Affinage

RNASE3

Eosinophil cationic protein · UniProt P12724

Length
160 aa
Mass
18.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RNASE3 (eosinophil cationic protein, ECP) is a highly basic eosinophil granule ribonuclease whose dominant biological function is cytotoxic and antimicrobial membrane disruption rather than RNA catalysis (PMID:19366593, PMID:19542456). It possesses measurable but weak ribonuclease activity (~125-fold lower than EDN/EPX) with a marked preference for single-stranded substrates, poly(U) > poly(C) >> poly(A), aligning it with non-secretory liver-type rather than pancreatic-type RNases (PMID:3768000, PMID:1715291). The protein engages membranes primarily by aggregating phospholipid vesicles followed by leakage, a mechanism distinct from RNase 7 (PMID:19366593), and its cytotoxicity is genetically separable from catalysis: the arg97thr (434G>C) substitution abolishes cytotoxicity toward target cells while leaving RNase activity intact (PMID:19542456). Likewise, biofilm eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa proceeds through LPS binding, bacterial agglutination, and membrane destabilization independent of the catalytic site (PMID:27527084), while heparin/glycosaminoglycan binding — which underlies engagement of the glycocalyx and bacterial cell-wall carbohydrates — is itself mediated through the RNase catalytic and substrate-binding residues (PMID:20213669). ECP is stored in eosinophil granules and released by SNARE-dependent regulated exocytosis requiring VAMP-2 and syntaxin-4, with stimulus-selective secretion of N-glycosylation-defined cytotoxic variants (PMID:11263991, PMID:19692640). Its expression is controlled both transcriptionally via an intronic NFAT-1-like enhancer element (PMID:8999843) and post-transcriptionally via a 3'UTR polymorphism that sets cellular ECP content (PMID:16434694).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1986 High

    Established that ECP is an enzymatically active ribonuclease, framing it as a member of the RNase superfamily and raising the question of whether RNA degradation underlies its biological effects.

    Evidence Ion exchange chromatography of purified ECP with RNase activity assays across subfractions

    PMID:3768000

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not determine whether RNase activity drives cytotoxicity
    • Activity ~125-fold lower than EDN/EPX, leaving functional relevance unclear
  2. 1986 Medium

    Showed ECP has an immunoregulatory dimension, irreversibly suppressing lymphocyte proliferation independent of overt cell damage.

    Evidence In vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay (PHA/MLR blasts) with purified ECP, 3H-thymidine incorporation

    PMID:2940166

    Open questions at the time
    • No molecular pathway or receptor identified
    • Mechanism of irreversible suppression not defined
  3. 1991 High

    Defined the substrate preference of ECP (single-stranded poly(U)>poly(C)>>poly(A)), placing it with non-secretory liver-type rather than pancreatic-type RNases.

    Evidence In vitro RNase assays with synthetic polyribonucleotides, dinucleoside phosphates, and cyclic phosphates

    PMID:1715291

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological RNA substrate in vivo not identified
    • Does not connect catalysis to cellular function
  4. 1997 Medium

    Identified an intronic NFAT-1-like enhancer driving optimal ECP gene expression, addressing how the gene is transcriptionally controlled.

    Evidence Reporter assays, EMSA with HL-60 nuclear extracts, site-directed mutagenesis

    PMID:8999843

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the binding protein unresolved (anti-NFAT-1 supershift negative)
    • Upstream signaling that activates the enhancer unknown
  5. 1999 Low

    Linked ECP expression to eosinophil differentiation, showing transcriptional upregulation upon dbcAMP-induced maturation.

    Evidence RT-PCR and enzyme immunoassay in dbcAMP-differentiated EoL-1 leukemic cells

    PMID:10424438

    Open questions at the time
    • Single cell-line model, not validated in primary eosinophils
    • No transcriptional pathway dissected
  6. 2001 High

    Resolved the secretion mechanism, establishing that regulated ECP exocytosis is SNARE-dependent and requires VAMP-2.

