Sic1 ubiquitination by SCF(Cdc4)/Cdc34 proceeds in two steps: rate-limiting attachment of the first ubiquitin, followed by rapid elongation of a K48-linked chain; a conserved acidic loop of Cdc34 has no effect on first ubiquitin attachment but is required for processivity and K48-linkage specificity of chain synthesis. In vitro reconstitution; mutagenesis of the Cdc34 acidic loop; kinetic analysis; linkage determination Cell High 16360039
2005 Human Cdc34 activity in K48-linked polyubiquitin chain synthesis is dramatically enhanced by the SCF ROC1/CUL1-Nedd8 core ligase module; N-terminal GST-fusion or chemical-induced FKBP dimerization of Cdc34 activates it constitutively for K48-chain assembly, demonstrating that dimerization/proximity activates Cdc34 catalysis. In vitro ubiquitin chain synthesis assay; GST-fusion dimerization; chemical-induced dimerization with FKBP/AP20187 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 16210246
2005 Knockdown of human CDC34 by antisense oligonucleotides inhibits degradation of p27Kip1 and prevents cellular proliferation; reducing p27Kip1 with antisense reverses the anti-proliferative phenotype, establishing that CDC34 controls proliferation specifically through p27Kip1 levels. Antisense oligonucleotide knockdown; western blot; cell proliferation assay; epistasis by double knockdown Experimental cell research Medium 15652359
2007 Human Cdc34 employs distinct sites for monoubiquitination vs. polyubiquitin chain assembly: the conserved charged stretch (143-153) and acidic loop residues D102/D103 are required for Ub-Ub ligation but not for mono-ubiquitination of IκBα; N85 stabilizes the oxyanion and coordinates, with S138, the attacking lysine for catalysis; S95 and E108/E112 are required for proper donor Ub positioning. Site-directed mutagenesis; in vitro ubiquitination assay; GST-fusion rescue experiments Molecular and cellular biology High 17698585
2007 CK2 phosphorylates yeast Cdc34 at Ser207 and Ser216 (and human Cdc34 at S203, S222, S231) in the acidic tail domain; phosphorylation increases Cdc34 ubiquitination activity towards Sic1 with SCF(Cdc4) in vitro; phosphosite mutants with higher activity show accelerated cell cycle progression and Sic1 degradation in vivo. In vitro CK2 kinase assay; in vitro ubiquitination assay; site-directed mutagenesis; cell cycle synchronization and flow cytometry The Biochemical journal High 17461777
2008 ATF5 is a substrate of Cdc34-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome degradation; cisplatin prevents ATF5 ubiquitin-dependent degradation by promoting nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of Cdc34 and reducing the ATF5-Cdc34 interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation; cellular fractionation; ubiquitination assay; cisplatin treatment The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 18458088
2008 CK2 phosphorylates Cdc34 within its N-terminal catalytic domain at Ser130 and Ser167; this phosphorylation strongly stimulates Cdc34 ubiquitin charging in vitro; the S130A/S167A mutant has normal basal activity but cannot be activated by CK2 and fails to complement a cdc34-2 ts strain. Mass spectrometry; in vitro kinase assay; ubiquitin charging assay; in vivo complementation Cell cycle High 18418079
2009 The Cdc34 acidic C-terminal tail contributes to submicromolar Km for SCF(Cdc4) binding (electrostatic interaction) and also has an unexpected direct catalytic function in promoting ubiquitin transfer to substrate, independent of its role in E3 binding. Kinetic analysis; deletion mutants; Cdc34-Cul1 fusion constructs; in vitro ubiquitination assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 19875449
2010 Polyubiquitination of IκBα by SCF(βTrCP2) involves a UbcH5/Cdc34 E2 handoff: UbcH5 rapidly transfers the first ubiquitin to IκBα K21/K22; Cdc34 then assembles the K48-linked polyubiquitin chain on the substrate-linked receptor ubiquitin, dependent on SCF and the substrate N-terminus. Biochemical reconstitution with recombinant components; ubiquitin fusion receptor constructs; kinetic analysis Molecular cell High 20347421
2010 Human Cdc34 C-terminus contains two ubiquitin-binding sites (UBS1: residues 206-215; UBS2: 216-225) that interact non-covalently with ubiquitin near K48 and the C-terminal tail; aromatic residues (F206, Y207, Y210, Y211) are required for Ub binding and contribute to SCF-dependent ubiquitination; UBS1 is required for yeast complementation. NMR chemical shift perturbation; site-directed mutagenesis; in vitro IκBα ubiquitination assay; in vivo complementation The Journal of biological chemistry High 20353940
2010 Lysine selectivity by Cdc34 during polyubiquitination of Sic1 depends on amino acids proximal to acceptor lysines both on substrate and on ubiquitin, linked to key residues in the Cdc34 catalytic core; these core residues are independent of SCF and alter whether Cdc34 monoubiquitinates or polyubiquitinates Sic1. Site-directed mutagenesis; in vitro ubiquitination assay with Sic1 and ubiquitin variants; SCF-independent assays Molecular and cellular biology High 20194622
