Affinage

STK4

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 4 · UniProt Q13043

Length
487 aa
Mass
55.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
45 papers in source corpus 16 papers cited in narrative 16 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

STK4 (MST1/KRS2) is a stress- and apoptosis-responsive serine/threonine kinase of the Ste20p subfamily that acts as a central node integrating immune signaling, autophagy, and cell-survival decisions (PMID:8816758). It controls autophagy bidirectionally by directly phosphorylating LC3 at Thr50 to drive autophagosome-lysosome fusion and intracellular bacterial clearance (PMID:25544559), while phosphorylation of BECN1 at Thr108 within its BH3 domain enhances BECN1 affinity for BCL2/BCL2L1 to suppress autophagy (PMID:30626284); in adipocytes it further regulates mitophagy and mitochondrial capacity through phosphorylation and dimerization control of BNIP3 (PMID:33758424). In innate immunity STK4 enforces negative feedback on TLR-NF-κB signaling: it is activated by TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination and in turn suppresses TRAF6 autoubiquitination (PMID:32975614), binds and phosphorylates IRAK1 to trigger its degradation and dampen proinflammatory cytokines (PMID:26457732), and phosphorylates the LUBAC catalytic subunit HOIP at Thr786 to block its allosteric ubiquitin-binding site and attenuate E3 ligase activity (PMID:40957900). Upon TCR signaling STK4 translocates to the nucleus, where it phosphorylates Foxp3 at Ser418 and stabilizes a nuclear STK4-p65-Foxp3 complex required for Treg activation and immune tolerance (PMID:36149942). It also phosphorylates β-catenin to promote its ubiquitin-mediated degradation, restraining anchorage-independent growth and metastasis (PMID:32741119). Loss-of-function in humans causes combined immunodeficiency, with patient cells showing heightened apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (PMID:22294732) and impaired type I/II/III interferon responses through reduced TBK1-IRF3 phosphorylation (PMID:33078349).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1996 Medium

    Established STK4 as a stress-activated kinase distinct from mitogenic signaling, defining its activation specificity before any substrate was known.

    Evidence Protein purification, cloning, and kinase assays under stress/apoptotic conditions

    PMID:8816758

    Open questions at the time
    • No substrates identified
    • Upstream activators undefined
    • Physiological context unknown
  2. 2012 Medium

    Linked STK4 to immune cell survival by showing its loss causes mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis, connecting the kinase to human immunodeficiency.

    Evidence Patient-derived cells with homozygous truncation, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis assays

    PMID:22294732

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism linking STK4 loss to mitochondrial dysfunction not resolved
    • Substrates mediating survival unknown
  3. 2014 High

    Identified the first direct substrate-site relationship driving autophagy, showing STK4/STK3 phosphorylate LC3-Thr50 to enable autophagosome-lysosome fusion and bacterial clearance.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, phosphosite mapping, STK3/STK4-deficient cells, phosphomimetic LC3-T50E rescue across species

    PMID:25544559 PMID:25996575

    Open questions at the time
    • How fusion machinery reads the LC3-T50 phosphomark not defined
    • Reconciliation with autophagy-suppressive roles unaddressed
  4. 2015 High

    Defined STK4 as a brake on TLR-driven inflammation by phosphorylating IRAK1 to trigger its degradation while enhancing IFN-β output.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vitro phosphorylation, macrophage-specific Stk4 knockout, cytokine ELISA

    PMID:26457732

    Open questions at the time
    • IRAK1 phosphosite not specified
    • Ubiquitin ligase coupling degradation unknown
  5. 2017 Medium

    Showed STK4 function is compartment-dependent, with nuclear and lipid-raft pools driving distinct transcriptional programs and stronger growth suppression than cytoplasmic STK4.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation, compartment-targeted expression, growth assays, RNA-seq in prostate cancer cells

    PMID:28880957

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of compartment targeting unknown
    • Nuclear substrates not identified here
  6. 2019 High

    Revealed an autophagy-suppressive arm: STK4 phosphorylates BECN1-Thr108 to raise BCL2/BCL2L1 affinity, with structural resolution of the modified interface.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography, SPR, MST, molecular dynamics

    PMID:30626284

    Open questions at the time
    • Measured affinity increase was modest (<2-fold)
    • Cellular context dictating pro- vs anti-autophagy roles unresolved
  7. 2019 Medium

    Identified epigenetic silencing of STK4 via promoter methylation as a mechanism activating Hippo signaling in thyroid carcinoma.

