Affinage

SF1

Steroidogenic factor 1 · UniProt Q13285

Length
461 aa
Mass
51.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 32 papers cited in narrative 32 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

The SF1 symbol in this corpus resolves into two distinct, internally coherent protein identities that must be treated separately. As the pre-mRNA splicing factor (ZFM1/ZNF162), SF1 is an essential metazoan factor required to form the early ATP-dependent pre-spliceosomal complex (PMID:1827409, PMID:10606272). It recognizes the intron branchpoint through its KH domain, which is the major determinant of RNA binding and conserved from yeast to human (PMID:8752089, PMID:9582097). The region N-terminal to the KH domain mediates cooperative branchpoint–polypyrimidine tract recognition by recruiting U2AF65 through that factor's degenerate C-terminal RRM (PMID:9512519, PMID:9582097), and SF1 then bridges to the U2 snRNP via a conserved SURP-interaction region that promotes A-complex assembly (PMID:26420826). This U2AF65 interaction is a regulated node: PKG-I phosphorylation at Ser20 inhibits binding and blocks pre-spliceosome assembly, whereas KIS-mediated phosphorylation of the SPSP motif enhances ternary SF1–U2AF65–RNA complex formation (PMID:10449420, PMID:16420481). SF1 additionally functions as a transcriptional repressor of activated (not basal) transcription through an N-terminal repression domain, acting on EWS/TLS/TAF activation domains and recruiting the elongation factor CA150 via a C-terminal proline-rich motif (PMID:9506990, PMID:9660765, PMID:11604498), and it suppresses β-catenin/TCF-4 transcriptional output with Sf1-null mice dying before E8.5 (PMID:17900258). Distinctly, the steroidogenic factor SF-1 (NR5A1) is a DNA-binding nuclear receptor that drives gonadal and adrenal developmental programs: it cooperates with SRY/SOX9 at the Sox9 Tesco enhancer to direct male sex determination (PMID:18454134), is activated by Ptx1, Egr-1, and the coactivator PNRC (PMID:10369682, PMID:10082522, PMID:10894149), and its target-gene selectivity is controlled by SUMOylation at Lys119, which blocks DNA binding at noncanonical loci, and at other residues that enhance DAX1-mediated repression of the fetal adrenal enhancer (PMID:18838537, PMID:28893949). NR5A1 expression is governed by upstream regulators WT1, LHX9, and FOXL2 (PMID:12130543, PMID:24451388, PMID:27888191), and a recessive NR5A1 R103Q mutation impairs TLX1 transactivation to cause defective spleen development in humans (PMID:24905461).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 27 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Established that a distinct protein factor is biochemically required to build the earliest spliceosomal complex, defining SF1 as a non-snRNP splicing essential factor.

    Evidence Chromatographic fractionation of HeLa nuclear extract and in vitro pre-splicing complex reconstitution

    PMID:1827409

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the RNA target or domain architecture of the factor
    • Mechanism of action within the complex undefined
  2. 1996 High

    Identified SF1 molecularly as a single ~75 kDa KH/zinc-knuckle RNA-binding polypeptide, linking the splicing activity to a defined gene product (ZFM1/ZNF162).

    Evidence cDNA isolation, baculovirus expression, RNA binding assays and complex assembly with multiple isoforms

    PMID:8752089

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific RNA element (branchpoint) not yet pinpointed
    • Protein partners within the complex not defined
  3. 1998 High

    Resolved how SF1 achieves initial branchpoint recognition by showing cooperative branchpoint–polypyrimidine binding with U2AF65, and mapped the KH domain as the RNA determinant and the N-terminal region as the U2AF65 contact.

    Evidence Cooperative RNA binding assays, domain mapping, human/yeast chimeric constructs and two-hybrid

    PMID:9512519 PMID:9582097

    Open questions at the time
    • How recognition transitions to U2 snRNP recruitment unresolved
    • Regulation of the interaction not addressed
  4. 1998 Medium

    Uncovered an unexpected second role: the same protein (ZFM1) is a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor of activated transcription acting on EWS/TLS/TAF activation domains.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, and Gal4/reporter repression assays in mammalian cells

    PMID:9506990 PMID:9660765

    Open questions at the time
    • Repression mechanism on endogenous promoters unclear
    • Relationship between splicing and transcription roles not integrated
  5. 1999 High

    Demonstrated that the SF1–U2AF65 interaction is a phosphoregulated switch, with PKG-I phosphorylation at Ser20 inhibiting the interaction and blocking pre-spliceosome assembly.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, Ser20 mutagenesis, co-IP, spliceosome assembly readout, and cell-based phosphorylation

    PMID:10449420

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological signaling contexts that trigger PKG phosphorylation undefined
    • Effect on global splicing not measured
  6. 1999 High

    Established SF1 as essential for metazoan development and confirmed the KH domain as the conserved functional core across species.

    Evidence C. elegans RNAi lethality and in vitro reconstitution of Drosophila SF1 in HeLa splicing extracts

    PMID:10606272

    Open questions at the time
    • Role of metazoan-specific RS domains unresolved
    • Tissue-specific requirements not dissected
  7. 2001 Medium

    Connected SF1's transcriptional repression to elongation control by mapping a proline-rich motif that recruits the CTD-binding elongation factor CA150.

    Evidence Domain-mapped co-IP and transcription elongation repression reporter assays

    PMID:11604498

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous genes regulated by SF1–CA150 unknown
    • In vivo significance not tested
  8. 2001 Medium

    Linked ZFM1/SF1 down-regulation to a disease-relevant proliferative phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cells.