2011 Ubiquitin I44A mutation profoundly inhibits its ability to serve as donor for Cdc34-mediated chain initiation or elongation; this is partially rescued by computationally designed compensatory mutations in Cdc34, indicating that Cdc34 interacts with donor ubiquitin to organize the active site for deprotonation of acceptor lysine. In vitro ubiquitination assay; mutagenesis of ubiquitin and Cdc34; hydroxylamine rescue; pH titration Molecular cell High 21474069
2011 CC0651, a small molecule, selectively inhibits human Cdc34 by inserting into a cryptic allosteric pocket distant from the catalytic site, causing conformational changes without affecting E1/E3 interactions or thioester formation, but blocking ubiquitin discharge to acceptor lysines; inhibition causes p27Kip1 accumulation and cancer cell antiproliferation. Crystal structure determination; biochemical inhibition assays; cell-based p27 accumulation; mutagenesis Cell High 21683433
2011 The disordered CDC34 C-terminus intramolecularly interacts with catalytically bound ubiquitin in the CDC34~Ub complex, associating with a novel lysine-rich surface (K6, K11, K29, K33) on ubiquitin opposite the canonical hydrophobic patch; this interaction exists in two slowly exchanging conformations (compact vs. extended). NMR spectroscopy; CDC34-Ub disulfide mimetic; chemical shift perturbation mapping Journal of molecular biology High 21296085
2011 CK2 phosphorylation of conserved serine residues in the Cdc34 catalytic domain and the acidic β4α2 loop function as a molecular switch: phosphorylation creates electrostatic repulsion that promotes opening of the catalytic cleft, thereby enhancing ubiquitin charging. Molecular dynamics simulation (2.5 µs); biochemical assays; comparative sequence analysis PLoS computational biology Medium 21637798
2011 PKA and Sch9 (nutrient-sensing kinases) phosphorylate Cdc34 at S97 in the catalytic domain in vivo and in vitro; S97 phosphorylation is cell cycle regulated (elevated during active growth, decreased during arrest), providing a direct link between nutrient sensing and G1 cell division. In vitro kinase assay; mass spectrometry; cell cycle synchronization; genetic analysis PloS one Medium 22087249
2013 The acidic loop of human Cdc34 promotes ubiquitination by two mechanisms: (1) facilitating Cdc34-SCF interaction and (2) two glutamic acid residues on the distal side collaborate with a conserved histidine on the proximal side to suppress the pKa of an ionizing species critical for catalysis. In vitro ubiquitination assay; mutagenesis; binding assays; pKa analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 24129577
2014 The Cdc34-SCF interaction occurs in multiple conformations: several residues of the Cdc34 acidic tail contact a broad region of the SCF basic canyon via electrostatic interactions; similar patterns are seen with Cul2, implicating a common mechanism across cullin-RING ligases. Protein cross-linking; mass spectrometry; binding analysis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 25425648
2014 Ube2r1 (Cdc34) requires its C-terminal extension (184-196) for efficient K48-linked polyubiquitination, while the acidic loop residues (Tyr-102/Tyr-104 in the related Ube2g1) control ubiquitin binding and K48-ubiquitylation; oxyester but not disulfide Ube2r1~Ub mimics are functional equivalents of the thioester. In vitro ubiquitylation assay; site-directed mutagenesis; NMR with oxyester E2~Ub mimics The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 25471371
2016 Ube2R1/2 (Cdc34) has exquisite K48 specificity; computational docking and biochemical experiments identify a key electrostatic interaction between Arg54 on ubiquitin and Asp143 on Ube2R1/2 that guides K48 to the active site. Computational docking; site-directed mutagenesis; in vitro ubiquitination assay Molecular and cellular biology Medium 27044868
2019 Crystal structures of Cdc34 alone, in complex with E1 (Uba1), and as a Cdc34~Ub thioester mimetic reveal: (1) unique E1-E2 binding mode requiring conformational changes in both proteins for transthiolation; (2) contacts between the Cdc34 C-terminal extension and ubiquitin stabilize Cdc34~Ub in a closed conformation critical for ubiquitin discharge. X-ray crystallography; biochemical assays; cell-based functional assays Nature communications High 31341161
2020 CDC34 competes with c-Cbl E3 ligase to bind EGFR at Y1045, thereby inhibiting EGFR polyubiquitination and degradation, and promoting NSCLC cell proliferation; knockdown of CDC34 inhibits EGFR-driven lung tumor growth in mouse models. siRNA library screen; co-immunoprecipitation; in vitro and in vivo tumor models; overexpression/knockdown EBioMedicine Medium 32114396
2010 CSN (COP9 signalosome) protects Cdc34/UBC3 from SCF(βTrCP)-mediated degradation; knockdown of CSN4 or CSN5 induces proteasomal degradation of Cdc34, and the acidic C-terminal extension of UBC3 is required and sufficient for SCF(βTrCP)-mediated ubiquitination. siRNA knockdown; co-immunoprecipitation; domain mapping with UBC3 C-terminal fusions The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 20378537
