Affinage

Showing ZFP42 — REX1 is a alias.

ZFP42

Zinc finger protein 42 homolog · UniProt Q96MM3

Length
310 aa
Mass
34.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-11
100 papers in source corpus 19 papers cited in narrative 19 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ZFP42/REX1 is a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor of the YY1 sub-family that operates as a sequence-specific chromatin-binding regulator in pluripotent stem cells, controlling pluripotency, lineage commitment, and X-chromosome inactivation (PMID:22596162, PMID:17478514). Its own expression is governed by the core pluripotency network: an octamer motif in its promoter is bound by Oct-3/Oct-1, with Oct-3/4 acting as a context-dependent activator or repressor, while Nanog (cooperating with Sox2) and YY1 drive its transcription, and REX1 additionally autoregulates its own promoter (PMID:9528758, PMID:16714766, PMID:8474450, PMID:20232320); HMGN proteins sustain this circuitry by maintaining an ESC-specific super-enhancer that recruits NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 (PMID:30838422). A central role for REX1 is in initiating X-chromosome inactivation: the X-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF12 directly ubiquitinates REX1 to target it for proteasomal degradation, and REX1 binds regulatory regions of Xist and Tsix to restrain Xist transcription, making REX1 the prime RNF12 target whose genetic ablation rescues the imprinted XCI failure of Rnf12-null mice (PMID:22596162, PMID:30420655). At chromatin, REX1 binds bivalent Polycomb-regulated developmental loci and physically associates with Ring1 proteins, RYBP, YAF2, and the demethylase LSD1/KDM1A, and silences muERV-L endogenous retroviral elements (PMID:21530438, PMID:22844087); it also protects the Peg3 and Gnas imprinted DMRs from hypermethylation in vivo (PMID:21233130). As a direct promoter-binding transcription factor REX1 activates cyclin B1/B2 to drive CyclinB/CDK1-dependent DRP1 Ser616 phosphorylation, mitochondrial fission, and stem-cell self-renewal (PMID:23939908), represses MKK3 to dampen p38 MAPK signaling (PMID:20463961), and modulates lineage differentiation, limiting retinoic-acid-induced differentiation in F9 and ES cells (PMID:12354678, PMID:19618472). In cancer contexts REX1 suppresses SOCS1 to activate JAK2/STAT3 and EMT and recruits DNMT3b to methylate and silence RASSF1a, activating MEK/ERK (PMID:18237746, PMID:31409905, PMID:34183450).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 18 steps
  1. 1993 High

    Established that the Rex-1 promoter is built around an octamer motif essential for activity in stem cells and responsive to retinoic-acid-induced negative regulation, placing the gene under pluripotency-linked control.

    Evidence promoter-reporter and octamer site-directed mutagenesis with transgenic lacZ embryo reporters

    PMID:8474450

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the trans-acting factors binding the octamer
    • No protein-level function for REX1 itself addressed
  2. 1994 Medium

    Identified Oct-3 versus Oct-1 occupancy of the octamer motif as the switch coupling Rex-1 transcription to the undifferentiated state.

    Evidence EMSA and supershift across F9, D3, and NT2/D1 cells before and after RA differentiation

    PMID:7945330

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-method binding evidence
    • No functional knockout of the Oct factors
  3. 1998 High

    Resolved that Oct-3/4 exerts both activating and repressive effects on Rex-1 through separable domains, revealing context-dependent regulation rather than a simple activator relationship.

    Evidence promoter deletion/mutation, transient transfection with domain-specific Oct mutants, and EMSA in F9 cells

    PMID:9528758

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the Rox-1 positive-element factor unresolved
    • Mechanism of the activation/repression switch not defined
  4. 2002 Medium

    Demonstrated REX1 is functionally required for proper lineage choice, controlling visceral versus parietal endoderm differentiation in F9 cells.

    Evidence homologous-recombination knockout with marker analysis under RA/cAMP conditions

    PMID:12354678

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct target genes identified
    • Single lineage system
  5. 2006 High

    Placed Rex-1 downstream of the pluripotency network by showing Nanog directly activates its promoter with Sox2 cooperation and Oct-3/4 transactivation.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown, serial-deletion luciferase reporters, and co-transfection in ES and P19 cells

    PMID:16714766

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect promoter contact not distinguished by ChIP
    • Combinatorial logic at the element not fully mapped
  6. 2007 Low

    Defined REX1 as a YY1 sub-family C2H2 factor arising by retroposition with a divergent but related DNA-binding specificity, framing its molecular activity.

