Affinage

RARRES1

Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 1 · UniProt P49788

Length
294 aa
Mass
33.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
59 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 22 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RARRES1 (TIG1) is a retinoic acid receptor-responsive transmembrane protein that functions as a broad tumor suppressor and metabolic regulator by engaging distinct effector pathways in its membrane-bound and soluble forms. As a type II transmembrane carboxypeptidase inhibitor, RARRES1 binds and inhibits AGBL2/CCP2, thereby controlling alpha-tubulin deglutamylation, which in turn modulates mitochondrial VDAC1 interactions, AMPK activation, de novo lipogenesis, and anoikis resistance (PMID:21303978, PMID:30899431, PMID:30557378); loss of Rarres1 in mice promotes follicular lymphoma and impairs B cell differentiation (PMID:35541897). Proteolytic cleavage of RARRES1's extracellular domain by MMP23 generates a soluble form (sRARRES1) that is endocytosed by target cells, where it inhibits RIOK1 to activate p53-dependent podocyte apoptosis and glomerular injury, or binds KHDRBS1 to recruit Src kinase and phosphorylate STAT3 at Tyr705, driving kidney fibrosis (PMID:32634130, PMID:38697478, PMID:41955023). RARRES1 additionally stabilizes the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl to regulate NF-κB/MMP-9-dependent invasion, interacts with SPINK2 to suppress uPA-mediated EMT, and inhibits mTORC1 signaling through VAC14 (PMID:24014597, PMID:31886233, PMID:37247911).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1996 High

    Identification of RARRES1 as a retinoic acid-responsive gene encoding a type II transmembrane glycoprotein established it as a retinoid-regulated effector in epithelial differentiation, resolving the question of which genes mediate RAR (not RXR) signaling in skin.

    Evidence Subtraction hybridization and retinoid-selective treatment in skin raft cultures with Northern/Southern blot validation

    PMID:8601727

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical function of the large extracellular domain unknown
    • No target cell or pathway identified
  2. 2002 High

    Demonstration that RARRES1 overexpression suppresses invasiveness and tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells established its functional identity as a tumor suppressor, framing all subsequent mechanistic work.

    Evidence Stable cDNA transfection in PC-3M cells with Matrigel invasion and nude mouse tumor growth assays

    PMID:11929948

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular target mediating invasion suppression unidentified
    • Endogenous loss-of-function not tested
  3. 2005 Medium

    Solving the latexin crystal structure and modeling RARRES1 onto it revealed a cystatin-fold architecture, predicting RARRES1 functions as a carboxypeptidase inhibitor — the first structural hypothesis for its mechanism.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of mouse latexin at 1.83 Å with computational modeling of RARRES1

    PMID:15698574

    Open questions at the time
    • RARRES1 carboxypeptidase inhibition not directly demonstrated
    • RARRES1 crystal structure not solved
    • Identity of cognate carboxypeptidase unknown
  4. 2011 High

    Discovery that RARRES1 directly binds AGBL2/CCP2 and that its depletion increases detyrosinated tubulin identified the cognate carboxypeptidase target and linked RARRES1 to microtubule posttranslational modification, validating the structural prediction.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation of RARRES1-AGBL2 and siRNA knockdown with tyrosinated/detyrosinated tubulin Western blots

    PMID:21303978

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream cellular consequences of tubulin detyrosination via RARRES1 loss not mapped
    • Direct enzymatic inhibition kinetics not measured
  5. 2012 Medium

    Identification of CTCF as a positive transcriptional regulator of RARRES1 at the unmethylated proximal promoter explained how epigenetic silencing (promoter hypermethylation) extinguishes RARRES1 in cancer, and detection of secreted RARRES1 from neurofibroma Schwann cells established existence of a soluble form.

