Affinage

RARB

Retinoic acid receptor beta · UniProt P10826

Length
455 aa
Mass
50.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 40 papers cited in narrative 40 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RARβ is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that binds retinoic acid through a distinct ligand-binding site and functions as the obligatory transcriptional effector of retinoid signaling, where combinatorial CRISPR knockout of all three RARs abolishes every RA-regulated transcript (PMID:2176462, PMID:29848550). It operates as a RARβ–RXRα heterodimer bound to retinoic acid response elements; a multi-domain crystal structure of the DNA-bound heterodimer shows the RARβ ligand-binding domain physically contacts the DNA-binding domain to relay allosteric signals, while companion structures with the selective agonist BMS948 explain RARβ-selective activation through a flip of the amide linker (PMID:29021580, PMID:25933005). Transcription from the RA-responsive RARβ2 (P2) promoter is governed by a RARE and tuned by the coactivator/corepressor balance — CBP, p300, and pCIP promote activity while NCoR, HDAC1, and the polycomb factor SUZ12 with bivalent H3K27me3 chromatin enforce repression — and the receptor itself drives target genes including IGFBP-6, CD38, Hox genes, and STEP (PMID:12392082, PMID:17663992, PMID:18957410, PMID:29266770). RARβ output is further layered by additional isoforms from distinct promoters (β2/β4 via P2, β1/β3 via P1 elongation control, β5 via P3) and by uORF-mediated translational control of its 5'-UTR (PMID:1313565, PMID:8011555, PMID:8769409, PMID:15604252). Functionally, RARβ2 is required for RA-induced growth arrest and apoptosis and confers retinoid responsiveness in cancer cells (PMID:9426695, PMID:10480883), suppresses tumorigenesis via a RARβ–p14ARF senescence axis and restraint of EMT (PMID:23851445, PMID:31391070), enhances tumor immunogenicity (PMID:10834944), and in the nervous system represses Lingo-1 to enable neurite outgrowth, modulates PTEN secretion to prevent glial scarring, and stimulates Shh-dependent neural progenitor proliferation (PMID:19100254, PMID:21690307, PMID:26609164). In vivo, RARβ-null mice show homeotic vertebral transformations and ocular defects with extensive redundancy among RARs (PMID:9240560). Gain-of-function de novo RARB mutations that increase ligand-induced transcriptional activity cause a syndrome of microphthalmia, diaphragmatic hernia, and developmental delay (PMID:27120018), while a dominant-negative TBL1XR1-RARB fusion drives retinoic acid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia (PMID:29921692).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 22 steps
  1. 1990 High

    Established that RARβ is a genuine retinoic acid receptor with a ligand-binding site distinct from RARα, providing the basis for subtype-selective retinoid pharmacology.

    Evidence Radioligand binding with recombinant full-length receptors and bacterially expressed LBDs across multiple retinoid analogues

    PMID:2176462

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the structural determinants of subtype selectivity
    • No information on heterodimer requirement for binding in vivo
  2. 1991 High

    Showed the RARβ2 promoter carries a functional RARE driving spatially restricted RA-responsive expression in the embryo, linking RARβ to RA teratogenesis.

    Evidence Transgenic RARβ2 promoter–lacZ reporter mice with in vivo RA challenge

    PMID:1668276

    Open questions at the time
    • Correlative for teratogenic causation rather than proof
    • Did not identify downstream effector genes
  3. 1994 High

    Distinguished how RARβ isoforms are differentially regulated — β2/β4 at transcriptional initiation via RARE versus β1/β3 via release of an elongation block — revealing layered control of receptor abundance.

    Evidence P1/P2 promoter analysis, transgenic reporters, and nuclear run-on assays in embryonal carcinoma cells; isoform cloning

    PMID:1313565 PMID:8011555

    Open questions at the time
    • Factors controlling the elongation block not identified
    • Physiological role of isoform diversity unresolved
  4. 1994 High

    Genetic knockout demonstrated extensive functional redundancy among RARs, showing single RARβ loss is largely compensated in development.

    Evidence Targeted disruption of RARβ in mice with phenotyping and RA teratogen challenge

    PMID:7958449

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve which RARs compensate at specific loci
    • Subtle or adult phenotypes not fully captured
  5. 1995 Medium

    Defined isoform-specific limits to RAR redundancy, as RARβ2 only poorly rescues differentiation in RARγ-null cells.

    Evidence Stable rescue transfection in RARγ-null F9 embryonal carcinoma cells with differentiation readouts

    PMID:7644503

    Open questions at the time
    • Single cell-line context
    • Mechanistic basis of isoform specificity not defined
  6. 1995 High

    Identified E1A as a direct AF-2-interacting cofactor of RARβ, providing early mechanistic detail on coactivator-like stabilization of the RARβ preinitiation complex.

    Evidence Co-IP, GST pulldown, E1A deletion mapping, and transcriptional reporter assays

    PMID:7565739

    Open questions at the time
    • Viral cofactor; endogenous equivalent not established here
    • Structural basis of AF-2 contact undefined at the time
  7. 1996 High

    Linked RARβ2 expression to tumor suppression by showing it inhibits proliferation and anchorage-independent growth, and uncovered uORF-based translational regulation of the receptor.

    Evidence Stable RARβ2 expression in HeLa with proliferation/soft-agar assays; systematic uORF mutagenesis with reporters across tissues

    PMID:8635481 PMID:8769409

    Open questions at the time
    • Growth-arrest target genes not identified in these studies
    • uORF regulation not tied to disease phenotypes
  8. 1998 Medium

    Demonstrated that RARβ expression is required and sufficient to restore retinoid-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in RA-resistant lung cancer cells, establishing RARβ loss as a mechanism of retinoid resistance.

    Evidence Stable RARβ transfection in RARβ-negative lung cancer lines with growth and TdT apoptosis assays

    PMID:9426695

    Open questions at the time
    • Apoptotic effector pathway not mapped
    • Single lab, limited cell lines
  9. 1999 Medium

    Cell-line knockout and mouse genetics defined RARβ2 as required for RA-induced growth arrest and late differentiation, and as the mediator of RA-dependent Hox anteriorization.

