Affinage

RMI1

RecQ-mediated genome instability protein 1 · UniProt Q9H9A7

Length
625 aa
Mass
70.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
62 papers in source corpus 35 papers cited in narrative 34 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RMI1 (BLAP75) is a conserved OB-fold scaffold subunit of the BTR/STR "dissolvasome" that, together with the BLM/Sgs1 helicase and Topoisomerase IIIα/Top3 (and RMI2 in humans), processes recombination and replication intermediates to suppress crossovers and maintain genome integrity (PMID:15775963, PMID:15899853, PMID:16595695). It is an integral, stability-determining component of BLM/Sgs1 complexes: its loss destabilizes the complex, impairs BLM recruitment to damage foci, elevates sister chromatid exchange and recombination, and phenocopies BLM/sgs1/top3 deficiency (PMID:15775963, PMID:15899853, PMID:15889139). Mechanistically, RMI1 uses a bipartite architecture—an N-terminal third that bridges both BLM/Sgs1 and TopoIIIα/Top3, and a C-terminal DNA-binding region—to render dHJ dissolution into exclusively non-crossover products dependent on the intact complex (PMID:16595695, PMID:18390547, PMID:20935631). The first OB-fold of RMI1 docks at the edge of the TopoIIIα strand-passage gate and projects a loop into it, stabilizing the open covalent Top3–DNA intermediate to drive single-strand decatenation, hemicatenane and double-Holliday-junction resolution, and processive relaxation of negatively supercoiled DNA (PMID:22885009, PMID:24509834, PMID:40266687, PMID:41576078). Beyond junction dissolution, RMI1 promotes RAD51-dependent D-loop disruption, orients BLM for context-dependent HR pathway choice, stimulates BLM/Sgs1-dependent long-range end resection processivity, and supports replication fork progression and recovery from stress, with RPA association enhancing dissolution (PMID:20811461, PMID:23543748, PMID:25200081, PMID:25699708, PMID:35115525, PMID:22645306). RMI1 function is tuned by post-translational regulation, including mitotic CDK1 phosphorylation, Smc5/6-dependent sumoylation, and RNF8-catalyzed K63-linked ubiquitylation that recruits the BTR complex to stalled forks (PMID:26556339, PMID:27373152, PMID:41784835).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 2005 High

    Established that RMI1/BLAP75 is not an accessory factor but an integral, stability-determining third subunit of the BLM/Sgs1–TopoIIIα/Top3 complex required for its genome-protective function.

    Evidence siRNA depletion with foci/SCE readouts in human cells, plus reciprocal Co-IP, recombinant interaction, and genetic epistasis in yeast

    PMID:15775963 PMID:15889139 PMID:15899853

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve the biochemical step within HR at which RMI1 acts
    • Domain basis of the interactions not yet mapped
  2. 2006 High

    Defined RMI1's catalytic contribution: it makes dHJ dissolution by BLM–TopoIIIα strictly dependent on the complete dissolvasome and recruits TopoIIIα to junctions.

    Evidence In vitro dHJ dissolution with purified human proteins and specificity controls (E. coli Top1/Top3, WRN, RecQ)

    PMID:16537486 PMID:16595695

    Open questions at the time
    • Which RMI1 domains mediate partner binding vs. DNA binding was unresolved
    • Atomic basis of TopoIIIα stimulation unknown
  3. 2007 High

    Mapped RMI1's modular architecture and demonstrated that the RMI1–TopoIIIα interaction is essential for dissolvasome activity, while stimulation requires the BLM–TopoIIIα–RMI1 triad jointly.

    Evidence Domain fragments, K166A point mutant, and ATPase-dead BLM in in vitro dissolution/unwinding assays; ssDNA-binding reconstitution in yeast

    PMID:17693398 PMID:17728255 PMID:18390547

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural geometry of RMI1 at the TopoIIIα gate not yet known
    • Role at meiotic and replication-specific intermediates untested
  4. 2007 Medium

    Placed the STR complex within broader genome-maintenance pathways—downstream of Shu-promoted recombination intermediates and contributing to sister chromatid cohesion via Rad51/Sgs1-generated structures.

    Evidence Genetic epistasis with 2D-gel X-molecule detection and cohesion assays in yeast

    PMID:17571075 PMID:17671161

    Open questions at the time
    • Indirect (genetic) link to cohesion without biochemical reconstitution
    • Direct RMI1 role at these substrates not isolated
  5. 2010 High

    Pinpointed RMI1's mechanistic role to the decatenation/strand-passage step and extended STR function to DNA end resection, broadening its activity beyond junction dissolution.