    Evidence phylogenetic analysis and in vitro DNA-binding motif studies

    PMID:17478514

    Open questions at the time
    • Primarily comparative/bioinformatic with limited biochemical validation
    • Genome-wide binding specificity not established
  7. 2008 Medium

    Linked REX1 to signaling control by showing it restrains JAK/STAT3 activation and SOCS-3 induction in stem cells.

    Evidence Rex1-null F9 cells, SOCS-3 promoter luciferase mapping, dominant-negative Src/Jak2/PKA, and phospho-STAT3 western blot

    PMID:18237746

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether REX1 acts directly at signaling-gene promoters not shown
    • Single cell system
  8. 2009 Medium

    Broadened REX1's role to dampening multi-germ-layer differentiation and nominated candidate targets in cell cycle and differentiation programs.

    Evidence double-knockout ES cells with microarray profiling and re-expression rescue

    PMID:19618472

    Open questions at the time
    • Microarray targets lack per-gene mechanistic validation
    • Direct vs indirect regulation not separated
  9. 2010 Medium

    Identified MKK3 as a direct REX1 repression target, defining a mechanism by which REX1 suppresses p38 MAPK to control MSC proliferation and lineage balance.

    Evidence ChIP at the MKK3 promoter, shRNA knockdown, and p38 inhibitor rescue with differentiation assays

    PMID:20463961

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • No structural basis for promoter recognition
  10. 2010 Medium

    Showed YY1 drives human Rex1 and that REX1 positively autoregulates its own promoter, a circuit lost in prostate cancer cells.

    Evidence serial-deletion luciferase reporters, co-transfection, and EMSA in NT-2, PrEC, and PC-3 cells

    PMID:20232320

    Open questions at the time
    • Cause of autoregulation loss in cancer cells not defined
    • Single-method binding confirmation
  11. 2011 Medium

    Connected REX1 to Polycomb-mediated chromatin regulation through binding of bivalent developmental loci and physical interaction with Ring1/RYBP/YAF2.

    Evidence ChIP and Co-IP with Ring1A/B, RYBP, and YAF2 in ES versus TS cells

    PMID:21530438

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of the interactions on PRC1 activity not measured
    • Single lab
  12. 2011 Medium

    Established an in vivo genomic-imprinting function: REX1 protects Peg3 and Gnas DMRs from hypermethylation by allele-specific binding.

    Evidence Rex1-null blastocysts with bisulfite sequencing and allele-specific ChIP

    PMID:21233130

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which REX1 binding blocks methylation unknown
    • Limited to two imprinted domains
  13. 2012 High

    Defined the RNF12–REX1 axis as the trigger of X-chromosome inactivation, showing direct ubiquitination/degradation of REX1 and REX1 occupancy of Xist/Tsix regulatory regions.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination assays, ChIP-seq, and gain/loss-of-function ES cell XCI experiments

    PMID:22596162

    Open questions at the time
    • How REX1 dosage is quantitatively sensed for XCI timing not fully resolved
    • Structural basis of RNF12 recognition not shown
  14. 2012 Medium

    Extended REX1's chromatin role to endogenous retrovirus silencing, showing it represses muERV-L and associates with LSD1/KDM1A.

    Evidence ChIP, siRNA depletion in ES cells, embryo microinjection gain/loss-of-function, and Co-IP with LSD1

    PMID:22844087

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct catalytic contribution of LSD1 at REX1 sites not dissected
    • Single lab
  15. 2013 Medium

    Provided a mechanism for REX1 in human pluripotent self-renewal by directly activating cyclin B1/B2 to drive CyclinB/CDK1–DRP1-dependent mitochondrial fission and glycolysis.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown, ChIP at cyclin B1/B2 promoters, phospho-DRP1 western, mitochondrial imaging, and reprogramming assays

    PMID:23939908

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether cyclin regulation is conserved in mouse ES cells not addressed
    • Single lab
  16. 2019 Medium

    Showed REX1 can act oncogenically by directly repressing SOCS1, activating JAK2/STAT3 and driving EMT and metastasis in cervical cancer.

