Affinage

PTX3

Pentraxin-related protein PTX3 · UniProt P26022

Length
381 aa
Mass
42.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 39 papers cited in narrative 39 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PTX3 (TSG-14) is a secreted, glycosylated multimeric pattern-recognition glycoprotein that links humoral innate immunity to inflammation, tissue repair, and complement regulation (PMID:7679696, PMID:25679762). Its expression is induced at the transcriptional level by TNF, IL-1, and LPS in fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and myeloid cells through a TATA/CCAAT-less promoter carrying NF-κB, AP-1, NF-IL6, Sp1, GAS, and Ets elements, with lung epithelial induction routed through JNK rather than NF-κB (PMID:7679696, PMID:7949102, PMID:7592730, PMID:16339571). Production is shaped by additional layers of control: glucocorticoids exert opposite, cell-type-specific effects through dimerization-independent GR repression in myeloid cells versus dimerization-dependent induction in stromal cells (PMID:18703503); IFN-γ represses the gene in monocytes by destabilizing its mRNA (PMID:9521058); distal/intronic enhancers are basally silenced by PRC2 (PMID:28811977); and the transcript is regulated epitranscriptomically by METTL3/m6A-YTHDF3-mediated decay, NAT10-ac4C stabilization, and PRMT1-H4R3me2a/YY1-driven activation (PMID:37957139, PMID:36647288, PMID:38724075). Structurally, recombinant PTX3 assembles into covalent octamers built from disulfide-stabilized tetramers, and the tetramer is the functional unit required for extracellular matrix organization (PMID:18223257). Stored preformed in neutrophil specific granules and rapidly released upon microbial challenge, PTX3 opsonizes zymosan and fungi to drive dectin-1-dependent phagocytosis, mediates antifungal protection against Aspergillus through an MD-2/TLR4/TRIF/IL-10 axis, and bridges innate and adaptive immunity by binding marginal-zone B cells to promote antibody responses (PMID:14726497, PMID:17389238, PMID:25049357, PMID:27621420). It engages complement components C1q, ficolins, and MBL and the regulators C4BP and factor H to tune complement activation (PMID:22964239), and acts as an extrinsic oncosuppressor by restraining complement-CCL2-driven tumor-promoting macrophage recruitment, a function epigenetically silenced by promoter methylation in human tumors (PMID:25679762). PTX3 also promotes fibrin remodeling and resolution during wound healing and lung repair through interactions with fibrin and plasminogen (PMID:26763449, PMID:34276664), and activates ERK1/2 in cardiac fibroblasts to exacerbate pressure-overload remodeling (PMID:23372656). In a context-dependent reversal, autocrine tumor-cell-derived PTX3 drives TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB-dependent migration, invasion, EMT, and metastasis (PMID:25797258, PMID:31253871).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 22 steps
  1. 1993 High

    Established that PTX3 is an inducible secreted glycoprotein rather than a constitutive product, defining it as an acute inflammatory response gene controlled at transcription by TNF and IL-1.

    Evidence Cell-free transcription/translation, microsome processing, nuclear run-on, and Northern blot in fibroblasts and endothelial cells

    PMID:7679696

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define promoter elements responsible for cytokine induction
    • Function of the secreted protein unknown
  2. 1994 High

    Showed that myeloid cells produce PTX3 and that monocyte versus stromal induction differ mechanistically, hinting at cell-type-specific regulation.

    Evidence Run-on, actinomycin D/cycloheximide, antibody neutralization, and immunoprecipitation in monocytes/macrophages, fibroblasts, and hepatoma cells plus LPS injection in mice

    PMID:7523502 PMID:7949102

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the protein-synthesis-dependent factor required in monocytes
    • In vivo cellular source incompletely mapped
  3. 1995 High

    Defined the PTX3 promoter architecture, explaining how diverse inflammatory signals converge on its transcription.

    Evidence Primer extension, S1 nuclease protection, and luciferase reporter transfection identifying an initiator element and NF-κB/AP-1/NF-IL6/Sp1/GAS/Ets sites

    PMID:7592730

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not assign which sites mediate which stimulus
    • Distal regulatory elements not examined
  4. 1998 Medium

    Resolved how IFN-γ represses PTX3 and showed the repression is monocyte-restricted, establishing post-transcriptional control via mRNA stability.