    Evidence Antisense knockdown, proliferation assays, and an in vivo atherosclerosis model

    PMID:11748220

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct gene targets mediating proliferation not identified
    • Whether splicing or transcription function drives the phenotype unclear
  9. 2006 High

    Identified a positive phosphoregulatory input, showing KIS phosphorylation of the SPSP motif enhances U2AF65 binding and ternary complex formation, complementing the inhibitory PKG input.

    Evidence MS phospho-mapping, in vitro kinase assay, UHM-domain mutagenesis, and ternary complex assays

    PMID:16420481

    Open questions at the time
    • Crosstalk between KIS and PKG phosphorylation untested
    • Cellular conditions regulating KIS activity undefined
  10. 2015 High

    Defined how SF1 hands the branchpoint complex off to the U2 snRNP, showing a conserved SURP-interaction region recruits U2 snRNP and is required for A-complex assembly.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP, yeast two-hybrid, and SF1 depletion/complementation in spliceosome assembly assays

    PMID:26420826

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the SURP interaction not resolved here
    • Additional regulatory inputs at this step unknown
  11. 2015 Medium

    Expanded the SF1 splicing interactome by identifying PRPF40B as a direct partner that bridges SF1 and U2AF65 and influences alternative splice site selection.

    Evidence Co-IP, yeast two-hybrid, speckle colocalization, splicing reporters, and siRNA knockdown

    PMID:25605964

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide splicing dependence on the SF1–PRPF40B axis not mapped
    • Mechanistic contribution to spliceosome assembly unclear
  12. 2018 High

    Provided the high-resolution structural mechanism by which a UHM-containing factor (Tat-SF1) engages SF3b1 through a canonical UHM-ULM interface, defining the molecular interface to the U2 snRNP.

    Evidence 1.1 Å crystal structure with interface mutagenesis, co-IP, affinity measurements, and transcriptomics

    PMID:30567737

    Open questions at the time
    • Relationship of Tat-SF1 to the branchpoint-binding SF1 not clarified in this corpus
    • In vivo splicing dependence partially defined
  13. 1999 Medium

    Established the steroidogenic factor SF-1 (NR5A1) as a DNA-binding nuclear receptor whose activity is potentiated by direct partner proteins on gonadotrope promoters.

    Evidence GST pull-down, co-IP, and reporter assays mapping Ptx1 and Egr-1 interactions on LHβ/MIS promoters

    PMID:10082522 PMID:10369682

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous ligand status of SF-1 unresolved
    • Promoter-selective contributions not fully dissected
  14. 2000 Medium

    Identified PNRC as a ligand-independent coactivator of SF-1, defining a proline-rich SH3-binding contact mechanism for transcriptional enhancement.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-IP, reporter assays, and domain mutagenesis

    PMID:10894149

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological gene targets of SF-1/PNRC not defined
    • In vivo relevance untested
  15. 2002 High

    Placed NR5A1 within the gonadal developmental hierarchy by identifying WT1(-KTS) and LHX9 as direct upstream transcriptional activators of the Sf1 promoter.

    Evidence Promoter binding/transactivation assays and genetic epistasis with gonad-specific knockouts

    PMID:12130543

    Open questions at the time
    • Combinatorial control with repressors not yet integrated
    • Stage-specific switching not addressed
  16. 2008 High

    Revealed that SUMOylation at Lys119 selectively silences SF-1 DNA binding at noncanonical target genes, defining a post-translational mechanism for target-gene discrimination.

    Evidence In vitro sumoylation, K119R/K194R mutants, NMR of the LBD, ChIP, and reporter assays

    PMID:18838537

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzymes setting/removing SUMO in specific tissues undefined
    • Genome-wide SUMO-sensitive target catalog incomplete
  17. 2008 Medium

    Showed SF1 (the splicing/transcription factor) acts as a tumor-suppressive component of the β-catenin/TCF-4 complex, with the gene being embryonically essential.

    Evidence Co-IP, reporter and colony-formation assays, gene-trap knockout mice, and a carcinogen-induced tumor model

    PMID:17900258

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of β-catenin/TCF-4 repression unresolved
    • Whether splicing function contributes to tumor suppression unknown
  18. 2008 High

    Defined cooperative SF-1/SRY action at the Sox9 Tesco enhancer as the molecular trigger of male sex determination, including a SOX9 feedforward loop.

    Evidence ChIP, enhancer mutation, reporter assays, and in vivo sex-reversal genetics

    PMID:18454134

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative thresholds for SF-1 occupancy not defined
    • Other enhancers co-regulated by this complex not mapped
  19. 2011 Medium

    Showed Wnt/β-catenin signaling antagonizes SF-1 function by selectively excluding it from the Tesco enhancer without changing its protein levels, establishing locus-selective regulation of SF-1 occupancy.

    Evidence ChIP at Tesco and Cyp11a1, Wnt pathway manipulation in embryonic gonad culture

    PMID:22128028

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of selective enhancer exclusion unknown
    • Generality across SF-1 targets untested
  20. 2012 Medium

    Provided the dosage-sensitive sex-reversal mechanism by showing excess DAX1 reduces SF-1 binding to the Tesco enhancer.

    Evidence Reporter assays, ChIP for SF-1, Dax1-overexpressing transgenic mice, and Sox9 epistasis

    PMID:22294746

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct structural basis of DAX1-mediated SF-1 displacement unclear
    • Locus selectivity of DAX1 antagonism not fully mapped
  21. 2014 Medium

    Identified FOXL2 as a direct repressor of Sf1 that antagonizes WT1-KTS activation, defining the ovarian arm of Sf1 transcriptional control.

    Evidence qRT-PCR, reporter assays, in vitro ChIP, binding-site mutagenesis, and Foxl2-null mice

    PMID:24451388

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamic balance between FOXL2 and WT1 in vivo not quantified
    • Downstream consequences of Sf1 derepression incomplete
  22. 2014 Medium

    Demonstrated promoter-selective SF-1 functions in humans by showing the R103Q mutation impairs TLX1 transactivation (and spleen development) while sparing SOX9 co-activation.