    Evidence ChIP/methyltransferase binding, promoter methylation analysis, silencing/overexpression, proliferation and apoptosis assays

    PMID:31657132

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct link to downstream Hippo effectors not mechanistically detailed
    • Single tumor context
  8. 2020 High

    Established a TRAF6-STK4 negative feedback loop in which TRAF6 ubiquitinates and activates STK4, which then suppresses TRAF6 autoubiquitination and NF-κB.

    Evidence Myeloid-specific KO, Co-IP, ubiquitination assays, NF-κB readouts, LPS septic shock model

    PMID:32975614

    Open questions at the time
    • Ubiquitin chain types and STK4 ubiquitination sites not fully mapped
    • Mechanism of TRAF6 suppression by STK4 unclear
  9. 2020 Medium

    Connected STK4 to interferon immunity, showing its loss impairs TBK1-IRF3 phosphorylation and broad type I/II/III IFN responses.

    Evidence Patient-derived cells with frameshift mutation, phospho-immunoblot, cytokine ELISA, viral infection

    PMID:33078349

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether STK4 acts directly on TBK1 not established
    • Single patient/lab
  10. 2020 Medium

    Defined a tumor-suppressive role through direct phosphorylation of β-catenin promoting its ubiquitin-mediated degradation.

    Evidence Co-localization, in vitro kinase assay, ubiquitin degradation assay, knockdown metastasis and in vivo tumor models

    PMID:32741119

    Open questions at the time
    • β-catenin phosphosite not specified
    • Ligase coupling degradation unidentified
  11. 2021 High

    Extended STK4 into metabolic regulation by controlling BNIP3-dependent mitophagy and mitochondrial capacity in adipose tissue.

    Evidence Adipose-specific KO, mitochondrial and metabolic phenotyping, BNIP3 phosphorylation/dimerization assays, pharmacological inhibition

    PMID:33758424

    Open questions at the time
    • BNIP3 phosphosite(s) not specified
    • Link to whole-body metabolism mechanistically partial
  12. 2021 Medium

    Placed STK4 within a ROR2-FOXO1 axis regulating sphingomyelin synthesis and stem cell senescence, showing inhibition of STK4 activity permits FOXO1 nuclear translocation.

    Evidence STK4 phosphorylation assay, FOXO1 nuclear translocation, FOXO1 ChIP on SMS1, knockdown/overexpression

    PMID:34278704

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct STK4-FOXO1 phosphorylation not demonstrated here
    • Single lineage context
  13. 2021 Medium

    Provided a structural template for STK4 inhibitor design by resolving an inhibitor bound in the ATP pocket via two-point hinge binding.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of STK4-inhibitor complex

    PMID:34807584

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular selectivity and on-target effects beyond potency not characterized
  14. 2022 High

    Revealed a nuclear, kinase-dependent transcriptional role in Tregs, where TCR-induced STK4 phosphorylates Foxp3-S418 and stabilizes a STK4-p65-Foxp3 complex for immune tolerance.

    Evidence Nuclear translocation imaging/fractionation, Co-IP of trimeric complex, in vitro kinase assay, Foxp3-S418E rescue, Treg-specific KO, adoptive immunotherapy model

    PMID:36149942

    Open questions at the time
    • Signal driving nuclear translocation mechanistically incomplete
    • Genome-wide complex targets not mapped
  15. 2025 High

    Defined a structural mechanism by which STK4 inhibits LUBAC, phosphorylating HOIP-Thr786 in its allosteric ubiquitin-binding site to block ubiquitin binding and attenuate E3 activity.

    Evidence Biochemical binding, MS phosphosite mapping, X-ray crystallography of STK4-HOIP RING2-LDD complex, kinase and E3 activity assays, ubiquitin-binding competition