    Evidence Northern blot, actinomycin D mRNA-stability assay, and ELISA comparing monocytes to fibroblasts/endothelium

    PMID:9521058

    Open questions at the time
    • mRNA destabilizing factor not identified
    • Mechanism of cell-type specificity unresolved
  5. 2000 High

    Distinguished signaling requirements for LPS induction in macrophages versus fibroblasts, showing IFN-γ represses through an unconventional STAT1-independent route.

    Evidence Northern blot, cycloheximide, NF-κB EMSA, IκB degradation, and STAT1-null macrophages

    PMID:10733100

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the STAT1-independent repressive pathway unknown
    • Protein-synthesis-dependent intermediary not defined
  6. 2001 High

    Provided the first in vivo gain-of-function evidence that PTX3 protects against endotoxemia and sepsis, linking it to host defense.

    Evidence TSG-14/PTX3 transgenic mice in LPS and CLP models with macrophage NO assays

    PMID:11404378

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of protection not defined
    • Direct pathogen-binding role not yet established
  7. 2004 High

    Identified PTX3 as a pathogen opsonin acting through dectin-1, giving it a concrete antifungal effector function.

    Evidence Recombinant PTX3 binding to zymosan and P. brasiliensis, macrophage phagocytosis with dectin-1 blockade, FACS/RT-PCR

    PMID:14726497

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct PTX3-dectin-1 versus indirect bridging not fully distinguished
    • Generality across pathogens untested at this stage
  8. 2007 High

    Localized PTX3 to neutrophil specific granules and NETs, explaining its rapid availability at infection sites and a non-redundant antifungal role.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation, NET imaging, and phagocytosis in PTX3-deficient neutrophils against A. fumigatus

    PMID:17389238

    Open questions at the time
    • Granule-targeting/storage mechanism unknown
    • Receptor mediating neutrophil antifungal recognition not yet identified
  9. 2008 High

    Defined the disulfide-bonded octameric quaternary structure and showed tetramers are the functional unit for ECM organization.

    Evidence Native/denaturing PAGE, mass spectrometry disulfide mapping, Cys-to-Ser mutagenesis, and ex vivo cumulus matrix rescue in PTX3-deficient mice

    PMID:18223257

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of ligand recognition not solved
    • Whether all functions require tetramer/octamer untested
  10. 2008 High

    Explained the paradoxical glucocorticoid regulation of PTX3 as opposite GR mechanisms in hematopoietic versus stromal cells.

    Evidence GR dimerization-deficient mouse cells, cell-type-specific production assays, and in vivo/clinical GC administration

    PMID:18703503

    Open questions at the time
    • Promoter elements distinguishing GR repression from induction not pinpointed
    • Physiological consequence of GC-raised blood PTX3 unclear
  11. 2012 Medium

    Consolidated PTX3's complement interactome, positioning it as both an activator and regulator across classical and lectin pathways.

    Evidence Binding/interaction studies (review with referenced experimental data) for C1q, ficolins, MBL, C4BP, factor H

    PMID:22964239

    Open questions at the time
    • Review-level synthesis without a novel experiment
    • Binding stoichiometry and in vivo balance of activation versus regulation unresolved
  12. 2013 High

    Demonstrated tissue-protective and ECM-remodeling roles for PTX3 in brain and heart injury, including a defined ERK1/2 signaling readout in cardiac fibroblasts.

    Evidence PTX3-KO and transgenic mice in MCAO stroke, heterotopic heart transplant, and TAC models with BBB/edema, hemodynamics, and pERK1/2 Western blot

    PMID:23372656 PMID:24112130 PMID:24346689

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating ERK1/2 activation in fibroblasts not identified
    • Reconciling protective versus deleterious cardiac roles across injury models unresolved
  13. 2014 High

    Defined the MD-2/TLR4/TRIF/IL-10 antifungal signaling axis, gave PTX3 an extrinsic oncosuppressor function via complement-CCL2-macrophage restraint, and showed epigenetic silencing in human tumors.

    Evidence In vitro MD-2 binding, Md2/Tlr4-KO infection with adoptive neutrophil transfer; Ptx3-KO carcinogenesis models with complement blockade, CCL2 measurement, and promoter methylation analysis

    PMID:25049357 PMID:25679762

    Open questions at the time
    • How PTX3 simultaneously activates and restrains complement contextually not reconciled
    • Direct receptor for oncosuppressive signaling distinct from MD-2 not defined
  14. 2016 High

    Established PTX3 as a bridge to adaptive immunity through marginal-zone B-cell binding and as a tissue-repair factor enabling fibrin remodeling.