    Evidence ChIP for CTCF, bisulfite sequencing, CTCF siRNA; secretome proteomics of NF1-derived Schwann cells

    PMID:22615834 PMID:22942771

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether soluble RARRES1 is biologically active not tested
    • Protease responsible for ectodomain cleavage unknown
  6. 2013 High

    Demonstration that RARRES1 stabilizes the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl by blocking its proteasomal degradation, thereby sustaining NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling in inflammatory breast cancer, revealed a second, carboxypeptidase-independent effector axis; concurrent localization data placed RARRES1 primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum.

    Evidence Co-IP of TIG1-Axl, siRNA with proteasome inhibitor rescue, immunofluorescence localization

    PMID:23588494 PMID:24014597

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Axl stabilization is direct or via an intermediate unknown
    • Reconciliation of ER localization with plasma membrane and secreted forms not addressed
  7. 2019 High

    Placement of RARRES1 in a linear pathway — CCP2 inhibition → tubulin glutamylation → VDAC1 regulation → mitochondrial membrane potential → AMPK — unified the tubulin and metabolic phenotypes and explained how RARRES1 loss promotes stem-like, anoikis-resistant states; in parallel, the RARRES1-SPINK2 interaction was shown to suppress uPA activity and EMT.

    Evidence Epistatic rescue experiments (CCP2 KD, VDAC1 inhibitor), mitochondrial assays, zebrafish metabolic phenotyping; Co-IP of TIG1-SPINK2 with SPINK2 knockdown rescue

    PMID:30899431 PMID:31886233

    Open questions at the time
    • How tubulin glutamylation state affects VDAC1 interaction mechanistically unclear
    • Direct measurement of CCP2 enzymatic inhibition by RARRES1 still lacking
  8. 2020 High

    Discovery that soluble RARRES1 (sRARRES1), generated by ectodomain cleavage, is endocytosed and inhibits RIOK1 to activate p53-dependent podocyte apoptosis established sRARRES1 as a paracrine signaling molecule with a defined intracellular target, transforming understanding from a cell-autonomous suppressor to a secreted effector.

    Evidence Co-IP of sRARRES1-RIOK1, cleavage-site mutagenesis, podocyte-specific transgenic/knockout mice with albuminuria phenotype

    PMID:32634130

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the cleavage protease not determined in this study
    • Whether RIOK1 inhibition occurs in non-kidney contexts untested
  9. 2022 High

    Constitutive Rarres1 knockout in mice resulting in follicular lymphoma and impaired B cell maturation provided definitive in vivo genetic evidence for tumor suppressor function, while salamander studies revealed RARRES1 as a cell-surface positional identity determinant governing proximo-distal patterning during limb regeneration.

    Evidence Rarres1-/- mouse model with tumor histopathology and flow cytometry; Tig1 overexpression/neutralization in axolotl blastema with scRNA-seq

    PMID:35241664 PMID:35541897

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether lymphoma arises from tubulin-VDAC1-AMPK axis or another RARRES1 function not resolved
    • Mammalian relevance of positional identity function not established
  10. 2023 Medium

    Identification of VAC14 as a RARRES1 interactor mediating mTORC1/p70 S6K suppression via PI(3,5)P2 signaling added a phosphoinositide-dependent growth-inhibitory axis distinct from the CCP2-tubulin pathway.

    Evidence Co-IP of TIG1-VAC14, VAC14 knockdown epistasis abolishing TIG1's mTOR-inhibitory effect in melanoma cells

    PMID:37247911

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RARRES1 directly modulates PI(3,5)P2 levels or VAC14 stability not determined
    • Single cell type tested
  11. 2024 High

    Identification of MMP23 as the podocyte metalloproteinase generating sRARRES1, and discovery of the sRARRES1-KHDRBS1-Src-pSTAT3 fibrosis-driving pathway in tubular cells, completed the paracrine signaling model: MMP23 cleavage → sRARRES1 release → tubular uptake → KHDRBS1/Src-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation → fibrosis.

