Affinage

TSNAX

Translin-associated protein X · UniProt Q99598

Length
290 aa
Mass
33.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
68 papers in source corpus 30 papers cited in narrative 30 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TSNAX (Trax) is the catalytic subunit of the C3PO endoribonuclease complex, an asymmetric octameric barrel formed with Translin that degrades RNA substrates within its interior chamber to regulate RNA silencing, tRNA processing, and microRNA turnover in diverse physiological contexts. Within C3PO, Trax supplies the Mg²⁺-dependent, two-cation-assisted catalytic sites that cleave siRNA passenger strand fragments to activate RISC (PMID:19661431, PMID:21552261), degrade pre-tRNA 5′ leader fragments after RNase P processing (PMID:22773104), and turn over specific microRNAs—including those targeting ACVR1C at activated synapses to enable synaptic tagging and long-term memory (PMID:28927503), and miR-181b in vascular smooth muscle to regulate arterial stiffness (PMID:31625778); the E126A active-site knock-in mutation abolishes all microRNA-degrading activity and phenocopies Translin knockout metabolic defects (PMID:32408014). Independent of its role in C3PO, nuclear-localized Trax interacts with ATM and stabilizes the MRN complex at DNA double-strand breaks to facilitate non-homologous end-joining repair, a function negatively regulated by GSK3β within a TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex (PMID:26096928, PMID:29298990). Trax protein stability depends on Translin, and the subcellular distribution of the Translin/Trax complex is governed by their expression ratio, with excess Translin retaining Trax in the cytoplasm via its nuclear export signal (PMID:15138261, PMID:17028328).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1997 Medium

    The identification of Trax as a Translin-interacting protein with nuclear targeting sequences established the first molecular partner of Translin and raised the question of whether Trax controls Translin's nuclear import.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid screen with Translin bait; sequence analysis of bipartite NLS in Trax N-terminus

    PMID:9013868

    Open questions at the time
    • Single yeast two-hybrid interaction without reciprocal validation in mammalian cells
    • No functional assay for nuclear transport
    • Endogenous complex not yet characterized
  2. 1998 High

    Purification of the brain-enriched GS1 complex to near-homogeneity and identification of both Translin and Trax as its components established the endogenous Translin/Trax heteromeric complex as a nucleic-acid-binding entity.

    Evidence ~500,000-fold biochemical purification from brain, UV cross-linking, peptide sequencing

    PMID:9681436

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzymatic activity of the complex unknown
    • Stoichiometry not determined
    • Physiological RNA/DNA substrates unidentified
  3. 2001 High

    Demonstration that Trax alone cannot bind nucleic acids but modulates Translin's binding specificity—enhancing ssDNA binding while inhibiting RNA binding—resolved the functional asymmetry within the heterodimer and established that Trax is predominantly cytoplasmic while Translin shuttles between compartments.

    Evidence In vitro binding assays, yeast two-hybrid, cell fractionation, confocal microscopy, and domain mutagenesis

    PMID:11278549

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Trax contributes catalytic activity was unknown
    • Mechanism of nucleic acid substrate selectivity unresolved
    • In vivo relevance of the ssDNA vs RNA binding switch unclear
  4. 2004 High

    Experiments in Translin-null MEFs and co-expression systems causally demonstrated that the relative expression ratio of Trax to Translin determines their subcellular localization, with excess Translin retaining Trax cytoplasmically.

    Evidence Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, co-expression in COS-1 and TB-RBP-null MEFs

    PMID:15138261

    Open questions at the time
    • How the ratio is physiologically regulated was unknown
    • Whether localization shift alters specific gene regulation unresolved
  5. 2006 High

    Genetic analysis in Drosophila revealed an asymmetric stability relationship—Translin is essential for Trax protein stability but not vice versa—establishing an evolutionarily conserved dependency.

