Affinage

RRAD

GTP-binding protein RAD · UniProt P55042

Length
308 aa
Mass
33.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 30 papers cited in narrative 30 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RRAD (Rad) is a muscle-enriched, ~29 kDa Ras-related small GTPase that binds and hydrolyzes GTP and acts principally as an endogenous brake on L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the heart (PMID:8248782, PMID:7876254, PMID:14623965). It inhibits CaV1.2 by binding directly to the channel's CaVβ accessory subunit, a requirement demonstrated by the selective inhibition of β-subunit-bearing channels and by nuclear sequestration of CaVβ when Rad is targeted to the nucleus (PMID:14623965, PMID:16298391). Loss of Rad in cardiomyocytes raises ICaL, Ca2+ transients, SERCA2a, and contractility, phenocopying β-adrenergic stimulation without hypertrophy, identifying Rad as the central regulator of cardiac excitation–contraction coupling (PMID:19926875, PMID:24334906, PMID:31147441). β-adrenergic/PKA signaling relieves this inhibition: PKA phosphorylation of four Rad residues accounts for the bulk of PKA-mediated CaV1.2 upregulation, and channel activation additionally requires structural rigidity of the α1C I-II loop and CaVβ binding (PMID:33086983, PMID:34001616, PMID:36424916). A familial RRAD missense variant (p.R211H) causes Brugada-syndrome electrophysiological defects in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, linking the gene to inherited arrhythmia (PMID:31114854). Rad activity is shaped by partner and post-translational inputs: nm23/NDP kinase serves as its GAP in a bidirectional interaction, calcium-dependent calmodulin and 14-3-3 binding govern its localization, and CaMKII, PKA, PKC, and CKII phosphorylate C-terminal serines to modulate CaM binding and GTP binding (PMID:9115241, PMID:9677319, PMID:10611312, PMID:16298391). Beyond Ca2+ handling, Rad antagonizes the Rho/ROK pathway to drive stress-fiber and focal-adhesion disassembly and suppress cell migration, and it limits cardiac hypertrophy via CaMKII and cardiac fibrosis by binding C/EBP-δ to repress CTGF (PMID:11956230, PMID:15710763, PMID:18056528, PMID:21382976). As a direct p53 transcriptional target, Rad restrains glycolysis by blocking GLUT1 membrane translocation (in part through binding NF-κB p65) and suppresses migration via cofilin/actin dynamics (PMID:21221513, PMID:25114038, PMID:25893381). In skeletal muscle and adipocytes, Rad overexpression inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and worsens diet-induced insulin resistance in vivo (PMID:8798502, PMID:16537411).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 28 steps
  1. 1993 High

    Established RRAD as a previously unknown small GTPase and tied its discovery to a disease context (overexpression in type II diabetic skeletal muscle), defining the gene to be studied.

    Evidence Subtraction cloning of human skeletal muscle cDNA and protein characterization

    PMID:8248782

    Open questions at the time
    • No biochemical activity demonstrated
    • Causal role in diabetes not yet tested
  2. 1995 High

    Confirmed Rad is a functional GTP-binding protein with regulatable GTPase activity and a PKA-phosphorylated C-terminus, providing the biochemical scaffold for all downstream regulation.

    Evidence GST-fusion GTP/GDP binding and GTPase assays, mutagenesis, and in vitro PKA phosphorylation

    PMID:7876254

    Open questions at the time
    • GAP identity unknown
    • Cellular consequences of GTP loading unknown
  3. 1996 High

    First linked Rad to the cytoskeleton and to glucose metabolism, showing nucleotide-dependent tropomyosin binding and inhibition of intrinsic glucose transporter activity.

    Evidence Co-IP, far-Western, fractionation, and glucose-uptake assays in muscle/fat cell lines

    PMID:8557685 PMID:8798502

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of transporter inhibition not resolved
    • In vivo relevance untested at this stage
  4. 1997 High

    Defined a calcium-sensing module: calcium-dependent calmodulin binding at the C-terminus and CaMKII as a kinase/partner, connecting Rad to Ca2+/calmodulin signaling.

    Evidence CaM-Sepharose pulldown, mutagenesis mapping, co-IP, and in vitro CaMKII assay

    PMID:9115241

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional output of CaM binding not yet shown
    • Link to channel regulation not yet made
  5. 1998 High

    Mapped a multi-kinase phosphorylation code (CaMKII, PKA, PKC, CKII) controlling CaM interaction and GTP binding, establishing how signaling inputs tune Rad.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assays, phosphopeptide mapping, mutagenesis, GTP-binding and CaM pulldown assays

    PMID:9677319

    Open questions at the time
    • Which phosphosites operate in vivo not defined here
    • Downstream effectors still unknown
  6. 1998 High

    Resolved how Rad associates with membranes/cytoskeleton, showing a non-lipid (non-prenylation, non-palmitoylation) mechanism distinct from canonical Ras targeting.

    Evidence Palmitate labeling, lovastatin treatment, Triton X-114 partitioning, deletion/chimera constructs in C2C12

    PMID:9683526

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise targeting motif not pinpointed
    • Role of localization in function not yet tied to a substrate
  7. 1999 High

    Identified nm23/NDP kinase as the long-sought Rad GAP and revealed a reciprocal, bidirectional regulatory interaction controlling Rad's nucleotide state.

    Evidence GAP purification, immunodepletion, recombinant reconstitution, GTPase/NDP-kinase/autophosphorylation assays

    PMID:10611312

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological setting of the Rad–nm23 cycle unclear
    • GEF for Rad not identified
  8. 2002 High

    Placed Rad as a negative regulator of the Rho/ROK pathway, explaining its effects on actomyosin, stress fibers, and focal adhesions.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP, ROK kinase assays, deletion mapping, morphological assays in multiple cell lines

    PMID:11956230

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ROK binding is nucleotide-state dependent not fully defined
    • In vivo cardiovascular relevance not yet shown
  9. 2003 High

    Discovered Rad's defining activity—direct CaVβ binding and CaVβ-dependent abolition of L-type Ca2+ currents—establishing the RGK-channel inhibition paradigm.

