Affinage

SPDL1

Protein Spindly · UniProt Q96EA4

Length
605 aa
Mass
70.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
67 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SPDL1 (Spindly/hSpindly) is a coiled-coil kinetochore protein that couples the spindle assembly checkpoint to the establishment of load-bearing microtubule attachments during cell division (PMID:18765790, PMID:20427577). Acting downstream of the RZZ (Rod-Zwilch-Zw10) complex, SPDL1 is required to target dynein/dynactin to kinetochores, and its loss abolishes dynein/dynactin kinetochore localization and prevents formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments without disrupting RZZ itself (PMID:18765790). SPDL1 also serves as a kinetochore receptor that recruits Mad1 (MDF-1) to drive checkpoint activation, with its own kinetochore loading depending on KNL-1 and the RZZ component ZW10 [PMID:18936247, PMID:18765790, PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.07.25.666731]. Kinetochore levels of SPDL1 are tuned by microtubule attachment and biorientation-induced tension, and removal of the RZZ-Spindly module from bioriented kinetochores—a step requiring the Spindly box—is necessary to silence the checkpoint; dominant-negative mutants that resist removal arrest cells at metaphase (PMID:20427577). Phosphorylation at T552 governs SPDL1 kinetochore dynamics and SAC output, as a non-phosphorylatable T552A mutant stabilizes the protein at kinetochores, impairs checkpoint signaling, and confers resistance to antimitotic drugs [PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.07.25.666731]. Consistent with this mitotic and meiotic role, SPDL1 maintains spindle integrity and chromosome euploidy in aged oocytes (PMID:39629683). A distinct non-mitotic isoform, SPDL1-L, localizes to lipid droplets in chicken cone cells and recruits centrins to position the droplet for normal light sensitivity (PMID:37699389). In colorectal cancer, SPDL1 behaves as a tumor-suppressor effector downstream of MRTFB whose loss promotes invasion and migration (PMID:31690663, PMID:40487946).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 8 steps
  1. 2008 High

    Established that Spindly is the kinetochore factor coupling RZZ to dynein/dynactin recruitment, answering how dynein reaches kinetochores to build load-bearing attachments.

    Evidence RNAi loss-of-function with genetic epistasis and live imaging of kinetochore-microtubule attachments in C. elegans embryos

    PMID:18765790

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not define the direct binding interface between Spindly and dynein/dynactin
    • Mechanism of how Spindly is itself loaded onto RZZ not resolved
  2. 2008 High

    Showed Spindly is a kinetochore receptor for Mad1 and is required for SAC activation, linking dynein recruitment to checkpoint signaling.

    Evidence RNAi, reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, and live imaging of SAC protein localization in monopolar spindle C. elegans embryos

    PMID:18765790 PMID:18936247

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect nature of the Spindly-Mad1 interaction not biochemically resolved
    • Whether Mad1 recruitment is mechanistically separable from dynein recruitment unclear at this stage
  3. 2010 High

    Defined the human ortholog hSpindly as an RZZ-interacting phosphoprotein whose tension-regulated removal via the Spindly box silences the mitotic checkpoint.

    Evidence Co-IP, RNAi, dominant-negative deletion mutants (NDelta253, DeltaSB), live-cell imaging, and Spindly+ZW10 co-depletion epistasis in human cells

    PMID:20427577

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the phosphorylation sites controlling dynamics not yet mapped
    • Molecular trigger linking biorientation tension to RZZ-Spindly stripping unresolved
  4. 2019 Medium

    Placed SPDL1 in a tumor-suppressive transcriptional axis, showing it is an MRTFB-regulated effector whose loss drives colorectal cancer invasion.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, RNA-seq after MRTFB knockdown, Transwell assays, xenograft tumor assays, and Mrtfb knockout mice

    PMID:31690663

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the tumor-suppressive role reflects mitotic function or a distinct activity is unclear
    • Direct transcriptional binding of MRTFB to SPDL1 not shown
  5. 2023 Medium

    Revealed a non-mitotic moonlighting function: the SPDL1-L isoform positions lipid droplets in cone cells by recruiting centrins.