    Evidence dual-luciferase reporter, qChIP at the SOCS1 promoter, overexpression, and xenograft metastasis assays

    PMID:31409905

    Open questions at the time
    • Generality across other tumor types not tested in this study
    • Single lab
  17. 2019 Medium

    Defined how the Rex1 super-enhancer is maintained, showing HMGN proteins recruit NANOG/OCT4/SOX2 and preserve enhancer-promoter contacts and active chromatin needed for Rex1 expression and genome-wide REX1 binding.

    Evidence ChIP-seq, chromatin conformation capture, and histone-modification profiling in HMGN-knockout ES cells

    PMID:30838422

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether HMGN acts on REX1 directly or only through enhancer maintenance not separated
    • Single lab
  18. 2021 Medium

    Revealed a methylation-based repression mechanism in which REX1 recruits DNMT3b to silence RASSF1a and activate MEK/ERK, promoting prostate tumor growth.

    Evidence Co-IP, ChIP for DNMT3b recruitment, RASSF1a bisulfite methylation analysis, and xenograft model

    PMID:34183450

    Open questions at the time
    • Sequence determinants of REX1–DNMT3b targeting unknown
    • Single lab

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How REX1's distinct activities — Polycomb/LSD1-linked silencing, DMR protection from methylation, versus DNMT3b-mediated promoter methylation — are differentially deployed at specific loci remains unresolved.
  • No unifying model for when REX1 protects versus promotes methylation
  • Structural basis of REX1 DNA recognition across target classes not defined
  • Cofactor selection rules between repressive and activating complexes unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 6 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 5
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 4 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3
Partners
DNMT3BKDM1ARING1RNF12RYBPYAF2YY1