    Evidence In vivo co-IP and whole-cell patch-clamp with CaV1.2/CaVβ in HEK293, plus deletion analysis

    PMID:14623965

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of current loss (trafficking vs gating) not resolved here
    • Endogenous cardiac relevance untested
  10. 2005 High

    Connected localization control (calmodulin/14-3-3) to channel regulation, showing Rad downregulates channels by preventing CaVβ surface expression including via nuclear sequestration.

    Evidence Fractionation, confocal imaging, co-IP, electrophysiology, nuclear-targeting constructs

    PMID:16298391

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of nuclear sequestration vs other mechanisms in vivo unknown
  11. 2005 High

    Established Rad as a p53-induced, vasoprotective regulator that limits VSMC migration and neointima formation via Rho/ROK inhibition, with nucleotide-state dependence.

    Evidence Adenoviral delivery in rat carotid injury, RT-PCR, migration/adhesion assays, GDP/GTP mutants

    PMID:15710763

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct p53 binding to promoter not yet shown here
    • Human disease relevance untested
  12. 2005 Medium

    Linked Rad transcription to myogenic and calcium-dependent programs, identifying MEF2/MyoD/Myf-5 and calcineurin/NFAT control of the Rad promoter.

    Evidence Microarray, promoter-reporter assays, calcineurin co-transfection, NFAT-motif mutagenesis in regenerating muscle

    PMID:16221735

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab promoter study
    • Functional role of Rad in regeneration not directly tested
  13. 2006 High

    Provided in vivo proof that Rad negatively regulates muscle glucose metabolism, with muscle-specific overexpression worsening insulin resistance.

    Evidence MCK-Rad transgenic mice, glucose tolerance/insulin clamp, 2-DG uptake, lipoprotein lipase assays

    PMID:16537411

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular target mediating transporter inhibition unresolved
    • Loss-of-function metabolic phenotype not addressed
  14. 2007 High

    Defined an anti-hypertrophic role with Rad upstream of CaMKII, linking reduced cardiac Rad to human heart failure and hypertrophy.

    Evidence Human/mouse heart Western blots, adenoviral OE/RNAi, Rad-KO mice, pressure overload, CaMKII phosphorylation

    PMID:18056528

    Open questions at the time
    • How Rad restrains CaMKII activation mechanistically unclear
    • Interplay with Ca2+ channel regulation not dissected
  15. 2009 High

    Demonstrated Rad as an endogenous bidirectional regulator of cardiac EC coupling and β-AR responsiveness via ICaL, moving the channel paradigm into native cardiomyocytes.

    Evidence Adenoviral OE and RNAi in rat cardiomyocytes, patch-clamp, Ca2+ imaging, sarcomere shortening, RadS105N

    PMID:19926875

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between Rad and β-AR signaling not yet defined
    • Phosphorylation control of relief untested
  16. 2011 High

    Established direct p53 binding to the Rad promoter and a p53→Rad→ROK/cofilin axis suppressing cancer cell migration and invasion.

    Evidence ChIP, promoter deletion/mutant reporters, siRNA, wound-healing/invasion assays, cofilin phosphorylation blots

    PMID:21221513

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo metastasis suppression not tested
    • Relative role of cofilin vs other ROK targets unclear
  17. 2011 High

    Identified an anti-fibrotic mechanism in which Rad binds C/EBP-δ to block CTGF transcription, with Rad-KO mice showing increased cardiac fibrosis.

    Evidence Rad-KO mice, ChIP, co-IP, adenoviral OE/RNAi, conditioned-medium/CTGF-neutralization experiments

    PMID:21382976

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether C/EBP-δ binding depends on Rad nucleotide state unknown
    • Crosstalk with hypertrophy/EC-coupling roles unexplored
  18. 2013 High

    Showed that germline Rad deletion enhances ICaL, Ca2+ transients, and contractility, phenocopying β-AR stimulation without hypertrophy—cementing Rad as the cardiac channel brake.

    Evidence Rad−/− cardiomyocytes, patch-clamp, Fura-2 imaging, sarcomere shortening, working-heart preparations, echocardiography

    PMID:24334906

    Open questions at the time
    • Systemic vs cardiac-intrinsic contribution not separated here
    • Mechanism of β-AR mimicry not molecularly defined
  19. 2014 High

    Established Rad as a p53 effector that represses hypoxic glycolysis by blocking GLUT1 membrane translocation, linking the gene to the Warburg effect.

    Evidence Ectopic expression/siRNA in lung cancer cells, glucose/lactate assays, GLUT1 fractionation and imaging under hypoxia

    PMID:25114038

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular target controlling GLUT1 not yet identified here
    • In vivo tumor metabolism untested
  20. 2014 Medium

    Described a context-dependent pro-tumor role in glioblastoma, where RRAD associates with EGFR and EEA1 to enhance EGFR stability and STAT3 activation.

    Evidence Co-IP (RRAD–EGFR, RRAD–EEA1), KD/OE in GBM cells, STAT3 assays, sphere formation, in vivo tumorigenesis

    PMID:25313011

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab study
    • Reconciliation with tumor-suppressive roles elsewhere unresolved
  21. 2015 High

    Provided a molecular handle for glycolysis repression: RRAD binds NF-κB p65 to block its nuclear translocation and thereby GLUT1 surface expression.

    Evidence Co-IP (RRAD–p65), p65 fractionation, NF-κB reporter assays, siRNA/OE, glucose/lactate assays in lung cancer cells

    PMID:25893381

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether p65 binding is direct and nucleotide-dependent unclear
    • Integration with p53 induction not dissected
  22. 2018 Medium

    Linked RRAD to cellular senescence as a ROS-lowering negative regulator co-activated by p53 and NF-κB across multiple senescence modes.

