Affinage

RGMB

Repulsive guidance molecule B · UniProt Q6NW40

Length
437 aa
Mass
47.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 21 papers cited in narrative 21 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RGMB (DRAGON) is a GPI-anchored cell-surface protein that operates at the intersection of BMP signaling, neogenin-dependent guidance, and immune co-regulation (PMID:15671031, PMID:19944164, PMID:37138075). As a BMP co-receptor it directly binds BMP2 and BMP4 — but not BMP7 or other TGFβ ligands — associates with type I (ALK2/3/6) and type II (ActRII/ActRIIB) BMP receptors, and potentiates ligand-dependent Smad1/5/8 signaling in a manner blocked by Noggin and dominant-negative Smad1/ALK3/6 (PMID:15671031); it localizes to lipid rafts and apical epithelial surfaces and can redirect signaling through ActRIIA to modulate epithelial barrier function (PMID:15890774, PMID:20167703). Beyond Smads, RGMB engages the p38/Erk MAPK arm to negatively regulate macrophage IL-6 (PMID:21187450), and in some contexts suppresses BMP output via its von Willebrand factor type D domain independently of neogenin (PMID:19422419). Independently of BMP, RGMB acts as a ligand for the neogenin receptor to control precursor cell aggregation, migration, and neuron-versus-glia fate decisions in the developing nervous system (PMID:19944164, PMID:27143755), and through neogenin it drives E-cadherin loss and caspase-dependent apoptosis in renal tubular epithelium (PMID:24052264). In the immune system RGMB is a binding partner for PD-L2 — at a site distinct from the BMP-binding site — controlling respiratory tolerance, T cell co-stimulation, and microbiome-dependent anti-tumor immunity, such that blockade or T-cell-specific deletion of RGMB overcomes resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition (PMID:24752301, PMID:28479601, PMID:37138075); it also binds CTLA-4 to strengthen sCTLA-4 engagement of CD80 (PMID:31061392). In the kidney, RGMB protects against acute injury by limiting membrane-associated MLKL and inhibiting necroptosis in proximal tubular cells (PMID:29382757). RGMB further functions as a secreted regulator of melanocyte morphogenesis and an RNF4-induced effector required for osteogenic differentiation via an RNF4–RGMB–BMP6 axis (PMID:36153321, PMID:36130522).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 2004 Medium

    Establishing RGMB's first molecular identity, it was defined as a GPI-anchored, DRG11-regulated adhesion molecule, setting it as a sensory-system membrane protein before any signaling role was known.

    Evidence Promoter/genomic binding analysis, DRG11-null expression analysis, and homophilic adhesion assays in DRG neurons

    PMID:14985445

    Open questions at the time
    • No receptor partner identified at this stage
    • Adhesion mechanism and binding partners undefined
  2. 2005 High

    The central biochemical function was resolved by showing RGMB is a BMP co-receptor that selectively binds BMP2/4 and associates with type I/II BMP receptors to amplify Smad1/5/8 signaling.

    Evidence Direct binding/co-IP with BMP receptors, dominant-negative Smad1/ALK3/6, Noggin inhibition, and Xenopus overexpression

    PMID:15671031 PMID:15890774

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of ligand selectivity not resolved
    • How GPI-anchoring couples to receptor complex assembly unclear
  3. 2009 High

    RGMB was shown to act as a neogenin ligand controlling precursor migration, establishing a BMP-independent signaling axis, while a separate study showed it can also suppress BMP output through its vWF type D domain.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP/binding with neogenin plus organotypic slice and in utero migration assays; domain-deletion reporter assays in C2C12 myoblasts

    PMID:19422419 PMID:19944164

    Open questions at the time
    • Context determining co-receptor potentiation versus suppression unresolved
    • Downstream neogenin effectors in migration not mapped
  4. 2010 High

    Tissue-specific signaling outputs were defined, showing RGMB enhances Smad-dependent barrier function in kidney epithelium via ActRIIA and negatively regulates macrophage IL-6 through MAPK rather than Smad.