Evidence

Reading pass · 19 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2012 RNF12 (an X-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase) directly ubiquitinates REX1, targeting it for proteasomal degradation. This RNF12-mediated degradation of REX1 initiates X-chromosome inactivation (XCI); REX1 binds to regulatory regions of Xist and Tsix, and its overexpression inhibits Xist transcription and XCI, while REX1 depletion in male ES cells causes ectopic XCI. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, ChIP-seq, overexpression and knockout ES cell experiments, chromatin immunoprecipitation Nature High 22596162
2018 REX1 is the critical (prime) target of RNF12 in X-chromosome inactivation. Genetic ablation of Rex1 in Rnf12-/- mice rescues the imprinted XCI failure phenotype, yielding viable, fertile Rnf12-/-:Rex1-/- female mice with normal imprinted and random XCI. Genetic rescue experiment (double-knockout mice), embryonic stem cell XCI assays Nature communications High 30420655
1998 The Rex-1 (Zfp-42) promoter is regulated by Oct-3/4, which can activate or repress it depending on cellular context. Oct-3/4 amino acids 1–35 mediate activation and amino acids 61–126 mediate repression. Oct-6 also represses Rex-1 via the same octamer site. A novel positive regulatory element adjacent to the octamer motif is bound by a protein(s) designated Rox-1 in undifferentiated F9 cells, and this binding is reduced after retinoic acid treatment. Promoter-deletion/mutation analysis, transient transfection, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), E1A co-expression Molecular and cellular biology High 9528758
2006 Nanog is a direct transcriptional activator of the Rex-1 promoter in embryonic stem cells. Knockdown of Nanog reduces Rex-1 expression; forced Nanog expression in P19 cells stimulates Rex-1. The Nanog-responsive element maps between −187 and −286 of the Rex-1 promoter. Sox2 cooperates with Nanog to upregulate Rex-1, and Oct-3/4 also transactivates the Rex-1 promoter, but only Sox2 cooperates with Nanog. shRNA knockdown, luciferase reporter assay with serial deletions, overexpression in P19 cells, co-transfection analyses The Journal of biological chemistry High 16714766
1993 An octamer motif (ATTTGCAT) in the Rex-1 (Zfp-42) promoter is required for Rex-1 promoter activity in F9 stem cells and contributes to negative regulation by retinoic acid. The gene was mapped to mouse chromosome 8. Promoter-reporter assays, site-directed mutagenesis of octamer motif, chromosomal mapping, transgenic lacZ reporter in mouse embryos Molecular and cellular biology High 8474450
1994 Oct-1 and Oct-3 bind the octamer motif in the Rex-1 promoter in F9 EC, D3 ES, and NT2/D1 EC cells. Upon retinoic acid-induced differentiation of F9 cells, the DNA/protein complex containing Oct-3 is lost while Oct-1 complexes persist, linking Oct-3 binding to active Rex-1 transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), supershift analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 7945330
2002 Rex-1 (Zfp-42) encodes a zinc finger transcription factor that regulates F9 cell differentiation along distinct lineages. Rex-1-/- F9 cells differentiate into parietal endoderm in the presence of retinoic acid alone (without cAMP), whereas wild-type cells require both stimuli. Rex-1-/- cells fail to express alpha-fetoprotein (a visceral endoderm marker) after RA treatment, indicating Rex-1 is required for VE differentiation. Homologous recombination gene targeting, molecular marker analysis (RT-PCR, Northern blot) Molecular and cellular endocrinology Medium 12354678
2008 Rex1/Zfp42 negatively regulates Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling in stem cells. Loss of both Rex1 alleles in F9 cells leads to greatly increased STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of SOCS-3 (via STAT3-binding elements) upon RACT treatment, relative to wild-type cells. Dominant-negative Src, Jak2, and PKA partially reduce this SOCS-3 transcriptional increase in Rex1-null cells. Rex1 knockout F9 cells, promoter deletion/mutation luciferase assays, dominant-negative constructs, western blot for phospho-STAT3 Journal of molecular biology Medium 18237746
2009 Rex1 (Zfp42) disruption in ES cells enhances expression of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm markers upon retinoic acid treatment, suggesting Rex1 acts to reduce RA-induced differentiation. Microarray analyses identified potential Rex1 target genes related to differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and cancer progression. Rex1-/- phenotypes were reversible upon Rex1 re-expression. Rex1 double-knockout ES cell lines (homologous recombination), microarray expression profiling, Rex1 overexpression rescue Developmental dynamics Medium 19618472
2011 Rex1/Zfp42 binds chromatin at specific genomic loci in mouse ES cells, including bivalently marked Polycomb Group (PcG)-regulated developmental regulators. REX1 physically interacts with Ring1 proteins and PcG-associated proteins RYBP and YAF2, suggesting Rex1 fine-tunes pluripotency by modulating Polycomb-mediated gene regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), co-immunoprecipitation for protein interactions with Ring1A/B, RYBP, and YAF2 Stem cell research Medium 21530438