    Evidence Biallelic RARβ2 disruption in F9 cells with growth/differentiation readouts; Rarb-null mice with Hoxd4/Hoxb4 in situ hybridization

    PMID:10373014 PMID:10480883

    Open questions at the time
    • Only partial Hox responses, indicating additional receptors
    • Direct vs. indirect target distinction incomplete
  10. 1997 High

    Compound RAR knockouts revealed genetic epistasis and organ-specific requirements (vertebral homeosis, ocular development) for RARβ in concert with RARα and RARγ.

    Evidence Single and compound RAR knockout mouse phenotyping with histology

    PMID:9240560

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular targets underlying each defect not resolved
    • Combinatorial logic among RARs incompletely mapped
  11. 2002 Medium

    Defined the coregulator basis of RARβ retinoid resistance — coactivator/corepressor balance and HDAC activity control RARβ promoter induction.

    Evidence Promoter-reporter assays with CBP/p300/NCoR cotransfection and TSA HDAC inhibition in colon cancer cells; TR3/COUP-TF dissection in lung cells

    PMID:11979430 PMID:12392082

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous occupancy not shown in these reporter studies
    • Single lab per finding
  12. 2007 High

    ChIP at the RARβ2 RARE established the dynamic chromatin logic — constitutive RAR/RXR binding, RA-induced coactivator/Pol II recruitment, SUZ12 eviction, and resolution of bivalent histone marks.

    Evidence ChIP for RARγ, RXRα, pCIP, p300, Pol II, SUZ12 and histone marks in F9 cells ± RA

    PMID:17663992

    Open questions at the time
    • RARβ self-occupancy versus RARγ at the locus not fully separated
    • Kinetics of polycomb reassembly only partially defined
  13. 2008 High

    Identified specific RARβ target genes and cofactor cooperativity, with RARβ uniquely required for rexinoid-induced IGFBP-6 via RARE–AP-1 crosstalk.

    Evidence ChIP, isoform-specific siRNA, and reporter assays mapping cis-elements and trans-factors (RXRα, cJun, cFos, p300)

    PMID:18957410

    Open questions at the time
    • Generalizability of RARE–AP-1 cooperation to other targets unknown
    • Single cell context
  14. 2003 High

    Showed RARβ–RXR heterodimers act in defined tissues to control target gene expression in vivo and bind functional DR-type elements regulating non-developmental genes such as thrombomodulin.

    Evidence Ex vivo embryo culture with RARβ-selective agonists and Rarb-null rescue; EMSA and promoter reporters at the thrombomodulin DR4 in endothelial cells

    PMID:12576329 PMID:12668623

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct RARβ occupancy at endogenous TM promoter not shown by ChIP
    • Tissue-specific cofactor requirements unmapped
  15. 2013 Medium

    Expanded RARβ tumor-suppressive mechanisms — a RARβ–p14ARF senescence axis, RARβ re-expression upon DNMT-targeting miRNAs restoring RA-induced apoptosis, and roles in immunogenicity, dormancy, and endocrine/neuronal differentiation.

    Evidence ATRA/siRNA p14ARF senescence assays in melanocytes; TLR3→miRNA→DNMT→RARβ demethylation with xenografts; NR2F1 dormancy knockdown; cDNA array/flow CTL assays; ES-cell pancreatic differentiation

    PMID:10834944 PMID:23716670 PMID:23756134 PMID:23851445 PMID:25636082

    Open questions at the time
    • Many findings are single-lab and context-specific
    • Direct RARβ target genes in these settings not always defined
  16. 2011 Medium

    Established RARβ as a driver of CNS repair by transcriptionally repressing Lingo-1, decreasing PTEN activity/exosomal export, and promoting Shh-dependent neural progenitor proliferation.

    Evidence Neurite outgrowth assays, Lingo-1 siRNA rescue, dorsal column injury and avulsion models with RARβ-null controls, exosome inhibition, pharmacological pathway dissection

    PMID:19100254 PMID:21690307 PMID:26609164

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Lingo-1 and PTEN are direct RARβ targets not fully resolved
    • Translation to therapeutic settings untested in these studies
  17. 2015 High

    Solved the structural basis of RARβ subtype-selective ligand recognition, explaining how single compounds act as RARβ agonists while antagonizing RARα.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of RARβ LBD with BMS948/BMS641/BMS411 plus transcriptional assays

    PMID:25933005

    Open questions at the time
    • Isolated LBD; full-length context addressed separately
    • In vivo selectivity consequences not tested here
  18. 2016 High

    Defined RARβ's genome-wide neuronal target program and a CD38–oxytocin regulatory pathway, and linked RARβ sequestration in huntingtin aggregates to impaired RA signaling in disease.

    Evidence ChIP-seq of striatal RARβ with RARβ-null RNA-seq; ChIP and bidirectional manipulation at the CD38 promoter with Ca2+ imaging and oxytocin ELISA; Co-IP/IF in R6/2 HD mice

    PMID:27405468 PMID:29266770

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional validation of most genome-wide targets pending
    • Causal contribution of RARβ sequestration to HD phenotype not isolated
  19. 2016 Medium

    Established that gain-of-function RARB mutations causing increased ligand-induced transcription underlie a defined neurodevelopmental syndrome, providing direct human disease evidence.

    Evidence Transcriptional activation assays of mutant versus wild-type RARB with clinical characterization of de novo mutation carriers

    PMID:27120018

    Open questions at the time
    • Tissue-specific consequences of hyperactivity not modeled
    • Genotype–phenotype mapping limited to a few mutations
  20. 2017 High

    Revealed the integrated architecture of the DNA-bound RARβ–RXRα heterodimer, showing LBD–DBD allosteric coupling that links ligand binding to DNA engagement.

    Evidence Multi-domain X-ray crystallography with HDX-MS, interface mutagenesis, and transcriptional assays

    PMID:29021580

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamics in the presence of full coactivator complexes not captured
    • Chromatin context not represented in the crystal
  21. 2018 High

    Provided definitive genetic proof that RARs (including RARβ) are obligatory for all RA transcriptional responses, and identified a dominant-negative TBL1XR1-RARB fusion driving RA-resistant APL.