    Evidence Kidney immunolocalization and mIMCD3 receptor-knockdown/transepithelial resistance assays; macrophage cell lines, Dragon-knockout mice, and MAPK inhibitor dissection

    PMID:20167703 PMID:21187450

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of receptor switching to ActRIIA unknown
    • How RGMB selects Smad versus MAPK output not defined
  5. 2011 High

    Genetic loss-of-function established a physiological developmental requirement, with RGMb promoting BMP-2-dependent neurite outgrowth and peripheral nerve regeneration.

    Evidence RGMb knockout DRG neuron cultures with BMP-2 rescue and in vivo sciatic nerve crush

    PMID:22171041

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor complex mediating regenerative effect not specified
    • Relative contribution of BMP versus neogenin in regeneration unresolved
  6. 2013 High

    A pro-apoptotic, neogenin-dependent role was demonstrated, expanding RGMB beyond a growth-promoting co-receptor to a driver of epithelial cell death and E-cadherin loss in injured kidney.

    Evidence IMCD3 overexpression with neogenin knockdown, caspase/PARP assays, and ureteral obstruction in heterozygous knockout mice

    PMID:24052264

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling linking neogenin to caspase activation not delineated
    • Reconciliation with protective renal roles unclear
  7. 2014 High

    RGMB was identified as a PD-L2 binding partner with a distinct binding site from BMP, defining a new immune-checkpoint-adjacent function in respiratory tolerance.

    Evidence Binding assays with site-mapping, PD-L2-deficient mice, and anti-RGMb/anti-PD-L2 blockade in respiratory tolerance models

    PMID:24752301

    Open questions at the time
    • Intracellular signaling triggered by RGMb–PD-L2 engagement undefined
    • Cell-type-specific outputs of the interaction not fully resolved
  8. 2017 Medium

    The PD-L2–RGMb axis was shown to be PD-1-independent and co-stimulatory, with PD-L2 driving Th1 polarization and suppressing Th2 asthma via RGMb.

    Evidence PD-L2 K113S mutant binding/co-stimulation assays, Th1/Th2 polarization, and murine allergic asthma model

    PMID:28479601

    Open questions at the time
    • RGMb-proximal signaling in T cell co-stimulation not mapped
    • Single lab, requires independent confirmation
  9. 2018 High

    A cytoprotective mechanism distinct from its pro-apoptotic role was defined, with RGMb limiting membrane MLKL to inhibit necroptosis and protect tubular cells in acute kidney injury.

    Evidence Tubule-specific conditional Rgmb knockout in ischemia/reperfusion and oxalate nephropathy, MLKL membrane fractionation, and necroptosis-inhibitor rescue

    PMID:29382757

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between RGMb and MLKL regulation unknown
    • Whether this is BMP- or neogenin-dependent not established
  10. 2019 Medium

    RGMB's immune-modulatory repertoire was broadened by identifying it as a CTLA-4 binding partner that strengthens sCTLA-4–CD80 engagement, and by showing anti-RGMb blockade suppresses allergic airway disease.

    Evidence Pulldown/binding and co-stimulation suppression assays with CD80; anti-RGMb mAb in ovalbumin/cockroach asthma models with IL-25R-deficient mice

    PMID:30703386 PMID:31061392

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CTLA-4 interaction not resolved
    • Receptor mediating RGMb effects in airway inflammation not pinned down
  11. 2022 High

    Two new effector functions were established: RGMB as a secreted regulator of melanocyte morphogenesis/melanin and as an RNF4-induced node in an RNF4–RGMB–BMP6 osteogenic axis.

    Evidence Proteomic identification from sensory neuron-conditioned medium with melanocyte treatment; RNF4/RGMb/BMP6 knockdown and purified-protein add-back rescue in hBMSCs

    PMID:36130522 PMID:36153321

    Open questions at the time
    • Melanocyte receptor for secreted RGMB unidentified
    • How RNF4 transcriptionally controls RGMB not detailed
  12. 2023 High

    The therapeutic significance of the RGMb–PD-L2 axis was established, showing the gut microbiome regulates this pathway and that blocking or deleting RGMb in T cells overcomes microbiome-dependent checkpoint-inhibitor resistance.

