Affinage

RELN

Reelin · UniProt P78509

Length
3460 aa
Mass
388.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RELN encodes Reelin, a large secreted glycoprotein that functions as a master regulator of neuronal migration and cortical lamination during brain development and continues to modulate synaptic signaling and cell migration in the postnatal brain. Secreted Reelin signals through the lipoprotein receptors VLDLR and APOER2 to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of the intracellular adaptor DAB1, with the C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin being essential both for secretion and for selective binding to VLDLR but not APOER2 (PMID:9406921, PMID:28123028). Reelin transcription is positively regulated by EGR3 and repressed by the histone demethylase KDM5B through H3K4me3 removal at the RELN promoter, while extracellular Reelin is proteolytically inactivated by ADAMTS-3 cleavage at its N-terminal site (PMID:26739753, PMID:33113163, PMID:33388358). Loss-of-function mutations in RELN cause autosomal recessive lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia in humans, and rare missense or deletion variants that impair Reelin secretion or DAB1 signaling are associated with autism spectrum disorder (PMID:10973257, PMID:28419454, PMID:29969175).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1994 Medium

    Genetic mapping of the reeler locus to mouse chromosome 5 established the chromosomal position of Reln, enabling its subsequent molecular cloning.

    Evidence Interspecific crosses and high-resolution linkage mapping in BALB/c × Mus spretus

    PMID:7851897

    Open questions at the time
    • Gene not yet cloned or sequenced
    • No functional characterization of the encoded protein
  2. 1997 High

    Demonstrating that the C-terminal region is required for Reelin secretion resolved whether the Orleans reeler phenotype arises from failure of secretion versus secretion of an inactive protein, establishing that secretion itself is the critical step.

    Evidence N-terminal and C-terminal antibody immunohistochemistry comparing wild-type and Orleans mutant mouse embryos

    PMID:9406921

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which the C-terminal region enables secretion not defined
    • Receptor interactions of secreted Reelin not yet mapped
  3. 2000 High

    Identification of homozygous RELN mutations causing lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia in humans established RELN as a disease gene and confirmed its conserved role in cortical lamination across species.

    Evidence Human genetic analysis identifying splice-site mutations in consanguineous families, phenotypic characterization paralleling reeler mouse

    PMID:10973257

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream signaling pathway in human neurons not yet dissected
    • Contribution of individual Reelin receptors to disease phenotype unknown
  4. 2001 Medium

    Ultrastructural localization of Reelin secretion via axonal smooth ER cisterns from Cajal-Retzius cells revealed a non-canonical secretory route and explained how Reelin reaches the marginal zone.

    Evidence Electron microscopy immunohistochemistry comparing normal and Reln(Orl) mutant mice

    PMID:11745613

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of ER-mediated axonal transport of Reelin not characterized
    • Whether this secretory route operates outside Cajal-Retzius cells unknown
  5. 2003 Medium

    Showing that Reelin controls lateral migration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons extended its role beyond cortical lamination to subcortical neuronal positioning.

    Evidence CR-50 immunolabeling and anterograde tracing in reeler mutant versus wild-type mice

    PMID:12724835

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor(s) mediating dopaminergic neuron migration not identified
    • Whether DAB1 phosphorylation operates in this context not tested
  6. 2008 Medium

    Genetic epistasis between Pafah1b subunits and the Reelin-DAB1 pathway demonstrated that LIS1 complex components differentially modulate Reelin signaling output, connecting Reelin to the broader lissencephaly gene network.

    Evidence Triple-mutant mouse genetic epistasis (Pafah1b1/Pafah1b2/Reln and Pafah1b1/Pafah1b3/Dab1 combinations)

    PMID:18514414

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical mechanism linking Pafah1b subunits to Reelin-DAB1 cascade not defined
    • Whether interactions are direct or via shared cytoskeletal targets unknown
  7. 2016 High

    Two studies established that Reelin transcription and signaling are regulated at the chromatin level: KDM5B represses RELN by removing H3K4me3 at its promoter in neural stem cells, while promoter hypermethylation silences RELN and DAB1 in glioblastoma, with functional consequences for proliferation and migration.