    PMID:40957900

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo consequence of HOIP-T786 phosphorylation not established
    • Integration with other STK4 NF-κB feedback arms unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How STK4 selects between its opposing roles (pro- vs anti-autophagy, kinase-dependent cytoplasmic feedback vs nuclear transcriptional complexes) in a given cell remains unresolved.
  • No unifying model of substrate selection by compartment or stimulus
  • Upstream determinants of nuclear translocation incompletely defined
  • Crosstalk among the multiple NF-κB-regulatory substrates not integrated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 7 GO:0016740 transferase activity 5 GO:0140657 ATP-dependent activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 1 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
BECN1BNIP3CTNNB1FOXP3IRAK1RELARNF31TRAF6
Complex memberships
STK4-p65-Foxp3 nuclear complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 16 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 STK4 (KRS2) is a serine/threonine kinase member of the Ste20p subfamily that is activated by a subset of stress conditions and apoptotic agents (but not mitogenic stimuli), purified and cloned as a stress-responsive kinase. Protein purification, cloning, and kinase activity assay under various stress conditions Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 8816758
2012 STK4-deficient lymphocytes and neutrophils exhibit enhanced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased susceptibility to apoptosis, establishing STK4 as required for immune cell survival. Loss-of-function (homozygous truncation mutation in patients), mitochondrial membrane potential assay, apoptosis assay Blood Medium 22294732
2014 STK4 (and STK3) directly phosphorylates LC3 at threonine 50 (Thr50), and this phosphorylation is essential for autophagosome-lysosome fusion; loss of STK3/STK4 blocks autophagy and impairs intracellular bacterial clearance, which is rescued by a phosphomimetic LC3-T50E mutant. In vitro kinase assay, phosphosite identification, genetic loss-of-function (STK3/STK4-deficient cells), autophagy flux assay, autophagosome-lysosome fusion assay, bacterial clearance assay, phosphomimetic rescue experiment across multiple species Molecular cell High 25544559
2015 STK4 dampens TLR4/9-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion and enhances TLR3/4-triggered IFN-β production by binding to and phosphorylating IRAK1, leading to IRAK1 degradation in macrophages. Co-immunoprecipitation (binding), in vitro phosphorylation assay, macrophage-specific Stk4 knockout mice, cytokine ELISA, IRAK1 protein level measurement The Journal of clinical investigation High 26457732
2015 STK4 phosphorylates LC3 at Thr50 as a conserved regulatory mechanism for autophagy; this phosphorylation is critical for autophagosome-lysosome fusion and intracellular bacteria clearance. In vitro kinase assay, site-directed mutagenesis, autophagy assays Autophagy Medium 25996575
2017 STK4 localizes to the cytoplasm, lipid rafts, and nucleus in prostate cancer cells, and nuclear/lipid raft localization produces superior suppression of cell growth compared to cytoplasmic STK4, with each compartment activating distinct gene expression programs including oncogenic pathways (AR, PI3K/AKT, BMP/SMAD, WNT, RAS, JAK/STAT). Subcellular fractionation, ectopic expression in defined compartments, in vitro and in vivo growth assays, RNA sequencing PloS one Medium 28880957
2019 STK4/MST1 phosphorylates BECN1 at threonine 108 (T108) within its BH3 domain, increasing BECN1 affinity for anti-apoptotic proteins BCL2 and BCL2L1, thereby blocking autophagy; X-ray crystal structures of BCL2 and BCL2L1 complexed with T108-modified BECN1 BH3 peptides revealed the structural basis of this interaction, showing only minor (<2-fold) affinity increase. X-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance, microscale thermophoresis, biophysical binding assays, molecular dynamics simulation Autophagy High 30626284