    Evidence In vitro dHJ dissolution/decatenation and Dna2–Sgs1–RPA resection reconstitution with purified yeast proteins; human ssDNA decatenase assays

    PMID:20445207 PMID:20811461 PMID:20935631

    Open questions at the time
    • How RMI1 selectively stimulates decatenation over relaxation not yet explained mechanistically
    • In vivo balance of these activities unquantified
  6. 2012 High

    Resolved the mechanism of RMI1's specificity: it stabilizes the transient 'open' Top3–DNA covalent gate to favor decatenation, and showed RMI1 is needed for normal human replication fork progression downstream of BLM.

    Evidence Biochemical dissection of dsDNA decatenation/relaxation in yeast; DNA fiber combing, localization, and BLM-epistasis in human cells; cohesion ChIP

    PMID:22645306 PMID:22885009 PMID:23036200

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic structure of the open-gate stabilization still lacking
    • Pathway partners for replication role not fully defined
  7. 2013 High

    Identified RPA as a functionally significant RMI1 partner and mapped the Sgs1 N-terminal helix that anchors Top3–Rmi1, defining the assembly interfaces of the complex.

    Evidence In vitro dissolution with RMI1 interaction mutants and Co-IP; NMR plus binding/phenotypic analysis of the Sgs1 N-terminus

    PMID:23543748 PMID:24038467

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RPA association is regulated in vivo unaddressed
    • Quantitative contribution of RPA to fork-level function unknown
  8. 2014 High

    Provided the atomic basis for RMI1 action: its first OB-fold attaches at the edge of the TopoIIIα gate and inserts a loop that controls gate dynamics, while RMI1–RMI2 potentiates resection processivity.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of human TopoIIIα–RMI1; in vitro human resection/unwinding assays and DSB localization

    PMID:24509834 PMID:25200081

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamics of gate opening during catalysis not captured by static structure
    • RMI2's discrete contribution incompletely separated
  9. 2015 High

    Expanded RMI1/Top3 function to active D-loop disruption and to comprehensive meiotic recombination roles, including crossover/noncrossover designation and chromosome disentanglement.

    Evidence In vitro D-loop dissolution with catalytic mutants and human complex; yeast meiotic genetics with 2D-gel JM detection (multiple concurrent studies)

    PMID:25699707 PMID:25699708 PMID:25699709

    Open questions at the time
    • How D-loop substrate specificity is enforced in cells unclear
    • Sgs1-independent disentanglement mechanism not biochemically defined
  10. 2015 Medium

    Revealed cell-cycle and post-translational control of RMI1, with mitotic CDK1-linked phosphorylation at Ser284/Ser292 that does not disrupt complex integrity.

    Evidence Cell-cycle Western blots, MS phosphosite mapping, roscovitine inhibition, and Co-IP in human cells

    PMID:26556339

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of phosphorylation for activity not established
    • Direct kinase identity (CDK1) inferred pharmacologically
  11. 2017 Medium

    Showed that specific RMI1/TopoIIIα C-terminal domains carry a dedicated anti-crossover function separable from junction resolution.

    Evidence Arabidopsis domain-deletion mutants with quantitative meiotic crossover counting

    PMID:27965412

    Open questions at the time
    • Plant-ortholog finding; conservation in human RMI1 untested here
    • Biochemical activity of the anti-crossover domain undefined
  12. 2019 Medium

    Demonstrated a direct RMI1–RAD51 interaction and RMI1's role in promoting RAD51 recruitment to initiate HR after topoisomerase-poison-induced damage.

    Evidence siRNA, foci imaging, Co-IP, comet, and flow cytometry in human cells

    PMID:30676768

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab Co-IP without structural mapping of the RAD51 interface
    • Relationship to dissolvasome activity unresolved
  13. 2021 Medium

    Connected STR/RMI1 to Smc5/6 at natural replication-pausing sites for joint-molecule resolution and replication completion, and showed Smc5/6-driven STR sumoylation regulates intermediate accumulation.

    Evidence ChIP, 2D-gel JM analysis, conditional depletion and genetics; SUMO modification and interaction assays in yeast

    PMID:27373152 PMID:33833229

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct in vivo dependency of RMI1 recruitment on sumoylation incompletely separated
    • Mechanism of Smc5/6-mediated Top3 retention unresolved
  14. 2022 High

    Single-molecule visualization defined the TRR gate dimensions and dsDNA passage, and showed RMI1/RMI2-containing TRR orients BLM to shift the balance from D-loop stabilization to disruption, enabling HR pathway selection.