    Evidence ChIP for KDM5B and H3K4me3 at Reln promoter with shRNA rescue in neural stem cells; bisulfite sequencing and 5-Aza/TSA treatment plus DAB1 phosphorylation-deficient mutant in glioblastoma cells

    PMID:26739753 PMID:29222813

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether KDM5B regulation occurs in cortical neurons in vivo not tested
    • Mechanism linking Reelin-DAB1 to E2F target repression incompletely characterized
  8. 2017 High

    The CTR domain was shown to confer receptor selectivity — its truncation reduces VLDLR binding while sparing APOER2 binding — resolving how a single ligand differentially engages two co-receptors.

    Evidence Chemically induced CTR-truncation mutant mice combined with Vldlr-null and Apoer2-null genetic epistasis, plus in vitro binding assays

    PMID:28123028

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CTR-VLDLR interaction not resolved
    • Whether CTR truncation affects other reported receptors (integrins, protocadherins) not tested
  9. 2017 Medium

    Functional characterization of the ASD-associated RELN R2290C variant revealed that arginine-residue mutations reduce Reelin secretion and induce ER stress, providing a biochemical mechanism linking RELN variants to neurodevelopmental disease.

    Evidence Secretion assays and PDI-A1 upregulation in patient neurospheres and heterozygous Reln mouse model

    PMID:28419454

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ER stress is a universal feature of RELN missense variants not established
    • In vivo neuronal migration phenotype of R2290C not shown
  10. 2018 Medium

    Patient-derived and CRISPR-engineered iPSC models demonstrated that RELN variants impair DAB1 signal transduction and directional neuronal migration in human dopaminergic neurons, with mTORC1 overactivation acting as a convergent hit that is partially reversible by rapamycin.

    Evidence iPSC-derived neural progenitors from ASD patient with compound heterozygous RELN variants (phospho-DAB1 and rapamycin rescue); CRISPR-engineered RELN deletion in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons with single-cell trajectory analysis

    PMID:29969175 PMID:30022058

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether rapamycin rescues migration phenotype in vivo not tested
    • Molecular link between Reelin-DAB1 and mTORC1 not defined
  11. 2020 Medium

    Identification of EGR3 as a direct transcriptional activator of RELN placed an upstream transcription factor in the Reelin regulatory hierarchy and linked it to neurite outgrowth control.

    Evidence ChIP and luciferase reporter assay for EGR3 binding at RELN promoter; siRNA epistasis in SH-SY5Y cells

    PMID:33113163

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether EGR3 regulation of RELN operates in primary cortical neurons or in vivo not shown
    • Other transcriptional activators of RELN not systematically identified
  12. 2021 Medium

    ADAMTS-3 was identified as a physiological N-terminal protease that inactivates Reelin, establishing a specific extracellular mechanism for terminating Reelin signaling.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown of ADAMTS-3 with Western blot detection of Reelin cleavage products and DAB1 expression changes in primary cortical neurons

    PMID:33388358

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo validation of ADAMTS-3 as the principal Reelin protease lacking
    • Whether other ADAMTS family members contribute redundantly not assessed

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural basis for Reelin's selective engagement of VLDLR versus APOER2 remains unresolved, and how Reelin-DAB1 signaling intersects mechanistically with the mTORC1 pathway and LIS1 complex is incompletely defined.
  • No high-resolution structural model of Reelin-receptor complexes
  • Biochemical mechanism connecting DAB1 phosphorylation to mTORC1 unknown
  • In vivo contribution of ADAMTS-3 versus other proteases to Reelin inactivation not established

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 2
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3
Partners
ADAMTS3APOER2DAB1EGR3KDM5BPAFAH1B1VLDLR