2011 Rex1/Zfp42 null blastocysts show hypermethylation in the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of Peg3 and Gnas imprinted domains (which contain YY1 binding sites). In vivo binding of Rex1 was confirmed only to the unmethylated allele of these two imprinted regions, suggesting Rex1 protects these DMRs from DNA methylation. Rex1-null mouse model (gene disruption), bisulfite sequencing of DMRs, chromatin immunoprecipitation for allele-specific binding Human molecular genetics Medium 21233130
2012 Rex1/Zfp42 associates with muERV-L retrotransposon elements in mouse ES cells (and to a lesser extent IAP and musD elements) as shown by ChIP. Rex1 depletion increases muERV-L expression; Rex1 gain and loss of function in pre-implantation embryos alters muERV-L levels. REX1 can associate with the lysine demethylase LSD1/KDM1A. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), Rex1 siRNA depletion in ES cells, Rex1 gain/loss-of-function microinjection in pre-implantation embryos, co-immunoprecipitation with LSD1/KDM1A Nucleic acids research Medium 22844087
2013 REX1 is functionally important for human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) self-renewal. REX1-depleted hPSCs lose self-renewal capacity. REX1 binds the promoters of cyclin B1/B2, positively regulating their transcription. Cyclin B/CDK1 phosphorylates DRP1 at Ser616, promoting mitochondrial fission and supporting glycolytic metabolism of hPSCs. REX1 expression improves reprogramming efficiency to pluripotency by lowering growth arrest and apoptosis barriers. shRNA knockdown, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for REX1 binding to cyclin B1/B2 promoters, phospho-DRP1 western blot, mitochondrial imaging, reprogramming assays with factor replacement Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) Medium 23939908
2019 REX1 transcriptionally suppresses SOCS1 (a JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor) by binding to two specific regions of the SOCS1 promoter, activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with upregulation of VIMENTIN and downregulation of E-CADHERIN in cervical cancer cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, quantitative ChIP (qChIP), REX1 overexpression, in vivo xenograft metastasis assay Oncogene Medium 31409905
2010 REX1 directly binds to the MKK3 gene promoter, repressing MKK3 transcription and thereby suppressing p38 MAPK signaling. REX1 knockdown in human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs increases p38 MAPK phosphorylation and MKK3 expression, reduces cell proliferation, impairs osteogenic differentiation, and increases adipogenic potential; these effects are rescued by p38 MAPK inhibition. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay for REX1 binding to MKK3 promoter, lentiviral shRNA knockdown, p38 MAPK inhibitor rescue, differentiation assays PloS one Medium 20463961
2007 REX1 (ZFP42) is classified as a member of the YY1 sub-family of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors, generated by retroposition from YY1 in placental mammals. REX1 binds to DNA motifs divergent from those of YY1, but sharing similarity at the 5'-CCAT-3' core region, indicating evolution of new DNA-binding specificity. Phylogenetic analysis, DNA-binding motif studies (in vitro binding assays) Nucleic acids research Low 17478514
2010 YY1 positively regulates human Rex-1 (hRex1) transcription in NT-2 and normal prostate epithelial (PrEC) cells. hRex1 protein binds to its own promoter at approximately −298 bp (a putative Rex1 binding site), positively autoregulating hRex1 transcription; this autoregulation is lost in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. EMSA confirmed reduced protein binding when the putative Rex1 binding site is mutated. Promoter-luciferase reporter assays with serial deletion constructs, co-transfection analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) Journal of cellular physiology Medium 20232320
2019 HMGN proteins regulate Rex1 expression in mouse ES cells by recruiting transcription factors NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 to an ESC-specific super enhancer in the 5' region of Rex1. Loss of HMGNs alters the local epigenetic landscape (increased H1, decreased active histone marks), reduces enhancer-promoter interactions (by 3C/conformation capture), and decreases transcription factor binding, downregulating Rex1 expression. Loss of HMGNs also reduces specific binding of REX1 protein to promoters and enhancers genome-wide. ChIP-seq, chromatin conformation capture (3C), HMGN knockout cells, histone modification analysis, transcription factor binding assays Nucleic acids research Medium 30838422
2021 REX-1 (ZFP42) recruits DNMT3b (DNA methyltransferase 3b) to the RASSF1a promoter, suppressing RASSF1a transcription via promoter methylation, and consequently activating MEK/ERK phosphorylation to promote tumor growth in prostate cancer. Co-immunoprecipitation (REX-1/DNMT3b interaction), bisulfite sequencing/methylation analysis of RASSF1a promoter, ChIP for DNMT3b recruitment, in vivo xenograft model, REX-1 overexpression/knockdown Molecular cancer research : MCR Medium 34183450