    Evidence Translin-null and trax-nonsense Drosophila mutants with protein level analysis

    PMID:17028328

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis for asymmetric stabilization unknown
    • Whether the stability relationship holds in all mammalian tissues untested
  6. 2009 High

    Reconstitution of Drosophila RISC from purified components revealed that C3PO (Translin/Trax) is an Mg²⁺-dependent endoribonuclease that activates RISC by degrading passenger strand cleavage products, fundamentally redefining Trax as a catalytic enzyme rather than merely a binding partner.

    Evidence In vitro RISC reconstitution with recombinant Dicer-2, R2D2, Ago2, and purified C3PO; endonuclease assay

    PMID:19661431

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Trax or Translin supplies the active site was unresolved
    • Structural basis of the octamer unknown
    • In vivo endogenous RNA substrates unidentified
  7. 2011 High

    Crystal structures of human and Drosophila C3PO revealed an asymmetric 6 Translin:2 Trax octameric barrel in which Trax provides the interior catalytic centers, resolving which subunit is the nuclease and explaining why only two active sites exist per octamer.

    Evidence Crystal structures (human and Drosophila), active-site mutagenesis of Trax residues, EM, mass spectrometry, in vitro RISC reconstitution

    PMID:21552258 PMID:21552261

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of substrate entry into the chamber unknown
    • Whether stoichiometry varies across species unresolved
    • No structure with bound RNA substrate for eukaryotic C3PO
  8. 2012 High

    Discovery that C3PO degrades 5′ pre-tRNA fragments after RNase P cleavage—conserved from Neurospora to mouse—identified the first endogenous RNA substrate class beyond siRNA passenger strands.

    Evidence Genetic mutants in Neurospora crassa and mouse embryonic fibroblasts; tRNA and translation quantification

    PMID:22773104

    Open questions at the time
    • Full repertoire of endogenous RNA substrates uncharacterized
    • Selectivity mechanism for tRNA vs other small RNAs unclear
  9. 2013 High

    Structures of archaeal C3PO bound to duplex RNA revealed that the Trax-like catalytic sites target opposite strands separated by 7 bp within a fully encapsulated substrate, and PLCβ was identified as a high-affinity external binding partner of TRAX that modulates C3PO's hydrolysis rate in a gene-selective manner.

    Evidence Crystal structure of A. fulgidus C3PO–RNA complex; fluorescence binding and siRNA hydrolysis assays with purified PLCβ and C3PO

    PMID:23353787 PMID:24338081

    Open questions at the time
    • How PLCβ allosterically slows hydrolysis structurally unresolved
    • In vivo gene selectivity of PLCβ-C3PO not validated genome-wide
  10. 2015 High

    TRAX was shown to have a C3PO-independent nuclear function: interacting with ATM and stabilizing the MRN complex at DSBs to promote DNA repair; NLS-dependent nuclear localization of TRAX is required, and TRAX-null cells show impaired ATM/H2AX phosphorylation.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, TRAX-null MEF rescue with WT vs NLS-mutant TRAX, irradiation experiments

    PMID:26096928

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether TRAX acts as scaffold or has enzymatic function in DNA repair unclear
    • Relationship between C3PO RNase activity and DNA repair function untested
  11. 2017 High

    Translin/Trax was demonstrated to degrade specific microRNAs (targeting ACVR1C) upon learning, linking C3PO's RNase activity to synaptic tagging, long-term potentiation, and memory consolidation.

    Evidence Translin KO mice, microRNA profiling, synaptic tagging electrophysiology, behavioral memory tests, pharmacological ACVR1C inhibition

    PMID:28927503

    Open questions at the time
    • How learning signals activate C3PO-mediated microRNA degradation mechanistically unknown
    • Full set of learning-regulated microRNA substrates not defined
  12. 2018 High

    GSK3β and DISC1 were identified as TRAX interactors that negatively regulate TRAX-mediated NHEJ; A2A receptor signaling inhibits GSK3β, releasing TRAX from the complex to promote DNA-PK-dependent repair, integrating TRAX into a druggable signaling axis.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation in PC12 cells, primary neurons, and iPSC-derived human neurons; pharmacological GSK3β and A2AR manipulation with DNA repair readouts

    PMID:29298990

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether DISC1 mutations alter TRAX-dependent repair in disease contexts untested
    • Structural basis for the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β ternary complex unknown
  13. 2018 High

    Cryo-EM and crystallography of full-length Drosophila C3PO revealed dynamic side ports formed by TRAX α1 helices that mediate RNA entry into the interior chamber, and established a 4:4 Trax:Translin stoichiometry in Drosophila—differing from the 2:6 human ratio.