    Evidence Immunoblotting, fractionation, immunocytochemistry, tetanus-toxin cleavage of VAMP-2, exocytosis assay in permeabilized eosinophils

    PMID:11263991

    Open questions at the time
    • Full SNARE complex stoichiometry not defined
    • Link between stimulus type and SNARE selection unresolved
  7. 2001 Medium

    Demonstrated ECP proteolytic degradation of myofibrillar and membrane cytoskeletal proteins, expanding its activities beyond RNA catalysis.

    Evidence In vitro incubation of muscle protein fractions with purified ECP, SDS-PAGE, immunoblot, with protease-inhibitor controls

    PMID:11745972

    Open questions at the time
    • Catalytic basis of proteolysis (not blocked by standard protease inhibitors) unexplained
    • In vivo relevance to tissue damage not established
  8. 2002 Medium

    Showed ECP is exceptionally thermodynamically stable, providing a biophysical rationale for cytosolic persistence above RNase inhibitor levels.

    Evidence Guanidinium chloride denaturation and two-state unfolding analysis across human RNases and RNase A

    PMID:12417023

    Open questions at the time
    • Cytotoxicity link is inferential from stability
    • Cytosolic accumulation not directly measured
  9. 2009 High

    Defined the primary membrane interaction mechanism as vesicle aggregation followed by leakage, distinguishing ECP from RNase 7.

    Evidence GUV confocal microscopy, liposome content-release assay, TEM, FTIR with model membranes

    PMID:19366593

    Open questions at the time
    • Membrane target specificity on living cells not defined
    • Structural determinants of aggregation not mapped
  10. 2009 Medium

    Showed stimulus-selective secretion of N-glycosylation-defined ECP variants, identifying the cytotoxic 16.1/16.3 kDa species.

    Evidence SELDI-TOF MS, affinity capture, fluoroenzyme immunoassay after particle vs cytokine stimulation

    PMID:19692640

    Open questions at the time
    • Glycan structures only partly characterized
    • Enzymes generating the variants not identified
  11. 2009 High

    Genetically dissociated cytotoxicity from RNase activity, showing arg97thr abolishes cytotoxicity without affecting catalysis.

    Evidence Native ECP(97arg/97thr) variants from donors tested by cytotoxicity, RNase, and collagen gel contraction assays

    PMID:19542456

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of how residue 97 controls cytotoxicity unknown
    • Target-cell receptor/interaction not identified
  12. 2011 Medium

    Mapped heparin/GAG binding to the RNase catalytic site, explaining glycocalyx and bacterial cell-wall engagement.

    Evidence Enzymatic inhibition assays with heparin/GAGs plus molecular modeling

    PMID:20213669

    Open questions at the time
    • Modeling not validated by structure of GAG complex
    • Antimicrobial link partly inferential
  13. 2012 Low

    Implicated ECP in degradation of soluble RAGE in sinonasal tissue, suggesting a role in modulating innate immune signaling substrates.

    Evidence Ex vivo human sinonasal tissue stimulation with ECP and quantitation of sRAGE/mRAGE

    PMID:22460069

    Open questions at the time
    • Single ex vivo assay, not independently confirmed
    • Molecular mechanism of sRAGE breakdown uncharacterized
  14. 2016 Medium

    Established that antibacterial biofilm eradication is independent of RNase activity, mediated by LPS binding, agglutination, and membrane destabilization.

    Evidence Active-site-defective mutant biofilm assay, LPS-binding, agglutination, and bactericidal assays against P. aeruginosa

    PMID:27527084

    Open questions at the time
    • Bacterial membrane target specificity not defined
    • Relevance of peptide derivative vs full protein in vivo unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How residue 97 and N-glycosylation status structurally control the membrane-aggregation cytotoxic mechanism, and what cellular receptors or targets mediate ECP cytotoxicity and immunomodulation in vivo, remain open.
  • No structure of ECP bound to membrane or target
  • No identified cell-surface receptor for cytotoxicity
  • In vivo physiological substrates undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003723 RNA binding 2 GO:0008289 lipid binding 2 GO:0090729 toxin activity 2 GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 2 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 2
Partners
STX4VAMP2

