Affinage

RHOU

Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoU · UniProt Q7L0Q8

Length
258 aa
Mass
28.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
31 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 22 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RHOU (Wrch-1) is an atypical Rho GTPase that functions as a constitutively active signaling node linking growth factor and Wnt pathways to actin cytoskeleton remodeling, focal adhesion turnover, cell polarity, endosomal recycling, and apoptosis. Unlike classical Rho GTPases, RHOU possesses extremely rapid intrinsic nucleotide exchange and negligible GTPase activity, rendering it constitutively GTP-bound; its activity is instead regulated by palmitoylation-dependent plasma membrane targeting, Src-mediated Y254 phosphorylation that redirects it to endosomes and reduces effector engagement, PAK4-mediated protection from Rab40A–Cullin 5 ubiquitin-dependent degradation, and transcriptional induction by Wnt/JNK and STAT3 pathways (PMID:15556869, PMID:20547754, PMID:26598620, PMID:19397496). RHOU signals through effectors including PAK1, Par6, Pyk2, Rac1, and intersectin-2, with its unique N-terminal proline-rich extension serving as a docking platform for SH3-containing adaptors (GRB2, Nck) that couple it to EGFR signaling and modulate effector access (PMID:21508312, PMID:23183748, PMID:19064640, PMID:32737221). In vivo, RHOU is required for cranial neural crest migration in Xenopus, cardiac looping in zebrafish, gut epithelial homeostasis in mouse—where its loss elevates RhoA/pMLC2 and suppresses apoptosis—and foregut endoderm differentiation (PMID:21156169, PMID:24607366, PMID:30834544, PMID:21903671).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 2001 High

    Identifying RHOU as a Wnt-1-responsive Cdc42 homolog established that a Rho family GTPase directly connects Wnt signaling to PAK/JNK activation, filopodium formation, and cell cycle re-entry.

    Evidence Overexpression and kinase activation assays in mouse mammary epithelial cells

    PMID:11459829

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous regulation and GTP-loading mechanism unknown
    • Whether Wnt regulation is transcriptional or post-translational was unresolved
  2. 2004 High

    Demonstrating that RHOU has extraordinarily high intrinsic exchange and negligible GTPase activity resolved how it is constitutively GTP-bound and revealed that its unique N-terminal extension autoinhibits effector coupling until relieved by GRB2 or Nck binding.

    Evidence In vitro nucleotide exchange/GTPase assays, N-terminal truncation mutagenesis, Co-IP with GRB2 and Nck SH3 domains

    PMID:15350535 PMID:15556869

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural basis for the rapid intrinsic exchange
    • Physiological signals triggering GRB2/Nck engagement were undefined
  3. 2005 High

    Showing that RHOU membrane targeting and transforming activity depend on palmitoylation (not prenylation) of the C-terminal CCFV motif established a non-canonical lipid modification mechanism for a Rho GTPase.

    Evidence Palmitate/isoprenoid incorporation assays, palmitoylation site mutagenesis, subcellular fractionation, transformation assays

    PMID:16046391

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the palmitoyl acyltransferase(s) unknown
    • Whether palmitoylation is dynamically regulated was not tested
  4. 2007 High

    Localizing RHOU to focal adhesions and showing its depletion increases adhesion number while reducing migration and MLC phosphorylation established RHOU as a driver of focal adhesion turnover and directional cell migration.

    Evidence Live-cell imaging, domain mutagenesis, siRNA knockdown, wound-healing assays across multiple cell lines

    PMID:17504809 PMID:17620058

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism linking RHOU to focal adhesion disassembly was not defined
    • Contribution of individual effectors (PAK vs Pyk2) to adhesion turnover was unresolved
  5. 2007 High

    Identifying Pyk2 as a GTP-dependent effector of RHOU that requires Src kinase activity for complex formation connected RHOU to integrin-associated tyrosine kinase signaling and filopodium induction.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, Src inhibition (siRNA and dominant-negative), GTP-binding mutant analysis in HEK293 cells

    PMID:18086875

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect nature of the Src requirement unresolved
    • Downstream targets of the RHOU–Pyk2 complex were not mapped
  6. 2008 High

    Demonstrating GTP-dependent Par6 binding and tight junction disruption by activated RHOU established its role as a cell polarity regulator during epithelial morphogenesis, analogous to Cdc42–Par6 signaling.