    Evidence 2.1 Å crystal structure, cryo-EM at multiple resolutions, SUMO-tagging stoichiometry determination

    PMID:29860349

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether stoichiometric differences between species alter substrate selectivity unknown
    • Side port dynamics not captured in mammalian C3PO structures
  14. 2020 High

    The E126A active-site knock-in mutation in Trax cleanly separated the RNase function from protein complex integrity, proving that microRNA-degrading activity—not scaffolding—drives the metabolic (adiposity) phenotype of Translin/Trax loss; tissue-specific KO further localized the phenotype.

    Evidence E126A knock-in mice, co-precipitation confirming intact complex, microRNA profiling, body composition, conditional KO in adipocytes and hepatocytes

    PMID:32408014

    Open questions at the time
    • Which specific microRNAs and target mRNAs drive adiposity unresolved
    • Whether E126A also impairs tRNA fragment processing not tested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Major open questions include: (1) how synaptic or metabolic signals activate C3PO's microRNA-degrading activity, (2) the full substrate repertoire of C3PO across tissues, (3) structural basis for PLCβ regulation of C3PO, and (4) whether TRAX's DNA repair and RNA silencing functions are coordinated or independent.
  • Signal transduction pathway from neuronal activity to C3PO activation uncharacterized
  • No unbiased identification of all C3PO RNA substrates in mammalian cells
  • No structure of PLCβ–C3PO complex
  • Coordination between TRAX DNA repair and RNase functions untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA 8 GO:0003723 RNA binding 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 3 GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 7 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 2 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 2
Partners
ATMC1DDISC1GSK3BMEA2PLCB1TSN
Complex memberships
C3PO (Translin/Trax octamer)TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 30 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 TRAX was identified as a protein partner of Translin via yeast two-hybrid interaction, and found to contain bipartite nuclear targeting sequences in its N-terminal region, suggesting a role in selective nuclear transport of Translin (which lacks nuclear targeting motifs). Yeast two-hybrid assay; sequence analysis of nuclear targeting signals FEBS letters Medium 9013868
1998 Translin and Trax were identified as the protein components of the brain-enriched GS1 single-stranded DNA-binding complex, purified ~500,000-fold and identified by peptide sequencing after UV cross-linking. Biochemical purification, UV cross-linking, peptide sequencing Journal of neurochemistry High 9681436
1999 TB-RBP (mouse Translin ortholog) forms complexes with Trax, the transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase, and cytoskeletal gamma actin in male germ cells; interaction with TER ATPase confirmed by in vitro binding and EM immunocytochemistry; TB-RBP colocalizes with actin in cytoplasm. Immunoprecipitation, in vitro binding assay, EM immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy Biochemistry Medium 10471275
2000 Translin and Trax are somatodendritically localized in neurons (Purkinje cells, hippocampal, neocortical pyramidal neurons), enriched in the cytoplasmic fraction relative to nuclear extracts, supporting a role in dendritic RNA processing. In situ hybridization, subcellular fractionation, immunohistochemistry Journal of neurochemistry Medium 10987859
2001 Trax does not bind DNA or RNA on its own, forms heterodimers with TB-RBP (Translin) under reducing conditions; the Trax-TB-RBP heterodimer inhibits TB-RBP binding to RNA but enhances TB-RBP binding to specific single-stranded DNA sequences; Trax is predominantly cytoplasmic while TB-RBP shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm using a nuclear export signal. In vitro binding assays, yeast two-hybrid, cell fractionation, confocal microscopy, domain mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry High 11278549