2019 lncRNA TNRC6C-AS1 recruits methyltransferase to the STK4 promoter to increase STK4 promoter methylation and down-regulate STK4 expression, thereby activating the Hippo signaling pathway in thyroid carcinoma cells. ChIP/methyltransferase binding assay, STK4 promoter methylation analysis, gene silencing/overexpression, proliferation and apoptosis assays Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Medium 31657132
2020 TRAF6 mediates LPS-induced ubiquitination of STK4/MST1, activating STK4 which then inhibits TRAF6 autoubiquitination and downstream NF-κB signaling, constituting a negative feedback loop in macrophage TLR4 signaling. Myeloid-specific genetic ablation (KO mice), Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, NF-κB activation assay, cytokine measurement, LPS-induced septic shock model Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS High 32975614
2020 STK4 deficiency impairs TBK1-IRF3 phosphorylation, leading to significantly reduced type I, II, and III interferon responses to TLR3, TLR9, and cytosolic RNA/DNA sensor ligands. Patient-derived cells (STK4 frameshift mutation), phospho-TBK1 and phospho-IRF3 immunoblot, cytokine ELISA, viral infection assay Journal of clinical immunology Medium 33078349
2020 STK4 directly phosphorylates β-catenin leading to its degradation via the ubiquitin-mediated pathway; STK4 colocalization with β-catenin was demonstrated, and STK4 knockdown causes β-catenin accumulation, promoting anchorage-independent growth and metastasis in colon cancer. Co-localization assay, in vitro kinase assay (direct phosphorylation of β-catenin), ubiquitin degradation assay, STK4 knockdown with metastasis phenotype readout, in vivo tumor model Molecular oncology Medium 32741119
2021 STK3 and STK4 suppress mitochondrial capacity in adipocytes and regulate mitophagy by controlling phosphorylation and dimerization status of the mitophagy receptor BNIP3; genetic inactivation of Stk3/Stk4 increases mitochondrial mass and function, stabilizes UCP1 in beige adipose tissue, and confers resistance to metabolic dysfunction. Genetic inactivation (adipose-specific knockout mice), mitochondrial function assays, BNIP3 phosphorylation assay, dimerization assay, metabolic phenotyping, pharmacological inhibition Nature metabolism High 33758424
2021 ROR2 inhibits STK4 phosphorylation (activity), which promotes nuclear translocation of FOXO1 that directly represses SMS1 transcription; this ROR2/STK4-FOXO1/SMS1 axis regulates sphingomyelin biosynthesis and dental pulp stem cell senescence. STK4 phosphorylation assay, FOXO1 nuclear translocation assay, FOXO1 ChIP on SMS1 promoter, gene knockdown/overexpression, proliferation assay Aging cell Medium 34278704
2021 Crystallization of an STK4 inhibitor compound with STK4 revealed two-point hinge binding in the ATP-binding pocket, providing structural basis for STK4 inhibitor design. X-ray crystallography of STK4-inhibitor complex Journal of medicinal chemistry Medium 34807584
2022 TCR signaling induces nuclear translocation of STK4 in Treg cells, where STK4 forms a complex with NF-κB p65 and Foxp3; STK4 phosphorylates Foxp3 at serine-418 to stabilize this complex, which regulates Foxp3- and p65-dependent transcriptional programs required for Treg cell activation and immune tolerance. Nuclear translocation assay (live imaging/fractionation), Co-immunoprecipitation (STK4-p65-Foxp3 complex), in vitro phosphorylation assay (Foxp3 S418), phosphomimetic rescue (Foxp3-S418E), Treg-specific conditional knockout mice, adoptive immunotherapy model Science immunology High 36149942
2025 STK4 directly binds the RING2-LDD module of HOIP (the E3 ligase catalytic subunit of LUBAC) through its kinase domain, phosphorylates HOIP at T786 within its allosteric ubiquitin-binding site, thereby blocking ubiquitin binding to the allosteric site and attenuating HOIP's E3 ligase activity toward NF-κB signaling. Biochemical binding assay, mass spectrometry (phosphosite identification), X-ray crystallography (STK4-HOIP RING2-LDD complex structure), in vitro kinase assay, E3 ligase activity assay, ubiquitin-binding competition assay Cell discovery High 40957900