    Evidence PTX3 binding to MZ B cells, immunoglobulin measurement in PTX3-deficient mice/humans, perifollicular neutrophil profiling; MSC wound model with fibrin/D-dimer biochemistry and fibrinolysis assays

    PMID:26763449 PMID:27621420

    Open questions at the time
    • MZ B-cell receptor for PTX3 not identified
    • Molecular basis of PTX3-promoted pericellular fibrinolysis incompletely defined
  15. 2015 Medium

    Revealed a tumor-cell-intrinsic, autocrine PTX3 program in which growth-factor and lipid signaling drive AP-1/NF-κB-dependent PTX3 to promote invasion and metastasis, plus FcγRI-dependent pro-fibrotic differentiation.

    Evidence c-Jun/NF-κB knockdown, promoter reporters/ChIP, mRNA-stability assays, migration/invasion and xenograft metastasis models in HNSCC; FcγRI blocking and competition with SAP in fibrocyte assays

    PMID:25774777 PMID:25797258 PMID:28489600

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor for autocrine PTX3 not defined in these studies
    • Reconciliation with oncosuppressor role left to context
  16. 2017 High

    Resolved the distal regulatory landscape and its STAT3-driven epigenetic remodeling in cancer, and identified a pathogen-driven dual transcriptional/microRNA control of PTX3.

    Evidence ChIP-seq, STAT3 inhibition/knockdown, DNA methylation/5-aza-dC, reporter assays; and TLR4/NF-κB plus miR-9 manipulation with phagocytosis assay for P. aeruginosa GroEL

    PMID:28031262 PMID:28811977

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of enhancer reactivation in tumors not fully tested
    • miR-9 regulatory node not validated beyond single model
  17. 2019 High

    Mapped the autocrine tumor-promoting receptor circuit and an inflammasome-amplifying partnership with C1q, expanding PTX3's signaling repertoire.

    Evidence CRISPR PTX3 editing with TLR4/MYD88 knockdown and NF-κB reporter/migration assays in melanoma; flow cytometry, GSDMD cleavage, caspase-1, and cytokine assays for PTX3+C1q in monocytes

    PMID:31253871 PMID:31601476

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct PTX3-TLR4 binding versus co-receptor requirement not resolved
    • In vivo relevance of PTX3-C1q pyroptosis not established
  18. 2020 Medium

    Connected PTX3 to chemotherapy-induced metastatic dissemination and to JNK-JUN-driven cancer stemness, deepening its tumor-cell-intrinsic role.

    Evidence sEV proteomics with CRISPR PTX3 deletion in TNBC xenografts; SH3RF3-JNK Co-IP, phospho-JNK, JUN ChIP at PTX3 promoter, and breast organoids

    PMID:32427938 PMID:33115808

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of PTX3 enrichment in sEVs unclear
    • Single-lab findings without reciprocal validation of the SH3RF3-JNK-PTX3 axis
  19. 2021 Medium

    Placed PTX3 host defense and tissue protection on fibrin clearance, showing a complement-independent mode against K. pneumoniae and a fibrin/plasminogen-dependent repair role in lung fibrosis.

    Evidence Ptx3-KO bleomycin model with fibrin/collagen quantification and fibrinolysis assays; Ptx3-KO and Ptx3/C3 double-KO mice with bacterial burden and negative direct-binding assays

    PMID:34093560 PMID:34276664

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct biochemical fibrin/plasminogen binding inferred rather than fully reconstituted here
    • Anti-inflammatory effector mechanism in K. pneumoniae control undefined
  20. 2022 Medium

    Identified additional pro-tumor and bone-remodeling circuits where kinase/lipid signaling drives PTX3, including SPHK1-JNK feedback and a HA/CD44/FAK/AKT osteogenic loop.

    Evidence SPHK1 gain/loss with phospho-JNK and reporter assays in orthotopic GBM; PTX3 gain/loss with HA digestion, FAK/AKT inhibitors, CD44/HAS knockdown, and periodontitis micro-CT

    PMID:34653679 PMID:36562002

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-model evidence for each circuit
    • How PTX3 engages the HA pericellular matrix mechanistically not resolved
  21. 2023 High

    Established epitranscriptomic control of PTX3 as a node coupling RNA modification machinery to macrophage polarization and autophagy.