    Evidence Triple RAR CRISPR knockout with RNA-seq; characterization of TBL1XR1-RARB dimerization, transcriptional repression, replating, and differentiation assays

    PMID:29848550 PMID:29921692

    Open questions at the time
    • Triple-null result is in ES cells; tissue generalization assumed
    • Fusion partner contribution to oncogenicity not fully dissected
  22. 2019 Medium

    Extended RARβ's anti-tumor role to invasion/EMT control via LATS1/2-YAP and CCL28/CCR10-driven RARβ upregulation, and to metabolic/redox protection against ferroptosis.

    Evidence Bidirectional NR1B2 manipulation with LATS1/2-YAP readouts in KIRC; RARα–HDAC1 Co-IP and OSCC models; RARβ knockdown with agonist/antagonist ferroptosis assays and Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 analysis

    PMID:31391070 PMID:31487270 PMID:37302616

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct RARβ transcriptional targets in these pathways not mapped
    • Single-lab, context-specific findings

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How RARβ's diverse target programs and tissue-specific cofactor/chromatin states are selected across contexts — and how gain-of-function and dominant-negative alleles produce their specific disease phenotypes mechanistically — remains unresolved.
  • No unified model linking isoform/promoter usage to context-specific output
  • Mechanistic basis of mutant phenotypes at the tissue level undefined
  • Direct versus indirect status of many proposed targets unconfirmed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 5 GO:0003677 DNA binding 3 GO:0140299 molecular sensor activity 2 GO:0008289 lipid binding 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 2 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 1
Partners
CREBBPEP300HDAC1HTTNCOR1RXRASUZ12TBL1XR1
Complex memberships
RARβ–RXRα heterodimer