    Evidence Patient mutation analysis and wild-type/mutant SF-1 reporter assays on distinct target promoters

    PMID:24905461

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of target-selective loss not resolved
    • Full spectrum of R103Q-affected targets unknown
  23. 2016 High

    Established WT1 as also a repressive controller of Sf1 timing, showing premature Sf1 upregulation upon Wt1 loss redirects somatic cells toward a steroidogenic rather than supporting fate.

    Evidence Temporal conditional Wt1 knockout, promoter binding with binding-site mutagenesis, and lineage analysis

    PMID:27888191

    Open questions at the time
    • Switch between WT1 activator and repressor roles not mechanistically defined
    • Cofactors mediating WT1 repression unknown
  24. 2017 High

    Refined SF-1 SUMO biology by showing SUMOylation enhances DAX1 recruitment to repress the fetal adrenal enhancer, controlling postnatal adrenal X-zone regression.

    Evidence SUMOylation-deficient knock-in mice, Dax1 knockout mice, FAdE-lacZ reporter mice, and interaction assays

    PMID:28893949

    Open questions at the time
    • How SUMO promotes DAX1 binding mechanistically unclear
    • Other SUMO-dependent corepressors not identified
  25. 2018 Medium

    Identified the Mdm2-p53 axis as a transcriptional controller of SF-1 in granulosa cells required for ovulation and fertility.

    Evidence Conditional Mdm2 knockouts, Mdm2/p53 double knockout rescue, and fertility/SF-1 expression analysis

    PMID:30260703

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether p53 acts directly on the Sf1 promoter not established
    • Direct steroidogenic targets affected not fully mapped
  26. 2018 Low

    Linked metabolic insulin signaling to adrenal SF-1 levels via FoxO1 suppression, connecting SF-1 to systemic energy state.

    Evidence Insulin treatment, FoxO1 overexpression, and insulin-deficient/hyperactive mouse models

    PMID:29567944

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct mechanistic linkage of insulin signaling to the Sf1 promoter (correlative expression data)
    • FoxO1 binding to Sf1 regulatory regions not demonstrated
  27. 2014 Low

    Implicated chromatin-level control of SF-1, showing prenatal nicotine reduces SF-1 promoter histone acetylation via HDAC2 to impair steroidogenesis.

    Evidence ChIP for histone marks, bisulfite sequencing, qRT-PCR, and HDAC-inhibitor rescue

    PMID:24709674

    Open questions at the time
    • HDAC2-to-SF-1 link is correlative, not causally established
    • Direct recruitment of HDAC2 to the Sf1 promoter not shown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved within this corpus whether the branchpoint-binding splicing factor SF1 (ZFM1) and the steroidogenic nuclear receptor SF-1 (NR5A1) represent one protein with dual roles or two distinct gene products conflated by symbol, and how their respective regulatory networks intersect.
  • No timeline discovery reconciles the KH/U2AF65 splicing identity with the DNA-binding NR5A1 nuclear-receptor identity
  • Cross-talk between splicing and transcriptional/steroidogenic functions not directly tested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003723 RNA binding 4 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0003677 DNA binding 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 3
Partners
CA150DAX1EWSPRPF40BSF3B1SF3B4SRYU2AF65
Complex memberships
U2 snRNP-associated branchpoint complexbeta-catenin/TCF-4 transcriptional complexpre-spliceosome (E complex)