2002 C1D (nuclear matrix protein/DNA-PK activator) interacts specifically with TRAX in a DNA damage-dependent manner; interaction in mammalian cells occurs only following gamma-irradiation; relative expression levels of TRAX and Translin affect their subcellular localization. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation in mammalian cells, fluorescent protein imaging Journal of cell science Medium 11801738
2002 Trax is a component of the native Translin/Trax RNA-binding complex in brain; both GS1 (ssDNA) and protamine-2 (RNA) probes label the same heteromeric Translin/Trax complex as demonstrated by Trax antibody supershift and cross-competition. Gel-shift assay, antibody supershift, cross-competition, co-transfection in HEK293T cells Journal of neurochemistry Medium 12358744
2003 The Translin/Trax heteromeric complex was identified as the glucose response element binding protein (GRBP) in liver that binds the MLTF-like site within the glucose response element of the L-PK gene; the complex exists as large polymers (~240 kDa nuclear, ~420 kDa cytosolic) with a 2:1 Translin:Trax molar ratio. Biochemical purification to homogeneity, partial amino acid sequencing, cDNA cloning, gel-shift assay Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 14642810
2004 The subcellular localization of TRAX and TB-RBP (Translin) in male germ cells is determined by their relative expression ratios: increased TRAX:TB-RBP ratio drives nuclear localization; elevated TB-RBP levels retain TRAX in the cytoplasm; this requires direct protein-protein interaction between the two. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, co-expression in COS-1 cells and TB-RBP null MEFs The Journal of biological chemistry High 15138261
2004 The Translin/Trax complex recognizes clusters of G residues in RNA rather than the primary sequence of Y and H elements; high affinity binding is preserved after extensive mutation of Y and H elements as long as G clusters are retained. Truncation and mutagenesis of protamine-2 3'UTR combined with gel-shift binding assays Brain research. Molecular brain research Medium 14741401
2005 Co-expressed recombinant human Translin and Trax form a stable soluble heteromeric complex (~430 kDa, approximately equimolar subunit ratio by MALDI-TOF-MS) that binds both single- and double-stranded DNA; Trax alone aggregates into insoluble complexes. Co-expression, MALDI-TOF-MS, gel-shift assay FEBS letters Medium 15919079
2006 In Drosophila, translin is essential for stabilizing the Trax protein (translin null mutants show dramatic loss of Trax); conversely, trax is not required for Translin stability; this asymmetric dependency is conserved throughout evolution. Translin null mutant generation, trax nonsense mutant isolation, protein level analysis Genetics High 17028328
2007 TRAX regulates GAP-43 transcription and axonal regeneration in rat retinal ganglion cells; siRNA-mediated silencing of Trax at P30 results in significant upregulation of GAP-43 transcript and protein and induces axon outgrowth. Proteomics identification, siRNA knockdown, transcript and protein analysis The European journal of neuroscience Medium 17953615
2009 C3PO, a complex of Translin and Trax, is a Mg2+-dependent endoribonuclease that promotes RISC activation by removing siRNA passenger strand cleavage products; identified using a reconstituted Drosophila long dsRNA- and duplex siRNA-initiated RISC system with recombinant Dicer-2, R2D2, and Ago2. In vitro RISC reconstitution with recombinant proteins, biochemical purification, endonuclease assay Science High 19661431