    Evidence Optical tweezers/fluorescence gate-dynamics measurements; single-molecule FRET D-loop disruption; single-molecule resection imaging with MRN

    PMID:35102151 PMID:35115525 PMID:36529288

    Open questions at the time
    • How gate dynamics are coupled to BLM mechanochemistry in cells unclear
    • In vivo determinants of pathway selection unmapped
  15. 2026 High

    Refined RMI1's catalytic role to enhancing TopIIIα DNA binding/ssDNA trapping and open-cleaved-complex stabilization, extended TRR activity to processive supercoil relaxation linked to ultrafine bridge resolution, and identified RNF8 K63-ubiquitylation of RMI1 as the signal recruiting BTR to stalled forks.

    Evidence Magnetic/optical tweezers single-molecule kinetics with purified human complexes; Co-IP, site-mapping mutagenesis, foci, and fork-recovery assays

    PMID:40266687 PMID:41576078 PMID:41784835

    Open questions at the time
    • UFB resolution role inferred from in vitro activity, not shown directly in cells
    • Interplay of RNF8 ubiquitylation with sumoylation/phosphorylation untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the multiple post-translational modifications of RMI1 (CDK1 phosphorylation, Smc5/6 sumoylation, RNF8/KNO1-linked ubiquitylation) are integrated to switch the dissolvasome between resection, dissolution, and degradation across the cell cycle remains unresolved.
  • No unified model linking modifications to specific catalytic outputs
  • Cross-talk between regulatory pathways untested
  • Direct disease/Mendelian link for RMI1 not present in this corpus

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0003677 DNA binding 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 2
Pathway
R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 5 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 4 R-HSA-69306 DNA Replication 3 R-HSA-1474165 Reproduction 2
Partners
BLMRAD51RMI2RNF8RPASGS1TOP3TOP3A
Complex memberships
BTR/BLM-TopoIIIα-RMI1-RMI2 dissolvasomeSTR (Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1)