    Evidence Live imaging, truncated centrin overexpression, CETN3 knockout, lipid droplet fractionation, and isoform characterization in chicken cone cells

    PMID:37699389

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab study in a non-canonical cell type
    • Relationship between SPDL1-L lipid droplet function and the mitotic kinetochore role unexplored
  6. 2024 Medium

    Demonstrated a functional requirement for SPDL1 in meiotic spindle integrity, since exogenous Spdl1 mRNA rescues defects in aged oocytes.

    Evidence mRNA injection rescue, RNA-seq/proteomics, and siRNA knockdown in mouse oocytes

    PMID:39629683

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which SPDL1 declines with oocyte aging not defined
    • Whether the meiotic role uses the same RZZ/dynein pathway as mitosis untested
  7. 2025 Medium

    Identified T552 phosphorylation as the regulator of hSpindly kinetochore dynamics and checkpoint output, connecting a post-translational switch to SAC strength and drug resistance.

    Evidence T552A phosphomutant analysis, kinetochore mobility assays, SAC readouts, and antimitotic drug viability assays (preprint)

    PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.07.25.666731

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinase responsible for T552 phosphorylation not identified
    • Preprint not yet peer-reviewed
    • Structural basis of how phosphorylation alters kinetochore residence unknown
  8. 2025 Medium

    Extended the cancer role mechanistically, showing SPDL1 loss activates EGFR/ERK signaling and EMT in colorectal cancer cells.

    Evidence SPDL1 knockdown in HCT116 cells, migration/invasion assays, Western blot, RNA-seq, and U0126 MEK-inhibitor pharmacological rescue

    PMID:40487946

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular link between SPDL1 and EGFR/ERK activation not established
    • Whether effect depends on SPDL1's mitotic function unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How SPDL1's well-defined kinetochore/SAC machinery mechanistically intersects with its reported tumor-suppressive signaling and non-mitotic lipid-droplet functions remains unresolved.
  • No unifying biochemical mechanism links the mitotic and signaling/cancer roles
  • Direct SPDL1 binding partners in the EGFR/ERK and JAK2/STAT3 contexts not demonstrated
  • Structural model of SPDL1 engaging dynein/dynactin and Mad1 lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 1
Localization
GO:0005694 chromosome 4 GO:0005811 lipid droplet 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 3
Partners
CETN1CETN3MAD1ZW10
Complex memberships
RZZ complex (associated)kinetochore