    Evidence scRNA-seq, AAV9-MMP23 knockdown in vivo, Co-IP with truncation mutants mapping sRARRES1-KHDRBS1-Src complex, proximal-tubule-specific Rarres1 KO in UUO/FA models, STAT3/Src pharmacological inhibition rescue

    PMID:38697478 PMID:41955023

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether MMP23 is the sole RARRES1 sheddase outside the kidney is unknown
    • Structural basis of sRARRES1-KHDRBS1 interaction not resolved
    • Relationship between RIOK1-p53 and KHDRBS1-STAT3 axes in the same cell type not tested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include: the crystal structure of RARRES1 itself, the direct enzymological measurement of CCP2 inhibition kinetics, how RARRES1 toggles between its multiple effector pathways (CCP2/tubulin vs. Axl vs. VAC14 vs. soluble RIOK1/KHDRBS1), the identity of RARRES1 sheddases in non-renal tissues, and whether the positional identity function in salamander regeneration is conserved in mammals.
  • No RARRES1 crystal or cryo-EM structure
  • No in vitro enzymatic inhibition assay for CCP2
  • Context-dependency of effector pathway selection not addressed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2 GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 2 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 1
Partners
AGBL2AXLKHDRBS1LMNAMMP23BRIOK1SPINK2VAC14