    Evidence m6A-seq, YTHDF3 RIP, METTL3 myeloid KO with PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT6 readouts; ChIP for H4R3me2a/YY1 with PRMT1 manipulation and autophagic/ferritinophagy assays

    PMID:36647288 PMID:37957139

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PTX3 protein mediates the autophagy phenotype directly or indirectly not fully separated
    • Cross-talk among the m6A, ac4C, and H4R3me2a layers untested
  22. 2024 High

    Defined NAT10-ac4C as a stabilizing/translation-enhancing mark on PTX3 mRNA driving synovial aggression, providing a druggable epitranscriptomic axis in rheumatoid arthritis.

    Evidence ac4C-RIP-seq/RNA-seq, NAT10-PTX3 mRNA RIP, NAT10 knockdown and remodelin, synoviocyte invasion assays, and CIA/DTHA models

    PMID:38724075

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream PTX3 effector pathway in synoviocytes not fully mapped
    • Single-lab disease-model validation

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The receptor(s) and structural basis by which secreted PTX3 transduces signals across its divergent contexts—antifungal protection, complement tuning, tissue repair, and tumor promotion—remain incompletely defined, as does how the same molecule is both oncosuppressive and pro-metastatic.
  • No unified structural model of ligand/receptor engagement
  • Mechanistic reconciliation of opposing tumor roles unresolved
  • In vivo human relevance of cancer-cell-intrinsic TLR4/MYD88 signaling untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0038024 cargo receptor activity 2 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 1
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 2 GO:0031012 extracellular matrix 2 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 2 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 2
Partners
C1QCFHFCGR1FCN1FCN2MBLMD-2TLR4