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2008 C. elegans SPDL-1 (Spindly ortholog) is required for dynein/dynactin targeting to kinetochores; its inhibition abolishes dynein/dynactin kinetochore localization without perturbing RZZ complex localization, preventing the formation of load-bearing kinetochore-microtubule attachments during prometaphase and causing extensive chromosome missegregation. Epistasis shows that coinhibition of SPDL-1 together with the RZZ complex reduces phenotypic severity to that of RZZ inhibition alone, placing SPDL-1 downstream of RZZ in controlling dynein-mediated kinetochore activity. RNAi-based loss-of-function in C. elegans embryos, genetic epistasis (double inhibition of SPDL-1 + RZZ), live imaging of kinetochore-microtubule attachments Genes & development High 18765790
2008 C. elegans SPDL-1 is required for Mad1/MDF-1 localization to kinetochores and for spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activation. SPDL-1 co-immunoprecipitates with MDF-1/MAD1 in vivo, and SPDL-1 kinetochore localization depends on KNL-1 and CZW-1/ZW10 (RZZ complex component), establishing SPDL-1 as a kinetochore receptor for MAD1. RNAi loss-of-function, co-immunoprecipitation, live imaging of SAC protein localization in monopolar spindle embryos The Journal of cell biology High 18765790 18936247
2010 Human Spindly (hSpindly/SPDL1) is a cell cycle-regulated mitotic phosphoprotein that interacts with the Rod/ZW10/Zwilch (RZZ) complex. Kinetochore levels of Spindly are regulated by microtubule attachment and biorientation-induced tension. Dominant-negative deletion mutants (NDelta253 or DeltaSB lacking the Spindly box) strongly localize to kinetochores, prevent removal of RZZ and MAD2 from bioriented chromosomes, and arrest cells at metaphase, demonstrating that RZZ-Spindly removal is required to silence the mitotic checkpoint. RNAi depletion of Spindly delays microtubule attachment, and this defect is rescued by co-depletion of ZW10, placing Spindly as a functional component coupling dynein-dependent poleward chromosome movement to efficient microtubule attachment. Co-immunoprecipitation (Spindly-RZZ interaction), RNAi depletion, deletion mutant overexpression, live-cell imaging, genetic epistasis (Spindly + ZW10 co-depletion) Molecular biology of the cell High 20427577
2023 In chicken cone cells, a previously uncharacterized isoform of SPDL1 (SPDL1-L) localizes to lipid droplets and recruits centrins (CETN3, CETN1) to the cone cell lipid droplet via their C-terminal calcium-binding domains, enabling apical positioning of the single lipid droplet required for normal light sensitivity. Live imaging, overexpression of truncated centrin constructs, loss-of-function (CETN3 knockout), lipid droplet fractionation, isoform characterization Developmental cell Medium 37699389
2024 SPDL1 is crucial for maintaining spindle/chromosome structure and chromosome euploidy in postovulatory-aged mouse oocytes; injection of exogenous Spdl1 mRNA into aged MII oocytes remarkably recovers meiotic defects, establishing a direct functional role for SPDL1 in meiotic spindle integrity. mRNA injection rescue experiment in mouse oocytes, RNA-seq and proteomics of aged oocytes, siRNA knockdown Cell proliferation Medium 39629683
2019 MRTFB transcriptionally regulates SPDL1 expression; siRNA knockdown of SPDL1 in human CRC cells significantly increases invasion and migration and enhances tumor development in xenograft assays, placing SPDL1 downstream of MRTFB as a functional tumor-suppressor effector in colorectal cancer. siRNA knockdown, RNA-seq (transcriptome after MRTFB knockdown), Transwell invasion/migration assays, in vivo xenograft tumor assays, Mrtfb knockout mice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 31690663
2025 SPDL1 inhibition in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via activation of the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); treatment with the MEK inhibitor U0126 reverses these effects, placing SPDL1 upstream of EGFR/ERK/EMT in CRC progression. SPDL1 knockdown in HCT116 cells, cell viability assay, Transwell migration/invasion assay, Western blot, RNA sequencing, flow cytometry (cell cycle), U0126 pharmacological rescue World journal of gastrointestinal oncology Medium 40487946
2026 Icariin suppresses TNBC proliferation, invasion, and pulmonary metastasis by downregulating SPDL1, which in turn suppresses phosphorylation and activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis; RNA sequencing confirmed alterations in JAK-STAT pathway molecules downstream of SPDL1 modulation. In vitro TNBC cell models and in vivo pulmonary metastasis mouse model, RNA sequencing, Western blot (JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation), SPDL1 knockdown/overexpression Cancer cell international Low 41680875
2025 hSpindly (SPDL1) is a dynamic protein that oligomerizes at unattached kinetochores and controls Mad1-Mad2 recruitment through the RZZ pathway independently of the KBB (KNL1-Bub3-Bub1) pathway. Threonine 552 is identified as a critical phosphorylation site: the non-phosphorylatable T552A mutant stabilizes hSpindly at kinetochores, impairs SAC signaling, and increases cellular resistance to antimitotic drugs. Phosphomutant analysis (T552A), kinetochore dynamics (live imaging/FRAP-type mobility assays), SAC signaling readouts, cell viability assay with antimitotic drugs bioRxivpreprint Medium bio_10.1101_2025.07.25.666731