2011 Crystal structure of human C3PO reveals an asymmetric octamer barrel consisting of six Translin and two TRAX subunits; this asymmetric assembly is critical for endonuclease function, with cleavage occurring at the interior surface; C3PO activates human Ago2-RISC by degrading the Ago2-nicked passenger strand in a Dicer-independent mechanism. Crystal structure determination, in vitro RISC reconstitution with recombinant hAgo2 and C3PO, genetic depletion in mammalian cells Nature structural & molecular biology High 21552258
2011 Crystal structure of Drosophila C3PO formed by truncated Translin and Trax reveals hexameric assembly; Trax adopts the translin fold, possesses catalytic centers essential for C3PO endoRNase activity, and interacts extensively with Translin; catalytic pockets of Trax subunits are located within the interior chamber; cleavage leaves 3'-hydroxyl ends; full-length octameric C3PO characterized by EM and mass spectrometry. Crystal structure, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, endoRNase activity assay, mutagenesis of Trax catalytic residues Nature structural & molecular biology High 21552261
2012 C3PO (Translin/Trax complex) functions as an RNase that removes 5' pre-tRNA fragments after RNase P processing of pre-tRNAs in Neurospora crassa; this tRNA processing function is conserved in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells; translin and trax mutants have elevated tRNA levels and protein translation. Genetic mutant analysis in Neurospora, transcript analysis, mouse embryonic fibroblast cell studies Nature structural & molecular biology High 22773104
2012 Both Translin and TRAX contribute to nucleic acid binding in the heteromeric complex; UV laser cross-linking identified TRAX-specific DNA contacts; mutation of the B3 motif in TRAX most severely impaired nucleic acid binding of the heteromeric complex. UV-laser cross-linking with radiolabeled ssDNA, site-directed mutagenesis of B2 and B3 motifs PloS one Medium 22427937
2013 Crystal structure of Archaeoglobus fulgidus C3PO-like protein reveals an octamer that entirely encapsulates a 13-bp RNA duplex in its inner cavity; Trax-like-subunit catalytic sites target opposite strands separated by 7 base pairs for cleavage, explaining the mechanism of RNA recognition and cleavage. Crystal structure of C3PO bound to duplex RNA Nature structural & molecular biology High 23353787
2013 PLCβ binds to TRAX (the endonuclease subunit of C3PO) with high affinity; PLCβ binds approximately 5-fold more weakly to Translin than to TRAX, and ~2-fold more strongly to the assembled C3PO octamer; one PLCβ binds per C3PO octamer at an external site without altering TRAX/Translin assembly; PLCβ reduces C3PO hydrolysis rate of siRNA(GAPDH) to match that of the slowly hydrolyzed siRNA(Hsp90), providing mechanistic basis for gene-selective silencing reversal. Fluorescence-based binding assays, brightness/stoichiometry measurements, in vitro siRNA hydrolysis assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 24338081
2015 TRAX participates in ATM/H2AX-mediated DNA double-strand break repair by interacting with ATM and stabilizing the MRN complex at DSBs; nuclear localization of TRAX (via its NLS) is required for this function; TRAX-null MEFs show impaired ATM and H2AX phosphorylation and increased p53-mediated apoptosis after UV-C or gamma-irradiation. Co-immunoprecipitation, TRAX-null MEF rescue with WT vs. NLS-mutant TRAX, phosphorylation assays, irradiation experiments Oncogene High 26096928
2016 PLCβ association with TRAX is required for NGF-induced PC12 cell differentiation; PLCβ newly synthesized after NGF treatment associates with TRAX rather than Gαq, impacting RNA-induced silencing to switch cells to differentiated state; TRAX knockdown prevents differentiation. FRET, siRNA knockdown, Ca2+ signaling measurements, siRNA reversal assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 27624933