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 RELN encodes a large (388 kDa) secreted protein that acts on migrating cortical neurons by binding to VLDLR, ApoER2, alpha3beta1 integrin, and protocadherins; loss-of-function mutations cause lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia (LCH) in humans, paralleling the reeler mouse phenotype. Human genetic mutation analysis (splice-site mutations), protein expression analysis, phenotypic characterization Nature genetics High 10973257
1997 The C-terminal region of Reelin is essential for its secretion; the Orleans reeler mutation produces a truncated Reelin protein that is retained intracellularly and not secreted, demonstrating that the Orleans phenotype results from defective secretion rather than secretion of an inactive protein. Immunohistochemistry with N-terminal and C-terminal antibodies, vital staining of living cells, protein detection in Orleans vs. wild-type embryos Brain research. Molecular brain research High 9406921
2001 Reelin is secreted from Cajal-Retzius cells via an axonal pathway involving bulk transport in smooth endoplasmic reticulum cisterns along axons, forming 'axonal reelin reservoirs' that release Reelin into the cortical marginal zone. Light and electron microscopy immunohistochemistry comparing normal and Reln(Orl) mutant mice The Journal of comparative neurology Medium 11745613
2003 Reelin is required for proper lateral migration and positioning of nigral dopaminergic neurons; in reeler mutant mice lacking Reelin, dopaminergic neurons fail to migrate laterally and cluster near the ventral tegmental area, and Reelin can act at remote sites via transaxonal delivery from striatal neurons. Comparison of normal vs. reeler mutant mice using CR-50 immunolabeling and anterograde axonal tracing The Journal of comparative neurology Medium 12724835
2017 The C-terminal region (CTR) domain of RELN confers receptor-binding specificity: CTR truncation significantly decreases RELN binding to VLDLR but not to APOER2, and genetic epistasis shows that CTR-truncation disrupts the VLDLR signaling pathway while leaving APOER2 signaling intact. Chemically induced splice-site mutant mice, genetic epistasis (double/triple homozygotes with Vldlr-null and Apoer2-null), RELN-binding assay in vitro The Journal of neuroscience High 28123028
2017 The de novo ASD mutation RELN R2290C (and other mutations in arginine-amino acid-arginine domains) reduces Reelin protein secretion; RELN R2290C heterozygous neurospheres show up-regulation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase A1 (an ER chaperone), suggesting pathologic ER stress contributes to ASD risk. Functional characterization of RELN R2290C in neurospheres, Western blot, comparison with heterozygous Reln mouse mutant with defective secretion Journal of neurochemistry Medium 28419454
2018 Rare compound heterozygous missense RELN variants in an ASD patient lead to diminished Reelin secretion and impaired Reelin-DAB1 signal transduction in iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells; mTORC1 pathway overactivation acts as a second hit that further downregulates the Reelin-DAB1 cascade, and rapamycin inhibition of mTORC1 attenuates this signaling impairment. iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells from patient, functional secretion assay, phospho-DAB1 signaling assay, rapamycin treatment Human mutation Medium 29969175
2016 RELN and its downstream effector DAB1 are silenced in glioblastoma via promoter hypermethylation; RELN signaling reduces glioblastoma cell proliferation through DAB1 tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent reduction in E2F targets and ERK1/2 dephosphorylation, and regulates migration in both DAB1-dependent and -independent fashions depending on substrate. Bisulfite sequencing, 5'-Azacytidine/trichostatin A treatment, DAB1-5F phosphorylation mutant, proteomic analysis, proliferation and migration assays Brain pathology Medium 29222813
2016 The histone demethylase KDM5B (Jarid1b) represses Reln transcription in adult subventricular zone neural stem cells by occupying the proximal Reln promoter and reducing H3K4me3; KDM5B depletion increases extracellular Reelin, enhances DAB1 phosphorylation, and promotes neural stem cell migration in a Reelin-dependent manner. shRNA knockdown, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), H3K4me3 profiling, CR-50 antibody sequestration, DAB1 phosphorylation assay, migration assay Molecular biology of the cell High 26739753
2020 EGR3 is a transcriptional activator of RELN: ChIP and luciferase reporter assays demonstrate EGR3 directly binds the RELN promoter and activates its expression; EGR3 overexpression reduces neurite outgrowth, which is partially reversed by RELN knockdown, placing EGR3 upstream of RELN in a neurite outgrowth pathway. ChIP assay, luciferase reporter assay, siRNA knockdown, neurite outgrowth assay in SH-SY5Y cells Journal of neurochemistry Medium 33113163
2008 Pafah1b2 (Alpha2 subunit of Lis1 complex) mutations suppress the hydrocephalus phenotype of compound Pafah1b1;Reln and Pafah1b1;Dab1 mutant mice, while Pafah1b3 exacerbates layering defects, demonstrating that the two Pafah1b Alpha subunits interact differently with the Reelin signaling pathway. Genetic epistasis with triple mouse mutants Neuroscience letters Medium 18514414
2021 ADAMTS-3 cleaves Reelin at the N-terminal site to inactivate it; knockdown of ADAMTS-3 by shRNA suppresses Reelin cleavage in conditioned medium and reduces DAB1 expression in primary cultured cortical neurons, indicating enhanced Reelin signaling, suggesting ADAMTS-3 inhibition as a therapeutic approach. shRNA knockdown of ADAMTS-3, Western blot of conditioned medium for Reelin cleavage products, DAB1 expression measurement in primary cortical neuron cultures Neurochemistry international Medium 33388358
2018 Single-cell trajectory analysis of CRISPR-engineered human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons carrying a rare RELN deletion shows impaired Reelin signaling and decreased expression of cell movement genes, resulting in a wandering (non-directional) migration pattern rather than the directional migration seen in control neurons. CRISPR genome editing, iPSC differentiation to dopaminergic neurons, single-cell trajectory analysis, gene expression profiling Translational psychiatry Medium 30022058
1994 The murine reeler (rl) gene was mapped to the proximal region of chromosome 5 between Hgf and D5Mit66, flanked by D5Nam1 and D5Mit72 markers, providing the genetic locus for the Reln gene. Interspecific crosses between BALB/c and Mus spretus, high-resolution linkage mapping Genomics Medium 7851897