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1986 ECP (RNASE3) possesses ribonuclease activity; purified ECP resolved into subfractions by ion exchange chromatography all showed RNase activity, though ~125-fold lower than EPX/EDN. ECP may exert cytotoxic effects by degrading mRNA after internalization. Ion exchange chromatography of purified ECP, RNase activity assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 3768000
1986 ECP and EPX dose-dependently suppressed lymphocyte proliferation (PHA-blasts and MLR-blasts) in vitro; the effect was irreversible and not due to cytotoxic cell damage, suggesting a regulatory immunosuppressive role for eosinophil-derived proteins. In vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay with purified ECP/EPX, 3H-thymidine incorporation Immunobiology Medium 2940166
1991 ECP's RNase activity shows substrate preference for single-stranded RNA (poly(U) > poly(C) >> poly(A)); double-stranded substrates and defined dinucleoside phosphate substrates showed negligible hydrolysis, linking ECP ribonucleolytic activity to 'non-secretory' liver-type enzymes rather than pancreatic-type RNases. In vitro RNase activity assay with synthetic polyribonucleotide substrates, dinucleoside phosphates, and cyclic phosphates FEBS letters High 1715291
1997 Optimal expression of the ECP (RNS3) gene is mediated by an intronic enhancer element containing an NFAT-1 consensus binding sequence (5'-GGAGAG-3'); nuclear proteins from HL-60 cells bind this site and disruption reduces reporter gene activity to background. A single nucleotide difference from the EDN intronic NFAT-1 site further enhanced ECP reporter activity. No supershift was detected with anti-NFAT-1 antiserum, suggesting a protein other than NFAT-1 may act at this site. Reporter gene assay, gel shift (EMSA) with nuclear proteins from HL-60 cells, site-directed mutagenesis of consensus sequence The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 8999843
2001 SNARE proteins (VAMP-2, syntaxin 4, SNAP-23/SNAP-25) are present in human eosinophils and are required for regulated ECP exocytosis; tetanus toxin pretreatment, which cleaved VAMP-2, significantly inhibited both IgE receptor- and phorbol ester-mediated ECP release from streptolysin-O-permeabilized eosinophils. Immunoblotting, subcellular fractionation, immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, tetanus toxin cleavage of VAMP-2, exocytosis assay in permeabilized eosinophils Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 11263991
2002 Human RNase 3 (ECP) is extraordinarily stable compared with other human pancreatic-type RNases (RNases 1–5) and bovine RNase A, with a ΔΔG of >25 kJ/mol in guanidinium chloride-induced unfolding experiments; this exceptional stability may enable ECP to accumulate in the cytosol after endocytosis to levels exceeding those of the RNase inhibitor, contributing to its unique cytotoxic properties. Guanidinium chloride-induced denaturation, two-state unfolding analysis, comparison across five human RNases and RNase A Journal of biochemistry Medium 12417023
2009 ECP (RNase 3) triggers vesicle aggregation as the primary membrane interaction event, whereas RNase 7 induces leakage before aggregation; RNase 3 membrane interaction involves aggregation of phospholipid vesicles followed by leakage, distinct from RNase 7's mechanism, as shown by confocal microscopy with GUVs, liposome content-release assay, electron microscopy of lipid/protein aggregates, and FTIR of secondary structure in lipid microenvironment. Phospholipid vesicle model membranes, confocal microscopy (giant unilamellar vesicles), liposome content-release (leakage) assay, transmission electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy Biochimica et biophysica acta High 19366593