    Evidence Co-IP with effector domain mutagenesis, shRNA knockdown, 2D tight junction kinetics and 3D cystogenesis assays

    PMID:19064640

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RHOU cooperates with or replaces Cdc42 in Par6 signaling was unresolved
    • Mechanism of tight junction kinetics delay not fully dissected
  7. 2009 High

    Mapping STAT3-binding sites on the RhoU promoter and showing Wnt-1 induces RhoU transcription via JNK (not β-catenin) defined two independent transcriptional input pathways that control RHOU abundance.

    Evidence ChIP for STAT3, promoter reporter and deletion analysis, β-catenin inhibition, JNK pathway analysis

    PMID:19397496

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of STAT3 versus JNK pathways in different tissues unknown
    • Post-transcriptional regulation of RHOU mRNA stability not addressed
  8. 2010 High

    Identifying Src-mediated Y254 phosphorylation as a switch that relocates RHOU from plasma membrane to endosomes and reduces GTP-loading/PAK activation revealed a post-translational negative feedback mechanism for an otherwise constitutively active GTPase.

    Evidence Y254F/Y254E mutagenesis, Src inhibition, subcellular fractionation, GTP-loading pulldown, 3D cystogenesis

    PMID:20547754

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Y254 phosphorylation affects palmitoylation cycling was not tested
    • Phosphatase(s) that reverse Y254 phosphorylation were not identified
  9. 2010 High

    In vivo studies in Xenopus and zebrafish demonstrated that RHOU cooperates with PAK1/Rac1 to drive cranial neural crest migration and with Arhgef7b/PAK to regulate cardiomyocyte junctions during cardiac morphogenesis, establishing its developmental requirement.

    Evidence Morpholino knockdown and mRNA rescue in Xenopus and zebrafish embryos, PAK overexpression rescue

    PMID:21156169 PMID:24607366

    Open questions at the time
    • Mammalian developmental phenotypes beyond foregut not characterized at this time
    • Whether RHOU acts cell-autonomously in migrating neural crest was not fully resolved
  10. 2011 High

    Coupling RHOU to EGFR via GRB2 binding to N-terminal PxxP motifs showed that growth factor receptor activation is a physiological upstream stimulus for RHOU GTP-loading, AP-1 transcription, and migration.

    Evidence Co-IP with activated EGFR, PxxP mutagenesis, GRB2 siRNA, GTP-loading pulldown, AP-1 reporter

    PMID:21508312

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other RTKs similarly activate RHOU was not tested
    • Kinetics of EGFR-induced RHOU activation versus Ras/Rac activation were not compared
  11. 2015 High

    Discovering that PAK4 stabilizes RHOU protein by shielding it from Rab40A–Cullin 5-mediated ubiquitination revealed a kinase-independent protective mechanism and identified the E3 ligase controlling RHOU turnover.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, ubiquitination assay, Co-IP of RHOU with Rab40A–Cullin 5, live-cell adhesion dynamics, rescue experiments

    PMID:26598620

    Open questions at the time
    • Ubiquitination site(s) on RHOU not mapped
    • Whether Rab40A recognizes RHOU directly or through adaptors was unclear
  12. 2019 High

    Conditional knockout of RHOU in mouse gut epithelium showed that RHOU loss elevates RhoA activity and pMLC2, suppresses apoptosis, and causes hyperplasia, establishing RHOU as a pro-apoptotic regulator that antagonizes RhoA-mediated actomyosin contractility.

    Evidence Conditional mouse knockout, siRNA in DLD-1 cells, RhoA activity pulldown, pMLC2 western blot, apoptosis assays

    PMID:30834544

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which RHOU suppresses RhoA activity not defined
    • Whether hyperplasia progresses to neoplasia was not assessed
  13. 2020 High

    Identifying intersectin-2 as a RHOU partner on Rab4-positive fast recycling endosomes, with both required for efficient transferrin recycling, established a non-cytoskeletal function for RHOU in endosomal trafficking.