Evidence

Reading pass · 32 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 Mammalian splicing factor SF1 (ZFM1/ZNF162) consists of a single ~75 kDa polypeptide encoded by alternatively spliced mRNAs. It contains a KH domain and zinc knuckle required for RNA binding and binds directly to RNA with preference for G- and U-rich sequences. Multiple SF1 isoforms expressed via baculovirus showed comparable activities in pre-splicing complex assembly. cDNA isolation, baculovirus expression, RNA binding assays, in vitro splicing complex assembly RNA (New York, N.Y.) High 8752089
1991 SF1 (splicing factor 1) is an essential protein factor required for the formation of the pre-splicing complex (early ATP-dependent spliceosomal complex), functioning together with SF3 and U2AF, and is essential for production of spliced RNA. Chromatographic fractionation of HeLa nuclear extracts, in vitro splicing assays, pre-splicing complex assembly The EMBO journal High 1827409
1998 Mammalian SF1 (mBBP/SF1) binds specifically to the branchpoint sequence and interacts with U2AF65, which binds the adjacent polypyrimidine tract. This protein-protein interaction promotes cooperative binding to a branchpoint sequence-polypyrimidine tract RNA, contributing to initial branchpoint sequence recognition. The third RBD (degenerate RRM) of U2AF65 is essential for the SF1 interaction. RNA binding assays, protein-protein interaction assays, cooperative binding experiments, domain mapping Genes & development High 9512519
1998 The KH domain of human SF1 is the major determinant for RNA binding and is essential for spliceosome assembly. The region N-terminal to the KH domain mediates the interaction with U2AF65. Yeast SF1 similarly interacts with Mud2p (the yeast U2AF65 homologue) via its conserved C-terminal degenerate RRM. The KH domain function is conserved between human and yeast SF1. Domain deletion analysis, chimeric construct analysis, yeast two-hybrid, in vitro spliceosome assembly RNA (New York, N.Y.) High 9582097
1999 SF1 (splicing factor 1) is phosphorylated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) at Ser20. This phosphorylation inhibits the SF1-U2AF65 interaction and blocks pre-spliceosome assembly. Mutation of Ser20 to Ala or Thr also inhibits the interaction with U2AF65, indicating Ser20 is essential for binding. Phosphorylation of SF1 on Ser20 occurs in cultured neuronal cells and is increased by cGMP analogue treatment. In vitro kinase assay, site-directed mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, pre-spliceosome assembly assay, cell-based phosphorylation assay The EMBO journal High 10449420
1998 ZFM1 (identical to splicing factor SF1) functions as a transcriptional repressor. Its N-terminal 137 amino acids contain a repression domain. ZFM1 interacts with the transcription activation domain of SSAP (a sea urchin transcription factor) and represses Gal4-GQC-mediated transcription; only activated, not basal, transcription is affected. Yeast two-hybrid, functional transcription repression assays in mammalian cells, Gal4 fusion assays, domain mapping The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 9506990
1998 ZFM1/SF1 interacts with the EWS transcriptional activation domain (NTD) via a 37 amino acid region. Overexpression of ZFM1 in HepG2 cells represses EWS-NTD-driven transcription. ZFM1 also interacts with TLS and hTAFII68, proteins homologous to EWS. This suggests ZFM1 negatively modulates transcription coordinated by EWS/TLS/TAF cofactors. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, reporter gene assays in HepG2 cells The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 9660765
2001 The transcription elongation factor CA150 directly binds to SF1 through its WW1 and WW2 domains interacting with a novel proline-rich motif in the C-terminal half of SF1. This interaction is required for efficient CA150-mediated repression of transcription elongation. CA150 also binds to the phosphorylated CTD of RNAPII via its FF repeats, suggesting SF1 targets the nascent transcript to recruit CA150. Protein-protein interaction mapping, co-immunoprecipitation, transcription repression reporter assays, domain deletion analysis Molecular and cellular biology Medium 11604498
2006 SF1 is highly phosphorylated in mammalian cells on two serines within an SPSP motif (at the junction between its U2AF65 and RNA binding domains) by the kinase KIS. KIS interacts with SF1 via its UHM domain, which is required for efficient SPSP phosphorylation. SPSP phosphorylation by KIS increases SF1 binding to U2AF65 and enhances formation of the ternary SF1-U2AF65-RNA complex. Mass spectrometry phosphorylation mapping, in vitro kinase assay, protein-protein interaction assays, domain mutagenesis, ternary complex formation assay The FEBS journal High 16420481
2015 SF1 interacts with SURP domain-containing U2 snRNP proteins (SAP49/SF3b4 and SF3b1-related factors) via a short evolutionarily conserved region. Co-immunoprecipitation from HeLa extracts found nearly all U2 snRNP proteins associated with SF1. Depletion of SF1 reduced A complex (spliceosome) formation, rescued by recombinant SF1 containing the SURP-interaction domain but only partially by SF1 lacking this domain. This shows SF1 can recruit U2 snRNP to the spliceosome during E complex formation. Co-immunoprecipitation from HeLa extracts, yeast two-hybrid, SF1 depletion and complementation, spliceosomal complex assembly assay Nucleic acids research High 26420826
2015 PRPF40B directly interacts with SF1 and associates with U2AF65. PRPF40B colocalizes with SF1 and U2AF65 in nuclear speckles. PRPF40B modulates alternative splice site selection and depletion of PRPF40B increases Fas/CD95 receptor levels and cell apoptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid, colocalization by immunofluorescence, alternative splicing reporter assays, siRNA knockdown RNA (New York, N.Y.) Medium 25605964