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 P-Rex1, a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3- and Gbetagamma-regulated guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Rac. Cell 448 11955434
1989 Detection of mRNA for the tax1/rex1 gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type I in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult T-cell leukemia patients and viral carriers by using the polymerase chain reaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 291 2787512
1991 Specific expression of a retinoic acid-regulated, zinc-finger gene, Rex-1, in preimplantation embryos, trophoblast and spermatocytes. Development (Cambridge, England) 238 1821852
1998 Rex-1, a gene encoding a transcription factor expressed in the early embryo, is regulated via Oct-3/4 and Oct-6 binding to an octamer site and a novel protein, Rox-1, binding to an adjacent site. Molecular and cellular biology 206 9528758
2013 PI3K regulates MEK/ERK signaling in breast cancer via the Rac-GEF, P-Rex1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 185 24327733
2010 Identification of the Rac-GEF P-Rex1 as an essential mediator of ErbB signaling in breast cancer. Molecular cell 173 21172654
1989 Expression of REX-1, a gene containing zinc finger motifs, is rapidly reduced by retinoic acid in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Molecular and cellular biology 169 2511439
2012 RNF12 initiates X-chromosome inactivation by targeting REX1 for degradation. Nature 167 22596162
2011 P-Rex1 is required for efficient melanoblast migration and melanoma metastasis. Nature communications 154 22109529
2006 Regulation of the pluripotency marker Rex-1 by Nanog and Sox2. The Journal of biological chemistry 145 16714766
2005 P-Rex1 regulates neutrophil function. Current biology : CB 142 16243035
2007 P-Rex1 links mammalian target of rapamycin signaling to Rac activation and cell migration. The Journal of biological chemistry 130 17565979
2009 Upregulation of PIP3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes prostate cancer metastasis. Oncogene 129 19305425
2005 P-Rex1 is a primary Rac2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor in mouse neutrophils. Current biology : CB 110 16243036
2013 Unveiling the critical role of REX1 in the regulation of human stem cell pluripotency. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 101 23939908
2005 Involvement of a Rac activator,P-Rex1, in neurotrophin-derived signaling and neuronal migration. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 98 15858067
2008 Rex1/Zfp42 is dispensable for pluripotency in mouse ES cells. BMC developmental biology 95 18433507
2007 Retroposition and evolution of the DNA-binding motifs of YY1, YY2 and REX1. Nucleic acids research 91 17478514
2010 P-Rex1 participates in Neuregulin-ErbB signal transduction and its expression correlates with patient outcome in breast cancer. Oncogene 81 21042280
2008 Competition between the Rex1 exonuclease and the La protein affects both Trf4p-mediated RNA quality control and pre-tRNA maturation. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 81 18456844
2014 P-REX1 creates a positive feedback loop to activate growth factor receptor, PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling in breast cancer. Oncogene 78 25284585
2007 Membrane translocation of P-Rex1 is mediated by G protein betagamma subunits and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. The Journal of biological chemistry 73 17698854
2008 Presumed pluripotency markers UTF-1 and REX-1 are expressed in human adult testes and germ cell neoplasms. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 71 18281244
2010 P-Rex1 and Vav1 cooperate in the regulation of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-dependent neutrophil responses. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 70 21178006
2010 Cytogenetic mapping of the retroelements Rex1, Rex3 and Rex6 among cichlid fish: new insights on the chromosomal distribution of transposable elements. Cytogenetic and genome research 66 21196713
2019 REX1 promotes EMT-induced cell metastasis by activating the JAK2/STAT3-signaling pathway by targeting SOCS1 in cervical cancer. Oncogene 62 31409905
2015 Synaptic P-Rex1 signaling regulates hippocampal long-term depression and autism-like social behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 62 26621702
2014 P-Rex1 directly activates RhoG to regulate GPCR-driven Rac signalling and actin polarity in neutrophils. Journal of cell science 59 24659802
2010 REX-1 expression and p38 MAPK activation status can determine proliferation/differentiation fates in human mesenchymal stem cells. PloS one 59 20463961
2011 Identification of P-Rex1 as a novel Rac1-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that promotes actin remodeling and GLUT4 protein trafficking in adipocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry 58 22002247
2009 Analysis of Rex1 (zfp42) function in embryonic stem cell differentiation. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 58 19618472
1993 An octamer motif contributes to the expression of the retinoic acid-regulated zinc finger gene Rex-1 (Zfp-42) in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Molecular and cellular biology 57 8474450
2006 Undifferentiated mouse mesenchymal stem cells spontaneously express neural and stem cell markers Oct-4 and Rex-1. Cytotherapy 53 16793732