Evidence

Reading pass · 34 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 BLAP75/RMI1 is an integral component of BLM complexes, essential for their stability in vivo. Depletion of BLAP75 impairs recruitment of BLM to subnuclear DNA damage foci, results in deficient phosphorylation of BLM during mitosis, and causes elevated sister chromatid exchange, phenocopying BLM depletion. siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence colocalization, flow cytometry, SCE assay The EMBO journal High 15775963
2005 Yeast Rmi1 physically interacts with both Sgs1 and Top3 and forms a heteromeric complex with them. Rmi1 is a structure-specific DNA binding protein with preference for cruciform structures. Loss of RMI1 phenocopies sgs1 and top3 deletions (hyperrecombination, DNA damage sensitivity, slow growth), and most rmi1 phenotypes are suppressed by sgs1 mutations. The Rmi1-Top3 sub-complex is stable without Sgs1, but loss of either Rmi1 or Top3 compromises the partner's interaction with Sgs1. Co-immunoprecipitation, recombinant protein interaction assay, genetic epistasis, DNA binding assay with cruciform substrates Molecular and cellular biology High 15899853
2005 Yeast Rmi1 (NCE4/YPL024W) physically interacts with Sgs1 and Top3 and is the third member of the Sgs1-Top3 complex. Cells lacking RMI1 activate the Rad53 checkpoint, undergo mitotic delay, display increased Rad52 foci (spontaneous DNA damage), elevated recombination frequency, and increased gross chromosomal rearrangements. rmi1Δ cells also fail to fully activate Rad53 upon DNA damage. Large-scale genetic interaction clustering, two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation, Rad53 checkpoint assays, GCR assay The EMBO journal High 15889139
2006 BLAP75/RMI1 promotes dissolution of double Holliday junctions (dHJs) catalyzed by hTOPO IIIα in a BLM-dependent manner, acting by recruiting hTOPO IIIα to dHJs. This stimulatory effect is specific for hTOPO IIIα and is not observed with E. coli Top1 or Top3. In vitro dHJ dissolution assay with purified human proteins, DNA binding assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16537486
2006 BLAP75/RMI1 associates independently with both Topo IIIα and BLM. Under physiological conditions, dHJ dissolution by BLM-Topo IIIα becomes completely dependent on BLAP75. This effect is specific to the BLM-Topo IIIα pair and is not seen with E. coli RecQ or WRN combined with Topo IIIα. Together BLM, Topo IIIα, and BLAP75 constitute a 'dissolvasome' complex. In vitro dHJ dissolution assay with highly purified recombinant human proteins, protein-protein interaction assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 16595695
2007 Yeast Rmi1 forms a stable complex with Top3 and, together, they stimulate Top3 superhelical relaxation activity; isolated Rmi1 also stimulates Top3 activity in reconstitution. Rmi1 stimulates the ssDNA binding activity of Top3 ~5-fold and cooperates with Top3 to bind the Sgs1 N-terminus and promote its interaction with ssDNA. Co-immunoprecipitation from yeast overexpression, in vitro DNA relaxation assay, ssDNA binding assay with purified proteins The Journal of biological chemistry High 17693398
2007 The N-terminal third of BLAP75/RMI1 mediates complex formation with both BLM and Topo IIIα, while the DNA binding activity resides in the C-terminal third. The N-terminal third alone is sufficient to promote dHJ dissolution and HJ unwinding by BLM-Topo IIIα. A point mutant K166A defective in Topo IIIα interaction is unable to promote dHJ dissolution, demonstrating that the BLAP75-Topo IIIα interaction is essential for dissolvasome function. In vitro dHJ dissolution and HJ unwinding assays with BLAP75 protein fragments and point mutants, protein-protein interaction assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 18390547
2007 BLM Holliday junction unwinding activity is greatly enhanced by association with Topo IIIα and BLAP75 together; neither factor alone is sufficient. This enhancement is specific to the BLM-Topo IIIα-BLAP75 combination and is not seen with WRN or RecQ combined with the same partners. The topoisomerase activity of Topo IIIα is dispensable for enhancement of DNA unwinding, but BLM ATPase activity is required for dHJ dissolution. In vitro Holliday junction unwinding and dHJ dissolution assays with purified proteins, ATPase-dead BLM mutants The Journal of biological chemistry High 17728255
2007 Shu proteins (Csm2, Psy3, Shu1, Shu2) act upstream to promote formation of homologous recombination intermediates (X-molecules) that are subsequently processed by the Sgs1-Rmi1-Top3 complex during S-phase repair of MMS-induced lesions. Mutation of SHU genes attenuates X-molecule levels in sgs1 cells and in cells with impaired Rmi1 or Top3 function. Genetic epistasis, 2D gel electrophoresis to detect X-molecules in sgs1/shu double mutants Molecular biology of the cell Medium 17671161
2007 Rmi1 contributes to sister chromatid cohesion via a pathway involving Rad51 and Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1. Loss of RMI1 or TOP3 causes cohesion defects that are suppressed by deletion of SGS1 or RAD51, indicating that aberrant Sgs1-Rad51 activity generates cohesion-blocking structures resolved by Rmi1-Top3. Genetic epistasis, sister chromatid cohesion assay, benomyl sensitivity assay EMBO reports Medium 17571075