    Evidence Co-IP with PxxP mutagenesis, siRNA knockdown of RHOU and ITSN2, transferrin recycling assay, Rab4 colocalization

    PMID:32737221

    Open questions at the time
    • Cargo specificity beyond transferrin receptor unknown
    • Whether RHOU GTPase-effector interactions are required for the recycling function was not tested
  14. 2024 High

    Demonstrating palmitoylation-dependent homo-oligomerization of RHOU that stimulates PAK activation revealed a self-association mechanism for signal amplification, while the AnxA6–RHOU interaction linked SUMOylation status to RHOU-mediated AKT signaling in cancer.

    Evidence Co-IP of RHOU oligomers, palmitoylation mutant analysis, dominant-negative C-terminal fragment, AnxA6 SUMOylation mutagenesis, AKT phosphorylation and EMT assays

    PMID:38180080 PMID:38566133

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and structural basis of RHOU oligomers unknown
    • AnxA6–RHOU interaction awaits independent replication
    • Whether oligomerization occurs in vivo and in non-cancer contexts is untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis for RHOU's rapid intrinsic exchange, the identity of its palmitoyl acyltransferase, how RHOU antagonizes RhoA, whether RHOU dysregulation drives specific cancers, and the full spectrum of its developmental requirements in mammals.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure available
  • Palmitoyl acyltransferase identity unknown
  • Mechanism of RhoA antagonism undefined
  • Comprehensive mammalian tissue-specific knockout studies lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0003924 GTPase activity 2
Localization
GO:0005768 endosome 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 2 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 1 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 1
Partners
GRB2ITSN2NCK1PAK1PAK4PARD6APYK2RAB40A