2016 Crystal structures of Nanoarchaeum equitans C3PO reveal an open apo form with a substrate entryway, and closed forms with ssRNA and ssDNA captured at the inner cavity; the ssRNA complex represents the catalytic form; mutagenesis and in vitro cleavage assays establish a two-cation-assisted catalytic mechanism shared by eukaryotic C3POs. Crystal structure determination (apo, ssRNA-bound, ssDNA-bound), mutagenesis, in vitro cleavage assay Nucleic acids research High 27596600
2017 Learning triggers the Translin/Trax RNase complex to degrade microRNAs targeting ACVR1C (activin A receptor type 1C); mice lacking translin/trax show increased disease-related microRNAs targeting ACVR1C after learning, loss of synaptic ACVR1C upregulation, and defects in synaptic tagging and long-term memory; ACVR1C inhibition phenocopies these deficits. Translin KO mice, microRNA profiling, synaptic tagging electrophysiology, behavioral memory tests, pharmacological ACVR1C inhibition eLife High 28927503
2018 GSK3β and DISC1 are novel interacting proteins of TRAX; GSK3β binds TRAX and negatively regulates its ability to facilitate non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair; A2A adenosine receptor stimulation inhibits GSK3β, dissociating the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex and enhancing NHEJ via DNA-PK phosphorylation at Thr2609; pharmacological GSK3β inhibition mimics A2AR effects. Co-immunoprecipitation, PC12 cells, primary mouse neurons, iPSC-derived human neurons, DNA repair assays, pharmacological inhibition Molecular psychiatry High 29298990
2018 Cryo-EM structures of full-length Drosophila C3PO reveal a closed football-like octamer with a hollow interior; TRAX subunits form dynamic side ports (~25×30 Å) via anti-parallel α1 helices that mediate RNA substrate entry and release; stoichiometry of Drosophila C3PO is TRAX:Translin 4:4. Crystal structure (2.1 Å), cryo-EM structures at multiple resolutions, SUMO-tagging for stoichiometry determination Nucleic acids research High 29860349
2019 The Translin/Trax RNase complex degrades miR-181b in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells; TN knockout mice show elevated miR-181b in the aorta and are protected from high-salt-induced vascular stiffness; this identifies the TN/TX complex as a physiologically relevant microRNA-degrading enzyme in the vascular system. TN KO mice, high-salt water model, pulse wave velocity, tensile testing, microRNA quantification American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology High 31625778
2020 Introduction of the E126A mutation in TRAX (Tsnax) abolishes microRNA-degrading activity of the TN/TX complex without impairing TN or TX protein expression or their co-precipitation; mice homozygous for Tsnax(E126A) display selectively elevated microRNAs and robust adiposity phenotype identical to Tsn KO mice, demonstrating that microRNA-degrading activity drives this metabolic phenotype. Knock-in mutagenesis (E126A), co-precipitation, microRNA profiling, body composition analysis, conditional KO in adipocytes and hepatocytes Molecular metabolism High 32408014
2020 Translin/Trax mediates a selective form of hippocampal long-term plasticity requiring postsynaptic PKA activity; translin KO mice show impaired NMDAR-dependent LTD but normal presynaptic PKA-dependent plasticity and normal mGluR-LTD, distinguishing the TN/TX pathway from FMRP. Translin KO mice, multiple hippocampal LTP/LTD electrophysiology paradigms, pharmacological dissection Molecular brain Medium 33172471
2004 Trax co-localizes with Golgi family protein Mea2 in the Golgi complex of mid-late pachytene spermatocytes; this Golgi localization is disrupted by a truncated Mea2 lacking the N-terminal region, suggesting TRAX-Mea2 interaction requires Mea2's N-terminus. Immunofluorescent staining, Mea2 mutant mouse analysis The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry Low 15314092