2026 A nanobody (VHH12R1) binding selectively to the Ube2R1 N-terminal extension transiently delays ubiquitin charging, promotes stable mono-ubiquitin conjugate accumulation, and markedly reduces self-directed polyubiquitination without impairing di-ubiquitin synthesis, revealing a regulatory role for the N-terminal extension in controlling processive self-elongation. Nanobody isolation and characterization; in vitro ubiquitin charging and chain synthesis assays; biochemical inhibition analysis The Biochemical journal Medium 41706475

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 82 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1988 The yeast cell cycle gene CDC34 encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Science (New York, N.Y.) 401 2842867
1999 Cdc53/cullin and the essential Hrt1 RING-H2 subunit of SCF define a ubiquitin ligase module that activates the E2 enzyme Cdc34. Genes & development 352 10385629
2000 Regulation of transcription by ubiquitination without proteolysis: Cdc34/SCF(Met30)-mediated inactivation of the transcription factor Met4. Cell 247 10975521
1998 Cdc53 is a scaffold protein for multiple Cdc34/Skp1/F-box proteincomplexes that regulate cell division and methionine biosynthesis in yeast. Genes & development 242 9499404
2005 Mechanism of lysine 48-linked ubiquitin-chain synthesis by the cullin-RING ubiquitin-ligase complex SCF-Cdc34. Cell 240 16360039
2011 An allosteric inhibitor of the human Cdc34 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Cell 197 21683433
1998 Association of human CUL-1 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme CDC34 with the F-box protein p45(SKP2): evidence for evolutionary conservation in the subunit composition of the CDC34-SCF pathway. The EMBO journal 178 9430629
1997 SIC1 is ubiquitinated in vitro by a pathway that requires CDC4, CDC34, and cyclin/CDK activities. Molecular biology of the cell 144 9285816
1998 Cdc34 and the F-box protein Met30 are required for degradation of the Cdk-inhibitory kinase Swe1. Genes & development 129 9716410
1999 A MAP kinase encoded by the ubc3 gene of Ustilago maydis is required for filamentous growth and full virulence. Molecular microbiology 128 10564490
1998 Coupling of mitosis to the completion of S phase through Cdc34-mediated degradation of Wee1. Science (New York, N.Y.) 119 9836638
2010 Priming and extending: a UbcH5/Cdc34 E2 handoff mechanism for polyubiquitination on a SCF substrate. Molecular cell 109 20347421
2011 Essential role for ubiquitin-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme interaction in ubiquitin discharge from Cdc34 to substrate. Molecular cell 108 21474069
2001 The infected cell protein 0 of herpes simplex virus 1 dynamically interacts with proteasomes, binds and activates the cdc34 E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and possesses in vitro E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 11447293
2009 let-7 Overexpression leads to an increased fraction of cells in G2/M, direct down-regulation of Cdc34, and stabilization of Wee1 kinase in primary fibroblasts. The Journal of biological chemistry 93 19126550
1993 Cloning of the human homolog of the CDC34 cell cycle gene by complementation in yeast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90 8248134
1992 A chimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme that combines the cell cycle properties of CDC34 (UBC3) and the DNA repair properties of RAD6 (UBC2): implications for the structure, function and evolution of the E2s. The EMBO journal 87 1639076
1993 The bacterially expressed yeast CDC34 gene product can undergo autoubiquitination to form a multiubiquitin chain-linked protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 85 8383676
1991 Ubiquitin conjugation by the yeast RAD6 and CDC34 gene products. Comparison to their putative rabbit homologs, E2(20K) AND E2(32K). The Journal of biological chemistry 74 1848239
2000 Degradation of B-Myb by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis: involvement of the Cdc34-SCF(p45Skp2) pathway. Oncogene 73 10871850
2003 Release of ubiquitin-charged Cdc34-S - Ub from the RING domain is essential for ubiquitination of the SCF(Cdc4)-bound substrate Sic1. Cell 72 13678584
1992 Identification of a portable determinant of cell cycle function within the carboxyl-terminal domain of the yeast CDC34 (UBC3) ubiquitin conjugating (E2) enzyme. The EMBO journal 71 1639075
1999 Human Cdc34 and Rad6B ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes target repressors of cyclic AMP-induced transcription for proteolysis. Molecular and cellular biology 69 10373550
1994 The Ubc3 (Cdc34) ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme is ubiquitinated and phosphorylated in vivo. Molecular and cellular biology 67 8164658
1997 Proteolysis and DNA replication: the CDC34 requirement in the Xenopus egg cell cycle. Science (New York, N.Y.) 63 9287222