2009 ECP secretion from activated eosinophils involves post-translational processing: unstimulated eosinophils contain 10 major ECP variants (16.1–17.7 kDa); particle stimulation selectively secretes 16.1 and 16.3 kDa variants (the cytotoxic species), while cytokine stimulation produces a different secretion profile. Modifications of secreted ECP are partly explained by differences in N-linked glycosylations. SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry, affinity capture assay, fluoroenzyme immunoassay, eosinophil stimulation with particles/cytokines Journal of immunology Medium 19692640
2009 The arg97thr amino acid substitution encoded by the ECP 434(G>C) polymorphism dramatically abolishes cytotoxic capacity of native ECP toward NCI-H69 small-cell lung cancer cells, but does not affect RNase activity and only minimally affects fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction, demonstrating dissociation between different biological activities of ECP. Native ECP(97arg) and ECP(97thr) variants extracted from blood donors, fluorometric microculture cytotoxicity assay, RNase activity assay, fibroblast collagen gel contraction assay Journal of immunology High 19542456
2011 ECP heparin-binding affinity is dependent on its RNase catalytic site: heparin and other negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) block ECP enzymatic activity, and molecular modeling identified catalytic and substrate-binding site residues as contributors to GAG interaction, explaining ECP binding to the eukaryote glycocalyx and bacteria cell wall carbohydrates. Enzymatic activity inhibition assay with heparin/GAGs, molecular modeling Journal of molecular recognition Medium 20213669
2001 ECP degrades myofibrillar proteins (myosin heavy chain, α-actinin) and membrane-associated cytoskeletal proteins (dystrophin, spectrin) in vitro in a dose-dependent, pH 7.0-optimal manner; soluble sarcoplasmic proteins were not degraded. Degradation was not inhibited by heparin or protease inhibitors (leupeptin, E-64, pepstatin A). In vitro incubation of muscle protein fractions with purified ECP, SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, quantitative MHC degradation assay Muscle & nerve Medium 11745972
2012 ECP is implicated in the breakdown of free soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in sinonasal tissue; ex vivo human sinonasal tissue stimulation with ECP reduced sRAGE levels, while S. aureus induced sRAGE release from tissue. Ex vivo sinonasal tissue stimulation assay, quantitative protein measurement (ELISA/immunoassay) for sRAGE, mRAGE, ECP, IL-5 The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology Low 22460069
2016 An ECP-derived peptide (RN3(5-17P22-36)) achieves biofilm eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through combined LPS-binding, bacterial cell agglutination, and membrane destabilization activities; biofilm eradication by the parental ECP protein is not dependent on RNase catalytic activity, as demonstrated with an active site-defective mutant. Active site-defective mutant biofilm eradication assay, LPS-binding assay, bacterial agglutination assay, bactericidal activity assay against P. aeruginosa PAO1 Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy Medium 27527084
2006 A G→C transversion at position 562 in the 3' UTR of the ECP (RNASE3) gene is associated with significantly lower cellular ECP content in eosinophils (ECP562GC: 4.6 µg/10^6 cells; GG: 6.0 µg/10^6 cells; CC: 3.2 µg/10^6 cells), suggesting this UTR polymorphism regulates ECP production/storage at a post-transcriptional level. Gene sequencing, ECP cellular content measurement by RIA in donors stratified by genotype Journal of leukocyte biology Medium 16434694
1999 EoL-1 eosinophilic leukemic cells differentiated by dibutyryl cAMP upregulate ECP mRNA expression and increase both ECP synthesis and secretion into supernatant, establishing that ECP expression is regulated at the transcriptional level during eosinophil differentiation. RT-PCR for ECP mRNA, fluorescence enzyme immunoassay for ECP protein in cells and supernatant, dbcAMP differentiation model Immunology letters Low 10424438