2010 Yeast Sgs1, Top3, and Rmi1 are sufficient to migrate and dissolve a dHJ to produce exclusively non-crossover products. Rmi1 stimulates dHJ dissolution specifically at low Sgs1-Top3 concentrations by stimulating DNA decatenation (removal of final catenane linkages) rather than by affecting the initial rate of Holliday junction migration. In vitro dHJ dissolution assay with purified S. cerevisiae proteins, ssDNA decatenation assay Nature structural & molecular biology High 20935631
2010 Top3-Rmi1 complex (with Sgs1) stimulates DNA end resection by the Dna2-Sgs1-RPA complex in vitro by forming a complex with Sgs1 that stimulates DNA unwinding, rather than acting as a nuclease. Top3-Rmi1 and MRX complexes are suggested to recruit the Sgs1-Dna2 machinery to DSBs. In vitro DNA end resection assay with purified yeast proteins, biochemical reconstitution Nature High 20811461
2010 Human topoisomerase IIIα is a single-stranded DNA decatenase that is specifically stimulated by the BLM-RMI1 pair. RMI1 interacts with human topoisomerase IIIα, and this interaction is required for RMI1's stimulatory effect on decatenase activity. In vitro ssDNA decatenation assay with purified human proteins, co-immunoprecipitation The Journal of biological chemistry High 20445207
2012 Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1-RPA coordinate dsDNA decatenation through sequential passage of single strands. Sgs1 is required both for dsDNA unwinding and has a structural role in DNA strand passage. Rmi1 has a unique regulatory capacity: it slows DNA relaxation by Top3 but specifically stimulates DNA decatenation by stabilizing the 'open' Top3-DNA covalent complex (transient intermediate of strand passage). In vitro dsDNA decatenation and relaxation assays with purified S. cerevisiae proteins, biochemical dissection of individual subunit contributions Molecular cell High 22885009
2012 RMI1 is required for normal replication fork progression in human cells. The fork progression defect in RMI1-depleted cells is alleviated by BLM depletion, placing RMI1 downstream of BLM in replication elongation. RMI1 localizes to subnuclear foci with BLM and TopoIIIα under replication stress, requiring an intact BLM-TopoIIIα-RMI1 interaction for proper localization, which is essential for RMI1 to promote recovery from replication stress. siRNA knockdown, DNA fiber combing (single-molecule replication analysis), immunofluorescence, genetic epistasis with BLM depletion Molecular and cellular biology High 22645306
2012 RMI1 functions with Ctf18-RFC complex and Mrc1 (but not via the Ctf4/Csm3/Chl1 pathway or Smc3 acetylation pathway) to establish sister chromatid cohesion during S phase. Rmi1 is enriched at regions near early-firing replication origins when forks are stalled by hydroxyurea. Genetic epistasis analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, cohesion assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 23036200
2013 RPA physically interacts with RMI1 and enhances BTR-mediated dHJ dissolution. The RPA interaction domain in RMI1 has been mapped, and RMI1 mutants impaired for RPA interaction are defective in dHJ dissolution, establishing that the RMI1-RPA interaction is functionally significant. In vitro dHJ dissolution assay, co-immunoprecipitation, domain mapping with RMI1 mutants The Journal of biological chemistry High 23543748
2013 The disordered N-terminus of Sgs1 contains a transient α-helix (residues 25–38) critical for binding Top3 and Rmi1. Proline mutations that disrupt this helix impair Sgs1 binding of Top3 and Rmi1 in vitro, and cause hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents and increased genome rearrangements in vivo. NMR spectroscopy, in vitro pulldown binding assays, mutant yeast phenotypic analysis Nucleic acids research High 24038467
2014 Crystal structure of human TopIIIα complexed with the first OB-fold of RMI1 reveals that RMI1 attaches to the edge of the gate in TopIIIα through which DNA passes, and projects a 23-residue loop into the TopIIIα gate, thereby influencing the dynamics of gate opening and closing. This provides the mechanistic basis for how RMI1 stabilizes TopIIIα-gate opening to enable hemicatenane dissolution. X-ray crystallography, structural analysis Nature structural & molecular biology High 24509834
2014 Topo IIIα-RMI1-RMI2 complex stimulates DNA unwinding by BLM in a manner potentiated by RMI1-RMI2, and the processivity of resection is reliant on Topo IIIα-RMI1-RMI2. Topo IIIα localizes to ends of DSBs implicating it in recruiting resection factors, and contributes to 5'-to-3' polarity of resection alongside RPA. In vitro DNA end resection assay with purified human proteins, DNA unwinding assay, immunofluorescence Nucleic acids research High 25200081
2015 Yeast Top3-Rmi1 can dissolve Rad51-mediated D loops through Top3's catalytic (topoisomerase) activity. D loop disruption is specific: yeast Top3 acts on Rad51/Rad54-mediated D loops but not protein-free D loops or D loops mediated by RecA or human RAD51/RAD54. The human TopIIIα-RMI1-RMI2 complex is also capable of D loop dissolution. In vitro D loop dissolution assay with purified proteins, catalytic mutant analysis Molecular cell High 25699708
2015 Top3-Rmi1 acts at all meiotic recombination steps previously attributed to Sgs1, including early intermediate chaperoning and crossover/noncrossover designation. In addition, Top3-Rmi1 has Sgs1-independent functions for resolving chromosome entanglements to allow anaphase segregation. Strand-passage activity of Top3-Rmi1 is required for all known Sgs1 functions in meiotic recombination. Yeast genetics, 2D gel electrophoresis to detect joint molecules, spore viability analysis, physical recombination assays Molecular cell High 25699707 25699709