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2000 Autosomal recessive lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia is associated with human RELN mutations. Nature genetics 636 10973257
2005 Hypermethylation of the reelin (RELN) promoter in the brain of schizophrenic patients: a preliminary report. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 299 15717292
1992 Rapid induction in regenerating liver of RL/IF-1 (an I kappa B that inhibits NF-kappa B, RelB-p50, and c-Rel-p50) and PHF, a novel kappa B site-binding complex. Molecular and cellular biology 164 1588976
2005 Analysis of the RELN gene as a genetic risk factor for autism. Molecular psychiatry 132 15558079
2014 Increased binding of MeCP2 to the GAD1 and RELN promoters may be mediated by an enrichment of 5-hmC in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cerebellum. Translational psychiatry 112 24448211
1997 A truncated Reelin protein is produced but not secreted in the 'Orleans' reeler mutation (Reln[rl-Orl]). Brain research. Molecular brain research 109 9406921
2003 Behavioral phenotype of the reeler mutant mouse: effects of RELN gene dosage and social isolation. Behavioral neuroscience 98 14674845
1995 Growth inhibition and apoptosis of RL human B lymphoma cells by vitamin E succinate and retinoic acid: role for transforming growth factor beta. Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 85 7669719
2004 Lack of evidence for an association between WNT2 and RELN polymorphisms and autism. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 84 15048648
1979 Definition of a unique cell surface antigen of mouse leukemia RL male 1 by cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 66 91166
2016 RELN Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 65 27064498
2016 Epigenetic RELN Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 64 27092053
2004 Robust-LongSAGE (RL-SAGE): a substantially improved LongSAGE method for gene discovery and transcriptome analysis. Plant physiology 64 15020752
2012 Rhamnolipid (RL) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa OBP1: a novel chemotaxis and antibacterial agent. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 63 23261573
2007 Identification of a novel recessive RELN mutation using a homozygous balanced reciprocal translocation. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 62 17431900
2022 Zn2+ Cross-Linked Alginate Carrying Hollow Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with RL-QN15 Peptides Provides Promising Treatment for Chronic Skin Wounds. ACS applied materials & interfaces 59 35731847
2011 The genetic variation of RELN expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PloS one 55 21603580
2009 A genome-wide analysis identifies genetic variants in the RELN gene associated with otosclerosis. American journal of human genetics 55 19230858
2010 Epigenetic silencing of RELN in gastric cancer. International journal of oncology 52 19956836
2008 The RELN locus in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 52 18599960
2010 Reduced expression of reelin (RELN) gene is associated with high recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of surgical oncology 51 20734148
2001 Axonal secretion of Reelin by Cajal-Retzius cells: evidence from comparison of normal and Reln(Orl) mutant mice. The Journal of comparative neurology 51 11745613
2019 In Vitro Modeling of the Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with Copy Number Variations of PCDH15 and RELN. eNeuro 50 31540999
2007 The role of RELN in lissencephaly and neuropsychiatric disease. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 50 16958033
2003 Lack of Reelin causes malpositioning of nigral dopaminergic neurons: evidence from comparison of normal and Reln(rl) mutant mice. The Journal of comparative neurology 50 12724835
2024 Peptide Cy RL-QN15 accelerates hair regeneration in diabetic mice by binding to the Frizzled-7 receptor. Zoological research 49 39479995
2008 The association analysis of RELN and GRM8 genes with autistic spectrum disorder in Chinese Han population. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 48 17955477