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 67 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2008 A new mechanism controlling kinetochore-microtubule interactions revealed by comparison of two dynein-targeting components: SPDL-1 and the Rod/Zwilch/Zw10 complex. Genes & development 144 18765790
2017 Serum levels of soluble programmed death protein 1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in advanced pancreatic cancer. Oncoimmunology 119 28638732
2010 Spindly/CCDC99 is required for efficient chromosome congression and mitotic checkpoint regulation. Molecular biology of the cell 118 20427577
2021 Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1): A Pool of Circulating Proteins Implicated in Health and Diseases. Cancers 99 34204509
2016 Soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPDL1) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) predicts survival in advanced biliary tract cancer patients treated with palliative chemotherapy. Oncotarget 87 27780932
2018 Clinical significance of soluble programmed cell death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 73 29366520
2008 SPDL-1 functions as a kinetochore receptor for MDF-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Journal of cell biology 58 18936247
2021 Identification of a missense variant in SPDL1 associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Communications biology 45 33758299
2017 Serum sPD-L1, Upregulated in Sepsis, May Reflect Disease Severity and Clinical Outcomes in Septic Patients. Scandinavian journal of immunology 41 27864994
2021 The clinical implication of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in patients with breast cancer and its biological function in regulating the function of T lymphocyte. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 38 33688997
2019 Serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 as Biomarkers for Evaluating the Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients. Clinical breast cancer 38 31176611
2017 sPD-L1 Expression is Associated with Immunosuppression and Infectious Complications in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis. Scandinavian journal of immunology 33 28513984
2020 Serum levels of soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in patients with primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BMC cancer 32 32054467
2019 Soluble sPD-L1 and Serum Amyloid A1 as Potential Biomarkers for Lung Cancer. Journal of medical biochemistry 27 31156344
2019 MRTFB suppresses colorectal cancer development through regulating SPDL1 and MCAM. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 27 31690663
2022 The interaction between the soluble programmed death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) and PD-1+ regulator B cells mediates immunosuppression in triple-negative breast cancer. Frontiers in immunology 25 35935985
2021 Serum levels of soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1): A possible biomarker in predicting post-treatment outcomes in patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma. International immunopharmacology 23 33611059
2020 The Clinical Significance of Soluble Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in Patients With Gliomas. Frontiers in oncology 23 32038986
2022 Upregulation of PD-1 Expression and High sPD-L1 Levels Associated with COVID-19 Severity. Journal of immunology research 21 35971391
2019 Soluble Ligand of the Immune Checkpoint Receptor (sPD-L1) in Blood Serum of Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 19 30627905
2021 Specific intracellular binding peptide as sPD-L1 antibody mimic: Robust binding capacity and intracellular region specific modulation upon applied to sensing research. Biosensors & bioelectronics 15 33930752
2016 Inverse correlation of soluble programmed cell death-1 ligand-1 (sPD-L1) with eosinophil count and clinical severity in allergic rhinitis patients. Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology 15 27617656
2021 Soluble programmed cell death protein 1 (sPD-1) and the soluble programmed cell death ligands 1 and 2 (sPD-L1 and sPD-L2) in lymphoid malignancies. European journal of haematology 14 33721375
2022 Pan-cancer analysis combined with experiments explores the oncogenic role of spindle apparatus coiled-coil protein 1 (SPDL1). Cancer cell international 12 35093072
2019 Plasma levels of soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in WHO II/III nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): A preliminary study. Medicine 12 31574833
2023 The influence of plasma sPD-L1 concentration on the effectiveness of immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 11 37816808
2022 The correlation of serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels with clinical, pathological characteristics and lymph node metastasis in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. Turkish journal of medical sciences 11 36326416
2021 Association of PD-L1 gene polymorphisms and circulating sPD-L1 levels with HBV infection susceptibility and related liver disease progression. Gene 11 34478821
2021 Ultrasensitive electrochemical determination of the cancer biomarker protein sPD-L1 based on a BMS-8-modified gold electrode. Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 10 33517203
2023 Serum sPD-L1 levels are elevated in patients with viral diseases, bacterial sepsis or in patients with impaired renal function compared to healthy blood donors. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 9 37401452
2022 The potential of soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1) as a diagnosis marker for colorectal cancer. Frontiers in oncology 9 36052227
2022 SPDL1 Is an Independent Predictor of Patient Outcome in Colorectal Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences 8 35163739
2024 Serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 as predictive biomarkers for HBsAg clearance in HBeAg-negative CHB patients undergoing IFN-based therapy. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 6 38923559