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 45 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 The phenotype of human STK4 deficiency. Blood 256 22294732
2014 Phosphorylation of LC3 by the Hippo kinases STK3/STK4 is essential for autophagy. Molecular cell 159 25544559
1996 Newly identified stress-responsive protein kinases, Krs-1 and Krs-2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 134 8816758
2015 STK4 regulates TLR pathways and protects against chronic inflammation-related hepatocellular carcinoma. The Journal of clinical investigation 109 26457732
2014 MicroRNA-18a is elevated in prostate cancer and promotes tumorigenesis through suppressing STK4 in vitro and in vivo. Oncogenesis 98 24752237
2015 STK4 (MST1) deficiency in two siblings with autoimmune cytopenias: A novel mutation. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 66 26117625
2011 Identification of MST1/STK4 and SULF1 proteins as autoantibody targets for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer by using phage microarrays. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 59 21228115
2020 MicroRNA-18a targeting of the STK4/MST1 tumour suppressor is necessary for transformation in HPV positive cervical cancer. PLoS pathogens 58 32555725
2021 STK3/STK4 signalling in adipocytes regulates mitophagy and energy expenditure. Nature metabolism 48 33758424
2019 Structural insights into BCL2 pro-survival protein interactions with the key autophagy regulator BECN1 following phosphorylation by STK4/MST1. Autophagy 42 30626284
2019 Suppression of long non-coding RNA TNRC6C-AS1 protects against thyroid carcinoma through DNA demethylation of STK4 via the Hippo signalling pathway. Cell proliferation 37 30938030
2018 EBV Negative Lymphoma and Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Like Phenotype Extend the Clinical Spectrum of Primary Immunodeficiency Caused by STK4 Deficiency. Frontiers in immunology 35 30386345
2022 METTL3-Induced miR-222-3p Upregulation Inhibits STK4 and Promotes the Malignant Behaviors of Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 27 34562008
2017 Mapping the STK4/Hippo signaling network in prostate cancer cell. PloS one 27 28880957
2021 Inhibitors of the Hippo Pathway Kinases STK3/MST2 and STK4/MST1 Have Utility for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Journal of medicinal chemistry 26 34807584
2019 Long non-coding RNA TNRC6C-AS1 promotes methylation of STK4 to inhibit thyroid carcinoma cell apoptosis and autophagy via Hippo signalling pathway. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 25 31657132
2017 EBV lymphoproliferative-associated disease and primary cardiac T-cell lymphoma in a STK4 deficient patient: A case report. Medicine 24 29310365
2022 A Stk4-Foxp3-NF-κB p65 transcriptional complex promotes Treg cell activation and homeostasis. Science immunology 23 36149942
2020 TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination of MST1/STK4 attenuates the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 19 32975614
2021 Downregulation of ROR2 promotes dental pulp stem cell senescence by inhibiting STK4-FOXO1/SMS1 axis in sphingomyelin biosynthesis. Aging cell 17 34278704
2020 STK4 Deficiency Impairs Innate Immunity and Interferon Production Through Negative Regulation of TBK1-IRF3 Signaling. Journal of clinical immunology 17 33078349
2015 LC3 is a novel substrate for the mammalian Hippo kinases, STK3/STK4. Autophagy 16 25996575
2014 Spatiotemporal proteomic analyses during pancreas cancer progression identifies serine/threonine stress kinase 4 (STK4) as a novel candidate biomarker for early stage disease. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 15 25225358
2023 Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates the progression of non-small cell lung cancer by sponging miR-28-5p/STK4 axis and inactivating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cancer medicine 14 37081781
2022 Circular RNA_0057209 Acts as ceRNA to Inhibit Thyroid Cancer Progression by Promoting the STK4-Mediated Hippo Pathway via Sponging MicroRNA-183. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 13 35308166
2016 Successful Curative Therapy With Rituximab and Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for MALT Lymphoma Associated With STK4-Mutated CD4+ Lymphocytopenia. Pediatric blood & cancer 13 27163767
2020 A case report of sinusoidal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a STK4 deficient patient. Medicine 11 32118703
2022 LncRNA GAS5 enhances tumor stem cell-like medicated sensitivity of paclitaxel and inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by targeting the miR-18a-5p/STK4 pathway in prostate cancer. Asian journal of andrology 10 35295003
2021 A Novel STK4 Mutation Impairs T Cell Immunity Through Dysregulation of Cytokine-Induced Adhesion and Chemotaxis Genes. Journal of clinical immunology 10 34427831
2021 STK4 deficiency and EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, emphasis on histomorphology, and review of literature. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 10 34604912
2022 Graphene oxide accelerates diabetic wound repair by inhibiting apoptosis of Ad-MSCs via Linc00324/miR-7977/STK4 pathway. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 9 36269304
2022 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in serine/threonine kinase 4 (STK4) deficiency: Report of two cases and literature review. Pediatric transplantation 9 36394186
2019 MiR-1178-3p promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma Sune-1 cells by targeting STK4. Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents 9 30972994
2023 Saikosaponin-b2 Inhibits Primary Liver Cancer by Regulating the STK4/IRAK1/NF-κB Pathway. Biomedicines 8 37893233
2020 Downregulation of STK4 promotes colon cancer invasion/migration through blocking β-catenin degradation. Molecular oncology 8 32741119
2023 STK4 deficiency and epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like lesions: A case report. Pediatric dermatology 5 37515487
2020 Identical Twins with a Mutation in the STK4 Gene Showing Clinical Manifestations of the Mutation at Different Ages: A Case Report. Iranian journal of immunology : IJI 5 33382390
2024 A unique STK4 mutation truncating only the C-terminal SARAH domain results in a mild clinical phenotype despite severe T cell lymphopenia: Case report. Frontiers in immunology 3 38361950
2024 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis and Vδ2 γδ T-cell Expansion in STK4 Deficiency. Journal of clinical immunology 3 39110273
2025 circGAPVD1 inhibits the progression of gastric cancer through miR-4424/STK4 axis and encoding GAPVD1-137aa protein. International journal of biological macromolecules 2 40545108
2025 LncRNA Xist acts as a miR-486-5p sponge to modulate myoblast proliferation by recruiting Stk4. Journal of muscle research and cell motility 1 40974427
2023 LncRNA STK4 antisense RNA 1 (STK4-AS1) promoted osteosarcoma by inhibiting p53 expression. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 1 35912730
2022 Differentially expressed microRNAs during the differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells into insulin-producing cells, a promoting role of microRNA-708-5p/STK4 axis. PloS one 1 35395037
2026 A novel mutation in the STK4 gene (Serine/threonine kinase 4) in a Chinese Blang child. Immunology letters 0 42119789
2025 STK4 inhibits the E3 activity of HOIP by phosphorylating its allosteric ubiquitin-binding site. Cell discovery 0 40957900

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