Evidence

Reading pass · 22 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 RHOU/Wrch-1 was identified as a Wnt-1-regulated Cdc42 homolog that activates PAK-1 and JNK-1, induces filopodium formation and stress fiber dissolution, and stimulates quiescent cells to re-enter the cell cycle. Functional overexpression assays, kinase activation assays, morphological transformation assays in mouse mammary epithelial cells Genes & development High 11459829
2004 RHOU/Wrch-1 possesses an extremely rapid intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange activity (unlike Cdc42) and negligible GTPase activity, rendering it constitutively GTP-bound; its unique N-terminal 46 aa extension negatively regulates effector interaction and transformation, and the adaptor protein Grb2 binds the N-terminus to overcome this negative regulation and promote Wrch-1 effector interaction. In vitro nucleotide exchange and GTPase assays, N-terminal truncation mutagenesis, Co-IP of Grb2, PAK activation assays, transformation assays Current biology : CB High 15556869
2004 RHOU/Wrch1 has no detectable GTPase activity in vitro and extremely high intrinsic nucleotide exchange; it interacts with PAK1 and NCKβ, with the NCKβ interaction mediated through PxxP motifs in the N-terminal extension binding the second and third SH3 domains of NCKβ. In vitro GTPase and nucleotide exchange biochemical assays, pulldown/binding experiments with PAK1 and NCKβ SH3 domains Experimental cell research High 15350535
2005 RHOU/Wrch-1 membrane localization and transforming activity depend on palmitoylation of the second cysteine of its C-terminal CCFV motif, not on isoprenylation; mutation of this cysteine (C→S) abrogates both plasma membrane/endosome localization and transformation. Isoprenoid incorporation assays, palmitate incorporation assays, prenylation inhibitor treatment, palmitoylation inhibitor treatment, site-directed mutagenesis (CCFV→CSFV and CCFV→SCFV), subcellular fractionation, transformation assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 16046391
2007 RHOU/Wrch-1 localizes to focal adhesions via a bipartite signal requiring both the C-terminal extension (including the palmitoylation-independent region) and the effector binding loop; activated RhoU reduces focal adhesion number and distribution and increases cell migration rate. Live-cell fluorescence imaging, domain deletion and point mutants, siRNA knockdown, wound-healing migration assays Biology of the cell High 17620058
2007 RHOU/Wrch-1 localizes to focal adhesions and its depletion by siRNA increases focal adhesion number and inhibits myosin light chain phosphorylation and cell migration; Wrch-1 also activates Akt and JNK to promote migration. siRNA knockdown, overexpression, immunofluorescence of focal adhesions, myosin light chain phosphorylation western blot, wound healing assay, pharmacological inhibition of Akt and JNK Journal of cell science High 17504809
2007 RHOU/Wrch1 binds the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 in a GTP-dependent manner requiring both the N-terminal proline-rich extension and intact effector loop; Src kinase activity is required for formation of the Wrch1-Pyk2 complex and for Wrch1-induced filopodium formation. Co-IP, siRNA knockdown of Pyk2 and Src, dominant-negative Src, GTP-binding mutant analysis, cytoskeletal phenotype assays Molecular and cellular biology High 18086875
2008 RHOU/Wrch1 binds integrin β3 cytoplasmic domain, localizes to podosomes, and its expression reduces osteoclast precursor adhesion to vitronectin (but not fibronectin) while interfering with adhesion-induced Pyk2 and paxillin phosphorylation; high Wrch1 activity inhibits podosome belt formation in mature osteoclasts. Pulldown assay with integrin β3 cytoplasmic domain peptide, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, adhesion assays on vitronectin/fibronectin, podosome imaging, phospho-Pyk2 and phospho-paxillin western blot The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology High 19135548
2008 Activated RHOU/Wrch-1 binds the cell polarity protein Par6 in a GTP-dependent manner and disrupts tight junction assembly kinetics during epithelial polarization; an effector domain mutant of activated Wrch-1 that abrogates Par6 binding also abrogates disruption of tight junction formation, actin organization, and epithelial morphogenesis. Co-IP (GTP-dependent Par6 binding), effector domain mutagenesis, shRNA knockdown, 2D and 3D (cystogenesis) culture assays, tight junction kinetics assay Molecular and cellular biology High 19064640
2009 RHOU/Wrch1 transcription is induced by gp130 cytokines via STAT3 (two functional STAT3-binding sites identified on the mouse RhoU promoter) and by Wnt-1 independently of β-catenin via the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway through JNK activation. Reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation for STAT3 binding sites, β-catenin inhibition, JNK pathway analysis, promoter deletion analysis The Biochemical journal High 19397496
2010 Src phosphorylates RHOU/Wrch-1 at tyrosine Y254 within its C-terminal membrane targeting domain upon serum stimulation, causing relocalization from plasma membrane to endosomes, reducing GTP loading and PAK effector activation; phospho-deficient Y254F mutant remains at plasma membrane, stays GTP-bound, and continues to activate PAK. Site-directed mutagenesis (Y254F phospho-deficient, Y254E phospho-mimetic), Src genetic and pharmacological inhibition, subcellular fractionation, GTP-loading assays, PAK activation assay, 3D cystogenesis assay Molecular and cellular biology High 20547754