Evidence

Reading pass · 22 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 RARRES1 (TIG1) is a novel retinoic acid receptor (RARbeta/gamma)-responsive gene encoding a transmembrane protein with a small N-terminal intracellular region, a single membrane-spanning hydrophobic domain, and a large C-terminal extracellular region containing a glycosylation signal; its expression is upregulated by RAR-selective but not RXR-selective retinoids. Subtraction hybridization, Northern/Southern blot, RAR/RXR-selective retinoid treatment in skin raft cultures The Journal of investigative dermatology High 8601727
2002 TIG1 overexpression in the highly malignant prostate cancer cell line PC-3M significantly decreased in vitro invasiveness and in vivo tumorigenicity, establishing a functional tumor suppressor role. cDNA transfection, in vitro Matrigel invasion assay, in vivo nude mouse tumor growth assay Journal of the National Cancer Institute High 11929948
2005 The crystal structure of mouse latexin (the only known mammalian carboxypeptidase inhibitor and homolog of TIG1/RARRES1) was solved at 1.83 Å, revealing a cystatin fold architecture with pseudo-two-fold symmetry; modeling of TIG1 structure identified a putative membrane-binding surface, indicating RARRES1 is structurally related to carboxypeptidase inhibitors. X-ray crystallography (1.83 Å resolution), structural modeling Structure Medium 15698574
2011 RARRES1 is a transmembrane carboxypeptidase inhibitor that directly interacts with AGBL2 (a cytoplasmic carboxypeptidase); knockdown of RARRES1 increases detyrosinated alpha-tubulin levels, consistent with RARRES1 acting as the cognate inhibitor of AGBL2 to regulate the tubulin tyrosination cycle and microtubule dynamics. Co-immunoprecipitation, AGBL2/RARRES1 siRNA knockdown, Western blot for tyrosinated/detyrosinated alpha-tubulin Cancer research High 21303978
2010 RARRES1 knockdown in prostatic epithelial cells downregulates PP2A, valosin-containing protein (VCP), and EB1, and upregulates DLG2 and Ankrd26, placing RARRES1 upstream of multiple signaling nodes involved in growth regulation, autophagy, and spindle dynamics. siRNA knockdown, 2D-DIGE proteomics, MALDI mass spectrometry, Western blot Journal of Cancer Medium 20842219
2013 TIG1/RARRES1 interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl, stabilizing Axl by inhibiting its proteasome-dependent degradation; TIG1 depletion reduces Axl expression, inactivates NF-κB, and downregulates MMP-9, thereby regulating invasion of inflammatory breast cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (TIG1-Axl interaction), siRNA depletion, Western blot for Axl/NF-κB/MMP-9, in vitro invasion/migration assays, in vivo tumor growth Cancer research High 24014597
2013 RARRES1 resides primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (not the plasma membrane), whereas its homolog LXN is nuclear; siRNA suppression of RARRES1 enhances colony-forming ability and invasive capacity of primary prostate epithelial cultures, and all-trans retinoic acid induces RARRES1 expression coordinately with differentiation. Immunofluorescence subcellular localization, siRNA knockdown, colony-forming assay, Matrigel invasion assay, retinoic acid treatment Oncogenesis Medium 23588494
2012 Epigenetic silencing of RARRES1 is mediated by hypermethylation specifically at a proximal promoter element, and CTCF binds to the unmethylated promoter to positively regulate RARRES1 transcription; CTCF knockdown suppresses RARRES1 expression. Bisulfite sequencing, methylation-specific PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (CTCF), CTCF siRNA knockdown, reporter assay PloS one Medium 22615834
2019 RARRES1 interaction with cytoplasmic carboxypeptidase CCP2 inhibits tubulin deglutamylation, which in turn regulates mitochondrial VDAC1 interactions, mitochondrial membrane potential, and AMPK activation; depletion of RARRES1 increases stem cell markers and anoikis resistance, effects reversed by CCP2 depletion or VDAC1 inhibition. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown (RARRES1, CCP2), VDAC1 inhibitor treatment, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, AMPK/energy balance assays, zebrafish metabolic phenotyping Oncotarget High 30899431
2020 Soluble RARRES1, generated by proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular domain, is endocytosed by podocytes and interacts with and inhibits RIO kinase 1 (RIOK1), resulting in p53 activation and podocyte apoptosis; mutation of the cleavage site abolishes the apoptotic effect, and podocyte-specific RARRES1 overexpression in mice causes glomerular injury and albuminuria. Co-immunoprecipitation (sRARRES1-RIOK1), cleavage-site mutagenesis, podocyte endocytosis assay, apoptosis assay, podocyte-specific transgenic/knockout mice, transcriptomic analysis The Journal of clinical investigation High 32634130
2018 RARRES1 depletion in epithelial cells causes global increase in lipid synthesis via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by rewiring glucose metabolism; the increase in fatty acid availability supports mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation during starvation; RARRES1 expression is regulated by PPAR signaling. Non-targeted LC-MS lipidomics, FASN inhibitor (C75) rescue experiment, metabolic flux analysis, siRNA knockdown in breast and prostate epithelial cells PloS one Medium 30557378