    Evidence Pan-senescence meta-analysis, validation in fibroblasts, ROS measurement, ChIP for p53 and NF-κB at the RRAD locus

    PMID:30391675

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of ROS reduction shown in single lab
    • Connection to GTPase activity untested
  23. 2019 High

    Linked RRAD to inherited arrhythmia by showing a familial p.R211H variant reproduces Brugada-syndrome electrophysiology and cytoskeletal defects in iPSC-cardiomyocytes.

    Evidence WES, patient and CRISPR-edited iPSC-CMs, patch-clamp, actin/focal-adhesion imaging

    PMID:31114854

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic basis of Na+ current changes incompletely defined
    • Genotype frequency/penetrance not established
  24. 2019 High

    Used cardiac-specific inducible KO to prove that heart-intrinsic Rad ablation beneficially enhances Ca2+ dynamics and contractility without remodeling, separating cardiac from systemic effects.

    Evidence Conditional cardiac Cre-lox KO, patch-clamp, Fura-2 transients, echocardiography, telemetry, Western blot

    PMID:31147441

    Open questions at the time
    • Long-term consequences and therapeutic window not addressed
    • Molecular relief mechanism still pending phosphosite proof
  25. 2019 Medium

    Added a metabolic effector in hepatocellular carcinoma, with RRAD binding ACTG1 and suppressing glycolysis through ACTG1 downregulation.

    Evidence Co-IP (RRAD–ACTG1), OE/KD in HCC lines, glycolysis assays, cell cycle/apoptosis assays, xenografts

    PMID:30881024

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab study
    • How RRAD downregulates ACTG1 mechanistically unclear
  26. 2020 High

    Defined the structural requirement on the channel side, showing the α1C I-II loop rigidity and CaVβ binding are essential for Rad-mediated inhibition relief and β-AR regulation.

    Evidence Transgenic mice with α1C I-II loop mutants, patch-clamp in cardiomyocytes and heterologous systems, β-AR stimulation

    PMID:33086983

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-level structure of the Rad–CaVβ–α1C complex not resolved
    • Conformational changes upon phosphorylation not visualized
  27. 2021 High

    Demonstrated by full pathway reconstitution that Rad is the dominant (~80%) mediator of PKA-driven CaV1.2 upregulation, requiring PKA phosphorylation of Rad.

    Evidence Xenopus oocyte reconstitution of β-AR→PKA→CaV1.2 with two-electrode voltage clamp and genetic dissection

    PMID:34001616

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the residual Rad-independent component unresolved
    • In vivo confirmation of phosphosite necessity pending
  28. 2022 High

    Provided definitive in vivo proof that four PKA phosphosites in Rad mediate β-adrenergic augmentation of cardiac Ca2+ influx, with CaVβ-binding-deficient mutants rescuing the phosphosite-mutant heart.

    Evidence 4SA-Rad knock-in mice plus Rad-binding-deficient CaVβ transgenics, patch-clamp, echocardiography, exercise testing

    PMID:36424916

    Open questions at the time
    • Spatial/structural mechanism of phosphorylation-induced unbinding not visualized
    • Therapeutic targeting of this node untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How Rad's GTPase cycle, calmodulin/14-3-3-controlled localization, and PKA phosphorylation are integrated structurally to release CaVβ, and how the gene's many cancer/metabolic roles are reconciled with its cardiac function, remain open.
  • No atomic structure of the Rad–CaVβ complex in the corpus
  • GEF for Rad unidentified
  • Context-dependent pro- vs anti-tumor roles unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4 GO:0003924 GTPase activity 2 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 2 GO:0005634 nucleus 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 4 R-HSA-397014 Muscle contraction 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2
Partners
CACNB2CALM1CEBPDEGFRNME1RELAROCK1ROCK2