1999 Drosophila SF1 (DmSF1) and C. elegans SF1 (CeSF1) contain N-terminal RS domains enriched in Ser, Arg, Lys, and Asp residues, unlike their yeast and mammalian counterparts. DmSF1 lacking its N-terminus is functional in prespliceosome formation in a HeLa splicing system, showing the KH domain function is conserved. CeSF1 is essential for viability (injection of dsRNA causes embryonic lethality in C. elegans), establishing SF1 as essential for metazoan development. cDNA isolation, RNAi (C. elegans), in vitro splicing reconstitution in HeLa extracts, protein interaction assays RNA (New York, N.Y.) High 10606272
2014 SF1 and the RNA-binding protein Celf3 co-localize in novel nuclear bodies (CS bodies) in neuroblastoma Neuro2A cells. The lncRNA Gomafu binds both SF1 and Celf3 but forms distinct nuclear bodies separate from CS bodies, suggesting Gomafu indirectly modulates SF1 function by sequestering it into separate compartments. Cross-link RNA precipitation, knockdown, immunofluorescence colocalization, nuclear body imaging Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms Medium 25145264
2001 Down-regulation of ZFM1/SF1 (splicing factor 1) by IL-1β and TNF-α in vascular smooth muscle cells promotes cell proliferation and expression of pro-inflammatory gene products (MCP-1, VCAM-1). Antisense oligonucleotide suppression of ZFM1 protein mimics cytokine-stimulated SMC proliferation. In an atherosclerosis mouse model, ZFM1 abundance was decreased in proliferating arterial SMC. Suppression subtractive hybridization, antisense oligonucleotides, cell proliferation assay, in vivo atherosclerosis model, Western blot The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11748220
2007 SF1 (splicing factor 1) was identified as a novel component of the β-catenin/TCF-4 transcriptional complex. Overexpression of SF1 inhibited the transcriptional activity of this complex and markedly suppressed β-catenin-evoked colony formation in HEK293 cells. Homozygous SF1 knockout mice die before E8.5; heterozygous Sf1+/- mice are viable but more susceptible to azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation (complex identification), reporter assay, colony formation assay, gene trap knockout mice, carcinogen-induced tumor model Cancer science Medium 17900258
2008 SUMO modification of SF-1 (NR5A1) at Lys119 (adjacent to the DNA-binding domain) results in a marked and selective loss of DNA binding to noncanonical SF-1 target genes (e.g. inhibin-α). DNA binding and sumoylation of Lys119 are mutually exclusive. Sumoylation at Lys194 (adjacent to the LBD) modestly reduces Ser203 phosphorylation but does not greatly impair coregulator recruitment or conformation. The K119R mutant is selectively recruited to SUMO-sensitive sites in the endogenous inhibin-α promoter, leading to increased transcription. In vitro sumoylation, site-directed mutagenesis (K119R, K194R), NMR structural analysis of sumoylated LBD, chromatin immunoprecipitation, transcriptional reporter assays Molecular and cellular biology High 18838537
2017 SF1 SUMOylation increases binding of DAX1 to SF1 (without directly influencing SF1 DNA binding), thereby enhancing transcriptional repression of the fetal adrenal enhancer (FAdE). SUMOylation-deficient SF1 mice and Dax1 knockout mice both show delayed regression of the postnatal fetal adrenal cortex (X-zone) and prolonged FAdE expression, defining a cooperative repressor function. SUMOylation-deficient knock-in mice, Dax1 knockout mice, reporter mouse (FAdE-lacZ), in vitro protein-protein interaction assays Development (Cambridge, England) High 28893949
2018 Tat-SF1 contains a U2AF homology motif (UHM) protein-protein interaction module (determined by 1.1 Å crystal structure). Tat-SF1 preferentially and directly binds the SF3b1 subunit of the U2 snRNP via a canonical UHM-ULM interface (Tat-SF1 binding pocket for SF3b1 Trp338). SF3b1 regulates Tat-SF1 protein levels, and these two factors influence expression of overlapping transcripts. Crystal structure (1.1 Å, 1.9 Å, 2.1 Å resolution), co-immunoprecipitation, binding affinity measurements, siRNA knockdown, transcriptomics The Journal of biological chemistry High 30567737
1999 Ptx1 interacts directly with SF-1 (NR5A1/steroidogenic factor 1) through its C-terminus binding the N-terminal half of SF-1. This interaction requires SF-1 DNA binding and results in transcriptional enhancement equivalent to a constitutively active SF-1 mutant, mimicking the effect of a putative SF-1 ligand. This synergism is observed on the LH-beta and MIS promoters. GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional reporter assays, constitutively active SF-1 mutant comparison, domain mapping The EMBO journal Medium 10369682
1999 Egr-1 interacts directly with both Ptx1 and SF-1, and these interactions enhance Ptx1- and SF-1-induced LHβ transcription. GnRH stimulates Egr-1 (but not Ptx1 or SF-1) expression via the PKC pathway, establishing Egr-1 as a transcriptional mediator of GnRH signaling that converges on SF-1 activity. GST pull-down (direct interaction), co-transfection reporter assays, PKC activation studies, GnRH stimulation experiments Molecular and cellular biology Medium 10082522
2000 PNRC (proline-rich nuclear receptor coregulatory protein) interacts directly with SF1 (steroidogenic factor 1) in a ligand-independent manner via a 23-amino acid C-terminal sequence containing an SH3-binding motif (SDPPSPSP), with the two conserved prolines required for interaction. PNRC functions as a coactivator to enhance SF1-mediated transcriptional activation. Direct contact between PNRC and SF1 was confirmed by GST pull-down. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional reporter assays, domain mutagenesis Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) Medium 10894149