2017 RARRES1 overexpression in prostate cancer cell lines represses MAPK activation, induces autophagy (increases beclin, ATG3, LC3B-II), elevates SIRT1, inhibits mTOR, increases catalase, and inhibits angiogenesis in endothelial cells. cDNA overexpression, Western blot (autophagy markers, SIRT1, mTOR pathway), endothelial tube formation assay PloS one Low 28678839
2019 TIG1/RARRES1 interacts with serine protease inhibitor SPINK2 in NT2/D1 testicular carcinoma cells; SPINK2 enhances TIG1-mediated suppression of uPA activity and EMT, while SPINK2 silencing alleviates TIG1-mediated cell migration and invasion suppression. Co-immunoprecipitation (TIG1-SPINK2), siRNA knockdown of SPINK2, uPA activity assay, EMT marker Western blot, migration and invasion assays BioMed research international Medium 31886233
2024 Matrix metalloproteinase 23 (MMP23) is the podocyte-specific metalloproteinase responsible for cleaving RARRES1 to generate soluble RARRES1 (sRARRES1); AAV9-mediated knockdown of MMP23 abrogated sRARRES1 uptake in tubular cells in vivo and prevented RARRES1-driven glomerular and tubular injury. scRNA-seq to identify MMP23 expression, AAV9-mediated MMP23 knockdown in vivo, RARRES1 cleavage-mutant overexpression, histological assessment of kidney injury Kidney international High 38697478
2024 sRARRES1 (soluble RARRES1) directly taken up by proximal tubular epithelial cells binds KHDRBS1, recruits Src kinase, and induces STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr705, upregulating pro-fibrotic factors; proximal-tubule-specific Rarres1 knockout reduces kidney fibrosis, and STAT3/Src inhibition reverses the fibrotic phenotype. Mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation with truncation mutants (sRARRES1-KHDRBS1-Src-pSTAT3), proximal-tubule-specific knockout mice (UUO and folic acid models), RARRES1-overexpressing mice, pharmacological STAT3/Src inhibition Journal of the American Society of Nephrology High 41955023
2023 TIG1/RARRES1 interacts with VAC14 and inhibits insulin-induced mTORC1-p70 S6K activation in melanoma cells; TIG1 had no additional inhibitory effect on mTOR signaling in the absence of VAC14, indicating TIG1 suppresses mTOR primarily through VAC14, affecting PI(3,5)P2 rather than PI(4,5)P2 signaling. Co-immunoprecipitation (TIG1-VAC14), VAC14 knockdown epistasis, Western blot for mTORC1/p70 S6K/pAKT, cell proliferation assay Anticancer research Medium 37247911
2022 Loss of Rarres1 in mice promotes follicular lymphoma development and impairs B cell activation, maturation, and differentiation into plasma cells; Rarres1-/- embryonic fibroblasts recapitulate in vitro defects in tubulin glutamylation and cell metabolism, confirming RARRES1 as a bona fide in vivo tumor suppressor. Constitutive Rarres1 knockout mouse model, flow cytometry (B cell differentiation), tumor histopathology, tubulin glutamylation assay, metabolic assays in primary fibroblasts International journal of biological sciences High 35541897
2022 Tig1/Rarres1 acts as a cell-surface determinant of proximal positional identity during salamander limb regeneration; its overexpression causes proximal displacement of blastema cells and regeneration defects in distal elements, upregulates Prod1, and inhibits Hoxa13 and distal transcriptional networks. Single-cell RNA-seq, Tig1 overexpression and neutralization in salamander blastema, in situ hybridization for Prod1/Hoxa13, proximo-distal cell surface interaction assay Nature communications Medium 35241664
2012 RARRES1 protein is secreted (as a soluble form) by NF1-derived plexiform neurofibroma Schwann cells but not by normal Schwann cells; all-trans retinoic acid modulates RARRES1 secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Secretome proteomics (SDS-PAGE + LC-MS/MS), conditioned media analysis, retinoic acid dose-response International journal of molecular sciences Medium 22942771
2016 RARRES1 expression in basal-like triple-negative breast cancer is maintained by promoter hypomethylation and is driven by ALDH1A3-generated retinoic acid acting as RAR ligand; RARRES1 functions as a tumor suppressor in TNBC as shown by cell proliferation and tumor growth assays. Illumina HumanMethylation450 arrays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, siRNA/overexpression, cell proliferation assay, in vivo tumor growth Oncotarget Medium 27286452
2024 TIG1/RARRES1 induces trophoblast senescence in preeclampsia through interaction with and activation of the LMNA/p53 axis; elevated TIG1 reduces trophoblast invasion in a co-culture system. Co-immunoprecipitation (TIG1-LMNA), transcriptomic sequencing of TIG1-overexpressing cells, senescence marker analysis (p16/p21/p53), trophoblast invasion co-culture assay Placenta Low 39756181
2024 RARRES1 interacts with SPINK2 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells; RARRES1/SPINK2 co-expression suppresses HCC cell proliferation and migration and increases sensitivity to lenvatinib. Co-immunoprecipitation (RARRES1-SPINK2), gain- and loss-of-function overexpression/knockdown, proliferation and migration assays, in vivo tumor model Biology direct Medium 38388961