Evidence

Reading pass · 30 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 RRAD (Rad) was identified as a new ~29 kDa member of the Ras-GTPase superfamily, overexpressed in skeletal muscle of type II diabetic humans, establishing it as a novel small GTPase expressed primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Subtraction cloning of human skeletal muscle cDNA libraries, followed by molecular characterization of the encoded protein Science High 8248782
1995 Rad binds GTP in a specific and saturable manner, has low intrinsic GTPase activity that is enhanced by a tissue-specific GAP activity distinct from known Ras-GAPs, and is phosphorylated in vitro by PKA at two C-terminal sites. GDP binding is lost with the S66N mutation (equivalent to Ras position 12). Bacterial GST-fusion protein expression, GTP/GDP binding assays, GTPase activity assays, site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro phosphorylation with PKA, phosphopeptide mapping The Journal of biological chemistry High 7876254
1996 Rad interacts with skeletal muscle beta-tropomyosin; this interaction is guanine nucleotide-dependent (GDP-Rad binds tropomyosin better than GTP-Rad) and is enhanced by calcium ionophore A23187. Calcium promotes Rad association with the cytoskeletal fraction in C2C12 cells. Expression screening of cDNA libraries, co-immunoprecipitation in C2C12 cells, calcium ionophore treatment, far-Western blotting, guanine nucleotide saturation studies, subcellular fractionation The Journal of biological chemistry High 8557685
1996 Overexpression of Rad in C2C12 myotubes, L6 myotubes, and 3T3-L1 adipocytes reduces insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by 50–90% without altering GLUT4 expression, GLUT4 translocation, or insulin receptor/IRS-1 phosphorylation or PI3-kinase activity, suggesting Rad inhibits intrinsic transporter activity. Stable and transient overexpression in muscle and fat cell lines, 2-deoxyglucose and 3-O-methylglucose uptake assays, GLUT4 immunofluorescence, Western blot for signaling intermediates, PI3-kinase assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 8798502
1997 Rad and Gem bind calmodulin (CaM) in a calcium-dependent manner; the binding site maps to residues 278–297 at the Rad C-terminus, which contains a canonical CaM-binding motif. GDP-bound Rad shows ~5-fold better CaM binding than GTP-bound Rad. Rad co-immunoprecipitates with CaMKII in C2C12 cells, and both Rad and Gem serve as CaMKII substrates in vitro. An extended N-terminal domain negatively regulates CaM binding. CaM-Sepharose pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, deletion and point mutant analysis, in vitro CaMKII kinase assay, subcellular fractionation correlating CaM binding with cytoskeletal localization The Journal of biological chemistry High 9115241
1998 Rad is phosphorylated by CaMKII and PKA at Ser273, and by PKC and CKII at multiple C-terminal serines (Ser214, Ser257, Ser273, Ser290, Ser299). Phosphorylation by PKC and CKII abolishes Rad–calmodulin interaction. PKA incubation decreases GTP binding (~60–70%) independently of Ser273 phosphorylation. In vitro kinase assays with PKA, CaMKII, PKC, CKII; deletion and point mutagenesis; phosphopeptide mapping; GTP binding assays; CaM-Sepharose pulldown The Biochemical journal High 9677319
1998 Rad associates with the cytoskeleton and plasma/internal membranes in C2C12 cells through a non-lipid-dependent mechanism; it is not palmitoylated, isoprenylation inhibition does not alter its distribution, and removal of the C-terminal 11 amino acids does not affect localization. Addition of the H-Ras C-terminal 9 amino acids to truncated Rad redistributes it to the membrane skeleton independently of lipid modification. Biosynthetic [3H]palmitate labeling, lovastatin treatment, Triton X-114 phase partitioning, subcellular fractionation, C-terminal deletion and chimeric construct expression in C2C12 cells Experimental cell research High 9683526
1999 The GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rad is nm23 (NDP kinase/metastasis suppressor): nm23 antibodies deplete Rad-GAP activity from skeletal muscle cytosol, recombinant nm23 reconstitutes this activity, and GAP activity is absent with the S105N dominant-negative Rad mutant. Simultaneously, Rad (but not S105N-Rad) enhances nm23 NDP kinase activity and decreases nm23 autophosphorylation, constituting a bidirectional regulatory interaction. Rad-GAP purification, immunodepletion with nm23 antibodies, reconstitution with recombinant nm23, GTPase assays, NDP kinase assays, autophosphorylation assays, transfection of melanoma cells Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10611312
2002 Rad (and Gem) interact with Rho kinase (ROK) alpha and beta, functioning as negative regulators of the Rho–ROK pathway. Gem binds ROKbeta independently of RhoA in the ROKbeta coiled-coil region adjacent to the Rho binding domain, inhibiting ROKbeta-mediated phosphorylation of myosin light chain and myosin phosphatase but not LIM kinase. Rad opposes ROKalpha-mediated cell rounding. Expression of Rad or Gem in epithelial/fibroblast cells causes stress fiber and focal adhesion disassembly. Co-immunoprecipitation, ROK kinase assays, interference assays with ROK deletion mutants, overexpression in N1E-115 and epithelial/fibroblast cells with morphological readouts The Journal of cell biology High 11956230
2003 Rad (and Rem) bind directly to L-type Ca2+ channel beta-subunits (CaVβ) in vivo, and co-expression of Rad or Rem with CaV1.2/CaVβ2a in HEK293 cells abolishes L-type Ca2+ channel currents. T-type (CaV3) channels that lack accessory subunits are not inhibited by Rem, indicating RGK inhibition is beta-subunit-dependent. The Rem C-terminus is critical for both CaVβ binding and channel regulation. Co-immunoprecipitation in vivo, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in HEK293 cells, C-terminal deletion analysis, overexpression in C2C12 myoblasts Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 14623965