2017 Epigenetic regulation of RELN and GAD1 in the frontal cortex (FC) of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects. International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience 47 28229923
2017 Reelin (RELN) DNA methylation in the peripheral blood of schizophrenia. Journal of psychiatric research 46 28086126
2018 Genetic and animal model analyses reveal the pathogenic role of a novel deletion of RELN in schizophrenia. Scientific reports 44 30158644
2020 Bioremediation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate contaminated red soil by Gordonia terrae RL-JC02: Characterization, metabolic pathway and kinetics. The Science of the total environment 42 32446058
1999 Cycloheximide and 4-OH-TEMPO suppress chloramphenicol-induced apoptosis in RL-34 cells via the suppression of the formation of megamitochondria. Biochimica et biophysica acta 36 10076048
2017 Meta-analyses of RELN variants in neuropsychiatric disorders. Behavioural brain research 34 28506622
2016 Differential methylation at the RELN gene promoter in temporal cortex from autistic and typically developing post-puberal subjects. Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders 34 27134686
2010 Replication of an association of a common variant in the Reelin gene (RELN) with schizophrenia in Ashkenazi Jewish women. Psychiatric genetics 34 20431428
2021 Phthalic acid esters degradation by a novel marine bacterial strain Mycolicibacterium phocaicum RL-HY01: Characterization, metabolic pathway and bioaugmentation. The Science of the total environment 33 34118676
2015 Development of cellular hypertrophy by 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in the human ventricular cardiomyocyte, RL-14 cell line, is implicated by MAPK and NF-κB. Cell biology and toxicology 33 26493311
2020 RETRACTED: MicroRNA-381 facilitates autophagy and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via inhibiting the RELN-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Life sciences 32 32304760
2007 Investigation of potential gene-gene interactions between APOE and RELN contributing to autism risk. Psychiatric genetics 32 17621165
2018 RELN signaling modulates glioblastoma growth and substrate-dependent migration. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) 30 29222813
2016 Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rL-RVG) triggers autophagy and apoptosis in gastric carcinoma cells by inducing ER stress. American journal of cancer research 30 27293989
2004 Neurobehavioral evaluation of Reln-rl-orl mutant mice and correlations with cytochrome oxidase activity. Neuroscience research 30 15196778
2023 Peptide RL-QN15 promotes wound healing of diabetic foot ulcers through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and smad3/miR-4482-3p/vascular endothelial growth factor B axis. Burns & trauma 29 38026443
2018 Rare RELN variants affect Reelin-DAB1 signal transduction in autism spectrum disorder. Human mutation 29 29969175
2016 RELN and VLDLR mutations underlie two distinguishable clinico-radiological phenotypes. Clinical genetics 29 27000652
2011 Analysis of common genetic variants identifies RELN as a risk gene for schizophrenia in Chinese population. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry 29 21745129
2018 Single-cell trajectory analysis of human homogenous neurons carrying a rare RELN variant. Translational psychiatry 28 30022058
2016 Deletion of the Distal Tnfsf11 RL-D2 Enhancer That Contributes to PTH-Mediated RANKL Expression in Osteoblast Lineage Cells Results in a High Bone Mass Phenotype in Mice. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 28 26332516
2021 Cloning and expression analysis of fused holin-endolysin from RL bacteriophage; Exhibits broad activity against multi drug resistant pathogens. Enzyme and microbial technology 27 34311883
2025 Ultra-short cyclic peptide Cy RL-QN15 acts as a TLR4 antagonist to expedite oral ulcer healing. Zoological research 26 41017403
2022 Whole genome analysis in APOE4 homozygotes identifies the DAB1-RELN pathway in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurobiology of aging 26 35977442
2016 Identification of RELN variation p.Thr3192Ser in a Chinese family with schizophrenia. Scientific reports 26 27071546