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1991 Radioimmunoassay of human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) by an improved method. Establishment of normal levels in serum and turnover in vivo. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 183 1742647
1992 Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a sensitive measure for disease activity in atopic dermatitis. The British journal of dermatology 136 1571256
1992 Sputum ECP levels correlate with parameters of airflow obstruction. The American review of respiratory disease 105 1519835
1999 Increased intraluminal release of eosinophil granule proteins EPO, ECP, EPX, and cytokines in ulcerative colitis and proctitis in segmental perfusion. The American journal of gastroenterology 97 10406252
1986 Human eosinophil cationic proteins (ECP and EPX) and their suppressive effects on lymphocyte proliferation. Immunobiology 88 2940166
1986 The cytotoxic eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) has ribonuclease activity. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 87 3768000
2006 Technology insight: ECP for the treatment of GvHD--can we offer selective immune control without generalized immunosuppression? Nature clinical practice. Oncology 82 16757968
1991 Detection of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of immunological methods 73 2033280
1994 Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in chronic asthma. Relationship to spirometry, flow-volume curves, PC20, and exacerbations. Respiratory medicine 69 7991887
1988 Extracellular deposit of the cationic proteins ECP and EPX in tissue infiltrations of eosinophils related to tissue damage. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 64 3046642
1995 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX) concentrations in serum and bronchial lavage fluid in asthma. Effect of prednisolone treatment. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 59 8581845
1997 Intronic enhancer activity of the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (RNS2) and eosinophil cationic protein (RNS3) genes is mediated by an NFAT-1 consensus binding sequence. The Journal of biological chemistry 58 8999843
1997 Do sputum eosinophils and ECP relate to the severity of asthma? The European respiratory journal 58 9272923
2002 A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of treatment with montelukast on bronchial hyperresponsiveness and serum eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R), IL-4, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) in children with asthma. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 56 11842294
1994 Asthma in children less than 5 years of age: eosinophils and serum levels of the eosinophil proteins ECP and EPX in relation to atopy and symptoms. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 56 8187030
2018 Bacterial Excretion of Cytoplasmic Proteins (ECP): Occurrence, Mechanism, and Function. Trends in microbiology 55 30442534
2015 Excretion of cytoplasmic proteins (ECP) in Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular microbiology 54 26009926
2020 Ruxolitinib-ECP combination treatment for refractory severe chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone marrow transplantation 52 33203951
2014 Excretion of cytosolic proteins (ECP) in bacteria. International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM 51 25596889
1993 Measurement of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X/eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EPX/EDN). Time and temperature dependent spontaneous release in vitro demands standardized sample processing. Journal of immunological methods 51 8288872
2009 Comparison of the membrane interaction mechanism of two antimicrobial RNases: RNase 3/ECP and RNase 7. Biochimica et biophysica acta 49 19366593
2000 Serum ECP and MPO are increased during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with airway obstruction. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 49 10917466
1998 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 48 9675876
2016 A Novel RNase 3/ECP Peptide for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Eradication That Combines Antimicrobial, Lipopolysaccharide Binding, and Cell-Agglutinating Activities. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 47 27527084
1998 Induced sputum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) measurement in asthma and chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD). Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 47 9761011
2001 Correlation between airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in a young adult population: eosinophil, ECP, and cytokine levels in induced sputum. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 46 11289329
1991 Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) in skin disorders. Acta dermato-venereologica 45 1685831
2017 Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP), a predictive marker of bullous pemphigoid severity and outcome. Scientific reports 44 28684769
2019 Randomized controlled study of ECP with methoxsalen as first-line treatment of patients with moderate to severe cGVHD. Blood advances 43 31332045
2007 The 434(G>C) polymorphism within the coding sequence of Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) correlates with the natural course of Schistosoma mansoni infection. International journal for parasitology 43 17507019
2009 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is processed during secretion. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 41 19692640
2000 Morbidity assessment in urinary schistosomiasis infection through ultrasonography and measurement of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in urine. Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH 41 10747267