2005 14-3-3 and calmodulin binding regulate the subcellular distribution of Rad; both Rad and Rem inhibit Ca2+ channel activity by preventing surface expression of functional Ca2+ channels. Nuclear targeting of Rad or Rem can sequester the CaVβ-subunit to the nucleus, providing a novel mechanism for Ca2+ channel downregulation. This regulation by calmodulin and 14-3-3 is Rad-specific and not observed for Rem. Subcellular fractionation, confocal immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, electrophysiology, nuclear targeting constructs in transfected cells Journal of molecular biology High 16298391
2005 Rad is a p53-regulated gene whose promoter contains a p53-binding site; p53 activation by DNA damage induces Rad expression. Rad overexpression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) inhibits VSMC attachment and migration and reduces focal contacts and stress fibers by blocking Rho/ROK signaling. Adenoviral Rad delivery reduces neointimal formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries; a GDP-binding but not GTP-binding mutant of Rad increases neointimal formation. Adenoviral gene delivery in rat carotid injury model, immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, VSMC migration and adhesion assays, morphometric analysis, overexpression with signaling readouts Circulation High 15710763
2005 Rad is expressed in myogenic progenitor cells during skeletal muscle regeneration. Myogenic transcription factors MEF2, MyoD, and Myf-5 increase Rad promoter transcriptional activity, and this is enhanced by calcineurin (calcium-dependent phosphatase); the effect depends on a conserved NFAT binding motif in the Rad promoter. Microarray analysis, immunohistochemistry, promoter-reporter assays, calcineurin co-transfection, NFAT motif mutagenesis in regenerating mouse skeletal muscle American journal of physiology. Cell physiology Medium 16221735
2006 Overexpression of Rad in skeletal muscle in transgenic mice worsens high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, establishing an in vivo role for Rad as a negative regulator of muscle glucose metabolism. Rad transgenic mice also show reduced plasma triglyceride levels associated with increased lipoprotein lipase. Transgenic mice with muscle-specific (MCK promoter) Rad overexpression, glucose tolerance tests, insulin clamp, 2-deoxyglucose uptake assays, lipoprotein lipase measurements Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16537411
2007 Rad mRNA and protein are significantly decreased in human failing hearts and in pressure-overload or phenylephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function of Rad in cardiomyocytes respectively inhibits and increases phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy. Rad overexpression inhibits CaMKII activation. Rad-deficient mice show increased susceptibility to cardiac hypertrophy with elevated CaMKII phosphorylation, placing Rad upstream of CaMKII in the anti-hypertrophic pathway. Western blot of human and mouse heart tissue, adenoviral overexpression and RNAi knockdown in cardiomyocytes, Rad-knockout mice, pressure-overload model, CaMKII phosphorylation assays Circulation High 18056528
2009 Rad is a novel endogenous regulator of cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling: adenoviral overexpression of Rad (~3-fold) in rat cardiomyocytes suppresses L-type Ca2+ channel current (ICaL), Ca2+ transients, and contractility, while ~70% Rad knockdown by RNAi increases ICaL, Ca2+ transients, and contractility. The dominant-negative mutant RadS105N mimics knockdown effects on ICaL. Rad overexpression negates beta-adrenergic receptor effects on ICaL and Ca2+ transients. Adenoviral overexpression and RNAi knockdown in rat cardiomyocytes, patch-clamp electrophysiology, Ca2+ imaging, sarcomere shortening measurement, dominant-negative mutant RadS105N Circulation research High 19926875
2011 Rad is a direct transcriptional target of p53: the −2934/−2905-bp region of the Rad promoter contains a p53-binding site required for p53-mediated transactivation. DNA damage induces Rad expression in a p53-dependent manner, with increased p53 occupancy and histone acetylation at the promoter. Rad expression in turn reduces inhibitory phosphorylation of cofilin at Ser3 (via ROK inhibition) and suppresses cancer cell migration and invasion. Rad knockdown promotes cell migration and abrogates p53-mediated migration suppression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), promoter-reporter assays with deletion and mutant constructs, siRNA knockdown, wound healing and Transwell invasion assays, co-filin phosphorylation western blot Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) High 21221513
2011 Rad inhibits cardiac fibrosis by directly binding to C/EBP-δ, thereby preventing C/EBP-δ from binding to the CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) promoter and suppressing CTGF expression. Rad-KO mice show increased cardiac fibrosis with elevated CTGF. In cardiomyocytes, Rad overexpression suppresses basal and TGF-β1-induced CTGF expression; conditioned medium from Rad-knockdown cardiomyocytes stimulates cardiac fibroblast ECM production, which is abolished by CTGF-neutralizing antibody. Rad-KO mice (Sirius Red staining), Western blot, adenoviral overexpression and RNAi knockdown, chromatin immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, conditioned medium/neutralizing antibody experiments Cardiovascular research High 21382976
2013 Genetic deletion of Rad in mice (Rad−/−) increases maximum L-type Ca2+ channel current (ICaL) with faster decay kinetics and lower activation voltage, elevates diastolic and twitch Ca2+ transients, and enhances sarcomere shortening, phenocopying β-adrenergic receptor stimulation without inducing cardiac hypertrophy. In isolated working hearts, +dP/dt was elevated at baseline with blunted response to further β-AR stimulation. Rad−/− mouse cardiomyocytes, patch-clamp electrophysiology, Fura-2 Ca2+ imaging, sarcomere shortening, isolated working heart preparations, echocardiography Journal of the American Heart Association High 24334906
2014 RRAD is a p53 transcriptional target that represses hypoxia-stimulated glycolysis in cancer cells. Ectopic RRAD expression reduces glycolysis and GLUT1 translocation to the plasma membrane; RRAD knockdown promotes glycolysis. Under hypoxia, p53 induces RRAD which in turn inhibits GLUT1 membrane translocation. siRNA knockdown of RRAD abolishes p53's ability to repress hypoxia-induced glycolysis. Ectopic expression and siRNA knockdown in lung cancer cells, glucose uptake assays, lactate production assays, GLUT1 subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence, hypoxic conditions Oncotarget High 25114038