Evidence

Reading pass · 40 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1990 Recombinant RARβ (full-length and ligand-binding domain expressed in COS1 cells and E. coli) binds retinoic acid with similar affinity to RARα; only retinoid analogues with an acidic end-group actively bind both receptors; two retinoid analogues showed preferential binding to either RARα or RARβ, demonstrating that RARβ has a distinct ligand-binding site. Radioligand binding assay using recombinant full-length receptors (COS1 expression) and bacterially expressed ligand-binding domains The Biochemical journal High 2176462
1991 The RARβ2 promoter contains a retinoic acid response element (RARE) that drives spatially and temporally restricted expression during mouse embryogenesis; promoter activity is selectively induced by teratogenic doses of RA in regions where malformations subsequently appear (craniofacial region, hindbrain, limbs), suggesting RARβ2 mediates some teratogenic effects of RA. Transgenic mice carrying RAR-β2 promoter–lacZ reporter gene; β-galactosidase expression mapping throughout embryogenesis; RA teratogen treatment in vivo Development (Cambridge, England) High 1668276
1992 RARβ4, an isoform generated from the same retinoic acid-responsive P2 promoter as RARβ2 by alternative splicing, is initiated by a non-AUG (CUG) codon, has a very short A region (4 amino acids), exhibits a tissue-specific expression pattern, and has distinct transcriptional activation properties compared to other RARβ isoforms. cDNA cloning, sequencing, Northern blot for tissue expression, transient transfection transcriptional activation assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 1313565
1994 RARβ1/β3 transcripts are selectively expressed in embryonic CNS and their RA-induced accumulation occurs via a RA-dependent release of a block in RNA chain elongation (not transcriptional initiation), as distinct from RARβ2/β4 which are regulated at the level of transcriptional initiation via RARE. P1 promoter isolation, transgenic reporter animals, nuclear run-on transcription analysis in embryonal carcinoma cells Mechanisms of development High 8011555
1994 RAR-β2 null mutant mice (targeted disruption) appear phenotypically normal, indicating other RARs compensate for RARβ2 during prenatal and postnatal development; challenging RARβ2-null embryos with teratogenic RA doses addressed whether RARβ2 is required for RA-induced malformations. Targeted gene disruption (knock-out mice), phenotypic and histological analysis, RA teratogen challenge Developmental biology High 7958449
1995 Overexpression of RARβ2 in RAR-γ-null F9 cells only poorly restores differentiation (though it can replace RARγ for activation of some target genes), revealing partial functional redundancy among RARs with isoform-specific limits. Stable transfection rescue cell lines in RAR-γ-null F9 embryonal carcinoma cells; gene expression and differentiation assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 7644503
1995 Adenovirus E1A functions as a cofactor for RARβ by direct physical interaction: E1A interacts specifically with the hormone-dependent activation function (AF-2) of RARβ (but not AF-1 or AF-2 of RXRα), requiring conserved region III (CRIII) and the region around amino acid 178, thereby stabilizing the preinitiation complex and enabling RA-induced RARβ2 promoter activation. Co-immunoprecipitation, deletion mutagenesis of E1A, transient transfection transcriptional assays, GST pulldown Molecular and cellular biology High 7565739
1996 RARβ2 inhibits cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in HeLa cells: stable expression of RARβ2 results in >50% growth inhibition and reduced soft-agar colony formation, effects further enhanced by exogenous all-trans-retinoic acid. Stable transfection of RARβ2 in HeLa cells; cell proliferation assays; soft agar colony formation assay Experimental cell research Medium 8635481
1996 Translation of RARβ2 mRNA is regulated by upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in the 5'-UTR; uORF4 encodes a peptide whose amino acid sequence (not merely the act of translation) is critical for inhibiting translation of the downstream major ORF in heart and brain, while uORFs 2 and 5 are important for efficient translation in all tissues. Systematic site-directed mutagenesis of uORF start codons and coding sequences; transient expression with reporter constructs in multiple tissues The Journal of cell biology High 8769409
1997 Homozygous RARβ null mice are growth-deficient and display homeotic transformations of cervical vertebrae, a retrolenticular membrane, and persistence/hyperplasia of the primary vitreous body; RARα/RARβ double mutants have severe visceral abnormalities including agenesis of the stapedial artery, thymic and spleen agenesis, and abnormal inferior vena cava; RARβ/RARγ double mutants show major ocular defects including shortened ventral retina and prenatal retinal dysplasia. Homozygous and compound RAR knockout mouse phenotyping; histological and morphological analysis The International journal of developmental biology High 9240560
1998 Stable expression of RARβ in RARβ-negative, trans-RA-resistant lung cancer cells (SK-MES-1 and H661) restores trans-RA-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis (at low serum concentration), demonstrating that RARβ expression is required for retinoid responsiveness in lung cancer cells. Stable transfection of RARβ in RARβ-negative lung cancer lines; cell growth assay; fluorescence microscopy and TdT apoptosis assay International journal of cancer Medium 9426695
1999 Targeted disruption of both alleles of RARβ2 in F9 teratocarcinoma cells abolishes RA-induced growth arrest and impairs late differentiation responses (e.g., no induction of laminin B1), while early RA-responsive gene induction is markedly reduced; RA metabolism after differentiation is not impaired. Homologous recombination to generate RARβ2+/- and RARβ2-/- F9 cell lines; growth assays, morphological analysis, gene expression (early and late RA-responsive genes), RA metabolism assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 10480883
1999 RARβ mediates the response of Hoxd4 and Hoxb4 to exogenous RA: Rarb-null mice show only partial anteriorization of Hoxd4 and Hoxb4 expression in response to RA treatment; genetic analysis shows no synergistic interaction between Hoxd4 and Rarb in cervical vertebrae specification. Rarb-null mice treated with RA; in situ hybridization for Hoxd4 and Hoxb4; Hoxd4/Rarb double-mutant generation Developmental dynamics Medium 10373014
2000 RARβ2 transfection into RARβ-deficient lung tumor cells upregulates ICAM-1 and MHC class I expression (mRNA and cell surface protein), and enhances heterologous CTL responses up to threefold in both induction and effector phases, revealing a role for RARβ2 in regulating tumor cell immunogenicity. cDNA array (Atlas human cDNA array); flow cytometry for ICAM-1 and MHC class I protein; CTL response assay FASEB journal Medium 10834944