2019 Structural insights into E1 recognition and the ubiquitin-conjugating activity of the E2 enzyme Cdc34. Nature communications 56 31341161
1994 Functional and physical characterization of the cell cycle ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme CDC34 (UBC3). Identification of a functional determinant within the tail that facilitates CDC34 self-association. The Journal of biological chemistry 56 7929378
2004 Blockade of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme CDC34 enhances anti-myeloma activity of Bortezomib/Proteasome inhibitor PS-341. Oncogene 50 15094775
2003 Cdc34 self-association is facilitated by ubiquitin thiolester formation and is required for its catalytic activity. Molecular and cellular biology 48 12861024
2010 Molecular basis for lysine specificity in the yeast ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34. Molecular and cellular biology 43 20194622
2008 The CK2 phosphorylation of catalytic domain of Cdc34 modulates its activity at the G1 to S transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 43 18418079
2001 Enhanced expression of mRNAs of antisecretory factor-1, gp96, DAD1 and CDC34 in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Biochimica et biophysica acta 43 11335099
2007 Cdc34 C-terminal tail phosphorylation regulates Skp1/cullin/F-box (SCF)-mediated ubiquitination and cell cycle progression. The Biochemical journal 42 17461777
2001 Phosphorylation of the human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, CDC34, by casein kinase 2. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 11546811
2000 SCF(beta-TRCP) and phosphorylation dependent ubiquitinationof I kappa B alpha catalyzed by Ubc3 and Ubc4. Oncogene 39 10918611
1995 Characterization of a dominant negative mutant of the cell cycle ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 7592826
2005 Proximity-induced activation of human Cdc34 through heterologous dimerization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 34 16210246
2007 Human Cdc34 employs distinct sites to coordinate attachment of ubiquitin to a substrate and assembly of polyubiquitin chains. Molecular and cellular biology 33 17698585
2002 Overexpression of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 confers resistance to methylmercury in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular pharmacology 33 11901211
1995 Intragenic suppression among CDC34 (UBC3) mutations defines a class of ubiquitin-conjugating catalytic domains. Molecular and cellular biology 33 7565715
1995 Novel CDC34 (UBC3) ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme mutants obtained by charge-to-alanine scanning mutagenesis. Molecular and cellular biology 33 7862115
2009 The acidic tail of the Cdc34 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme functions in both binding to and catalysis with ubiquitin ligase SCFCdc4. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 19875449
2019 Niclosamide Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in G1 Phase in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through Let-7d/CDC34 Axis. Frontiers in pharmacology 28 30687101
2011 An acidic loop and cognate phosphorylation sites define a molecular switch that modulates ubiquitin charging activity in Cdc34-like enzymes. PLoS computational biology 27 21637798
1995 Genetic and biochemical interactions between an essential kinetochore protein, Cbf2p/Ndc10p, and the CDC34 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Molecular and cellular biology 26 7651401
2014 Differential ubiquitin binding by the acidic loops of Ube2g1 and Ube2r1 enzymes distinguishes their Lys-48-ubiquitylation activities. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 25471371
2005 The human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 controls cellular proliferation through regulation of p27Kip1 protein levels. Experimental cell research 24 15652359
2001 Elevating the level of Cdc34/Ubc3 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in mitosis inhibits association of CENP-E with kinetochores and blocks the metaphase alignment of chromosomes. The Journal of cell biology 24 11514588
2004 Control of cell cycle-dependent degradation of c-Ski proto-oncoprotein by Cdc34. Oncogene 23 15122324
2020 Systematic identification of CDC34 that functions to stabilize EGFR and promote lung carcinogenesis. EBioMedicine 22 32114396
2014 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 and ubiquitin ligase Skp1-cullin-F-box ligase (SCF) interact through multiple conformations. The Journal of biological chemistry 22 25425648
2008 Cdc34-mediated degradation of ATF5 is blocked by cisplatin. The Journal of biological chemistry 22 18458088
2003 Herpes simplex virus 1 mutant in which the ICP0 HUL-1 E3 ubiquitin ligase site is disrupted stabilizes cdc34 but degrades D-type cyclins and exhibits diminished neurotoxicity. Journal of virology 22 14645576
2010 The human Cdc34 carboxyl terminus contains a non-covalent ubiquitin binding activity that contributes to SCF-dependent ubiquitination. The Journal of biological chemistry 21 20353940