2014 RRAD promotes EGFR-mediated STAT3 activation in glioblastoma by physically associating with EGFR and EEA1 (early endosome antigen 1), enhancing EGFR stability and endosome-associated nuclear translocation of EGFR, thereby activating STAT3 and stem cell factors. Co-immunoprecipitation (RRAD–EGFR, RRAD–EEA1), RRAD knockdown and overexpression in GBM cells, STAT3 phosphorylation assays, sphere formation assays, in vivo tumorigenesis Molecular cancer therapeutics Medium 25313011
2015 RRAD negatively regulates the Warburg effect in lung cancer cells by directly binding the p65 subunit of NF-κB and inhibiting nuclear translocation of p65, thereby reducing NF-κB-dependent GLUT1 membrane translocation and aerobic glycolysis. Blocking NF-κB signaling abolishes RRAD's inhibitory effects on GLUT1 translocation. Co-immunoprecipitation (RRAD–p65), nuclear fractionation assays for p65 translocation, NF-κB reporter assays, siRNA knockdown and overexpression in lung cancer cells, glucose uptake and lactate assays Oncotarget High 25893381
2019 A rare RRAD missense variant (p.R211H), identified in a familial Brugada syndrome pedigree, causes reduced action potential upstroke velocity, prolonged action potentials, increased early afterdepolarizations, decreased Na+ peak current, increased Na+ persistent current, decreased L-type Ca2+ current, and abnormal actin distribution with fewer focal adhesions in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes compared to intra-familial controls. Genome editing to introduce p.R211H into control iPSCs confirmed these defects. Whole-exome sequencing, iPSC-CMs from affected patients, patch-clamp electrophysiology, CRISPR genome editing, actin immunofluorescence, focal adhesion assays European heart journal High 31114854
2019 Myocardial-restricted inducible RAD knockout (RADΔ/Δ) mice show increased ICaL with β-AR-modulated phenotype at baseline, enhanced cytosolic Ca2+ handling, increased contractile function, elevated SERCA2a expression, and faster lusitropy, without structural cardiac remodeling or hypertrophy. This demonstrates that cardiac RAD ablation specifically enhances Ca2+ dynamics beneficially. Conditional inducible cardiac-specific Cre-lox KO, patch-clamp electrophysiology, Fura-2 Ca2+ transients, echocardiography, radiotelemetry, sarcomere shortening, Western blot The Journal of biological chemistry High 31147441
2019 RRAD binds actin gamma 1 (ACTG1) and suppresses aerobic glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma through downregulation of ACTG1 expression; ACTG1 promotes HCC proliferation by regulating the cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation (RRAD–ACTG1), overexpression and knockdown in SK-Hep-1 and Huh7 cells, glycolysis/lactate assays, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assays, in vivo xenograft OncoTargets and therapy Medium 30881024
2020 Adrenergic CaV1.2 channel activation via Rad requires an intact rigid IS6-α-interaction domain helix in the α1C I-II loop and CaVβ binding to α1C. Introduction of polyglycine flexibility in the I-II loop eliminates β-adrenergic stimulation of CaV1.2 current despite intact CaVβ binding, placing the I-II loop structural rigidity as mechanistically essential for both Rad-mediated inhibition relief and β-AR regulation. Transgenic mice expressing α1C I-II loop mutants (GGG-α1C, exon9* variant, AID-binding mutants), patch-clamp electrophysiology in cardiomyocytes and heterologous systems, β-AR stimulation Circulation research High 33086983
2021 Rad is essential for PKA regulation of CaV1.2: reconstitution of the complete β-adrenergic receptor → PKA → CaV1.2 cascade in Xenopus oocytes demonstrates that ~80% of PKA-mediated CaV1.2 upregulation is Rad-dependent (requiring PKA phosphorylation of Rad) while ~20% is Rad-independent. β1-AR and β2-AR differ in the features of their CaV1.2 regulation in this system. Heterologous reconstitution in Xenopus oocytes with β1-AR or β2-AR, PKA, CaV1.2 subunits, and Rad; two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology; systematic pharmacological and genetic dissection Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 34001616
2022 Four PKA-phosphorylated residues in Rad are the primary mechanism underlying β-adrenergic augmentation of calcium influx in cardiomyocytes. Rad phosphosite-mutant (4SA-Rad) knock-in mice show reduced basal ICaL, near-complete attenuation of β-AR contractile response, reduced heart rate, and diminished exercise capacity. Expression of CaVβ-subunit mutants unable to bind 4SA-Rad restores basal Ca2+ influx and contractility to adrenergically augmented wild-type levels, rescuing the 4SA-Rad failing heart phenotype. 4SA-Rad phosphosite knock-in mice, transgenic mice expressing Rad-binding-deficient CaVβ subunits, patch-clamp electrophysiology, echocardiography, exercise testing, cardiac function assays Nature cardiovascular research High 36424916
2018 RRAD expression is upregulated in senescent cells across multiple senescence induction modes and acts as a negative regulator of cellular senescence by reducing reactive oxygen species levels. Both p53 and NF-κB bind to RRAD genomic regions and modulate RRAD transcription (co-activation by both factors). Pan-senescence transcriptome meta-analysis, validation in human fibroblasts (Ras-, H2O2-, ionizing radiation-, hydroxyurea-, etoposide-, replicative-induced senescence), ROS measurements, ChIP for p53 and NF-κB binding to RRAD locus Free radical biology & medicine Medium 30391675
2001 Rad promotes growth and tumorigenicity in breast cancer: stable transfection of Rad into Rad-negative MDA-MB435 breast cancer cells increases colony formation in soft agar and tumor growth rate in nude mice. Co-expression of nm23 inhibits these effects. Growth-promoting effects map to the N- and C-terminal regions of Rad rather than its GTPase domain. Stable transfection into breast cancer cell lines, soft agar colony formation, nude mouse xenograft, co-transfection with nm23, deletion/mutation analysis of Rad domains Cancer research Medium 11280768