2002 WT1 (specifically the -KTS isoform) directly binds to and transactivates the Sf1 promoter, establishing WT1 as a direct upstream activator of SF1 expression. LHX9 also functions as a direct activator of the Sf1 gene. Genetic experiments placed Wt1 and Lhx9 upstream of Sf1 in the gonadal development pathway. Biochemical binding assays, transcriptional reporter assays, genetic epistasis (gonad-specific knockout models), promoter analysis Genes & development High 12130543
2014 FOXL2 transcriptionally represses Sf1 expression by directly binding a conserved FOXL2 binding site in the Sf1 proximal promoter and antagonizing WT1-KTS-mediated activation. Mutation of the FOXL2 binding site abolishes repression in reporter assays. In Foxl2-null mice, Sf1 expression is increased ~2-fold in XX fetal gonads. Quantitative RT-PCR, reporter assays, in vitro ChIP, site-directed mutagenesis, Foxl2-null mouse model FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Medium 24451388
2016 WT1 represses Sf1 expression by directly binding to the Sf1 promoter region. When WT1 binding sites are mutated, the repressive function is abolished. Loss of Wt1 before sex determination causes upregulation of Sf1, leading to differentiation of somatic cells into steroidogenic cells instead of supporting (Sertoli/granulosa) cells. Conditional Wt1 knockout mice (temporal deletion), promoter binding assay, site-directed mutagenesis of WT1 binding sites, histological and gene expression analysis Development (Cambridge, England) High 27888191
2008 SRY binds to multiple elements within a Sox9 gonad-specific enhancer (Tesco) together with SF1 (NR5A1). SF1 and SRY cooperatively upregulate Sox9 expression; SOX9 subsequently also binds the same enhancer along with SF1 to maintain its own expression after SRY expression ceases (feedforward loop). Mutation and sex-reversal studies confirmed that cooperative SF1/SRY binding to the enhancer is required for male sex determination. ChIP, enhancer mutation studies, co-transfection reporter assays, sex-reversal genetic experiments Nature High 18454134
2011 Ectopic activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in male gonads reduces SF1 binding to the Tesco (Sox9 testis) enhancer without altering SF1 mRNA or protein levels, abolishing Sox9 expression. SF1 binding to the Cyp11a1 promoter (a Leydig cell target) was not affected. This demonstrates that Wnt/β-catenin signaling selectively prevents SF1 from accessing specific enhancers. ChIP for SF1 at Tesco enhancer and Cyp11a1 promoter, Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation/inhibition, embryonic gonad culture, gene expression analysis Endocrinology Medium 22128028
2012 Excess DAX1 antagonizes SF1-, SF1/SRY-, and SF1/SOX9-mediated activation of the Sox9 testis enhancer (Tesco) by reducing SF1 binding to Tesco. This provides the molecular mechanism for dosage-sensitive sex reversal: increased DAX1 impairs SF1-mediated Sox9 activation. Reporter assays in cultured cells, ChIP for SF1 at Tesco, transgenic mice overexpressing Dax1, genetic epistasis with Sox9 heterozygotes Endocrinology Medium 22294746
2009 GPR30/GPER activation (by tamoxifen analogue STX) increases cellular pools of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) triphosphate via PI3K signaling, which activates SF-1 (NR5A1) transcription, promotes endometrial cell proliferation, and induces the SF-1 target gene aromatase. This establishes a GPR30→PI3K→SF-1 signaling axis. PI3K/MAPK pathway activation assays, SF-1 transcription reporter assays, cell proliferation assays, siRNA for GPR30, PI3P measurement Cancer research Medium 19549922
2014 A recessive SF-1 (NR5A1) mutation (R103Q) decreases SF-1 transactivation of TLX1, a transcription factor essential for spleen development, without affecting SF-1/SRY co-activation of SOX9. This establishes SF-1 as directly required for spleen development in humans through TLX1 transactivation, and identifies functionally distinct SF-1 activities on different target gene promoters. Patient mutation identification, transcriptional reporter assays with mutant and wild-type SF-1, target gene promoter analysis The Journal of clinical investigation Medium 24905461
2018 The Mdm2-p53 pathway in ovarian granulosa cells transcriptionally controls SF-1 expression. Mdm2 deficiency in granulosa cells increases p53, which suppresses SF-1 levels, impairing oocyte maturation, ovulation, and fertilization. Mdm2/p53 double deletion restores normal fertility, placing p53 as a negative regulator of SF-1 in granulosa cells. Conditional Mdm2 knockout mice (two Cre models), Mdm2/p53 double conditional knockout, fertility and ovulation assays, SF-1 expression analysis FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Medium 30260703
2018 Insulin increases SF-1 protein and mRNA levels in adrenal cells, partly through suppression of FoxO1. Overexpression of FoxO1 suppresses SF-1 and its steroidogenic target genes. Hyperactivation of insulin signaling in mice increases adrenal SF-1 expression and elevates aldosterone/corticosterone levels; streptozotocin-induced insulin deficiency markedly reduces adrenal SF-1 expression. In vitro cell treatment with insulin, FoxO1 overexpression, streptozotocin mouse model, insulin-signaling hyperactivation mouse model, qRT-PCR and Western blot Scientific reports Low 29567944
2014 Prenatal nicotine exposure reduces histone H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation at the SF-1 promoter via increased HDAC2, reducing SF-1 expression and impairing steroidogenesis in fetal adrenal tissue. Trichostatin A (HDAC inhibitor) reverses the nicotine-mediated inhibition of SF-1 and partial target genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP for histone acetylation), bisulfite sequencing (DNA methylation), qRT-PCR, Western blot, in vitro cell treatment Toxicology and applied pharmacology Low 24709674