    Evidence T-cell-specific conditional Rgmb knockout, anti-RGMb/anti-PD-L2 blockade across syngeneic tumor models, and germ-free/antibiotic/fecal-transplant experiments

    PMID:37138075

    Open questions at the time
    • Intracellular signaling downstream of RGMb in T cells unresolved
    • Microbiome-to-RGMb regulatory mechanism not fully defined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How a single GPI-anchored protein integrates BMP co-receptor signaling, neogenin ligand activity, and PD-L2/CTLA-4 immune binding into context-specific outputs — and the structural and intracellular basis of each — remains unresolved.
  • No unified structural model of RGMB's multiple binding interfaces
  • Determinants selecting Smad versus MAPK versus neogenin output unknown
  • Proximal intracellular signaling of GPI-anchored RGMB undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005576 extracellular region 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
ACTRIIAALK3BMP2BMP4BMP6CTLA4NEO1PDCD1LG2

Evidence

Reading pass · 21 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 RGMB (DRAGON) is a GPI-anchored BMP co-receptor that directly binds BMP2 and BMP4 (but not BMP7 or other TGFβ ligands), associates with BMP type I receptors (ALK2, ALK3, ALK6) and type II receptors (ActRII and ActRIIB), and enhances BMP but not TGFβ signaling in a ligand-dependent manner reducible by Noggin; signaling is reduced by dominant-negative Smad1 and ALK3/6. Direct binding assays, co-immunoprecipitation with BMP receptors, dominant-negative receptor/Smad constructs, Noggin inhibition, Xenopus embryo overexpression The Journal of biological chemistry High 15671031
2004 DRAGON (RGMB) is a GPI-anchored membrane protein transcriptionally regulated by DRG11, co-expressed with DRG11 in embryonic DRG and spinal cord, promotes homophilic cell adhesion, and promotes adhesion of mouse DRG neurons whereas mRGM reduces it. Genomic binding strategy/promoter analysis, DRG11 null mutant expression analysis, neuronal cell adhesion assays, homophilic interaction assays The Journal of neuroscience Medium 14985445
2005 DRAGON (RGMB) localizes to lipid rafts within the plasma membrane of reproductive cells and enhances BMP2/BMP4 signaling in reproductive cell lines (Ishikawa, HeLa, LβT2, MCF-7, JEG3); expression is dynamically regulated throughout the reproductive tract. Immunocytochemistry, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation fractionation, BMP signaling reporter assays in reproductive cell lines Endocrinology Medium 15890774
2010 DRAGON (RGMB) localizes to apical surfaces of tubular epithelial cells in thick ascending limbs, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts; in mIMCD3 cells it enhances BMP signaling in a ligand-dependent manner using BMP4 as the predominant endogenous ligand, redirecting signaling through ActRIIA (rather than BMPRII) and increasing transepithelial resistance via the Smad1/5/8 pathway. Immunohistochemistry/localization in mouse kidney, BMP signaling assays in mIMCD3 cells, receptor knockdown, transepithelial resistance measurement Journal of the American Society of Nephrology High 20167703
2010 DRAGON (RGMB) negatively regulates IL-6 expression in macrophages in a BMP ligand-dependent manner via the p38 MAPK and Erk1/2 pathways (not the Smad1/5/8 pathway); Dragon knockout mice show upregulated IL-6 in lung macrophages and dendritic cells. RAW264.7/J774 macrophage cell line assays, Dragon knockout mice, pathway inhibitor experiments, cytokine measurement Journal of immunology High 21187450
2011 RGMB (RGMb) promotes neurite outgrowth and peripheral nerve regeneration as a BMP co-receptor; RGMb knockout DRG neurons exhibit fewer and shorter neurites than wild-type, rescuable by BMP-2; RGMb deletion or BMP inhibition with Noggin retards early axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush in vivo. RGMb knockout mice, DRG explant and dissociated neuron culture, BMP-2 rescue, Noggin inhibition, sciatic nerve crush model The Journal of neuroscience High 22171041