1998 Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX) in childhood asthma: the influence of atopy. Pediatric pulmonology 41 9556008
2021 Targeting of SPCSV-RNase3 via CRISPR-Cas13 confers resistance against sweet potato virus disease. Molecular plant pathology 38 34633749
1991 Ribonuclease activity and substrate preference of human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). FEBS letters 38 1715291
1999 Basophil histamine release, IgE, eosinophil counts, ECP, and EPX are related to the severity of symptoms in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy 37 10380774
2006 Spider egg case core fibers: trimeric complexes assembled from TuSp1, ECP-1, and ECP-2. Biochemistry 36 16533031
2011 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) can bind heparin and other glycosaminoglycans through its RNase active site. Journal of molecular recognition : JMR 35 20213669
2017 Elevated serum levels of TNF-α, IL-8, and ECP can be involved in the development and progression of bronchial asthma. The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma 34 28399677
1999 Eosinophilic myocarditis associated with dense deposits of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in endomyocardium with high serum ECP. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 34 10336931
1998 Clinical utility of serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) for monitoring and predicting clinical course in childhood asthma. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 34 9537775
2014 Updating ECP action mechanisms. Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis 33 24837416
2000 Exhaled nitric oxide, serum ECP and airway responsiveness in mild asthmatic children. The European respiratory journal 33 10853846
2001 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in saliva: a new marker of disease activity in bronchial asthma. Respiratory medicine 32 11530956
1993 Indirect assessment of eosinophiluria in urinary schistosomiasis using eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX). Acta tropica 32 8103623
2016 Extracorporeal photopheresis practice patterns: An international survey by the ASFA ECP subcommittee. Journal of clinical apheresis 31 27442906
2007 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) polymorphisms and association with asthma, s-ECP levels and related phenotypes. Allergy 31 17362255
1995 Comparative immunoreactivity of the eosinophil constituents MBP and ECP in different types of urticaria. Archives of dermatological research 31 7539247
2014 Escherichia coli common pilus (ECP) targets arabinosyl residues in plant cell walls to mediate adhesion to fresh produce plants. The Journal of biological chemistry 30 25320086
2015 Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies for ECP treatment in patients with steroid-refractory acute GVHD. Patient preference and adherence 29 25653504
2012 Transcriptional regulation of the ecp operon by EcpR, IHF, and H-NS in attaching and effacing Escherichia coli. Journal of bacteriology 29 22797761
1999 Expression of ICAM-1 on conjunctival epithelium and ECP in tears and serum from children with allergic conjunctivitis. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 29 10400487
1994 Twenty-four-hour time course of eosinophil granule proteins ECP and EPX during bronchial allergen challenges in serum of asthmatic children. Allergy 28 8172362
2020 Extracorporeal Photopheresis (ECP) and the Potential of Novel Biomarkers in Optimizing Management of Acute and Chronic Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD). Frontiers in immunology 27 32082329
2020 Ruxolitinib plus extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) for steroid refractory acute graft-versus-host disease of lower GI-tract after allogeneic stem cell transplantation leads to increased regulatory T cell level. Bone marrow transplantation 27 32447349
1999 Allergen challenge-induced acute exudation of IL-8, ECP and alpha2-macroglobulin in human rhinovirus-induced common colds. The European respiratory journal 27 10836321
1996 Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) as a marker of disease activity and treatment efficacy in seasonal asthma. Allergy 27 8874658
2012 RAGE processing in chronic airway conditions: involvement of Staphylococcus aureus and ECP. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 26 22460069
2010 The use of fluid boluses to safely perform extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) in low-weight children: a novel procedure. Journal of clinical apheresis 26 20301140
2020 Extracorporeal photopheresis for graft-vs-host disease: A literature review and treatment guidelines proposed by the Nordic ECP Quality Group. European journal of haematology 25 31908057
2018 American council on ECP (ACE): Why now? Journal of clinical apheresis 25 29575114
1999 Isolation, molecular characterization, and tissue-specific expression of ECP-51 and ECP-54 (TIP49), two homologous, interacting erythroid cytosolic proteins. Biochimica et biophysica acta 25 10524211
1997 The use of serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in the management of steroid therapy in chronic asthma. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 25 9179426
1997 Chemoprevention of metachronous adenomas of the large bowel: design and interim results of a randomized trial of calcium and fibre. ECP Colon Group. European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) 25 9237061
1997 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) level and its correlation with eosinophil number or IgE level of peripheral blood in patients with various skin diseases. Journal of dermatological science 25 9279689
1994 Serum soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in atopic dermatitis. Journal of dermatological science 25 8060919
2012 IgE and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) as markers of severity in the diagnosis of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. The British journal of ophthalmology 23 22275342