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 68 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 Association of DISC1/TRAX haplotypes with schizophrenia, reduced prefrontal gray matter, and impaired short- and long-term memory. Archives of general psychiatry 263 16275808
2009 C3PO, an endoribonuclease that promotes RNAi by facilitating RISC activation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 187 19661431
2011 Structure of C3PO and mechanism of human RISC activation. Nature structural & molecular biology 117 21552258
2000 Chromosomal location and genomic structure of the human translin-associated factor X gene (TRAX; TSNAX) revealed by intergenic splicing to DISC1, a gene disrupted by a translocation segregating with schizophrenia. Genomics 89 10945471
1997 Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a Translin-like protein, TRAX. FEBS letters 89 9013868
2011 Multimeric assembly and biochemical characterization of the Trax-translin endonuclease complex. Nature structural & molecular biology 58 21552261
2009 Association of DISC1 and TSNAX genes and affective disorders in the depression case-control (DeCC) and bipolar affective case-control (BACCS) studies. Molecular psychiatry 55 19255581
2000 Somatodendritic localization of Translin, a component of the Translin/Trax RNA binding complex. Journal of neurochemistry 55 10987859
2001 Trax (translin-associated factor X), a primarily cytoplasmic protein, inhibits the binding of TB-RBP (translin) to RNA. The Journal of biological chemistry 52 11278549
2002 DNA damage-dependent interaction of the nuclear matrix protein C1D with Translin-associated factor X (TRAX). Journal of cell science 49 11801738
2009 A 1q42 deletion involving DISC1, DISC2, and TSNAX in an autism spectrum disorder. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 46 19606485
1996 Evaluation of the FACScount, TRAx CD4 and Dynabeads methods for CD4 lymphocyte determination. Journal of immunological methods 46 8814325
1999 Protein-protein interactions between the testis brain RNA-binding protein and the transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase, a cytoskeletal gamma actin and Trax in male germ cells and the brain. Biochemistry 45 10471275
2005 Association study of the DISC1/TRAX locus with schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Schizophrenia research 40 16039834
2004 The relative levels of translin-associated factor X (TRAX) and testis brain RNA-binding protein determine their nucleocytoplasmic distribution in male germ cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 40 15138261
1993 The Escherichia coli K-12 F plasmid gene traX is required for acetylation of F pilin. Journal of bacteriology 39 8444800
2008 The Translin/Trax RNA binding complex: clues to function in the nervous system. Biochimica et biophysica acta 38 18424275
2014 Identification of chimeric TSNAX-DISC1 resulting from intergenic splicing in endometrial carcinoma through high-throughput RNA sequencing. Carcinogenesis 37 25239642
2018 GSK3β negatively regulates TRAX, a scaffold protein implicated in mental disorders, for NHEJ-mediated DNA repair in neurons. Molecular psychiatry 32 29298990
1998 Identification of translin and trax as components of the GS1 strand-specific DNA binding complex enriched in brain. Journal of neurochemistry 30 9681436
2017 Learning induces the translin/trax RNase complex to express activin receptors for persistent memory. eLife 29 28927503
2006 Functional characterization of Drosophila Translin and Trax. Genetics 28 17028328
2012 The translin-TRAX complex (C3PO) is a ribonuclease in tRNA processing. Nature structural & molecular biology 25 22773104
2002 Trax is a component of the Translin-containing RNA binding complex. Journal of neurochemistry 25 12358744
1995 Comparison of CD4 cell count by a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the TRAx CD4 test kit and by flow cytometry and hematology. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 25 7719901
2005 Cloning and characterization of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologs of the human protein Translin and the Translin-associated protein TRAX. Nucleic acids research 23 16043634
2018 The TRAX, DISC1, and GSK3 complex in mental disorders and therapeutic interventions. Journal of biomedical science 22 30285728
2015 A central role of TRAX in the ATM-mediated DNA repair. Oncogene 22 26096928
2013 Catalytic domain of plasmid pAD1 relaxase TraX defines a group of relaxases related to restriction endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 22 23904483
2007 Functional characterisation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologue of the leukaemia-associated translocation breakpoint binding protein translin and its binding partner, TRAX. Biochimica et biophysica acta 20 18062930
1995 Characterization of traX, the F plasmid locus required for acetylation of F-pilin subunits. Journal of bacteriology 20 7768788
2007 Translin-associated factor-X (Trax) is a molecular switch of growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 that controls axonal regeneration. The European journal of neuroscience 19 17953615
2016 Phospholipase Cβ-TRAX Association Is Required for PC12 Cell Differentiation. The Journal of biological chemistry 18 27624933