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 Rapid and cost-effective polymorphism identification and genotyping using restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers. Genome research 589 17189378
1993 Fission yeast chk1 protein kinase links the rad checkpoint pathway to cdc2. Nature 417 8497322
1996 rad-dependent response of the chk1-encoded protein kinase at the DNA damage checkpoint. Science (New York, N.Y.) 367 8553071
1993 Rad: a member of the Ras family overexpressed in muscle of type II diabetic humans. Science (New York, N.Y.) 287 8248782
2015 RAD Capture (Rapture): Flexible and Efficient Sequence-Based Genotyping. Genetics 256 26715661
1980 The Role of Radiation (rad) Genes in Meiotic Recombination in Yeast. Genetics 233 17248996
1995 Reconstitution of yeast nucleotide excision repair with purified Rad proteins, replication protein A, and transcription factor TFIIH. The Journal of biological chemistry 209 7768886
2012 Inferring phylogenies from RAD sequence data. PloS one 202 22493668
2003 Genetic and cytological characterization of the recombination protein RAD-51 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chromosoma 196 12684824
2015 Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) Reveals an Extraordinary Number of Transitions among Gecko Sex-Determining Systems. Molecular biology and evolution 189 25657328
2003 Regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity by the Rem and Rad GTPases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 187 14623965
2011 Construction and application for QTL analysis of a Restriction Site Associated DNA (RAD) linkage map in barley. BMC genomics 183 21205322
2001 Purification and characterization of human DNA damage checkpoint Rad complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 164 11572977
1995 DNA structure-dependent requirements for yeast RAD genes in gene conversion. Nature 158 7800045
2002 The GTP binding proteins Gem and Rad are negative regulators of the Rho-Rho kinase pathway. The Journal of cell biology 153 11956230
2014 Demystifying the RAD fad. Molecular ecology 140 25319241
2005 RAD-51-dependent and -independent roles of a Caenorhabditis elegans BRCA2-related protein during DNA double-strand break repair. Molecular and cellular biology 139 15798199
2001 C. elegans RAD-5/CLK-2 defines a new DNA damage checkpoint protein. Current biology : CB 133 11747819
1996 Acute regulation by insulin of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Rad, Glut 4, and lipoprotein lipase mRNA levels in human muscle. The Journal of clinical investigation 120 8690802
2011 Identification of SNP and SSR markers in eggplant using RAD tag sequencing. BMC genomics 114 21663628
2002 Roles for Caenorhabditis elegans rad-51 in meiosis and in resistance to ionizing radiation during development. Genetics 110 11861554
1999 Interaction of the Ras-related protein associated with diabetes rad and the putative tumor metastasis suppressor NM23 provides a novel mechanism of GTPase regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 10611312
1996 Overexpression of Rad inhibits glucose uptake in cultured muscle and fat cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 108 8798502
2018 RAD-ical New Insights into RAD51 Regulation. Genes 105 30551670
2009 Lenalidomide, adriamycin, and dexamethasone (RAD) in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a report from the German Myeloma Study Group DSMM (Deutsche Studiengruppe Multiples Myelom). Blood 103 19182205
2014 Sequencing degraded DNA from non-destructively sampled museum specimens for RAD-tagging and low-coverage shotgun phylogenetics. PloS one 100 24828244
1997 Rem is a new member of the Rad- and Gem/Kir Ras-related GTP-binding protein family repressed by lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The Journal of biological chemistry 92 9268335
1997 Rad and Rad-related GTPases interact with calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. The Journal of biological chemistry 87 9115241
2005 Nuclear sequestration of beta-subunits by Rad and Rem is controlled by 14-3-3 and calmodulin and reveals a novel mechanism for Ca2+ channel regulation. Journal of molecular biology 86 16298391
2014 Tumor suppressor p53 negatively regulates glycolysis stimulated by hypoxia through its target RRAD. Oncotarget 83 25114038
2010 Overlapping mechanisms promote postsynaptic RAD-51 filament disassembly during meiotic double-strand break repair. Molecular cell 83 20122407
2001 Regulation of growth and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells by the low molecular weight GTPase Rad and nm23. Cancer research 83 11280768
2011 RAD in the realm of next-generation sequencing technologies. Molecular ecology 82 21991593
2014 Empirical assessment of RAD sequencing for interspecific phylogeny. Molecular biology and evolution 80 24497030
2012 Characterisation of QTL-linked and genome-wide restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) markers in farmed Atlantic salmon. BMC genomics 76 22702806
2007 Rad GTPase deficiency leads to cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation 76 18056528
1996 Distinct roles of yeast MEC and RAD checkpoint genes in transcriptional induction after DNA damage and implications for function. Molecular biology of the cell 76 8744945
2012 Mapping phenotypic, expression and transmission ratio distortion QTL using RAD markers in the Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Molecular ecology 74 23181719
2000 SDZ-RAD prevents manifestation of chronic rejection in rat renal allografts. Transplantation 72 10708101
2012 Rainbow: an integrated tool for efficient clustering and assembling RAD-seq reads. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 64 22942077
2009 Radiation protection by a new chemical entity, Ex-Rad: efficacy and mechanisms. Radiation research 64 19267542
2009 Rad as a novel regulator of excitation-contraction coupling and beta-adrenergic signaling in heart. Circulation research 63 19926875
2012 Amelioration of radiation-induced hematopoietic and gastrointestinal damage by Ex-RAD(R) in mice. Journal of radiation research 62 22843617
2007 Diversification and co-option of RAD-like genes in the evolution of floral asymmetry. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 59 17672842
2006 CeBRC-2 stimulates D-loop formation by RAD-51 and promotes DNA single-strand annealing. Journal of molecular biology 55 16843491
1995 Characterization of Rad, a new member of Ras/GTPase superfamily, and its regulation by a unique GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-like activity. The Journal of biological chemistry 55 7876254
2007 Stabilization of RAD-51-DNA filaments via an interaction domain in Caenorhabditis elegans BRCA2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54 17483448
2013 Rad GTPase deletion increases L-type calcium channel current leading to increased cardiac contraction. Journal of the American Heart Association 52 24334906
1996 Rad, a novel Ras-related GTPase, interacts with skeletal muscle beta-tropomyosin. The Journal of biological chemistry 52 8557685
2018 BRCA1-BARD1 associate with the synaptonemal complex and pro-crossover factors and influence RAD-51 dynamics during Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis. PLoS genetics 50 30383754
2011 Rad GTPase inhibits cardiac fibrosis through connective tissue growth factor. Cardiovascular research 47 21382976
2022 Rad regulation of CaV1.2 channels controls cardiac fight-or-flight response. Nature cardiovascular research 46 36424916