2018 11β-HSD1 Inhibition by RL-118 Promotes Autophagy and Correlates with Reduced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, Enhancing Cognitive Performance in SAMP8 Mouse Model. Molecular neurobiology 25 29611102
2014 Human fetal ventricular cardiomyocyte, RL-14 cell line, is a promising model to study drug metabolizing enzymes and their associated arachidonic acid metabolites. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods 25 25454080
2008 Genetic analysis of reelin gene (RELN) SNPs: no association with autism spectrum disorder in the Indian population. Neuroscience letters 25 18597938
1981 Endogenous and cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a plasma membrane protein by RL-PR-C cloned rat hepatocytes. Biochimica et biophysica acta 25 7225428
2017 The de novo autism spectrum disorder RELN R2290C mutation reduces Reelin secretion and increases protein disulfide isomerase expression. Journal of neurochemistry 24 28419454
2011 Association study of RELN polymorphisms with schizophrenia in Han Chinese population. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 24 21549172
2009 Genetic variants in the RELN gene are associated with otosclerosis in multiple European populations. Human genetics 24 19847460
2020 Generation and analysis of novel Reln-deleted mouse model corresponding to exonic Reln deletion in schizophrenia. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 22 32065683
2018 Protective effects of antioxidin-RL from Odorrana livida against ultraviolet B-irradiated skin photoaging. Peptides 22 29341894
2016 Inhibition of the histone demethylase Kdm5b promotes neurogenesis and derepresses Reln (reelin) in neural stem cells from the adult subventricular zone of mice. Molecular biology of the cell 22 26739753
2005 The RL-ET-14 cell line mediates expression of glutamine synthetase through the upstream enhancer/promoter region. Journal of hepatology 22 15876469
2015 Genetic analysis of the RELN gene: Gender specific association with Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry research 21 26384575
2017 C-Terminal Region Truncation of RELN Disrupts an Interaction with VLDLR, Causing Abnormal Development of the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 20 28123028
2015 RELN rare variants in myoclonus-dystonia. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 20 25648840
2014 RELN-expressing neuron density in layer I of the superior temporal lobe is similar in human brains with autism and in age-matched controls. Neuroscience letters 20 25067827
2014 Anti-proliferative effects of Siegesbeckia orientalis ethanol extract on human endometrial RL-95 cancer cells. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 19 25470271
2011 No significant association between RELN polymorphism and autism in case-control and family-based association study in Chinese Han population. Psychiatry research 19 20554015
2011 A new single-nucleotide mutation (rs362719) of the reelin (RELN) gene associated with schizophrenia in female Chinese Han. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 19 21863557
2019 Migration of gastric cancer is suppressed by recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rL-RVG) via regulating α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors/ERK- EMT. BMC cancer 18 31640627
2015 Thermus parvatiensis RL(T) sp. nov., Isolated from a Hot Water Spring, Located Atop the Himalayan Ranges at Manikaran, India. Indian journal of microbiology 18 26543260
2010 Genetic variants in RELN are associated with otosclerosis in a non-European population from Tunisia. Annals of human genetics 18 20642811
2017 Recombinant Newcastle disease virus rL-RVG enhances the apoptosis and inhibits the migration of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells via regulating alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro. Virology journal 17 28974241
2014 Genetic association analysis in a clinically and histologically confirmed otosclerosis population confirms association with the TGFB1 gene but suggests an association of the RELN gene with a clinically indistinguishable otosclerosis-like phenotype. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 17 24643032