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2010 SF1 and SF2 helicases: family matters. Current opinion in structural biology 766 20456941
2008 Sex determination involves synergistic action of SRY and SF1 on a specific Sox9 enhancer. Nature 712 18454134
1998 The pan-pituitary activator of transcription, Ptx1 (pituitary homeobox 1), acts in synergy with SF-1 and Pit1 and is an upstream regulator of the Lim-homeodomain gene Lim3/Lhx3. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 240 9514159
1999 Egr-1 is a downstream effector of GnRH and synergizes by direct interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 to enhance luteinizing hormone beta gene transcription. Molecular and cellular biology 227 10082522
2002 The Wilms tumor suppressor WT1 regulates early gonad development by activation of Sf1. Genes & development 214 12130543
1998 A cooperative interaction between U2AF65 and mBBP/SF1 facilitates branchpoint region recognition. Genes & development 213 9512519
2001 Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) is essential for pituitary gonadotrope function. Development (Cambridge, England) 181 11124111
2015 DAX-1 (NR0B1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A1) in human disease. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism 156 26303087
2008 Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, Ad4BP, NR5A1) and disorders of testis development. Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation 152 18987494
1996 Mammalian splicing factor SF1 is encoded by variant cDNAs and binds to RNA. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 148 8752089
1997 The nuclear receptor SF-1 mediates sexually dimorphic expression of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance, in vivo. Development (Cambridge, England) 146 9165127
1996 Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat. Science (New York, N.Y.) 144 8849451
2009 Stimulating the GPR30 estrogen receptor with a novel tamoxifen analogue activates SF-1 and promotes endometrial cell proliferation. Cancer research 134 19549922
2010 Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A1) and human disease. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 131 21078366
2000 Expression and subcellular localization of SF-1, SOX9, WT1, and AMH proteins during early human testicular development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 127 10741423
2009 Molecular aspects of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1). Molecular and cellular endocrinology 126 19616058
2002 Different patterns of anti-Müllerian hormone expression, as related to DMRT1, SF-1, WT1, GATA-4, Wnt-4, and Lhx9 expression, in the chick differentiating gonads. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 107 12412004
1999 Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain. The EMBO journal 107 10369682
2001 The transcription elongation factor CA150 interacts with RNA polymerase II and the pre-mRNA splicing factor SF1. Molecular and cellular biology 105 11604498
2007 The Sf1-related nuclear hormone receptor Hr39 regulates Drosophila female reproductive tract development and function. Development (Cambridge, England) 103 18077584
2009 DSIF, the Paf1 complex, and Tat-SF1 have nonredundant, cooperative roles in RNA polymerase II elongation. Genes & development 95 19952111
1991 Three protein factors (SF1, SF3 and U2AF) function in pre-splicing complex formation in addition to snRNPs. The EMBO journal 94 1827409
1998 Conservation of functional domains involved in RNA binding and protein-protein interactions in human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae pre-mRNA splicing factor SF1. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 93 9582097
2000 Temperature-dependent sex determination in the American alligator: expression of SF1, WT1 and DAX1 during gonadogenesis. Gene 87 10675033
1998 The transcriptional repressor ZFM1 interacts with and modulates the ability of EWS to activate transcription. The Journal of biological chemistry 85 9660765
2006 SF-1 overexpression in childhood adrenocortical tumours. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 77 16574405
2001 Mutations in NR0B1 (DAX1) and NR5A1 (SF1) responsible for adrenal hypoplasia congenita. Human mutation 77 11748841
1999 Phosphorylation of splicing factor SF1 on Ser20 by cGMP-dependent protein kinase regulates spliceosome assembly. The EMBO journal 76 10449420
2014 CB1 cannabinoid receptor in SF1-expressing neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus determines metabolic responses to diet and leptin. Molecular metabolism 72 25352999
2000 PNRC: a proline-rich nuclear receptor coregulatory protein that modulates transcriptional activation of multiple nuclear receptors including orphan receptors SF1 (steroidogenic factor 1) and ERRalpha1 (estrogen related receptor alpha-1). Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 72 10894149
2016 Wt1 directs the lineage specification of sertoli and granulosa cells by repressing Sf1 expression. Development (Cambridge, England) 71 27888191
2011 Antagonistic regulation of Cyp26b1 by transcription factors SOX9/SF1 and FOXL2 during gonadal development in mice. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 71 21757499
2007 Gonadal expression of Sf1 and aromatase during sex determination in the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta), a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination. Differentiation; research in biological diversity 69 17490415
2005 Mouse Polycomb M33 is required for splenic vascular and adrenal gland formation through regulating Ad4BP/SF1 expression. Blood 69 15899914
2000 Synergy of SF1 and RAR in activation of Oct-3/4 promoter. The Journal of biological chemistry 68 10692469
2005 Nuclear receptors Sf1 and Dax1 function cooperatively to mediate somatic cell differentiation during testis development. Development (Cambridge, England) 67 15829514
2006 Diminished hypothalamic bdnf expression and impaired VMH function are associated with reduced SF-1 gene dosage. The Journal of comparative neurology 66 16917842
2013 Structure and Mechanisms of SF1 DNA Helicases. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 64 23161005
1997 Evidence that functional interactions of CREB and SF-1 mediate hormone regulated expression of the aromatase gene in granulosa cells and constitutive expression in R2C cells. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 64 9365194
2015 Microcystic Stromal Tumor: A Distinctive Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Neoplasm Characterized by FOXL2, SF-1, WT-1, Cyclin D1, and β-catenin Nuclear Expression and CTNNB1 Mutations. The American journal of surgical pathology 61 26200099
1998 The HIV-1 Tat cellular coactivator Tat-SF1 is a general transcription elongation factor. Genes & development 61 9765201
2007 Mastermind-like domain-containing 1 (MAMLD1 or CXorf6) transactivates the Hes3 promoter, augments testosterone production, and contains the SF1 target sequence. The Journal of biological chemistry 60 18162467
2014 Formation of nuclear bodies by the lncRNA Gomafu-associating proteins Celf3 and SF1. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 58 25145264
2010 SF-1 in the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus: a key regulator of homeostasis. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 57 21111025
2001 Expression of AMH, SF1, and SOX9 in gonads of genetic female chickens during sex reversal induced by an aromatase inhibitor. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 56 11668600
2003 SF1 in the development of the adrenal gland and gonads. Hormone research 55 12566727
2002 The role of SF1 in adrenal and reproductive function: insight from naturally occurring mutations in humans. Molecular genetics and metabolism 55 12083805
2011 Wnt signaling in ovarian development inhibits Sf1 activation of Sox9 via the Tesco enhancer. Endocrinology 53 22128028
2016 Haploinsufficiency of SF-1 Causes Female to Male Sex Reversal in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Endocrinology 51 27046435
2012 Excess DAX1 leads to XY ovotesticular disorder of sex development (DSD) in mice by inhibiting steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) activation of the testis enhancer of SRY-box-9 (Sox9). Endocrinology 51 22294746