2010 RHOU/RhoU activates pathways cooperating with PAK1 and Rac1 to regulate epithelial adhesion, cell spreading and directional cranial neural crest cell migration in Xenopus; gain- and loss-of-function of RhoU demonstrate its critical role in CNC cell migration and subsequent craniofacial cartilage differentiation. Gain- and loss-of-function (morpholino knockdown and mRNA injection) in Xenopus embryos, in vitro spreading/migration assays, PAK1 and Rac1 epistasis Developmental biology High 21156169
2011 RHOU/Wrch-1 GTP-dependent activation is coupled to EGF receptor signaling through physical association of RhoU with activated EGFR via GRB2 (binding through N-terminal proline-rich motifs of RhoU); mutation of these proline-rich sequences or GRB2 siRNA abrogates EGFR interaction and EGF-stimulated RhoU GTP loading, AP1 transcriptional activity, and cell migration. Co-IP of RhoU with activated EGFR, proline-rich motif mutagenesis, GRB2 siRNA knockdown, GTP-loading pull-down assay, AP1 luciferase reporter, migration assay Molecular biology of the cell High 21508312
2011 RHOU/Wrch-1 knockdown in mouse embryonic foregut causes disrupted endoderm epithelial architecture, loss of microvilli, reduced F-actin in apical cortical domain, and impaired endoderm differentiation associated with reduced c-Jun/AP-1 target gene expression, consistent with a role for Rhou in JNK activity regulation. ES cell-based knockdown, embryoid body differentiation, phalloidin F-actin staining, in vivo mouse embryo analysis, gene expression analysis of AP-1 targets Development (Cambridge, England) High 21903671
2011 ARHGAP30, identified in a screen for Wrch-1 binding partners, interacts with Wrch-1 and mediates actin dynamics and cell adhesion downstream of Wrch-1; CdGAP also binds Wrch-1. Yeast two-hybrid screen, Co-IP/pulldown validation, overexpression phenotypic assays (membrane blebbing, stress fiber dissolution) Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 21565175
2013 The N-terminal extension of RHOU/Wrch1 binds multiple SH3 domain-containing adaptor proteins (Grb2, Nck1, c-Src, Crk1, p120) with low affinity through isolated SH3 domains; however, full-length Grb2 and Nck1 bind tightly due to avidity from multiple SH3 domains, with the central PxxP motif (minimal 8 aa with essential adjacent arginine) being the primary determinant. Sedimentation assays, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), peptide analysis, cell-based Co-IP Biological chemistry High 23183748
2014 RhoU regulates cell junctions between cardiomyocytes via the Arhgef7b/PAK kinase pathway to guide atrioventricular canal development and cardiac looping in zebrafish; PAK kinase overexpression rescues RhoU loss-of-function cardiac defects. Zebrafish morpholino knockdown, chemical genetic screen (ROCK inhibitor), PAK overexpression rescue, cardiac phenotype analysis Developmental biology High 24607366
2015 PAK4 stabilizes RhoU protein in a kinase-independent manner by protecting RhoU from ubiquitination mediated by the Rab40A-Cullin 5 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex; RhoU overexpression rescues PAK4 depletion phenotype on cell adhesion turnover and migration. siRNA knockdown, overexpression rescue, ubiquitination assay, Co-IP of RhoU with Rab40A-Cullin 5 complex, adhesion dynamics live imaging, migration assay The Journal of cell biology High 26598620
2019 RhoU/Wrch1 loss of function in mouse gut epithelium increases RhoA activity and phosphorylated Myosin Light Chain-2, leading to reduced apoptosis and cell hyperplasia; this functionally links RhoU activity to apoptosis via actomyosin-dependent mechanisms. Conditional mouse knockout, DLD-1 siRNA knockdown, RhoA activity pulldown assay (GST-rhotekin), phospho-MLC2 western blot, apoptosis and proliferation assays Biology of the cell High 30834544
2020 RhoU interacts with intersectin-2 (ITSN2) through the second PxxP motif of its N-terminus binding ITSN2 SH3 domains; RhoU and ITSN2 co-localize on Rab4-positive fast recycling endosomes, and silencing either RhoU or ITSN2 (but not ITSN1) causes accumulation of transferrin in early endosomes due to a defect in fast vesicle recycling. Co-IP, domain mutagenesis (PxxP motifs), fluorescent transferrin uptake assay, siRNA knockdown, colocalization with Rab4 endosomal markers Journal of cell science High 32737221
2024 RhoU forms homo-oligomers through its C-terminal extension in a palmitoylation-dependent manner; self-association stimulates RhoU-induced PAK activation, and expression of the isolated C-terminal extension acts as a dominant negative to reduce PAK activation and alter cell morphology. Co-IP of RhoU homodimerization, palmitoylation mutant analysis, dominant-negative C-terminal extension expression, PAK activation assay, cell morphology and migration/invasion assays Journal of cell science High 38180080
2024 SUMOylated AnxA6 physically associates with RHOU; when AnxA6 is deSUMOylated (K579R mutant), it dissociates from RHOU, leading to upregulation of RHOU-mediated p-AKT1(S473) and increased cell migration and EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma. LC-MS/MS identification of SUMOylation site, Co-IP of AnxA6 with RHOU, site-directed mutagenesis (K579R), AKT1 phosphorylation western blot, migration and EMT assays Cell communication and signaling : CCS Medium 38566133