2013 DRAGON (RGMB) inhibits E-cadherin expression and induces apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells through the neogenin receptor (not the BMP pathway); Dragon overexpression increases hypoxia-induced cell death with elevated cleaved caspase-3 and PARP; heterozygous Dragon knockout mice show decreased tubular apoptosis and increased E-cadherin after ureteral obstruction. IMCD3 cell overexpression, neogenin knockdown, caspase/PARP cleavage assays, unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model, heterozygous knockout mice The Journal of biological chemistry High 24052264
2014 RGMB (RGMb) is a novel binding partner for PD-L2 (B7-DC); PD-L2 and BMP-2/4 bind to distinct sites on RGMb; blockade of the RGMb–PD-L2 interaction impairs respiratory tolerance by disrupting initial T cell expansion; PD-L2 expression on non-T cells (not T cells) is required for this tolerance. Binding assays identifying RGMb–PD-L2 interaction, PD-L2-deficient mice, anti-RGMb/anti-PD-L2 blockade in respiratory tolerance models The Journal of experimental medicine High 24752301
2009 RGMb interacts physically with Neogenin (co-immunoprecipitation and binding assays) and controls aggregation and migration of Neogenin-positive dentate gyrus precursor cells; RGMb expression in structures bordering the developing dentate abolishes in vitro and in vivo migration of dentate neuroepithelial cells expressing Neogenin; ectopic RGMb in organotypic slice cultures modifies precursor cell migration. Co-immunoprecipitation, binding assays, organotypic slice cultures, in utero electroporation, in vitro migration assays Molecular and cellular neurosciences High 19944164
2009 In C2C12 myoblasts, DRAGON (RGMB) suppresses BMP signaling (ALP and Id1 promoter activities induced by BMP-4 or constitutively active BMP type I receptors) via a novel mechanism dependent on the secretory form of the von Willebrand factor type D domain; this inhibition occurs even downstream of Smad1 activation and is not altered by neogenin overexpression. C2C12 myoblast reporter assays, domain deletion/mutant constructs, constitutively active receptor constructs, neogenin overexpression Genes to cells Medium 19422419
2016 RGMB (DRAGON) controls the balance of olfactory receptor neurons and sustentacular (glial-like) cells in the developing olfactory epithelium through interaction with neogenin; RGMB is expressed in newly born ORNs adjacent to neogenin-expressing progenitors; Rgmb ablation increases dividing progenitors and supernumerary SUS cells, phenocopied by neogenin loss-of-function. Gene-targeted Rgmb and Neo1 knockout mice, cell counting, BrdU incorporation, in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence Development High 27143755
2017 PD-L2 (B7-DC) K113S mutant (which cannot bind PD-1) retains RGMb binding with similar affinity to wild-type PD-L2, costimulates CD4+ T cells via RGMb and promotes Th1 polarization; RGMb is expressed on naive mouse T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells; K113S/RGMb costimulation suppresses Th2-mediated asthma in vivo. Binding affinity assays, T cell co-stimulation assays, Th1/Th2 polarization assays, murine allergic asthma model Cellular & molecular immunology Medium 28479601
2018 RGMb protects against acute kidney injury (ischemia/reperfusion and oxalate nephropathy) by reducing membrane-associated MLKL levels and inhibiting necroptosis in proximal tubular cells; tubule-specific Rgmb conditional knockout increases MLKL at the apical membrane of proximal tubular cells and worsens renal dysfunction; necroptosis inhibitors (Necrostatin-1, GSK'963) ameliorate injury in both wild-type and Rgmb cKO mice. Conditional tubular Rgmb knockout mice, ischemia/reperfusion and oxalate nephropathy models, MLKL membrane fractionation, necroptosis inhibitor treatment, renal function assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences High 29382757