2016 P-Rex1 Promotes Resistance to VEGF/VEGFR-Targeted Therapy in Prostate Cancer. Cell reports 52 26923603
2015 The Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-Trisphosphate-dependent Rac Exchanger 1·Ras-related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1 (P-Rex1·Rac1) Complex Reveals the Basis of Rac1 Activation in Breast Cancer Cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 52 26112412
2014 Regulation of Mouse Retroelement MuERV-L/MERVL Expression by REX1 and Epigenetic Control of Stem Cell Potency. Frontiers in oncology 50 24567914
2006 The putative human stem cell marker, Rex-1 (Zfp42): structural classification and expression in normal human epithelial and carcinoma cell cultures. Molecular carcinogenesis 49 16865673
2005 Phosphorylation of P-Rex1 by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits the phosphatidylinositiol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and Gbetagamma-mediated regulation of its activity. The Journal of biological chemistry 48 16301320
2007 Signaling requirements for translocation of P-Rex1, a key Rac2 exchange factor involved in chemoattractant-stimulated human neutrophil function. Journal of leukocyte biology 46 17227822
2007 Oct-4, Rex-1, and Gata-4 expression in human MSC increase the differentiation efficiency but not hTERT expression. Journal of cellular biochemistry 44 17211834
2005 Activation of ectopic Oct-4 and Rex-1 promoters in human amniotic fluid cells. International journal of molecular medicine 43 16273276
2012 Expression of endogenous retroviruses is negatively regulated by the pluripotency marker Rex1/Zfp42. Nucleic acids research 42 22844087
2008 Domain-domain interaction of P-Rex1 is essential for the activation and inhibition by G protein betagamma subunits and PKA. Cellular signalling 42 18514484
2008 P-Rex1 - a multidomain protein that regulates neurite differentiation. Journal of cell science 42 18697831
2002 Retinoic acid induces parietal endoderm but not primitive endoderm and visceral endoderm differentiation in F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells with a targeted deletion of the Rex-1 (Zfp-42) gene. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 42 12354678
2011 Rex1/Zfp42 as an epigenetic regulator for genomic imprinting. Human molecular genetics 41 21233130
2017 P-Rex1 and P-Rex2 RacGEFs and cancer. Biochemical Society transactions 39 28710285
2013 Cucurbitacin I inhibits Rac1 activation in breast cancer cells by a reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanism and independently of Janus tyrosine kinase 2 and P-Rex1. Molecular pharmacology 38 23478800
2005 Differential sensitivity of P-Rex1 to isoforms of G protein betagamma dimers. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 16301321
2016 Protein Kinase A (PKA) Type I Interacts with P-Rex1, a Rac Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor: EFFECT ON PKA LOCALIZATION AND P-Rex1 SIGNALING. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 26797121
2014 Subtype-specific overexpression of the Rac-GEF P-REX1 in breast cancer is associated with promoter hypomethylation. Breast cancer research : BCR 35 25248717
2003 REX1, a novel gene required for DNA repair. The Journal of biological chemistry 33 12697762
2018 REX1 is the critical target of RNF12 in imprinted X chromosome inactivation in mice. Nature communications 32 30420655
2013 P-Rex1 cooperates with PDGFRβ to drive cellular migration in 3D microenvironments. PloS one 32 23382862
2013 tRNA 3' processing in yeast involves tRNase Z, Rex1, and Rrp6. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 32 24249226
2019 Cryo-electron microscopy structure and analysis of the P-Rex1-Gβγ signaling scaffold. Science advances 31 31663027
2018 Gβγ signaling to the chemotactic effector P-REX1 and mammalian cell migration is directly regulated by Gαq and Gα13 proteins. The Journal of biological chemistry 31 30446620
2013 Evolutionary dynamics of retrotransposable elements Rex1, Rex3 and Rex6 in neotropical cichlid genomes. BMC evolutionary biology 31 23865932
2012 The guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor P-Rex1 is activated by protein phosphatase 1α. The Biochemical journal 31 22242915
1994 The octamer motif present in the Rex-1 promoter binds Oct-1 and Oct-3 expressed by EC cells and ES cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 31 7945330
2010 Chromosome mapping of retrotransposable elements Rex1 and Rex3 in three fish species in the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Cytogenetic and genome research 29 20798486
2016 Norbin Stimulates the Catalytic Activity and Plasma Membrane Localization of the Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Factor P-Rex1. The Journal of biological chemistry 26 26792863
2009 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P1 is regulated by direct interactions with P-Rex1, a Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 24 20036214
2005 Effect of nicotine on Oct-4 and Rex-1 expression of mouse embryonic stem cells. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 23 15749260
2020 Discovery of Small Molecules That Target the Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) Trisphosphate (PIP3)-Dependent Rac Exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) PIP3-Binding Site and Inhibit P-Rex1-Dependent Functions in Neutrophils. Molecular pharmacology 22 31900312