1993 Human ERCC5 cDNA-cosmid complementation for excision repair and bipartite amino acid domains conserved with RAD proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Molecular and cellular biology 46 8413238
2020 Adrenergic CaV1.2 Activation via Rad Phosphorylation Converges at α1C I-II Loop. Circulation research 44 33086983
2014 Transient protein-protein interface prediction: datasets, features, algorithms, and the RAD-T predictor. BMC bioinformatics 44 24661439
2007 Nucleotide excision repair and the degradation of RNA pol II by the Caenorhabditis elegans XPA and Rsp5 orthologues, RAD-3 and WWP-1. DNA repair 44 18053776
2019 RRAD mutation causes electrical and cytoskeletal defects in cardiomyocytes derived from a familial case of Brugada syndrome. European heart journal 43 31114854
2016 Using RAD-seq to recognize sex-specific markers and sex chromosome systems. Molecular ecology 42 27213697
2012 Promoter hypermethylation of Ras-related GTPase gene RRAD inactivates a tumor suppressor function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer letters 41 22487779
2003 The human checkpoint Rad protein Rad17 is chromatin-associated throughout the cell cycle, localizes to DNA replication sites, and interacts with DNA polymerase epsilon. Nucleic acids research 41 14500819
2006 Overexpression of Rad in muscle worsens diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and lowers plasma triglyceride level. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 40 16537411
2016 RAD-seq derived genome-wide nuclear markers resolve the phylogeny of tunas. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 27286653
2005 Rad GTPase attenuates vascular lesion formation by inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Circulation 39 15710763
2017 The pseudogene DUXAP10 promotes an aggressive phenotype through binding with LSD1 and repressing LATS2 and RRAD in non small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 38 28029651
2014 Selective intra-arterial infusion of rAd-p53 with chemotherapy for advanced oral cancer: a randomized clinical trial. BMC medicine 37 24479409
2020 Simultaneous aerobic denitrification and antibiotics degradation by strain Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus RAD-2. Bioresource technology 36 32506034
2014 RRAD promotes EGFR-mediated STAT3 activation and induces temozolomide resistance of malignant glioblastoma. Molecular cancer therapeutics 36 25313011
2000 Ges, A human GTPase of the Rad/Gem/Kir family, promotes endothelial cell sprouting and cytoskeleton reorganization. The Journal of cell biology 36 10831614
2015 RRAD inhibits the Warburg effect through negative regulation of the NF-κB signaling. Oncotarget 34 25893381
2019 Myocardial-restricted ablation of the GTPase RAD results in a pro-adaptive heart response in mice. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 31147441
2014 Key points of basic theories and clinical practice in rAd-p53 ( Gendicine ™) gene therapy for solid malignant tumors. Expert opinion on biological therapy 32 25496374
1998 Effects of phosphorylation on function of the Rad GTPase. The Biochemical journal 32 9677319
2023 Leveraging the microbiome to understand clinical heterogeneity in depression: findings from the T-RAD study. Translational psychiatry 31 37117195
2020 Estimating and accounting for genotyping errors in RAD-seq experiments. Molecular ecology resources 31 32142201
2015 RAD mapping reveals an evolving, polymorphic and fuzzy boundary of a plant pseudoautosomal region. Molecular ecology 31 26139514
2004 The rapamycin derivative RAD inhibits mesangial cell migration through the CDK-inhibitor p27KIP1. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 31 15064772
2014 Ras-induced epigenetic inactivation of the RRAD (Ras-related associated with diabetes) gene promotes glucose uptake in a human ovarian cancer model. The Journal of biological chemistry 30 24648519
2019 RRAD suppresses the Warburg effect by downregulating ACTG1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. OncoTargets and therapy 29 30881024
2018 RRAD, IL4I1, CDKN1A, and SERPINE1 genes are potentially co-regulated by NF-κB and p53 transcription factors in cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. BMC genomics 28 30419821
1998 The ras-related protein rad associates with the cytoskeleton in a non-lipid-dependent manner. Experimental cell research 28 9683526
2015 Double-digest RAD sequencing using Ion Proton semiconductor platform (ddRADseq-ion) with nonmodel organisms. Molecular ecology resources 27 25808755
2015 Identification of Laying-Related SNP Markers in Geese Using RAD Sequencing. PloS one 27 26181055
2016 Promotion of Homologous Recombination by SWS-1 in Complex with RAD-51 Paralogs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 26 26936927
2015 Loss of RAD-23 Protects Against Models of Motor Neuron Disease by Enhancing Mutant Protein Clearance. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 25 26490867
2006 Ras triggers ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad-3-related activation and apoptosis through sustained mitogenic signaling. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 16968694
2005 Rad is temporally regulated within myogenic progenitor cells during skeletal muscle regeneration. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 25 16221735
2019 HPV 16 E6/E7 up-regulate the expression of both HIF-1α and GLUT1 by inhibition of RRAD and activation of NF-κB in lung cancer cells. Journal of Cancer 24 31839825
2018 Differential RPA-1 and RAD-51 recruitment in vivo throughout the C. elegans germline, as revealed by laser microirradiation. Nucleic acids research 24 29244155
2018 Oncolytic Adenovirus rAd.DCN Inhibits Breast Tumor Growth and Lung Metastasis in an Immune-Competent Orthotopic Xenograft Model. Human gene therapy 24 30032645
2011 Rad is a p53 direct transcriptional target that inhibits cell migration and is frequently silenced in lung carcinoma cells. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 23 21221513
2000 The novel immunosuppressant FTY720 induces peripheral lymphodepletion of both T- and B-cells in cynomolgus monkeys when given alone, with Cyclosporine Neoral or with RAD. Transplant immunology 23 11147698
1997 DNA repair: RAD alert. Current biology : CB 23 9259545
2018 Pan-senescence transcriptome analysis identified RRAD as a marker and negative regulator of cellular senescence. Free radical biology & medicine 21 30391675
2011 rAd-p53 enhances the sensitivity of human gastric cancer cells to chemotherapy. World journal of gastroenterology 21 22090785
2021 RAD: a web application to identify region associated differentially expressed genes. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 20 33532827
2016 Rad-deletion Phenocopies Tonic Sympathetic Stimulation of the Heart. Journal of cardiovascular translational research 20 27798760
2001 Identification and characterization of newt rad (ras associated with diabetes), a gene specifically expressed in regenerating limb muscle. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 20 11146509
2023 RAD-TGTs: high-throughput measurement of cellular mechanotype via rupture and delivery of DNA tension probes. Nature communications 19 37117218
2018 ddSeeker: a tool for processing Bio-Rad ddSEQ single cell RNA-seq data. BMC genomics 19 30583719
2021 Reconstitution of β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2: Rad-dependent and Rad-independent protein kinase A mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 18 34001616

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