2019 RGMB is a novel binding partner of CTLA-4; RGMB specifically strengthens binding of the monomeric soluble form of CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) to CD80, thereby enhancing CTLA-4's suppressive effect on co-stimulation; RGMB is expressed at high levels in tolerogenic dendritic cell subsets. Pulldown/binding assays, co-stimulation suppression assays, CD80 binding enhancement assay, expression profiling of DC subsets Scientific reports Medium 31061392
2019 Blockade of RGMb with anti-RGMb mAb effectively blocks development of airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in ovalbumin and cockroach allergen murine asthma models; RGMb is expressed on bronchial epithelial cells, activated eosinophils, and interstitial macrophages; neogenin (canonical RGMb receptor) is expressed by interstitial macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells in inflamed lung; IL-25 pathway is required for the disease. Anti-RGMb mAb treatment in murine asthma models, IL-25 receptor-deficient mice, immunostaining for RGMb and neogenin The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology Medium 30703386
2012 RGMB knockdown in breast cancer cells enhances proliferation, adhesion, and migration; mechanistically, knockdown reduces Caspase-3 expression/activity (improving survival under serum starvation) via repression of the MAPK JNK pathway, and increases Snai1, Twist, FAK, and Paxillin expression via enhanced Smad-dependent signaling. Ribozyme transgene knockdown of RGMB in breast cancer cells, proliferation/adhesion/migration assays, caspase activity assays, Western blotting for signaling molecules Journal of cellular biochemistry Medium 22415859
2015 Dragon (RGMB) promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth via BMP4-Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2 pathways; Dragon expression is elevated in colon cancer tissues in mouse CAC model and human patients. RGMB overexpression in CT26.WT and CMT93 cells, xenograft mouse model, BMP4-Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2 pathway analysis Oncotarget Medium 26029998
2016 Dragon (RGMB) induces resistance to oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells by inhibiting oxaliplatin-induced JNK and p38 MAPK activation and blocking caspase-3 and PARP cleavage; Dragon-expressing xenograft tumors show reduced response to oxaliplatin. Dragon overexpression in CMT93/HCT116 cells, oxaliplatin treatment, apoptosis assays, JNK/p38 MAPK pathway analysis, xenograft mouse model Oncotarget Medium 27384995
2022 RNF4 ubiquitin ligase promotes osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by transcriptionally upregulating both RGMb and BMP6; knockdown of either RGMb or BMP6 halts osteogenic differentiation; combined addition of purified RGMb and BMP6 proteins to RNF4-deficient hBMSCs fully restores osteogenic differentiation, placing RGMb downstream of RNF4 in an RNF4–RGMb–BMP6 axis required for osteogenesis and osteosarcoma cell survival. RNF4/RGMb/BMP6 knockdown in hBMSCs, conditioned media rescue, purified protein add-back, osteosarcoma cell survival assays, transcriptional analysis Cell death & disease High 36153321
2022 Human sensory neurons secrete RGMB protein, which induces morphogenesis and melanin production in human melanocytes; RGMB was identified in sensory neuron-conditioned medium by proteomic analysis; transcriptome analysis indicates RGMB controls the melanosome transport machinery. Proteomic analysis of conditioned medium, co-culture of iPSC-derived sensory neurons with melanocytes, RGMB protein treatment of melanocytes, transcriptome analysis Cell reports Medium 36130522
2023 The gut microbiome downregulates PD-L2 and its binding partner RGMb to promote anti-tumor immunity; antibody-mediated blockade of the PD-L2–RGMb pathway, or conditional deletion of RGMb in T cells, combined with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 overcomes microbiome-dependent resistance to checkpoint inhibitors in multiple mouse tumor models including germ-free, antibiotic-treated, and non-responder stool-colonized mice. Conditional T cell-specific RGMb knockout mice, anti-PD-L2/anti-RGMb antibody blockade, multiple syngeneic tumor models, germ-free and antibiotic-treated mouse experiments, fecal transplant experiments Nature High 37138075