2023 Thymoquinone, a Novel Multi-Strike Inhibitor of Pro-Tumorigenic Breast Cancer (BC) Markers: CALR, NLRP3 Pathway and sPD-L1 in PBMCs of HR+ and TNBC Patients. International journal of molecular sciences 6 37762557
2022 Soluble Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (sPD-L1) is Elevated in Aggressive Prostate Cancer Disease Among African Men. Oncology and therapy 6 35128628
2023 Centrins control chicken cone cell lipid droplet dynamics through lipid-droplet-localized SPDL1. Developmental cell 5 37699389
2023 Can sPD-1 and sPD-L1 Plasma Concentrations Predict Treatment Response among Patients with Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis? Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 5 37764924
2022 The Change of Soluble Programmed Death Ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in Plasma of Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Clinical Significance. Computational and mathematical methods in medicine 5 35126639
2025 Soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) as a biomarker of durable response and survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 4 40856795
2024 sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 in plasma of patients with lung cancer and their clinical significance. Cytokine 4 38330638
2024 Emerging role and function of SPDL1 in human health and diseases. Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) 4 38623460
2023 Soluble Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (sPD-L1) as a Promising Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlations With Clinical and Demographic Characteristics. Cureus 4 37779773
2022 Higher serum sPD-L1 levels after radiotherapy indicate poor outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Translational oncology 4 36115075
2022 Serum sPD1 and sPDL1 as Biomarkers for Evaluating the Immune State of Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. Journal of immunology research 4 36479137
2021 sPD-1 and sPD-L1 Levels in Serum and Urine of Patients with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome and their Clinical Significance. Clinical laboratory 4 34655201
2025 The Potential Role of sPD-L1 as a Predictive Biomarker in EGFR-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Current issues in molecular biology 3 39852160
2025 An investigation of the relationship between sPD-1, sPD-L1 and severe pneumonia patients admitted to ICU and its clinical significance. Frontiers in medicine 3 40636377
2024 Multi-omics revealed that DCP1A and SPDL1 determine embryogenesis defects in postovulatory ageing oocytes. Cell proliferation 3 39629683
2023 Increased plasma levels of soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy in comparison to hyperthyroid patients without Graves' ophthalmopathy. Cytokine 3 37307688
2022 "Role of kidney function and concentrations of BAFF, sPD-L1 and sCD25 on mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19". BMC nephrology 3 36056305
2025 Expression of sPD-L1 levels in an ex vivo liver perfusion model. Clinical and experimental immunology 2 39435859
2025 Soluble sFas, sFasL, sPD1, and sPDL1 Analyses in the Peripheral Blood of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer Patients Before and After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Journal of surgical oncology 2 40457578
2025 SPDL1 inhibition enhances colorectal cancer progression via epidermal growth factor receptor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways. World journal of gastrointestinal oncology 2 40487946
2023 Soluble Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1) Levels in Various Cancer Types and Normal Populations. Clinical laboratory 2 37057933
2007 [Preparation and identification of human soluble sPD-L1 and its antibodies]. Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 2 17366897
2025 Association between clinical activity score and serum sPD-1 and sPD-L1 levels during systemic glucocorticoid treatment for active moderate-to-severe thyroid eye disease. Cytokine 1 39842384
2025 Immune Checkpoint Dysregulation in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Study of sCTLA-4 and sPD-L1 as Biomarkers of Symptomatic Vasospasm. International journal of molecular sciences 1 40943153
2024 Elevated serum soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) level correlate with clinical characteristics in breast cancer patients: A study at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Cytokine 1 39042994
2023 Association of plasma sPD-1 and sPD-L1 with disease status and future relapse in AQP4-IgG (+) NMOSD. Annals of clinical and translational neurology 1 38069466
2021 The role of soluble programmed death protein-1 (sPD-1) and soluble programmed death ligand-1 (sPD-L1) in rat corneal transplantation rejection. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University 1 33438375
2026 Circulating sPD-L1 as a tumor microenvironment-derived biomarker: enhancing diagnostic discrimination accuracy in breast cancer. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 0 41603965
2026 Mechanism by which Icariin suppresses pulmonary metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer through downregulation of the SPDL1/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Cancer cell international 0 41680875
2026 Aptamer-Coupled Droplet CRISPR/Cas12a Enables Ultrasensitive sPD-L1 Detection. Analytical chemistry 0 42189082
2026 Serum Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1) as a Diagnostic Marker in Neonatal Sepsis. Indian journal of pediatrics 0 42258041
2024 Maternal Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1) and T-regulatory Cells (Tregs) Alteration in Preeclampsia: A Cross-Sectional Study From Eastern India. Cureus 0 39328700
2023 Retracted: The Change of Soluble Programmed Death Ligand 1 (sPD-L1) in Plasma of Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Clinical Significance. Computational and mathematical methods in medicine 0 37503446
2023 [Levels and Clinical Significances of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in Peripheral Blood of Lymphoma Patients]. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi 0 38071053

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