2016 Sgs1, Top3, and Rmi1 are sumoylated upon generation of recombination structures, driven by Smc5/6-associated SUMO E3 activity. Sgs1 binds poly-SUMO chains and associates with the Smc5/6 SUMO E3 complex. Reduced STR sumoylation leads to accumulation of recombination intermediates; mechanistically, sumoylation promotes STR inter-subunit interactions and accumulation at DNA repair centers. Co-immunoprecipitation, SUMO modification assays, genetic analysis, ChIP/immunofluorescence of repair center recruitment Cell reports Medium 27373152
2015 RMI1 protein level does not change during G1/S/G2 but significantly increases during M phase, and RMI1 is phosphorylated during mitosis, primarily at Serine 284 and Serine 292, upon microtubule disruption. CDK1 is implicated as an upstream kinase. This mitotic phosphorylation does not interfere with BTR complex formation. Western blotting through cell cycle, mass spectrometry identification of phosphorylation sites, roscovitine inhibitor treatment, co-immunoprecipitation International journal of molecular sciences Medium 26556339
2017 In Arabidopsis, C-terminal domains of RMI1 (OB2 domain) and TOP3α (zinc finger motifs) define a sub-complex domain dispensable for resolving recombination intermediates but crucial for limiting extra crossovers during meiosis, indicating these domains have a specific anti-crossover function. Arabidopsis genetics, analysis of specific domain-deletion and truncation mutants, meiotic crossover counting Nucleic acids research Medium 27965412
2019 Upon DNA damage (camptothecin treatment), RMI1 forms nuclear foci at damaged regions, interacts with RAD51, and facilitates RAD51 recruitment to initiate homologous recombination. RMI1 depletion increases sensitivity to camptothecin, elevates DSBs, and causes stronger DNA damage response and G2/M delay. siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence foci analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, comet assay, flow cytometry FASEB journal Medium 30676768
2021 Smc5/6 co-localizes with Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 (STR) at natural pausing sites (NPSs) and facilitates Top3 retention at these sites. Loss of Smc5/6 causes accumulation of joint molecules (reversed forks, dHJs, hemicatenanes) similar to STR depletion, and Smc5/6 functions jointly with Top3 and STR to mediate replication completion at NPSs. ChIP, 2D gel electrophoresis, genetic suppressor analysis, conditional depletion of STR subunits Nature communications Medium 33833229
2022 The human TopoIIIα-RMI1-RMI2 (TRR) complex forms an open gate in ssDNA of 8.5 ± 3.8 nm. dsDNA binding to the open TRR-ssDNA gate increases the gate size by ~16%, and BLM alters the mechanical flexibility of the gate. Direct visualization confirms TRR can transfer dsDNA through its gate. Single-molecule optical tweezers and fluorescence microscopy Nature communications High 35102151
2022 The TopoIIIα-RMI1-RMI2 (TRR) complex orients BLM helicase for efficient D-loop disruption. BLM's multi-domain architecture supports a balance between D-loop stabilization and disruption, markedly shifted toward disruption by TRR. This provides a mechanism for context-dependent HR pathway selection. Single-molecule FRET and fluorescence assays, BLM-TRR complex reconstitution, D-loop disruption assay Nature communications High 35115525
2022 TOP3A-RMI1/2 aids BLM in initiating DNA unwinding during long-range resection and, together with MRN, stimulates DNA2-mediated resection. MRN promotes association between BTRR and DNA and synchronizes BLM and DNA2 translocation to prevent BLM pausing during resection. Single-molecule fluorescence imaging of resection, purified human proteins The Journal of biological chemistry High 36529288
2023 In Arabidopsis, KNO1 facilitates K63-linked ubiquitination of RMI1, triggering its autophagic degradation and resulting in increased homologous recombination. KNO1 itself is stabilized by deubiquitinases UBP12/UBP13 upon DNA damage, creating a proteolytic regulatory cascade that fine-tunes HR via RMI1 degradation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, autophagy flux assay, genetic analysis in Arabidopsis The EMBO journal Medium 36970874
2025 Single-molecule magnetic tweezers analysis reveals that the rate-limiting step for human TopIIIα is DNA binding, requiring a small single-stranded region. RMI1 helps TopIIIα trap ssDNA, greatly increasing binding efficiency, and enhances stabilization of the open cleaved complex to favor intermolecular reactions with improved DNA substrate discrimination. Single-molecule magnetic tweezers Nucleic acids research High 40266687
2026 Human TRR (TopoIIIα-RMI1-RMI2) relaxes highly negatively supercoiled DNA in a processive manner. After completing relaxation, TRR remains stably bound to DNA for extended periods. This activity is consistent with a role in resolving ultrafine anaphase bridges (UFBs) generated by the translocase PICH. Single-molecule optical tweezers with fluorescence imaging, real-time supercoiling density measurement Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 41576078
2026 RNF8 E3 ubiquitin ligase catalyzes K63-linked polyubiquitylation of RMI1 at Lys428, Lys453, and Lys566, which is required for recruitment of RMI1 (and the entire BTR complex) to stalled replication forks. This ubiquitylation is essential for replication fork recovery. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination site mapping by mutagenesis, immunofluorescence foci analysis, replication fork recovery assay Cellular and molecular life sciences Medium 41784835