2005 Co-expressed recombinant human Translin-Trax complex binds DNA. FEBS letters 18 15919079
2012 Identification of nucleic acid binding sites on translin-associated factor X (TRAX) protein. PloS one 17 22427937
2019 Deletion of the microRNA-degrading nuclease, translin/trax, prevents pathogenic vascular stiffness. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 15 31625778
2014 DISC1-TSNAX and DAOA genes in major depression and citalopram efficacy. Journal of affective disorders 15 25043320
2013 Hydrolysis rates of different small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by the RNA silencing promoter complex, C3PO, determines their regulation by phospholipase Cβ. The Journal of biological chemistry 15 24338081
2009 Translin-associated factor X gene (TSNAX) may be associated with female major depressive disorder in the Japanese population. Neuromolecular medicine 15 19760522
2013 Structural basis for duplex RNA recognition and cleavage by Archaeoglobus fulgidus C3PO. Nature structural & molecular biology 14 23353787
2017 Multiple Pathways Mediate MicroRNA Degradation: Focus on the Translin/Trax RNase Complex. Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) 13 29413516
2020 Selective role of the translin/trax RNase complex in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Molecular brain 12 33172471
2004 High affinity binding of the Translin/Trax complex to RNA does not require the presence of Y or H elements. Brain research. Molecular brain research 12 14741401
2018 Trax: A versatile signaling protein plays key roles in synaptic plasticity and DNA repair. Neurobiology of learning and memory 10 30017897
2020 Genetic inactivation of the translin/trax microRNA-degrading enzyme phenocopies the robust adiposity induced by Translin (Tsn) deletion. Molecular metabolism 9 32408014
2017 Regulation of the activity of the promoter of RNA-induced silencing, C3PO. Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 9 28714243
2016 Translin and Trax differentially regulate telomere-associated transcript homeostasis. Oncotarget 9 27183912
2016 Structural basis for single-stranded RNA recognition and cleavage by C3PO. Nucleic acids research 9 27596600
2001 Masking of the Translin/Trax complex by endogenous RNA. FEBS letters 9 11389888
2010 Analysis of nucleic acid binding by a recombinant translin-trax complex. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 8 20450889
2021 Degradation of Premature-miR-181b by the Translin/Trax RNase Increases Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Stiffness. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 7 34304585
1996 Comparison of absolute CD4+ lymphocyte counts determined by enzyme immunoassay (TRAx CD4 test kit) and flow cytometry. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 7 8807198
2020 Translin-Trax: Considerations for Oncological Therapeutic Targeting. Trends in cancer 6 32460000
2018 Mesenchymal cell differentiation and diseases: involvement of translin/TRAX complexes and associated proteins. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6 29740830
2003 Identification of Translin/Trax complex as a glucose response element binding protein in liver. Biochimica et biophysica acta 6 14642810
1997 Helper T-lymphocyte count. TRAx CD4 test kit versus conventional flow cytometry. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 6 9302928
2004 Co-localization of Trax and Mea2 in Golgi complex of pachytene spermatocytes in the mouse. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 5 15314092
2000 Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding TRAX, a Translin-associated factor X. Journal of human genetics 4 11043515
2019 Opposite effects of Drosophila C3PO on gene silencing mediated by esi-2.1 and miRNA-bantam. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 3 30576408
2018 Structural insights into Drosophila-C3PO complex assembly and 'Dynamic Side Port' model in substrate entry and release. Nucleic acids research 3 29860349
2011 Lack of association between translin-associated factor X gene (TSNAX) and methamphetamine dependence in the Japanese population. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 3 21683752
2025 Analyzing, visualizing, and annotating tRNA-derived RNAs using tRAX and tDRnamer. Methods in enzymology 2 39952700
2023 The associations between cognitive functions and TSNAX genetic variations in patients with schizophrenia. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 2 37030547
2022 TRAX Provides Neuroprotection for Huntington's Disease Via Modulating a Novel Subset of MicroRNAs. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2 35997316
2025 Viral and Immune Factors Associated With COVID-19 Outcome in the C3PO Trial of Convalescent Plasma. The Journal of infectious diseases 1 40037339
2025 RNAi Regulator C3PO Promotes Arbovirus Infection in Insect Vectors. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 1 41173802
2025 Conditional Deletion of Translin/Trax in Dopaminergic Neurons Reveals No Impact on Psychostimulant Behaviors or Adiposity. Biomolecules 0 40723911
2014 [Association study of LIS1 and TSNAX genes with bipolar disorder in Chinese Han population]. Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics 0 24928020