1999 Differentiation of a human eosinophilic leukemic cell line, EoL-1: characterization by the expression of cytokine receptors, adhesion molecules, CD95 and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP). Immunology letters 23 10424438
2011 Effect of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) on Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. Experimental hematology 22 21679745
2002 The inflammatory marker serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) compared with PEF as a tool to decide inhaled corticosteroid dose in asthmatic patients. Respiratory medicine 22 11862965
1996 Purification and characterization of the proteinase ECP 32 from Escherichia coli A2 strain. Biochimica et biophysica acta 22 8765229
1993 Comparison of sputum-ECP levels in bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis. Allergy 22 8109700
2009 The coding ECP 434(G>C) gene polymorphism determines the cytotoxicity of ECP but has minor effects on fibroblast-mediated gel contraction and no effect on RNase activity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 21 19542456
2002 RNase 3 (ECP) is an extraordinarily stable protein among human pancreatic-type RNases. Journal of biochemistry 21 12417023
2001 SNARE proteins are critical for regulated exocytosis of ECP from human eosinophils. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 21 11263991
2014 ECP and solid organ transplantation. Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis 19 24768429
2003 ECP-treated lymphocytes of chronic graft-versus-host disease patients undergo apoptosis which involves both the Fas/FasL system and the Bcl-2 protein family. Archives of dermatological research 19 12883827
2001 Human muscle protein degradation in vitro by eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Muscle & nerve 19 11745972
1997 Asthma, bronchial hyperreactivity and mediator release in children with birch pollinosis. ECP and EPX levels are not related to bronchial hyperreactivity. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 19 9179427
2018 Positional scanning library applied to the human eosinophil cationic protein/RNase3 N-terminus reveals novel and potent anti-biofilm peptides. European journal of medicinal chemistry 18 29763807
2011 Polymorphisms in the RNASE3 gene are associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria in Ghanaian children. PloS one 18 22216286
2001 The serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) are related to the infiltration of eosinophils in the tumours of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Leukemia & lymphoma 18 11699410
2016 Viral RNase3 Co-Localizes and Interacts with the Antiviral Defense Protein SGS3 in Plant Cells. PloS one 17 27391019
2006 A (G->C) transversion in the 3' UTR of the human ECP (eosinophil cationic protein) gene correlates to the cellular content of ECP. Journal of leukocyte biology 17 16434694
2001 DFT/ECP study of C-H activation by (PCP)Ir and (PCP)Ir(H)2(PCP=eta3-1,3-C6H3(CH2PR2)2). Enthalpies and free energies of associative and dissociative pathways. Journal of chemical information and computer sciences 17 11206383
2014 Biological quality control for extracorporeal photochemotherapy: Assessing mononuclear cell apoptosis levels in ECP bags of chronic GvHD patients. Journal of clinical apheresis 16 25220858
2000 Measurements of ECP in serum and the impact of plasma coagulation. Allergy 16 10843424
1995 Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in bullous pemphigoid. International journal of dermatology 16 7751092
1994 Effects of PAF, FMLP and opsonized zymosan on the release of ECP, elastase and superoxide from human granulocytes. The European respiratory journal 16 8050551
1983 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in the cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of the neurological sciences 16 6842259
1996 Serum ECP levels in asthmatic patients: comparison with other follow-up parameters. Allergy and asthma proceedings 15 8871737
2007 ECP versus PUVA for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Skin therapy letter 14 17609808
2004 Do tryptase, ECP and specific IgE measurement by nasal incubation increase the specific nasal provocation test sensitivity? International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology 14 15171821
1996 Effects of inhaled steroid treatment on serum eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and low affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RII/sCD23) in childhood bronchial asthma. Archives of disease in childhood 14 8984917
2018 Distribution of Major Pilin Subunit Genes Among Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Influence of Growth Media on Expression of the ecp Operon. Frontiers in microbiology 13 29867850
2010 Associations of ECP (eosinophil cationic protein)-gene polymorphisms to allergy, asthma, smoke habits and lung function in two Estonian and Swedish sub cohorts of the ECRHS II study. BMC pulmonary medicine 13 20534163
2006 The down-regulation of IL1alpha and IL6, in monocytes exposed to extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP)-treated lymphocytes, is not dependent on lymphocyte phosphatidylserine externalization. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 13 16573548
1999 Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP): reference values in healthy nonatopic children. Allergy 13 10604557
1998 Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Allergy and asthma proceedings 13 9578914
1994 Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), histamine and tryptase in peripheral blood before and during inhalation challenge with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in sensitized subjects. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 13 7982122

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