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 62 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2010 DNA end resection by Dna2-Sgs1-RPA and its stimulation by Top3-Rmi1 and Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2. Nature 383 20811461
2006 BLAP75/RMI1 promotes the BLM-dependent dissolution of homologous recombination intermediates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 231 16537486
2006 A double Holliday junction dissolvasome comprising BLM, topoisomerase IIIalpha, and BLAP75. The Journal of biological chemistry 203 16595695
2010 Rmi1 stimulates decatenation of double Holliday junctions during dissolution by Sgs1-Top3. Nature structural & molecular biology 162 20935631
2005 BLAP75, an essential component of Bloom's syndrome protein complexes that maintain genome integrity. The EMBO journal 160 15775963
2005 RMI1/NCE4, a suppressor of genome instability, encodes a member of the RecQ helicase/Topo III complex. The EMBO journal 136 15889139
2005 Yeast Rmi1/Nce4 controls genome stability as a subunit of the Sgs1-Top3 complex. Molecular and cellular biology 134 15899853
2015 Top3-Rmi1 dissolve Rad51-mediated D loops by a topoisomerase-based mechanism. Molecular cell 103 25699708
2007 The RecQ helicase-topoisomerase III-Rmi1 complex: a DNA structure-specific 'dissolvasome'? Trends in biochemical sciences 101 17980605
2015 Pervasive and essential roles of the Top3-Rmi1 decatenase orchestrate recombination and facilitate chromosome segregation in meiosis. Molecular cell 90 25699709
2015 Top3-Rmi1 DNA single-strand decatenase is integral to the formation and resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates. Molecular cell 89 25699707
2012 Decatenation of DNA by the S. cerevisiae Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 and RPA complex: a mechanism for disentangling chromosomes. Molecular cell 84 22885009
2007 Shu proteins promote the formation of homologous recombination intermediates that are processed by Sgs1-Rmi1-Top3. Molecular biology of the cell 84 17671161
2007 Holliday junction processing activity of the BLM-Topo IIIalpha-BLAP75 complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 82 17728255
2014 Structural and mechanistic insight into Holliday-junction dissolution by topoisomerase IIIα and RMI1. Nature structural & molecular biology 74 24509834
2016 Smc5/6 Mediated Sumoylation of the Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 Complex Promotes Removal of Recombination Intermediates. Cell reports 72 27373152
2014 Multifaceted role of the Topo IIIα-RMI1-RMI2 complex and DNA2 in the BLM-dependent pathway of DNA break end resection. Nucleic acids research 65 25200081
2010 Human topoisomerase IIIalpha is a single-stranded DNA decatenase that is stimulated by BLM and RMI1. The Journal of biological chemistry 64 20445207
2008 Functional role of BLAP75 in BLM-topoisomerase IIIalpha-dependent holliday junction processing. The Journal of biological chemistry 64 18390547
2017 RMI1 and TOP3α limit meiotic CO formation through their C-terminal domains. Nucleic acids research 61 27965412
2007 Binding and activation of DNA topoisomerase III by the Rmi1 subunit. The Journal of biological chemistry 59 17693398
2013 Role of replication protein A in double holliday junction dissolution mediated by the BLM-Topo IIIα-RMI1-RMI2 protein complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 38 23543748
2009 Association between polymorphisms in RMI1, TOP3A, and BLM and risk of cancer, a case-control study. BMC cancer 34 19432957
2011 Identification of Trypanosoma brucei RMI1/BLAP75 homologue and its roles in antigenic variation. PloS one 32 21980422
2016 Separable Roles for a Caenorhabditis elegans RMI1 Homolog in Promoting and Antagonizing Meiotic Crossovers Ensure Faithful Chromosome Inheritance. PLoS biology 30 27011106
2009 Colorectal cancer and polymorphisms in DNA repair genes WRN, RMI1 and BLM. Carcinogenesis 30 19945966
2012 RMI1 promotes DNA replication fork progression and recovery from replication fork stress. Molecular and cellular biology 28 22645306
2013 A transient α-helical molecular recognition element in the disordered N-terminus of the Sgs1 helicase is critical for chromosome stability and binding of Top3/Rmi1. Nucleic acids research 20 24038467
2007 Genetic variant of the human homologous recombination-associated gene RMI1 (S455N) impacts the risk of AML/MDS and malignant melanoma. Cancer letters 20 17900800
2021 Smc5/6 functions with Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 to complete chromosome replication at natural pause sites. Nature communications 19 33833229
2022 Duplex DNA and BLM regulate gate opening by the human TopoIIIα-RMI1-RMI2 complex. Nature communications 16 35102151
2010 Adipocyte hyperplasia and RMI1 in the treatment of obesity. The FEBS journal 15 21199368