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2014 RGMb is a novel binding partner for PD-L2 and its engagement with PD-L2 promotes respiratory tolerance. The Journal of experimental medicine 270 24752301
2005 DRAGON, a bone morphogenetic protein co-receptor. The Journal of biological chemistry 178 15671031
2023 Targeting PD-L2-RGMb overcomes microbiome-related immunotherapy resistance. Nature 158 37138075
2005 Repulsive guidance molecule (RGMa), a DRAGON homologue, is a bone morphogenetic protein co-receptor. The Journal of biological chemistry 158 15975920
2005 The dragon lizard Pogona vitticeps has ZZ/ZW micro-sex chromosomes. Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology 149 16331408
2009 The RGM/DRAGON family of BMP co-receptors. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 92 19897400
2004 DRAGON: a member of the repulsive guidance molecule-related family of neuronal- and muscle-expressed membrane proteins is regulated by DRG11 and has neuronal adhesive properties. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 92 14985445
2004 Mitochondrial genome of the Komodo dragon: efficient sequencing method with reptile-oriented primers and novel gene rearrangements. DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes 89 15449544
2018 RGMb protects against acute kidney injury by inhibiting tubular cell necroptosis via an MLKL-dependent mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 29382757
2017 Komodo dragon-inspired synthetic peptide DRGN-1 promotes wound-healing of a mixed-biofilm infected wound. NPJ biofilms and microbiomes 74 28649410
2012 Survivin signaling in clinical oncology: a multifaceted dragon. Medicinal research reviews 73 22688671
2019 Genome of the Komodo dragon reveals adaptations in the cardiovascular and chemosensory systems of monitor lizards. Nature ecology & evolution 64 31358948
2011 The BMP coreceptor RGMb promotes while the endogenous BMP antagonist noggin reduces neurite outgrowth and peripheral nerve regeneration by modulating BMP signaling. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 63 22171041
2015 Adenovirus membrane penetration: Tickling the tail of a sleeping dragon. Virology 56 25798531
2010 Dragon (repulsive guidance molecule b) inhibits IL-6 expression in macrophages. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 52 21187450
2010 TcoF-DB: dragon database for human transcription co-factors and transcription factor interacting proteins. Nucleic acids research 49 20965969
2011 2D MI-DRAGON: a new predictor for protein-ligands interactions and theoretic-experimental studies of US FDA drug-target network, oxoisoaporphine inhibitors for MAO-A and human parasite proteins. European journal of medicinal chemistry 48 22005185
2019 LncRNA RGMB-AS1 promotes laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells progression via sponging miR-22/NLRP3 axis. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 44 31351424
2016 Anchoring genome sequence to chromosomes of the central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) enables reconstruction of ancestral squamate macrochromosomes and identifies sequence content of the Z chromosome. BMC genomics 44 27286959
2011 Dragon's blood inhibits chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain responses by blocking the synthesis and release of substance P in rats. Journal of pharmacological sciences 44 22198006
2017 B7-DC (PD-L2) costimulation of CD4+ T-helper 1 response via RGMb. Cellular & molecular immunology 43 28479601
2021 Biochemical and nutritional characterization of dragon fruit (Hylocereus species). Food chemistry 42 33774520
2024 LncRNA RGMB-AS1 inhibits HMOX1 ubiquitination and NAA10 activation to induce ferroptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer letters 41 38574881
2017 Enter the Dragon: The Dynamic and Multifunctional Evolution of Anguimorpha Lizard Venoms. Toxins 37 28783084
2012 Repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMB) plays negative roles in breast cancer by coordinating BMP signaling. Journal of cellular biochemistry 36 22415859
2010 Identification of Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated by post mortem examinations of a bearded dragon and a gecko by phenotypic and genotypic properties. Journal of veterinary science 34 20706035
2021 How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era. Frontiers in immunology 33 33854516
2014 Dihydrochalcones and homoisoflavanes from the red resin of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Chinese dragon's blood). Fitoterapia 33 25218969
2021 Upregulation of the PPAR signaling pathway and accumulation of lipids are related to the morphological and structural transformation of the dragon-eye goldfish eye. Science China. Life sciences 32 33428077
2010 Dragon enhances BMP signaling and increases transepithelial resistance in kidney epithelial cells. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 32 20167703
2010 Evolutionary origins and diversification of dragon lizards in Australia's tropical savannas. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 21145401
2005 Localization and action of Dragon (repulsive guidance molecule b), a novel bone morphogenetic protein coreceptor, throughout the reproductive axis. Endocrinology 32 15890774
2020 miR-93-5p enhances migration and invasion by targeting RGMB in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Journal of Cancer 30 32328191