2006 Tanacetum parthenium and Salix alba (Mig-RL) combination in migraine prophylaxis: a prospective, open-label study. Clinical drug investigation 17 17163262
2002 Synaptic inputs of class III and class V interneurons in the cat pulvinar nucleus: differential integration of RS and RL inputs. Visual neuroscience 17 12180859
2023 Peptide RL-QN15 promotes regeneration of epidermal nerve fibers and recovery of sensory function in diabetic skin wounds. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 16 36951647
2020 Identification of RELN variant p.(Ser2486Gly) in an Iranian family with ankylosing spondylitis; the first association of RELN and AS. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 16 32001840
2013 Induction of apoptosis by c9, t11-CLA in human endometrial cancer RL 95-2 cells via ERα-mediated pathway. Chemistry and physics of lipids 16 23954748
2012 The ability of PVX p25 to form RL structures in plant cells is necessary for its function in movement, but not for its suppression of RNA silencing. PloS one 16 22916231
2020 Schizophrenia risk candidate EGR3 is a novel transcriptional regulator of RELN and regulates neurite outgrowth via the Reelin signal pathway in vitro. Journal of neurochemistry 15 33113163
2015 Autophagy is involved in recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rL-RVG)-induced cell death of stomach adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. International journal of oncology 15 26058483
2010 The Reelin (RELN) gene is associated with executive function in healthy individuals. Neurobiology of learning and memory 15 20727978
1999 Mathematical modeling and optimization of cellulase protein production using Trichoderma reesei RL-P37. Biotechnology and bioengineering 15 10556790
2022 Monoallelic and biallelic mutations in RELN underlie a graded series of neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain : a journal of neurology 14 35769015
2012 Association analysis of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the RELN gene with autism in the South African population. Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers 14 23216241
2008 Pafah1b2 mutations suppress the development of hydrocephalus in compound Pafah1b1; Reln and Pafah1b1; Dab1 mutant mice. Neuroscience letters 14 18514414
1994 A high-resolution genetic map of mouse chromosome 5 encompassing the reeler (rl) locus. Genomics 14 7851897
1983 Microencapsulation of erythrocytes in Eudragit-RL-coated calcium alginate. Biochimica et biophysica acta 14 6882794
2019 Female gender specific association of the Reelin (RELN) gene rs7341475 variant with schizophrenia. Molecular biology reports 13 30980267
2014 [The association of polymorphisms in SLC18A1, TPH1 and RELN genes with risk of paranoid schizophrenia]. Molekuliarnaia biologiia 13 25842846
2021 Analysis of Reelin signaling and neurodevelopmental trajectory in primary cultured cortical neurons with RELN deletion identified in schizophrenia. Neurochemistry international 12 33388358
2021 Mice with exonic RELN deletion identified from a patient with schizophrenia have impaired visual discrimination learning and reversal learning in touchscreen operant tasks. Behavioural brain research 12 34499931
2018 Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing human IFN-λ1 (rL-hIFN-λ1)-induced apoptosis of A549 cells is connected to endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. Thoracic cancer 12 30246439
2010 Identification of RL-TGR, a coreceptor involved in aversive chemical signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 12 20566865
1990 The permeability of EUDRAGIT RL and HEMA-MMA microcapsules to glucose and inulin. Biotechnology and bioengineering 12 18597256
2020 Multifunctional Nanostructure RAP-RL Rescues Alzheimer's Cognitive Deficits through Remodeling the Neurovascular Unit. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 11 33511002
2018 Evidence of distinct RELN and TGFB1 genetic associations in familial and non-familial otosclerosis in a British population. Human genetics 11 29728750
2013 Identification of a 31-bp deletion in the RELN gene causing lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia in sheep. PloS one 11 24260534