2018 cAMP-dependent activation of the Rac guanine exchange factor P-REX1 by type I protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunits. The Journal of biological chemistry 22 30530493
2005 Decreased expression of the human stem cell marker, Rex-1 (zfp-42), in renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 22 16344273
2013 Phosphorylation of P-Rex1 at serine 1169 participates in IGF-1R signaling in breast cancer cells. Cellular signalling 20 23899556
2013 Chromosome mapping of retrotransposable elements Rex1 and Rex3 in Leporinus Spix, 1829 species (Characiformes: Anostomidae) and its relationships among heterochromatic segments and W sex chromosome. Mobile genetic elements 20 24404417
2020 PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes mammary tumor initiation and metastasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19 33097662
2016 Identification of P-Rex1 as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic target for pulmonary fibrosis. Scientific reports 19 27173636
2012 IL-6 regulated stress-induced Rex-1 expression in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Oral diseases 19 23279369
2011 Association of Rex-1 to target genes supports its interaction with Polycomb function. Stem cell research 19 21530438
2017 P-REX1 amplification promotes progression of cutaneous melanoma via the PAK1/P38/MMP-2 pathway. Cancer letters 18 28803992
2010 Characterization of P-Rex1 for its role in fMet-Leu-Phe-induced superoxide production in reconstituted COS(phox) cells. Cellular signalling 18 20074642
2008 Transcriptional activation of the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) gene via STAT3 is increased in F9 REX1 (ZFP-42) knockout teratocarcinoma stem cells relative to wild-type cells. Journal of molecular biology 18 18237746
2008 Lack of a significant role of P-Rex1, a major regulator of macrophage Rac1 activation and chemotaxis, in atherogenesis. Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators 18 18502673
2011 Characterization of the Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor P-Rex1 in platelets. Journal of molecular signaling 17 21884615
2020 The first DEP domain of the RhoGEF P-Rex1 autoinhibits activity and contributes to membrane binding. The Journal of biological chemistry 16 32661198
2016 Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Regulates REX1 Expression Via IL-6 In Stem Cells Isolated From Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth. Journal of cellular biochemistry 16 27883224
2010 Transcriptional regulation of Rex1 (zfp42) in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells. Journal of cellular physiology 16 20232320
2021 REX-1 Represses RASSF1a and Activates the MEK/ERK Pathway to Promote Tumorigenesis in Prostate Cancer. Molecular cancer research : MCR 15 34183450
2020 P-REX1-Independent, Calcium-Dependent RAC1 Hyperactivation in Prostate Cancer. Cancers 15 32092966
2016 Development and Validation of a Rex1-RFP Potency Activity Reporter Assay That Quantifies Stress-Forced Potency Loss in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem cells and development 15 26651054
2006 Purification of P-Rex1 from neutrophils and nucleotide exchange assay. Methods in enzymology 15 16472647
2019 P-Rex1 Overexpression Results in Aberrant Neuronal Polarity and Psychosis-Related Behaviors. Neuroscience bulletin 14 31286410
2012 Functional analysis of Rex1 during preimplantation development. Stem cells and development 14 22897771
2023 The pseudokinase NRBP1 activates Rac1/Cdc42 via P-Rex1 to drive oncogenic signalling in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 13 36693952
2020 P-Rex1 Mediates Glucose-Stimulated Rac1 Activation and Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 13 33347743
2019 Increased expression of stemness genes REX-1, OCT-4, NANOG, and SOX-2 in women with ovarian endometriosis versus normal endometrium: A case-control study. International journal of reproductive biomedicine 13 31417979
2016 Characterization of a P-Rex1 gene signature in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 13 27351228
2016 The P-Rex1/Rac signaling pathway as a point of convergence for HER/ErbB receptor and GPCR responses. Small GTPases 13 27588611
2019 Rlim/Rnf12, Rex1, and X Chromosome Inactivation. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 12 31737626
2017 P-Rex1 Expression in Invasive Breast Cancer in relation to Receptor Status and Distant Metastatic Site. International journal of breast cancer 12 28698809
2016 Multisite phosphorylation of P-Rex1 by protein kinase C. Oncotarget 12 27788493
2020 Identification of P-Rex1 in the Regulation of Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration via HGF/c-Met/Akt Pathway. OncoTargets and therapy 11 33061433
2019 Epigenetic regulation of REX1 expression and chromatin binding specificity by HMGNs. Nucleic acids research 11 30838422
2018 P-Rex1 is dispensable for Erk activation and mitogenesis in breast cancer. Oncotarget 11 29983884
2013 Induction of differentiation by down-regulation of Nanog and Rex-1 in cord blood derived unrestricted somatic stem cells. Molecular biology reports 11 23661017
2014 IL-6 regulates stress-induced REX-1 expression via ATP-P2Y1 signalling in stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Archives of oral biology 10 25455130

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