2016 RGMB and neogenin control cell differentiation in the developing olfactory epithelium. Development (Cambridge, England) 29 27143755
2011 Cytotoxic and antibacterial flavonoids from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana. Planta medica 28 21800280
2009 Extension, single-locus conversion and physical mapping of sex chromosome sequences identify the Z microchromosome and pseudo-autosomal region in a dragon lizard, Pogona vitticeps. Heredity 28 19812616
2000 DRAGON: Database Referencing of Array Genes Online. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 28 11159315
2019 The alternative regenerative strategy of bearded dragon unveils the key processes underlying vertebrate tooth renewal. eLife 27 31418691
2017 The clinical significance and biological function of lncRNA RGMB-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 27 29288973
2021 The chromosome-level genome of dragon fruit reveals whole-genome duplication and chromosomal co-localization of betacyanin biosynthetic genes. Horticulture research 26 33750805
2021 Salmonella in Captive Reptiles and Their Environment-Can We Tame the Dragon? Microorganisms 25 34066739
2019 LncRNA RGMB-AS1 Promotes Glioma Growth and Invasion Through miR-1200/HOXB2 Axis. OncoTargets and therapy 25 31819505
2015 Dragon (repulsive guidance molecule b, RGMb) is a novel gene that promotes colorectal cancer growth. Oncotarget 25 26029998
2012 Dragon's blood may have radioprotective effects in radiation-induced rat brain injury. Radiation research 25 22686864
2005 Dragon Plant Biology Explorer. A text-mining tool for integrating associations between genetic and biochemical entities with genome annotation and biochemical terms lists. Plant physiology 25 16172098
2012 Sex-specific SOD levels and DNA damage in painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus). Oecologia 24 22700064
2022 A phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled study of erenumab for the prevention of chronic migraine in patients from Asia: the DRAGON study. The journal of headache and pain 23 36404301
2018 LncRNA RGMB-AS1 is activated by E2F1 and promotes cell proliferation and invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 23 29687852
2009 DDEC: Dragon database of genes implicated in esophageal cancer. BMC cancer 23 19580656
1999 Genetic structure and gene flow among Komodo dragon populations inferred by microsatellite loci analysis. Molecular ecology 23 10703549
2020 Pharmacoproteomics reveals the mechanism of Chinese dragon's blood in regulating the RSK/TSC2/mTOR/ribosome pathway in alleviation of DSS-induced acute ulcerative colitis. Journal of ethnopharmacology 22 32783984
2019 Distribution and amplification of interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) in Australian dragon lizards support frequent chromosome fusions in Iguania. PloS one 22 30794668
2015 Study on expression of lncRNA RGMB-AS1 and repulsive guidance molecule b in non-small cell lung cancer. Diagnostic pathology 22 26055877
2014 Parasite load and MHC diversity in undisturbed and agriculturally modified habitats of the ornate dragon lizard. Molecular ecology 22 25355141
2013 Dragon (repulsive guidance molecule RGMb) inhibits E-cadherin expression and induces apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 22 24052264
2009 DRAGON, a GPI-anchored membrane protein, inhibits BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 22 19422419
2009 RGMb controls aggregation and migration of Neogenin-positive cells in vitro and in vivo. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 22 19944164
2009 A simple non-invasive protocol to establish primary cell lines from tail and toe explants for cytogenetic studies in Australian dragon lizards (Squamata: Agamidae). Cytotechnology 21 19199067
2020 Attenuation of protein glycation by functional polyphenolics of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus); an in vitro and in silico evaluation. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) 20 33648300
2019 The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) genome and identification of innate immunity genes and clusters. BMC genomics 20 31470795
2015 Antioxidant-mediated preventative effect of Dragon-pearl tea crude polyphenol extract on reserpine-induced gastric ulcers. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 20 26170959
2004 The dragon on the gold: myths and realities for data mining in biomedicine and biotechnology using digital and molecular libraries. Journal of proteome research 20 15595719
2023 DRAGON: Determining Regulatory Associations using Graphical models on multi-Omic Networks. Nucleic acids research 19 36533448
2019 RGMB enhances the suppressive activity of the monomeric secreted form of CTLA-4. Scientific reports 19 31061392
2011 Effect of Sanguis draconis (a dragon's blood resin) on streptozotocin- and cytokine-induced β-cell damage, in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes research and clinical practice 19 21899910
2022 Biogenic proficient synthesis of (Au-NPs) via aqueous extract of Red Dragon Pulp and seed oil: Characterization, antioxidant, cytotoxic properties, anti-diabetic anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer and their anti-proliferative potential against cancer cell lines. Saudi journal of biological sciences 18 35531221