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 59 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1991 Cooperative effect of antisense-Rb and antisense-p53 oligomers on the extension of life span in human diploid fibroblasts, TIG-1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 246 1909121
2010 The tig1 histone deacetylase complex regulates infectious growth in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The Plant cell 124 20675574
1996 Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1), a novel retinoic acid receptor-responsive gene in skin. The Journal of investigative dermatology 113 8601727
2002 Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) expression in prostate carcinomas and its relationship to tumorigenicity. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88 11929948
2020 Soluble RARRES1 induces podocyte apoptosis to promote glomerular disease progression. The Journal of clinical investigation 76 32634130
2019 Natural Variations at TIG1 Encoding a TCP Transcription Factor Contribute to Plant Architecture Domestication in Rice. Molecular plant 74 31002981
2005 An inflammatory role for the mammalian carboxypeptidase inhibitor latexin: relationship to cystatins and the tumor suppressor TIG1. Structure (London, England : 1993) 70 15698574
2013 TIG1 promotes the development and progression of inflammatory breast cancer through activation of Axl kinase. Cancer research 68 24014597
2004 Methylation of the retinoid response gene TIG1 in prostate cancer correlates with methylation of the retinoic acid receptor beta gene. Oncogene 62 14691453
2011 Tumor suppressor RARRES1 interacts with cytoplasmic carboxypeptidase AGBL2 to regulate the α-tubulin tyrosination cycle. Cancer research 57 21303978
1992 Interleukin-1 up-regulates transcription of its own receptor in a human fibroblast cell line TIG-1: role of endogenous PGE2 and cAMP. European journal of immunology 52 1315688
2013 Retinoic acid represses invasion and stem cell phenotype by induction of the metastasis suppressors RARRES1 and LXN. Oncogenesis 50 23588494
2007 Promoter hypermethylation of CCNA1, RARRES1, and HRASLS3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral oncology 45 17689134
2006 RARRES1 expression is significantly related to tumour differentiation and staging in colorectal adenocarcinoma. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 41 16426842
2005 DNA methylation of genes linked to retinoid signaling in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: DNA methylation of CRBP1 and TIG1 is associated with tumor stage. Cancer science 40 16128742
2005 Silencing of the retinoid response gene TIG1 by promoter hypermethylation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. International journal of cancer 39 15455391
1991 A new human male diploid cell strain, TIG-7: its age-related changes and comparison with a matched female TIG-1 cell strain. Experimental gerontology 30 1800129
1984 Loss of responsiveness in senescent human TIG-1 cells to the DNA synthesis-inducing effect of various growth factors. Mechanisms of ageing and development 28 6333569
2016 Breast cancer subtype dictates DNA methylation and ALDH1A3-mediated expression of tumor suppressor RARRES1. Oncotarget 27 27286452
2018 Tumor suppressor RARRES1- A novel regulator of fatty acid metabolism in epithelial cells. PloS one 26 30557378
2017 Multiple roles of RARRES1 in prostate cancer: Autophagy induction and angiogenesis inhibition. PloS one 26 28678839
2010 Tumor Suppressor RARRES1 Regulates DLG2, PP2A, VCP, EB1, and Ankrd26. Journal of Cancer 26 20842219
2022 Tig1 regulates proximo-distal identity during salamander limb regeneration. Nature communications 25 35241664
2009 Role of the RARRES1 gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 24 19737656
1994 Interleukin-1 down-regulates type I interleukin 1 receptor mRNA expression in a human fibroblast cell line TIG-1 in the absence of prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Lymphokine and cytokine research 23 7948430
2024 Podocyte-derived soluble RARRES1 drives kidney disease progression through direct podocyte and proximal tubular injury. Kidney international 21 38697478
2012 Epigenetic repression of RARRES1 is mediated by methylation of a proximal promoter and a loss of CTCF binding. PloS one 17 22615834
2019 Tazarotene-Induced Gene 1 (TIG1) Interacts with Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal-Type 2 (SPINK2) to Inhibit Cellular Invasion of Testicular Carcinoma Cells. BioMed research international 14 31886233
1988 Changes in negative surface charge of human diploid fibroblasts, TIG-1, during in vitro aging. Mechanisms of ageing and development 13 3361969