2002 Nicotine abrogates the growth inhibitory effect of trans-RA by suppressing RA-induced RARβ expression; this suppression is mediated by nicotine-induced orphan receptor TR3, which interacts with COUP-TF, inhibiting COUP-TF DNA binding and transactivation on the RARβ promoter; RXR-selective retinoid SR11237 activates the RARβ promoter through RXR/TR3 heterodimer and escapes nicotine suppression. Transient transfection promoter activity assays; TR3 antisense RNA overexpression; co-transfection of TR3 expression vector; cell growth assays International journal of cancer Medium 11979430
2002 The RA-insensitivity of RARβ induction in RA-resistant colon cancer cells (DLD-1) is associated with differential coactivator/corepressor balance: coactivators CBP and p300 upregulate RARβ RARE activity to levels seen in sensitive cells; corepressor NCoR suppresses RARE activity; HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A restores RARβ induction, implicating histone deacetylase in RARβ gene repression. Transfection of reporter constructs with RARβ promoter fragments; cotransfection of coactivators (CBP, p300) and corepressor (NCoR); Western blot for coregulator expression; HDAC inhibitor treatment Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Medium 12392082
2003 RARβ–RXRα heterodimers bound to the DR4 element in the thrombomodulin (TM) promoter are required for TM transcription: oxidized phospholipids from ox-LDL reduce nuclear RARβ and RXRα levels and their binding to the DR4 element, thereby inhibiting TM gene transcription in endothelial cells. EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay); TM promoter deletion/mutation reporter assays in HUVEC transfection; Western blot for nuclear receptor levels; mRNA half-life (actinomycin D) analysis Blood Medium 12576329
2003 RARβ-selective agonist BMS453 induces fusion/hypoplasia of the first two branchial arches in cultured mouse embryos via RARβ/RXR heterodimers specifically in pharyngeal endoderm (not neural crest or ectoderm); effects are absent in Rarb-null embryos, enhanced by RXR agonists, and accompanied by ectopic RARβ target gene expression; RXR ligand-dependent activity is subordinated to RARβ in this heterodimer. Ex vivo cultured mouse embryo treatment with synthetic RAR-selective agonists/antagonists; genetic rescue using Rarb-null embryos; in situ hybridization for RARβ target genes; tissue-specific responsiveness assays Development (Cambridge, England) High 12668623
2004 A novel RARβ isoform, RARβ5, is expressed from a distinct P3 promoter activated by all-trans-RA; RARβ5 protein lacks the A, B, and part of C domains of RARβ2 (translation begins at an internal methionine); it is preferentially expressed in ER-negative breast cancer cells and may confer relative retinoid resistance. cDNA cloning and sequencing; promoter mapping; RT-PCR and Western blot across breast cancer cell lines; RA/retinoid treatment transcriptional assays Cancer research Medium 15604252
2005 RARβ mediates retinoid-driven striatal STEP (striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase) expression: RARβ-null mice show reduced STEP mRNA in the striatum, and ectopic RARβ1 expression in cerebral cortex enhances STEP expression in an RARβ-isoform-specific manner. RT-PCR in RARβ-/- mice; ectopic expression of RARβ1 by in utero electroporation; in situ hybridization and quantitative gene expression Developmental dynamics Medium 15736225
2007 At the RARβ2 RARE in F9 cells, RARγ and RXRα are constitutively bound; upon RA treatment, coactivators pCIP, p300, and RNA Pol II levels increase at the RARβ2 RARE; the polycomb protein SUZ12 is associated with the RARβ2 RARE and is evicted upon RA treatment (and reassociates upon RA removal); bivalent H3K4me2/H3K27me3 chromatin marks coexist at target loci, with H3K27me3 decreasing during RA-mediated differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for RARγ, RXRα, pCIP, p300, RNA Pol II, SUZ12, and histone marks in F9 cells ± RA treatment Journal of molecular biology High 17663992
2008 Rexinoid-induced IGFBP-6 expression requires RARβ-dependent cooperation between retinoid receptors and AP-1: a classical RARE in IGFBP-6 intron 1 adjacent to an AP-1 site is essential; bexarotene increases occupancy of this element by RXRα, RARβ, cJun, cFos, and p300; siRNA knockdown of RARβ (but not RARα or RARγ alone) blocks IGFBP-6 induction and prevents RXRα and cJun recruitment to the enhancer. Chromatin immunoprecipitation; siRNA knockdown of individual RAR/RXR isoforms; IGFBP-6 reporter assays; Western blot The Journal of biological chemistry High 18957410
2008 RARβ activation stimulates Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and induces proliferation of adult forebrain neural progenitor cells (NPCs); subsequent RARα signaling drives differentiation into Doublecortin-expressing migrating neuroblasts and cholinergic neurons; FGF signaling induces CYP26A1 expression and its product 4-oxo-RA mimics RARα agonist action in neuronal differentiation. In vivo and in vitro RARβ/RARα agonist treatment of adult forebrain NPCs; immunostaining for GFAP, DCX, cholinergic markers; pharmacological pathway dissection (Shh inhibitors, FGF treatment) Developmental biology Medium 19100254
2011 RA-RARβ transcriptionally represses Lingo-1 (a component of the NgR inhibitory complex), thereby counteracting myelin-dependent inhibition of neurite outgrowth; suppression of Lingo-1 is required for RARβ-mediated promotion of neurite outgrowth; in vivo RA treatment after dorsal column injury inhibits Lingo-1 expression specifically through RARβ. In vitro neurite outgrowth assays with RA/RARβ agonists on myelin substrates; Lingo-1 siRNA knockdown rescue; in vivo dorsal column overhemisection model with RA treatment; RARβ-null genetic controls The Journal of cell biology High 21690307
2013 RARβ regulates p14ARF levels in human melanocytes: ATRA treatment increases p14ARF expression via RARβ; an inverse correlation exists between RARB promoter hypermethylation and p14ARF (CDKN2A) alterations in melanoma cell lines; ATRA-induced senescence is reduced in p14ARF-depleted melanocytes, establishing a RARβ–p14ARF signaling axis. Mutual exclusivity analysis in 110 melanoma cell lines; ATRA treatment of primary melanocytes with p14ARF measurement; siRNA depletion of p14ARF; senescence assays Molecular cancer research Medium 23851445
2013 TLR3 activation by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid induces microRNAs (miR-29b, -29c, -148b, -152) that target DNA methyltransferases, leading to demethylation and re-expression of epigenetically silenced RARβ; re-expressed RARβ renders prostate and breast cancer cells sensitive to retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. miRNA expression profiling; luciferase reporter assays for miRNA-DNMT targeting; methylation-specific PCR for RARβ demethylation; apoptosis assays in vitro; in vivo tumor xenograft models Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 23716670
2013 RARβ activation by a specific agonist in neurons decreases PTEN activity by cytoplasmic phosphorylation and increases PTEN secretion in exosomes; these PTEN-containing exosomes are taken up by astrocytes, hampering their proliferation and preventing glial scar formation; this dual mechanism results in axonal regeneration after dorsal root neurotmesis. RARβ agonist treatment in rat cervical avulsion model; BDA axonal tracing; exosome inhibitor in vivo and PTEN siRNA in vitro; phospho-PTEN Western blot; astrocyte proliferation assays The Journal of neuroscience Medium 26609164