2009 RMI1 deficiency in mice protects from diet and genetic-induced obesity. The FEBS journal 15 20050919
2013 Middle region of FancM interacts with Mhf and Rmi1 in silkworms, a species lacking the Fanconi anaemia (FA) core complex. Insect molecular biology 14 24286570
2010 RMI1 attenuates tumor development and is essential for early embryonic survival. Molecular carcinogenesis 13 21229605
2023 KNO1-mediated autophagic degradation of the Bloom syndrome complex component RMI1 promotes homologous recombination. The EMBO journal 12 36970874
2022 The toposiomerase IIIalpha-RMI1-RMI2 complex orients human Bloom's syndrome helicase for efficient disruption of D-loops. Nature communications 12 35115525
2022 Phenotypic spectrum of BLM- and RMI1-related Bloom syndrome. Clinical genetics 12 35218564
2013 Genome instability and embryonic developmental defects in RMI1 deficient mice. DNA repair 11 23900276
2020 miR-362 knock-down promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in porcine immature Sertoli cells by targeting the RMI1 gene. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene 10 31916301
2019 RMI1 contributes to DNA repair and to the tolerance to camptothecin. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 10 30676768
2017 Knockdown of RMI1 impairs DNA repair under DNA replication stress. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 10 29042194
2015 Accumulation and Phosphorylation of RecQ-Mediated Genome Instability Protein 1 (RMI1) at Serine 284 and Serine 292 during Mitosis. International journal of molecular sciences 10 26556339
2013 Monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1) protein-dependent phosphorylation of RecQ-mediated genome instability protein 2 (RMI2) at serine 112 is essential for BLM-Topo III α-RMI1-RMI2 (BTR) protein complex function upon spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activation during mitosis. The Journal of biological chemistry 10 24108125
2007 Rmi1, a member of the Sgs1-Top3 complex in budding yeast, contributes to sister chromatid cohesion. EMBO reports 10 17571075
2022 The MRN complex and topoisomerase IIIa-RMI1/2 synchronize DNA resection motor proteins. The Journal of biological chemistry 8 36529288
2012 Rmi1 functions in S phase-mediated cohesion establishment via a pathway involving the Ctf18-RFC complex and Mrc1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 8 23036200
2021 Caenorhabditis elegans RMI2 functional homolog-2 (RMIF-2) and RMI1 (RMH-1) have both overlapping and distinct meiotic functions within the BTR complex. PLoS genetics 7 34252074
2023 RMI1 facilitates repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage and maintenance of genomic stability. Cell death discovery 6 38007566
2021 Hsa_circ_0091581 promotes glioma progression by regulating RMI1 via sponging miR-1243-5p. Journal of Cancer 6 33976734
2012 BLM and RMI1 alleviate RPA inhibition of TopoIIIα decatenase activity. PloS one 6 22911760
2022 The topoisomerase 3 zinc finger domain cooperates with the RMI1 scaffold to promote stable association of the BTR complex to recombination intermediates in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Nucleic acids research 5 35639927
2015 Structural Motifs Critical for In Vivo Function and Stability of the RecQ-Mediated Genome Instability Protein Rmi1. PloS one 5 26717309
2011 Glucose regulates RMI1 expression through the E2F pathways in adipose cells. Endocrine 5 21432623
2025 Deciphering the human TopIIIα activity modulated by Rmi1 using magnetic tweezers. Nucleic acids research 3 40266687
2020 Identification and Bioinformatic Assessment of circRNA Expression After RMI1 Knockdown and Ionizing Radiation Exposure. DNA and cell biology 3 33202158
2025 The BLM-TOP3A-RMI1-RMI2 proximity map reveals that RAD54L2 suppresses sister chromatid exchanges. EMBO reports 2 39870965
2025 Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Soybean Recombinant Inbred Lines Differing at the Rmi1 Locus for Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita During Early Stages of Nematode Infection. Phytopathology 1 40498525
2026 Mechanistic basis for relaxation of DNA supercoils by human topoisomerase IIIα-RMI1-RMI2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 0 41576078
2026 K63-linked ubiquitylation of RMI1 by RNF8 is essential to its recruitment to stalled forks. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 0 41784835
2025 Candidate genes at the Rmi1 locus for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in soybean. TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 0 41160124
2024 RMI1 is essential for maintaining rice genome stability at high temperature. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 0 39569466

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