2019 SF-1 mediates reproductive toxicity induced by Cerium oxide nanoparticles in male mice. Journal of nanobiotechnology 50 30894193
2008 Decreased recognition of SUMO-sensitive target genes following modification of SF-1 (NR5A1). Molecular and cellular biology 49 18838537
1999 Tat-SF1 protein associates with RAP30 and human SPT5 proteins. Molecular and cellular biology 49 10454543
2006 Major phosphorylation of SF1 on adjacent Ser-Pro motifs enhances interaction with U2AF65. The FEBS journal 48 16420481
2008 Potent, selective and cell penetrant inhibitors of SF-1 by functional ultra-high-throughput screening. Molecular pharmacology 47 18334597
2001 SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1), C/EBPbeta (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein), and ubiquitous transcription factors NF1 (nuclear factor 1) and Sp1 (selective promoter factor 1) are required for regulation of the mouse aldose reductase-like gene (AKR1B7) expression in adrenocortical cells. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 45 11145742
2015 Mammalian splicing factor SF1 interacts with SURP domains of U2 snRNP-associated proteins. Nucleic acids research 43 26420826
2014 FOXL2 transcriptionally represses Sf1 expression by antagonizing WT1 during ovarian development in mice. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 42 24451388
2010 Adrenocortical development and cancer: focus on SF-1. Journal of molecular endocrinology 42 20200142
2014 Testicular differentiation factor SF-1 is required for human spleen development. The Journal of clinical investigation 41 24905461
2001 SF-1: a critical mediator of steroidogenesis. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 41 11165004
2000 Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) is essential for ovarian development and function. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 41 10963870
2016 Leptin and insulin engage specific PI3K subunits in hypothalamic SF1 neurons. Molecular metabolism 40 27656404
2009 Transcriptional activity of the murine retinol-binding protein gene is regulated by a multiprotein complex containing HMGA1, p54 nrb/NonO, protein-associated splicing factor (PSF) and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)/liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1). The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 39 19389484
1999 Splicing factor SF1 from Drosophila and Caenorhabditis: presence of an N-terminal RS domain and requirement for viability. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 38 10606272
2003 Mutations in the SRY, DAX1, SF1 and WNT4 genes in Brazilian sex-reversed patients. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 37 14689056
2002 SF-1, DAX-1, and acd: molecular determinants of adrenocortical growth and steroidogenesis. Endocrine research 37 12530669
2018 Mdm2-p53-SF1 pathway in ovarian granulosa cells directs ovulation and fertilization by conditioning oocyte quality. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 36 30260703
2018 The pre-mRNA splicing and transcription factor Tat-SF1 is a functional partner of the spliceosome SF3b1 subunit via a U2AF homology motif interface. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 30567737
2008 The nuclear receptors SF1 and LRH1 are expressed in endometrial cancer cells and regulate steroidogenic gene transcription by cooperating with AP-1 factors. Cancer letters 35 19022561
2014 Streptococcus iniae SF1: complete genome sequence, proteomic profile, and immunoprotective antigens. PloS one 33 24621602
2012 Beyond steroidogenesis: novel target genes for SF-1 discovered by genomics. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 33 23168267
2001 Transcriptional regulators of steroidogenesis, DAX-1 and SF-1, are expressed in human skin. The Journal of investigative dermatology 32 11886523
2024 Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors with PIT1/SF1 co-expression show distinct clinicopathological and molecular features. Acta neuropathologica 31 38228887
2015 Prp40 pre-mRNA processing factor 40 homolog B (PRPF40B) associates with SF1 and U2AF65 and modulates alternative pre-mRNA splicing in vivo. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 30 25605964
2010 Update--steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, NR5A1). Minerva endocrinologica 30 20595937
2021 BBSome ablation in SF1 neurons causes obesity without comorbidities. Molecular metabolism 29 33722691
2005 Expression of Sox8, Sf1, Gata4, Wt1, Dax1, and Fog2 in the mouse ovarian follicle: implications for the regulation of Amh expression. Molecular reproduction and development 29 15625693
1997 Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and the regulation of expression of luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone b-subunits in the sheep anterior pituitary in vivo. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 28 9570145
2023 Multilineage Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNETs) Expressing PIT1 and SF1. Endocrine pathology 27 37268858
2018 Insulin Regulates Adrenal Steroidogenesis by Stabilizing SF-1 Activity. Scientific reports 26 29567944
2023 Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1; Nr5a1) regulates the formation of the ovarian reserve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 25 37494420
2017 Transcriptomic analysis of short-fruit 1 (sf1) reveals new insights into the variation of fruit-related traits in Cucumis sativus. Scientific reports 25 28592854
2007 Increased susceptibility of Sf1(+/-) mice to azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis. Cancer science 24 17900258
2021 Copper exposure disrupts ovarian steroidogenesis in human ovarian granulosa cells via the FSHR/CYP19A1 pathway and alters methylation patterns on the SF-1 gene promoter. Toxicology letters 23 34871762
2014 Prenatal nicotinic exposure suppresses fetal adrenal steroidogenesis via steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) deacetylation. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 23 24709674
1998 Human ZFM1 protein is a transcriptional repressor that interacts with the transcription activation domain of stage-specific activator protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 22 9506990
2016 Gonadotropin and sf-1 regulation of cyp19a1a gene and aromatase activity during oocyte development in the rohu, L. rohita. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 21 26916215
2010 SEDLIN forms homodimers: characterisation of SEDLIN mutations and their interactions with transcription factors MBP1, PITX1 and SF1. PloS one 21 20498720
2004 LBP proteins modulate SF1-independent expression of P450scc in human placental JEG-3 cells. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 21 15471945
2001 Cytokine-induced down-regulation of zfm1/splicing factor-1 promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation. The Journal of biological chemistry 21 11748220
2017 Timing of adrenal regression controlled by synergistic interaction between Sf1 SUMOylation and Dax1. Development (Cambridge, England) 20 28893949
2009 Functional characterization and protein-protein interactions of trypanosome splicing factors U2AF35, U2AF65 and SF1. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 20 19320097
1996 SF-1: a key regulator of development and function in the mammalian reproductive system. Acta paediatrica Japonica : Overseas edition 19 8840555
2013 Neonatal expression of amh, sox9 and sf-1 mRNA in Caiman latirostris and effects of in ovo exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. General and comparative endocrinology 18 23747749
2017 SF1 and spleen development: new heterozygous mutation, literature review and consequences for NR5A1-mutated patient's management. Clinical genetics 17 28032338
2017 Transcription factors SF1 and cJUN cooperate to activate the Fdx1 promoter in MA-10 Leydig cells. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 17 28274746
2015 Genome-wide identification of SF1 and SF2 helicases from archaea. Gene 17 26456193
2011 Identification of novel SRY mutations and SF1 (NR5A1) changes in patients with pure gonadal dysgenesis and 46,XY karyotype. Molecular human reproduction 17 21242195
1996 Expression of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) mRNA and protein in the human placenta. Molecular human reproduction 17 9238716

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