2013 RARβ deletion impairs pancreatic endocrine differentiation: RARβ knockout embryonic stem cells show greatly reduced expression of glucagon, IAPP, and Ins1 during directed differentiation into pancreatic islet cells. RARβ knockout ES cell differentiation protocol; RT-PCR for endocrine markers Experimental cell research Medium 23756134
2015 NR2F1-induced dormancy in disseminated tumor cells requires RARβ: NR2F1-dependent quiescence is dependent on SOX9, RARβ, and CDK inhibitors; this dormancy programme is recapitulated by co-treatment with 5-Aza-C and retinoic acid. shRNA knockdown of RARβ/SOX9 in experimental dormancy models; in vivo HNSCC and prostate cancer dormancy assays; flow cytometry for cell cycle arrest Nature communications Medium 25636082
2015 RARβ activates CD38 transcription in hypothalamic neurons: ChIP assays show RA enhances binding of RARβ to the proximal promoter of CD38; adenoviral RARβ overexpression or siRNA knockdown bidirectionally modulates CD38 levels; RARβ activation increases neuronal Ca2+ excitability and OXT release; gestational vitamin A deficiency reduces hypothalamic RARβ and CD38, impairing oxytocin signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP); adenoviral RARβ overexpression and siRNA knockdown in primary hypothalamic neurons; Ca2+ imaging; serum oxytocin ELISA; rat gestational VAD model Molecular nutrition & food research Medium 29266770
2016 De novo gain-of-function mutations in RARB (p.Gly296Ala and p.Leu213Pro) increase RA ligand-induced transcriptional activity 2- to 3-fold over wild-type receptor in transfection assays, consistent with previously reported p.Arg387Cys/Ser mutations; these mutations cause a syndrome of microphthalmia, diaphragmatic hernia, global developmental delay, and progressive motor impairment. Transient transfection transcriptional activation assays comparing wild-type vs. mutant RARB; clinical characterization of patients with de novo mutations Human mutation Medium 27120018
2016 Genome-wide ChIP-seq of RARβ in mouse striatum combined with transcriptomics of RARβ-null mice identifies RARβ transcriptional targets enriched for neurotransmission, energy metabolism, and G-protein coupled receptor signaling (including cAMP and calcium pathways); RARβ is partially sequestered in huntingtin protein aggregates in R6/2 HD mice, reducing RA signaling in HD. ChIP-seq for RARβ in striatum; RNA-seq transcriptomics of RARβ-null mice; co-immunoprecipitation/immunofluorescence for RARβ-huntingtin co-localization in R6/2 mice Molecular neurobiology High 27405468
2017 Crystal structure of multi-domain RARβ–RXRα heterodimer bound to DNA, ligands, and coactivator peptides reveals that the RARβ LBD and DBD are physically connected through domain-domain interactions, enabling allosteric signal transmission between them; RXR remains flexible with loosely organized domains while RARβ LBD forms direct contact with the DBD via a surface patch. X-ray crystallography; hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS); mutagenesis of domain-domain interface; functional transcriptional assays Nature communications High 29021580
2015 Crystal structure of the RARβ LBD in complex with the RARβ-selective full agonist BMS948 and related compounds BMS641 and BMS411 reveals that a 180° flip of the amide linker accounts for RARβ selectivity over RARα; this structural analysis explains how a single retinoid can be an RARα antagonist and an RARβ full agonist simultaneously, and defines structural basis of partial agonism. X-ray crystallography of RARβ LBD–ligand complexes; transcriptional activation assays for agonist/antagonist properties PloS one High 25933005
2018 TBL1XR1-RARB fusion protein (from translocation in RARA-negative APL) homodimerizes and acts as a dominant-negative repressor of the retinoic acid receptor pathway; it enhances replating capacity of mouse bone marrow cells and inhibits myeloid maturation of human cord blood cells, similarly to PML-RARA; APL with RARB translocation shows attenuated response to ATRA. Whole-genome sequencing; PCR and FISH for translocations; transduction of TBL1XR1-RARB into cell lines; reporter assays for RA pathway transcriptional activity; bone marrow replating assay; cord blood myeloid differentiation assay Cancer research High 29921692
2018 RARβ acts as both an upstream regulator and downstream effector of miR-22 in colon cancer cells: RA and HDAC inhibitors induce miR-22 via RARβ binding to a DR5 motif; miR-22 in turn reduces HDAC1, HDAC4, and SIRT1 (through chromatin remodeling of RARβ and NUR77 loci); this circuit leads to simultaneous induction of cytoplasmic RARβ and NUR77, causing apoptosis. ChIP for RARβ binding to DR5 at miR-22 locus; miR-22 target validation (HDAC1); luciferase reporter assays; Western blot for RARβ/NUR77/HDACs; xenograft tumor model with miR-22 inducers FASEB journal Medium 30252536
2018 Combinatorial CRISPR knockout of all three RARs (α, β, γ) in murine embryonic stem cells completely abrogates all transcriptional responses to RA, demonstrating that RARs are essential for every RA-regulated transcript; no RAR-independent RA signaling pathway operates in these cells. CRISPR-mediated biallelic frameshift mutations in RARα, RARβ, and RARγ; RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of triple-null vs. WT cells ± RA The Journal of biological chemistry High 29848550
2019 CCL28 signaling via CCR10 increases RARβ expression by reducing the interaction between RARα and HDAC1; elevated RARβ inhibits invasion, EMT (inducing E-cadherin, reducing nuclear β-catenin), and RANKL-driven osteoclastogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma; intraperitoneally administered CCL28 inhibits tumor growth and osteolysis in mouse models. Co-immunoprecipitation of RARα–HDAC1 interaction ± CCL28; Western blot and invasion assays; mouse calvaria and tibia OSCC models; IHC of tumor tissues for RARβ The Journal of clinical investigation Medium 31487270
2019 RARβ (NR1B2) overexpression inhibits and knockdown promotes KIRC cell invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo; mechanistic investigation indicates RARβ suppresses EMT through the LATS1/2-YAP pathway. Lentiviral stable overexpression and knockdown of NR1B2 in KIRC cell lines; migration/invasion assays; nude mouse xenograft metastasis model; Western blot for EMT markers and LATS1/2-YAP pathway components Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research Medium 31391070
2023 RARβ mediates RA protection against LPS-induced ferroptosis in hepatocytes: knockdown of RARβ gene significantly diminishes RA's anti-ferroptotic protective effect; RAR agonist/antagonist experiments show RARβ (and RARγ) activation is required for RA inhibition of ferroptosis; the mechanism involves regulation of Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling. RARβ gene knockdown in hepatocytes; RAR subtype-selective agonists and antagonists; LPS/erastin/RSL3-induced ferroptosis models; Western blot for Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4; serum iron and RBC disorder measurements in mice Free radical biology & medicine Medium 37302616