2001 Expression and localization of the CDC34 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 20 11504708
2017 The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme CDC34 is essential for cytokinesis in contrast to putative subunits of a SCF complex in Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 19 28609481
2011 Association of the disordered C-terminus of CDC34 with a catalytically bound ubiquitin. Journal of molecular biology 19 21296085
2016 Mechanism of Lysine 48 Selectivity during Polyubiquitin Chain Formation by the Ube2R1/2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme. Molecular and cellular biology 18 27044868
2013 Molecular and structural insight into lysine selection on substrate and ubiquitin lysine 48 by the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 18 23656784
2007 SCF E3-mediated autoubiquitination negatively regulates activity of Cdc34 E2 but plays a nonessential role in the catalytic cycle in vitro and in vivo. Molecular and cellular biology 18 17562869
1999 A complex containing betaTrCP recruits Cdc34 to catalyse ubiquitination of IkappaBalpha. FEBS letters 18 10437795
2013 Multimodal mechanism of action for the Cdc34 acidic loop: a case study for why ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes have loops and tails. The Journal of biological chemistry 17 24129577
2000 Association of human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme CDC34 with the mitotic spindle in anaphase. Journal of cell science 17 10769200
1995 Increased ubiquitin expression suppresses the cell cycle defect associated with the yeast ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, CDC34 (UBC3). Evidence for a noncovalent interaction between CDC34 and ubiquitin. The Journal of biological chemistry 17 7721857
2005 The acidic tail domain of human Cdc34 is required for p27Kip1 ubiquitination and complementation of a cdc34 temperature sensitive yeast strain. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 15 16123592
2011 Nutrient sensing kinases PKA and Sch9 phosphorylate the catalytic domain of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34. PloS one 14 22087249
2006 The Cdc34/SCF ubiquitination complex mediates Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall integrity. Genetics 13 17028344
1996 Identification of a positive regulator of the cell cycle ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 (Ubc3). Molecular and cellular biology 13 8552096
2007 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 mediates cadmium resistance in budding yeast through ubiquitination of the transcription factor Met4. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 11 17904100
2014 Inhibitors of the Cdc34 acidic loop: A computational investigation integrating molecular dynamics, virtual screening and docking approaches. FEBS open bio 10 24918063
2010 New insight into the role of the Cdc34 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in cell cycle regulation via Ace2 and Sic1. Genetics 10 21196523
2008 The ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, Ubc4 and Cdc34, mediate cadmium resistance in budding yeast through different mechanisms. Life sciences 8 18466927
2018 The Catalytically Inactive Mutation of the Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme CDC34 Affects its Stability and Cell Proliferation. The protein journal 7 29564676
2012 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 mediates methylmercury resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by increasing Whi2 degradation. The Journal of toxicological sciences 4 23208445
2010 The human COP9 signalosome protects ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 3 (UBC3/Cdc34) from beta-transducin repeat-containing protein (betaTrCP)-mediated degradation. The Journal of biological chemistry 4 20378537
2006 Control of methionine biosynthesis genes by protein kinase CK2-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc34. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 4 16952051
2022 A siRNA screening of UBE2 family demonstrated that UBE2R1 had a high repressive effect on HIV Tat protein. Biochemistry and biophysics reports 3 36275929
2005 Purification and properties of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes Cdc34 and Ubc13.Mms2. Methods in enzymology 2 16275318
2026 Modulation of Ube2R1 activity by a nanobody that binds near its N-terminus. The Biochemical journal 0 41706475
2026 Identification of potential allosteric inhibitors-modulators for the heterodimer CDC34-UBC protein-protein complex. 3 Biotech 0 41971389
2012 "Reductional anaphase" in replication-defective cells is caused by ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34-mediated deregulation of the spindle. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 0 22805765
2003 Dynamic release of Cdc34 from SCF. the hand that rocks the cradle. Cell 0 13678576

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