2021 Dragon's Blood Regulates Rac1-WAVE2-Arp2/3 Signaling Pathway to Protect Rat Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Simulated Microgravity. International journal of molecular sciences 18 33800361
2021 Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Efficacy of Chinese Dragon's Blood Against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Infected Wounds. Frontiers in microbiology 17 34149659
2021 Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 17 34200974
2020 Chinese Dragon's Blood EtOAc Extract Inhibits Liver Cancer Growth Through Downregulation of Smad3. Frontiers in pharmacology 17 32477135
2014 Steroidal saponins from dragon's blood of Dracaena cambodiana. Fitoterapia 17 24480383
2010 Epigenetics of induced pluripotency, the seven-headed dragon. Stem cell research & therapy 16 20504284
2020 Bioactive flavonoid dimers from Chinese dragon's blood, the red resin of Dracaena cochinchinensis. Bioorganic chemistry 15 32078940
2019 Inhibition on acid-sensing ion channels and analgesic activities of flavonoids isolated from dragon's blood resin. Phytotherapy research : PTR 15 30618119
2019 Blockade of RGMb inhibits allergen-induced airways disease. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 15 30703386
2021 Transcriptome profiling reveals candidate flavonoid-related genes during formation of dragon's blood from Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C.Chen under conditions of wounding stress. Journal of ethnopharmacology 14 33667570
2020 RGMB-AS1/miR-22-3p/NFIB axis contributes to the progression of gastric cancer. Neoplasma 14 32064882
2020 Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME): A Dragon-Like Weapon in a Non-fantasy Game of Thrones. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 14 32588327
2016 Dragon (RGMb) induces oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 14 27384995
2013 Radioprotective effects of Dragon's blood and its extract against gamma irradiation in mouse bone marrow cells. Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB) 14 24360838
2012 Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from fermented red dragon fruit juices. Journal of food science 14 22924854
2012 Cloning, bioinformatics and the enzyme activity analyses of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene involved in dragon's blood biosynthesis in Dracaena cambodiana. Molecular biology reports 14 23108992
2022 RNF4~RGMb~BMP6 axis required for osteogenic differentiation and cancer cell survival. Cell death & disease 13 36153321
2019 ZW Sex Chromosomes in Australian Dragon Lizards (Agamidae) Originated from a Combination of Duplication and Translocation in the Nucleolar Organising Region. Genes 13 31671601
2017 Expression of RGMb in brain tissue of MCAO rats and its relationship with axonal regeneration. Journal of the neurological sciences 13 29246630
2016 Dragon's blood extracts reduce radiation-induced peripheral blood injury and protects human megakaryocyte cells from GM-CSF withdraw-induced apoptosis. Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB) 13 26527395
2013 An HPLC-ESI-MS method for analysis of loureirin A and B in dragon's blood and application in pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in rats. Fitoterapia 13 23458829
2022 Multicenter study on the genetics of glomerular diseases among southeast and south Asians: Deciphering Diversities - Renal Asian Genetics Network (DRAGoN). Clinical genetics 12 35064937
2022 Human sensory neurons modulate melanocytes through secretion of RGMB. Cell reports 12 36130522
2022 A chromosome-level genome assembly for Dracaena cochinchinensis reveals the molecular basis of its longevity and formation of dragon's blood. Plant communications 12 36196059
2023 DRAGON: Harnessing the power of DNA repair for accelerating genome evolution in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metabolic engineering 11 37579915
2018 Proteomic and Biochemical Changes during Senescence of Phalaenopsis 'Red Dragon' Petals. International journal of molecular sciences 11 29710804
2012 RGMa and RGMb expression pattern during chicken development suggest unexpected roles for these repulsive guidance molecules in notochord formation, somitogenesis, and myogenesis. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 11 23073896
2022 In vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Dragon's Head plant (Lallemantia iberica). Scientific reports 10 35110618
2019 Isolating Chromosomes of the Komodo Dragon: New Tools for Comparative Mapping and Sequence Assembly. Cytogenetic and genome research 10 30641525
2019 Dragon's Blood Inhibits Chronic Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain Responses by Blocking the Synthesis and Release of Substance P in Rats. Journal of pharmacological sciences 10 32092837
2021 A botanical medicine dragon's blood exhibited clinical antithrombosis efficacy similar to low molecular weight heparin. Science China. Life sciences 9 33521854
2021 LncRNA RGMB-AS1 up-regulates ANKRD1 Through Competitively Sponging miR-3614-5p to Promote OSA Cell Proliferation and Invasion. Archives of medical research 9 34583851
2021 Curcumin mediates repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMb) in the treatment mechanism of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Renal failure 9 34751624
2020 MicroRNA dynamics during hibernation of the Australian central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). Scientific reports 9 33082398

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