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2015 NR2F1 controls tumour cell dormancy via SOX9- and RARβ-driven quiescence programmes. Nature communications 299 25636082
2005 Reversal of hypermethylation and reactivation of p16INK4a, RARbeta, and MGMT genes by genistein and other isoflavones from soy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 296 16203797
1991 Developmental analysis of the retinoic acid-inducible RAR-beta 2 promoter in transgenic animals. Development (Cambridge, England) 251 1668276
2003 DNA methylation of RASSF1A, HIN-1, RAR-beta, Cyclin D2 and Twist in in situ and invasive lobular breast carcinoma. International journal of cancer 209 14601057
1997 Role of the retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) during mouse development. The International journal of developmental biology 205 9240560
2003 Frequent promoter methylation of CDH1, DAPK, RARB, and HIC1 genes in carcinoma of cervix uteri: its relationship to clinical outcome. Molecular cancer 179 12773202
2006 Promoter methylation of P16, RARbeta, E-cadherin, cyclin A1 and cytoglobin in oral cancer: quantitative evaluation using pyrosequencing. British journal of cancer 177 16449996
1997 RRB1 and RRB2 encode maize retinoblastoma-related proteins that interact with a plant D-type cyclin and geminivirus replication protein. Molecular and cellular biology 168 9271385
1990 Ligand specificities of recombinant retinoic acid receptors RAR alpha and RAR beta. The Biochemical journal 156 2176462
1994 Retinoic acid receptor beta 2 (RAR beta 2) null mutant mice appear normal. Developmental biology 136 7958449
2003 Allele loss and promoter hypermethylation of VHL, RAR-beta, RASSF1A, and FHIT tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer research 132 12839965
1992 RAR-beta 4, a retinoic acid receptor isoform is generated from RAR-beta 2 by alternative splicing and usage of a CUG initiator codon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 1313565
2007 Retinoid regulated association of transcriptional co-regulators and the polycomb group protein SUZ12 with the retinoic acid response elements of Hoxa1, RARbeta(2), and Cyp26A1 in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Journal of molecular biology 112 17663992
1999 The targeted disruption of both alleles of RARbeta(2) in F9 cells results in the loss of retinoic acid-associated growth arrest. The Journal of biological chemistry 105 10480883
1995 Reexpression of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) gamma or overexpression of RAR alpha or RAR beta in RAR gamma-null F9 cells reveals a partial functional redundancy between the three RAR types. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 7644503
1991 Implication of RARB in epidermoid (Squamous) lung cancer. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 99 1665705
1996 Compound mutants for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) beta and RAR alpha 1 reveal developmental functions for multiple RAR beta isoforms. Mechanisms of development 93 8734497
2015 Neuronal RARβ Signaling Modulates PTEN Activity Directly in Neurons and via Exosome Transfer in Astrocytes to Prevent Glial Scar Formation and Induce Spinal Cord Regeneration. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 85 26609164
2003 Retinoic acid-induced developmental defects are mediated by RARbeta/RXR heterodimers in the pharyngeal endoderm. Development (Cambridge, England) 85 12668623
2002 Distinct promoter hypermethylation of p16INK4a, CDH1, and RAR-beta in intestinal, diffuse-adherent, and diffuse-scattered type gastric carcinomas. The Journal of pathology 83 12210063
2005 Polymorphisms of the GSTM1, GSTP1, MPO, XRCC1, and NQO1 genes in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancers: relationship with aberrant promoter methylation of the CDKN2A and RARB genes. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 76 16157195
2017 The quaternary architecture of RARβ-RXRα heterodimer facilitates domain-domain signal transmission. Nature communications 73 29021580
1998 Regulation of RAR beta expression by RAR- and RXR-selective retinoids in human lung cancer cell lines: effect on growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. International journal of cancer 71 9426695
2015 Curcumin Reactivates Silenced Tumor Suppressor Gene RARβ by Reducing DNA Methylation. Phytotherapy research : PTR 70 25981383
1996 Regulation of RAR beta 2 mRNA expression: evidence for an inhibitory peptide encoded in the 5'-untranslated region. The Journal of cell biology 63 8769409
1994 RAR beta isoforms: distinct transcriptional control by retinoic acid and specific spatial patterns of promoter activity during mouse embryonic development. Mechanisms of development 61 8011555
2016 Berberine suppressed epithelial mesenchymal transition through cross-talk regulation of PI3K/AKT and RARα/RARβ in melanoma cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 60 27639645
2013 Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation induces microRNA-dependent reexpression of functional RARβ and tumor regression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 57 23716670
1994 Hyperplasia and tumours in lung, breast and other tissues in mice carrying a RAR beta 4-like transgene. The EMBO journal 56 7988554
2006 Detection of RASSF1A and RARbeta hypermethylation in serum DNA from breast cancer patients. Epigenetics 51 17998817
2003 Carcinogen exposure differentially modulates RAR-beta promoter hypermethylation, an early and frequent event in mouse lung carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 51 14656941
2013 The carotenoid lutein enhances matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and phagocytosis through intracellular ROS generation and ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and RARβ activation in murine macrophages. Journal of leukocyte biology 49 23431043
1996 RAR beta 2-mediated growth inhibition in HeLa cells. Experimental cell research 49 8635481
1995 Efficacy of all-trans-beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and all-trans-, 9-cis-, and 4-oxoretinoic acids in inducing differentiation of an F9 embryonal carcinoma RAR beta-lacZ reporter cell line. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 47 7864621
2019 CCL28-induced RARβ expression inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma bone invasion. The Journal of clinical investigation 46 31487270
2019 NR1B2 suppress kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) progression by regulation of LATS 1/2-YAP signaling. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 45 31391070
2018 Vitamin A Deficiency Induces Autistic-Like Behaviors in Rats by Regulating the RARβ-CD38-Oxytocin Axis in the Hypothalamus. Molecular nutrition & food research 45 29266770
2018 Recurrent RARB Translocations in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Lacking RARA Translocation. Cancer research 44 29921692
2010 Frequent hypermethylation of DAPK, RARbeta, MGMT, RASSF1A and FHIT in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa. Oral oncology 44 21147548
2016 Family of microRNA-146 Regulates RARβ in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. PloS one 43 27011326
2009 High incidence of MGMT and RARbeta promoter methylation in primary glioblastomas: association with histopathological characteristics, inflammatory mediators and clinical outcome. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 43 19809523
2003 Oxidized phospholipids in oxidized low-density lipoprotein down-regulate thrombomodulin transcription in vascular endothelial cells through a decrease in the binding of RARbeta-RXRalpha heterodimers and Sp1 and Sp3 to their binding sequences in the TM promoter. Blood 43 12576329
1996 A limited role for retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors RAR alpha and RAR beta in regulating keratin 19 expression and keratinization in oral and epidermal keratinocytes. The Journal of investigative dermatology 43 8751982
1995 Adenovirus E1A functions as a cofactor for retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta) through direct interaction with RAR beta. Molecular and cellular biology 42 7565739
2016 Gain-of-Function Mutations in RARB Cause Intellectual Disability with Progressive Motor Impairment. Human mutation 41 27120018
2002 Nicotine modulates the effects of retinoids on growth inhibition and RAR beta expression in lung cancer cells. International journal of cancer 41 11979430
2016 miRNA-106a directly targeting RARB associates with the expression of Na(+)/I(-) symporter in thyroid cancer by regulating MAPK signaling pathway. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 39 27342319
2015 Association of folate and other one-carbon related nutrients with hypermethylation status and expression of RARB, BRCA1, and RASSF1A genes in breast cancer patients. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 38 25805039
2013 Methylation of the RARB gene increases prostate cancer risk in black Americans. The Journal of urology 36 23376149