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 31 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 Wrch-1, a novel member of the Rho gene family that is regulated by Wnt-1. Genes & development 182 11459829
2005 Transforming activity of the Rho family GTPase, Wrch-1, a Wnt-regulated Cdc42 homolog, is dependent on a novel carboxyl-terminal palmitoylation motif. The Journal of biological chemistry 69 16046391
2004 Atypical mechanism of regulation of the Wrch-1 Rho family small GTPase. Current biology : CB 66 15556869
2015 PAK4 promotes kinase-independent stabilization of RhoU to modulate cell adhesion. The Journal of cell biology 61 26598620
2004 Wrch1 is a GTPase-deficient Cdc42-like protein with unusual binding characteristics and cellular effects. Experimental cell research 59 15350535
2008 The Rho GTPase Wrch1 regulates osteoclast precursor adhesion and migration. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 51 19135548
2007 Identification of a bipartite focal adhesion localization signal in RhoU/Wrch-1, a Rho family GTPase that regulates cell adhesion and migration. Biology of the cell 51 17620058
2009 The RhoU/Wrch1 Rho GTPase gene is a common transcriptional target of both the gp130/STAT3 and Wnt-1 pathways. The Biochemical journal 46 19397496
2002 Expression of WRCH1 in human cancer and down-regulation of WRCH1 by beta-estradiol in MCF-7 cells. International journal of oncology 44 11894124
2007 The atypical Rho family GTPase Wrch-1 regulates focal adhesion formation and cell migration. Journal of cell science 43 17504809
2017 Regulation and functions of RhoU and RhoV. Small GTPases 42 29189096
2011 Rhou maintains the epithelial architecture and facilitates differentiation of the foregut endoderm. Development (Cambridge, England) 42 21903671
2008 The transforming Rho family GTPase Wrch-1 disrupts epithelial cell tight junctions and epithelial morphogenesis. Molecular and cellular biology 42 19064640
2012 Analysis of Rho GTPase expression in T-ALL identifies RhoU as a target for Notch involved in T-ALL cell migration. Oncogene 35 22349824
2022 LncRNA SNHG16 promotes development of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with EIF4A3 and modulating RhoU mRNA stability. Cellular & molecular biology letters 32 36221055
2010 Regulation of the Rho family small GTPase Wrch-1/RhoU by C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation requires Src. Molecular and cellular biology 31 20547754
2011 GRB2 couples RhoU to epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and cell migration. Molecular biology of the cell 30 21508312
2010 Activity of the RhoU/Wrch1 GTPase is critical for cranial neural crest cell migration. Developmental biology 29 21156169
2007 The atypical Rho GTPase Wrch1 collaborates with the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Pyk2 and Src in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Molecular and cellular biology 27 18086875
2011 ARHGAP30 is a Wrch-1-interacting protein involved in actin dynamics and cell adhesion. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 21565175
2014 The atypical Rho GTPase, RhoU, regulates cell-adhesion molecules during cardiac morphogenesis. Developmental biology 21 24607366
2018 The small GTPase RhoU lays downstream of JAK/STAT signaling and mediates cell migration in multiple myeloma. Blood cancer journal 19 29440639
2019 Identification of CDK6 and RHOU in Serum Exosome as Biomarkers for the Invasiveness of Non-functioning Pituitary Adenoma. Chinese medical sciences journal = Chung-kuo i hsueh k'o hsueh tsa chih 17 31601299
2013 SH3-mediated targeting of Wrch1/RhoU by multiple adaptor proteins. Biological chemistry 13 23183748
2008 Dynamic expression patterns of RhoV/Chp and RhoU/Wrch during chicken embryonic development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 13 18351666
2024 SUMOylation of annexin A6 retards cell migration and tumor growth by suppressing RHOU/AKT1-involved EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 12 38566133
2019 The atypical RhoU/Wrch1 Rho GTPase controls cell proliferation and apoptosis in the gut epithelium. Biology of the cell 12 30834544
2015 Atypical RhoV and RhoU GTPases control development of the neural crest. Small GTPases 12 26555387
2011 Atypical RhoV and RhoU GTPases control development of the neural crest. Small GTPases 11 22545228
2020 The atypical Rho GTPase RhoU interacts with intersectin-2 to regulate endosomal recycling pathways. Journal of cell science 6 32737221
2024 RhoU forms homo-oligomers to regulate cellular responses. Journal of cell science 3 38180080