1986 Events blocked in prereplicative phase in senescent human diploid cells, TIG-1, following serum stimulation. Mechanisms of ageing and development 13 2434812
1995 Type I and type II interferons upregulate functional type I interleukin-1 receptor in a human fibroblast cell line TIG-1. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research 12 8746788
1982 Ganglioside changes during cell aging in human diploid fibroblast TIG-1. Experimental gerontology 12 7160447
2011 Establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from normal fibroblast TIG-1. Human cell 11 21562774
2022 Interaction of RARRES1 with ICAM1 modulates macrophages to suppress the progression of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Frontiers in immunology 10 36353618
2021 Autocrine and paracrine effects of a novel podocyte gene, RARRES1. Kidney international 10 34556297
2019 Tumor suppressor RARRES1 links tubulin deglutamylation to mitochondrial metabolism and cell survival. Oncotarget 10 30899431
2012 Identification of RARRES1 as a core regulator in liver fibrosis. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 10 22669512
2019 RARRES1 is a novel immune-related biomarker in GBM. American journal of translational research 9 31632537
2012 Secretome survey of human plexiform neurofibroma derived Schwann Cells reveals a secreted form of the RARRES1 protein. International journal of molecular sciences 9 22942771
2020 Expression of RARRES1 and AGBL2 and progression of conventional renal cell carcinoma. British journal of cancer 8 32307444
2000 A novel glutamine-rich putative transcriptional adaptor protein (TIG-1), preferentially expressed in placental and bone-marrow tissues. Gene 8 11024300
2024 RARRES1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression and increases its sensitivity to lenvatinib through interaction with SPINK2. Biology direct 7 38388961
2013 Aberrant TIG1 methylation associated with its decreased expression and clinicopathological significance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 7 24006221
2009 Expression and mutation analysis of TIG1 (tazarotene-induced gene 1) in human gastric cancer. Oncology research 7 19806788
2022 Loss of RARRES1 function Promotes Follicular Lymphomagenesis and Inhibits B cell Differentiation in Mice. International journal of biological sciences 6 35541897
2012 Establishment of ultra long-lived cell lines by transfection of TERT into normal human fibroblast TIG-1 and their characterization. Cell biology international 6 22273270
2023 TIG1 Inhibits the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Malignant Melanoma Through the VAC14 Protein. Anticancer research 5 37247911
2005 [Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of tazarotine-induced gene 1 (TIG1) in head and neck cancer]. Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai kaiho 5 16440812
1986 Failure in S6 protein phosphorylation by serum stimulation of senescent human diploid fibroblasts, TIG-1. Mechanisms of ageing and development 5 3821186
1981 Effects of in vitro aging and cell growth on the viability and recovery of human diploid fibroblasts, TIG-1, after freezing and thawing. Mechanisms of ageing and development 5 7266075
2023 Astragalus polysaccharide alleviates angiotensin II-induced glomerular podocyte dysfunction by inhibiting the expression of RARRES1 and LCN2. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 3 36876579
2024 TIG1 triggers placental senescence in preeclampsia through LMNA/p53 axis activation. Placenta 2 39756181
2019 PFG acted as an inducer of premature senescence in TIG-1 normal diploid fibroblast and an inhibitor of mitosis in the HeLa cells. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 2 30836860
2026 RARRES1 marks an immune-cold, chemoresistance-associated malignant epithelial subpopulation enriched in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 0 41854891
2026 RARRES1 Promotes Tubular Fibrosis via the KHDRBS1/Src/p-STAT3 Axis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 0 41955023
2025 RARRES1 attenuates H2O2-induced RPE cell injury and inhibits choroidal neovascularization. Frontiers in physiology 0 41178994
2024 Preventing MMP23-mediated cleavage of podocyte RARRES1: a novel strategy to halt chronic kidney disease progression? Kidney international 0 38906649
2021 Correction: Tumor suppressor RARRES1 links tubulin deglutamylation to mitochondrial metabolism and cell survival. Oncotarget 0 34733422
2014 [Effects of DNA methylation on expression of TIG1 gene in acute leukemia]. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi 0 24989270