2018 Methylation of L1RE1, RARB, and RASSF1 function as possible biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of lung cancer. PloS one 34 29851970
2023 Retinoic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced ferroptotic liver injury and iron disorders by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and RARβ signaling. Free radical biology & medicine 33 37302616
2016 Genome-wide Analysis of RARβ Transcriptional Targets in Mouse Striatum Links Retinoic Acid Signaling with Huntington's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. Molecular neurobiology 33 27405468
2014 Methylation-associated gene silencing of RARB in areca carcinogens induced mouse oral squamous cell carcinoma. BioMed research international 33 25197641
2004 A novel RARbeta isoform directed by a distinct promoter P3 and mediated by retinoic acid in breast cancer cells. Cancer research 33 15604252
2021 Carcinogenic Risk of 2,6-Di-tert-Butylphenol and Its Quinone Metabolite 2,6-DTBQ Through Their Interruption of RARβ: In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Investigations. Environmental science & technology 32 34927421
2008 Sequential RARbeta and alpha signalling in vivo can induce adult forebrain neural progenitor cells to differentiate into neurons through Shh and FGF signalling pathways. Developmental biology 32 19100254
2013 Deletion of retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) impairs pancreatic endocrine differentiation. Experimental cell research 30 23756134
2020 Polymethoxyflavones from citrus inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation through inducing apoptosis by upregulating RARβ, both in vitro and in vivo. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 29 33058988
2018 RARβ acts as both an upstream regulator and downstream effector of miR-22, which epigenetically regulates NUR77 to induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 29 30252536
2014 Synergistic chromatin repression of the tumor suppressor gene RARB in human prostate cancers. Epigenetics 26 24492483
2018 Associations of RASSF1A, RARβ, and CDH1 promoter hypermethylation with oral cancer risk: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine 25 29538221
2015 DAPK1, MGMT and RARB promoter methylation as biomarkers for high-grade cervical lesions. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 25 26823825
2000 RARbeta involvement in enhancement of lung tumor cell immunogenicity revealed by array analysis. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 25 10834944
1998 Reduced expression of retinoic acid receptor beta protein (RAR beta) in human papillary thyroid carcinoma: immunohistochemical and western blot study. Histopathology 24 9822923
2013 Mutual exclusivity analysis of genetic and epigenetic drivers in melanoma identifies a link between p14 ARF and RARβ signaling. Molecular cancer research : MCR 23 23851445
2008 Rexinoid-induced expression of IGFBP-6 requires RARbeta-dependent permissive cooperation of retinoid receptors and AP-1. The Journal of biological chemistry 23 18957410
2011 RA-RAR-β counteracts myelin-dependent inhibition of neurite outgrowth via Lingo-1 repression. The Journal of cell biology 22 21690307
2018 Methylation status of SFRP1, SFRP2, RASSF1A, RARβ and DAPK1 genes in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Archives of oral biology 21 30576962
1996 Altered distribution of the nuclear receptor RAR beta accompanies proliferation and differentiation changes caused by retinoic acid in Caco-2 cells. In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal 19 8835319
1995 TGF-beta modulates the expression of retinoic acid-induced RAR-beta in primary cultures of embryonic palate cells. Experimental cell research 19 7556459
2021 LncRNA HAND2-AS1 exerts anti-oncogenic effects on bladder cancer via restoration of RARB as a sponge of microRNA-146. Cancer cell international 18 34238300
2018 Combinatorial knockout of RARα, RARβ, and RARγ completely abrogates transcriptional responses to retinoic acid in murine embryonic stem cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 18 29848550
2014 Combined effects methylation of FHIT, RASSF1A and RARβ genes on non-small cell lung cancer in the Chinese population. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 18 25040980
2007 Immunohistochemical expression of RARalpha, RARbeta, and Cx43 in breast tumor cell lines after treatment with lycopene and correlation with RT-QPCR. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 18 17438348
1995 Antisense oligonucleotides to CRABP I and II alter the expression of TGF-beta 3, RAR-beta, and tenascin in primary cultures of embryonic palate cells. In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal 18 8528505
1994 Reciprocal changes in Hox D13 and RAR-beta 2 expression in response to retinoic acid in chick limb buds. Developmental biology 18 7958440
2020 Recent advances in the design of RAR α and RAR β agonists as orally bioavailable drugs. A review. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 17 33069074
2012 Epigenetic alterations of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ) and survivin genes in tumor tissues and voided urine of bladder cancer patients. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 17 22992440
2005 An EGF receptor inhibitor induces RAR-beta expression in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 17 15766561
2002 Role of coactivators and corepressors in the induction of the RARbeta gene in human colon cancer cells. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 17 12392082
2011 Frequent methylation of RASSF1 and RARB in urine sediments from patients with early stage prostate cancer. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 16 21822036
2005 Retinoid signaling competence and RARbeta-mediated gene regulation in the developing mammalian telencephalon. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 16 15736225
2004 Promoter hypermethylation of MGMT, CDH1, RAR-beta and SYK tumour suppressor genes in granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) of ovarian origin. British journal of cancer 16 14970867
2004 The p73 gene is an anti-tumoral target of the RARbeta/gamma-selective retinoid tazarotene. The Journal of investigative dermatology 16 15610529
2002 The retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta) mRNA expression in the oral squamous cell carcinoma associated with betel quid use. Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 16 12076325
2001 Expression of RARalpha and RARbeta in human oral potentially malignant and neoplastic lesions. International journal of cancer 16 11149416
1999 RARbeta mediates the response of Hoxd4 and Hoxb4 to exogenous retinoic acid. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 16 10373014
2012 Methylation of the RASSF1A and RARβ genes as a candidate biomarker for lung cancer. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 15 22970018
2006 Truncated RAR beta isoform enhances proliferation and retinoid resistance. Journal of cellular physiology 15 17001699
2015 An Unexpected Mode Of Binding Defines BMS948 as A Full Retinoic Acid Receptor β (RARβ, NR1B2) Selective Agonist. PloS one 14 25933005
2015 Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review). International journal of oncology 14 25997921
2004 Differential expression of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) and the AP-1 transcription factor in normal, premalignant and malignant human laryngeal tissues. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 14 15010078
2003 Methylation analysis of several tumour suppressor genes shows a low frequency of methylation of CDKN2A and RARB in uveal melanomas. Comparative and functional genomics 14 18629284
2001 Enhanced apoptosis and radiosensitization by combined 13-cis-retinoic acid and interferon-alpha2a; role of RAR-beta gene. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 14 11697325
1995 Postnatal rat lung retinoic acid receptor (RAR) mRNA expression and effects of dexamethasone on RAR beta mRNA. Pediatric pulmonology 14 8606853
2021 MiR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p are involved in Th17 cell differentiation by negatively regulating RARB expression. Human cell 13 34086186
2014 A meta-analysis of the relationship between RARβ gene promoter methylation and non-small cell lung cancer. PloS one 13 24796328
2014 Association of methylation of the RAR-β gene with cigarette smoking in non-small cell lung cancer with Southern-Central Chinese population. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 13 25605205
1999 Retinoic acid modulates RAR alpha and RAR beta receptors in human glioma cell lines. Anticancer research 13 10652610
2020 All-Trans Retinoic Acid Rescues the Tumor Suppressive Role of RAR-β by Inhibiting LncHOXA10 Expression in Gastric Tumorigenesis. Nutrition and cancer 12 32959699

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