Evidence

Reading pass · 39 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 TSG-14/PTX3 encodes a secreted 42-kDa glycoprotein with a cleavable signal peptide sequence that is glycosylated, and its expression is induced at the transcriptional level by TNF and IL-1 in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, with de novo protein synthesis not required for mRNA induction. Cell-free transcription/translation, in vitro translation with microsomes, nuclear run-on analysis, Northern blot Journal of immunology High 7679696
1994 PTX3 is expressed and released by monocytes/macrophages and myeloid cell lines in response to LPS or IL-1β at the transcriptional level; induction in monocytes requires de novo protein synthesis, is inhibited by IL-4, and is not mediated by secondary TNF or IL-1 signals. Northern blot, nuclear run-on analysis, actinomycin D and cycloheximide treatment, antibody neutralization, PTX3-specific antiserum for protein detection Blood High 7949102
1994 TSG-14/PTX3 protein is produced by fibroblasts and hepatoma cells in response to TNF, IL-1, IL-6, or dexamethasone, but hepatocytes are not the major site of TSG-14 synthesis in vivo after LPS injection in mice. Immunoprecipitation, Northern blot, LPS injection in mice with tissue analysis Journal of immunology Medium 7523502
1995 The TSG-14/PTX3 promoter lacks TATA and CCAAT boxes, uses an initiator element for transcription initiation, and contains NF-IL6, AP-1, NF-κB, Sp1, GAS, and Ets binding sites; TNF-inducible promoter activity was demonstrated by reporter gene transfection. Primer extension, S1 nuclease protection, luciferase reporter transfection, sequence analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 7592730
1998 IFN-γ inhibits PTX3 gene expression in human monocytes by reducing PTX3 mRNA stability and transcription, and suppresses PTX3 protein secretion; this inhibition is monocyte-specific and does not occur in fibroblasts or endothelial cells. Northern blot, actinomycin D mRNA stability assay, ELISA for protein, cell-type comparison experiments European journal of immunology Medium 9521058
2000 LPS-induced TSG-14/PTX3 expression in macrophages (but not fibroblasts) requires de novo protein synthesis, is delayed compared to fibroblasts, is inhibited by IFN-γ through an unconventional STAT1-independent mechanism not involving NF-κB inhibition, and is blocked by the antioxidant PDTC (which inhibits NF-κB). Northern blot, cycloheximide treatment, NF-κB EMSA, IκB degradation assay, STAT1 null mouse macrophages Journal of leukocyte biology High 10733100
2001 TSG-14/PTX3 transgenic mice overexpressing the murine gene are more resistant to LPS-induced endotoxic shock and CLP-induced sepsis; macrophages from transgenic mice produce higher nitric oxide in response to IFN-γ, TNF-α, and LPS due to increased IFN-γ responsiveness. Transgenic mouse generation, LPS endotoxemia model, CLP sepsis model, NO assay in macrophage cultures Journal of leukocyte biology High 11404378
2004 Recombinant PTX3 binds to zymosan particles and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells and acts as an opsonin to promote macrophage phagocytosis; this opsonic activity is dependent on dectin-1 receptor signaling. Recombinant PTX3 binding assay, transgenic mouse macrophage phagocytosis assay, dectin-1 blockade, FACS, RT-PCR Journal of leukocyte biology High 14726497
2005 TNF-α induces PTX3 expression in human lung epithelial cells via the JNK signaling pathway; blockade of JNK1 or JNK2 by pharmacological inhibitor SP600125 or siRNA knockdown significantly reduced PTX3 expression, while NF-κB, ERK, and p38 MAPK inhibitors had no effect. Expression requires both transcriptional and translational regulation. Pharmacological inhibitors, siRNA knockdown, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, in vivo LPS injection in rats Journal of immunology High 16339571
2007 PTX3 is stored in specific (lactoferrin-positive) granules of neutrophils and undergoes rapid release in response to microbial recognition and inflammatory signals; released PTX3 partially localizes in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). PTX3-deficient neutrophils have defective microbial recognition and phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus. Immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation, PTX3-deficient mouse neutrophils, phagocytosis assay, NET visualization The Journal of experimental medicine High 17389238
2008 Human recombinant PTX3 is predominantly composed of covalently linked octamers; Cys47, Cys49, and Cys103 in the N-terminal domain form three interchain disulfide bonds stabilizing a tetrameric unit, and Cys317 and Cys318 in the C-terminal domain link two tetramers into an octamer. PTX3 tetramers (but not predominantly dimeric mutants) are the functional units required for cumulus extracellular matrix organization. Native and denaturing PAGE, mass spectrometry, Cys-to-Ser site-directed mutagenesis, ex vivo cumulus matrix rescue assay in PTX3-deficient mice The Journal of biological chemistry High 18223257
2008 Glucocorticoids have divergent cell-type-specific effects on PTX3 production: in myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages (hematopoietic cells), GR represses PTX3 transcription in a dimerization-independent manner via interference with NF-κB/AP-1; in fibroblasts and endothelial cells (non-hematopoietic), GR acts as a dimerization-dependent transcription factor to induce PTX3 expression. GC administration in vivo increases blood PTX3 levels. Cell-specific PTX3 production assays, GR dimerization-deficient mouse cells, in vivo GC administration in mice and humans (Cushing syndrome patients) The Journal of biological chemistry High 18703503
2009 PTX3 and TSG-6 are co-regulated in monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells; both proteins are stored in neutrophil granules; IL-10 synergizes with TLR-mediated PTX3 induction but inhibits TSG-6, while IL-4 suppresses both. TSG-6 co-localizes with PTX3 in inflammatory infiltrates. RT-PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, cell stimulation assays Journal of leukocyte biology Medium 19389798
2010 CEBPD (C/EBPδ) transcriptionally activates PTX3 expression in astrocytes, and astrocyte-derived PTX3 attenuates macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of damaged neuron cells, contributing to accumulation of damaged neurons as a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Global gene expression profiling, reporter assay, PTX3 knockdown/overexpression, phagocytosis assay Neurobiology of aging Medium 21112127
2012 PTX3 interacts with C1q, ficolin-1, ficolin-2, and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in the classical and lectin complement pathways, and also interacts with complement regulators C4b-binding protein and factor H; these interactions result in cooperative pathogen recognition and complement activation or regulation. Binding assays (as reviewed with referenced experimental data), interaction studies Immunobiology Medium 22964239
2013 PTX3 deficiency in mice impairs blood-brain barrier integrity and resolution of brain edema after ischemic injury, associated with impaired glial scar formation and altered scar-associated extracellular matrix production; IL-1 is identified as a key driver of PTX3 expression in the brain after experimental stroke. PTX3 gene-deleted mice, middle cerebral artery occlusion model, BBB integrity assay, brain edema measurement, immunohistochemistry Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism Medium 24346689
2013 PTX3 attenuates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in a transplantation model by reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, neutrophil/macrophage infiltration, and restricting γδ T-cell expansion with decreased IL-23/IL-17A expression; neutralizing PTX3 antibody worsened injury. Murine heterotopic heart transplant model, neutralizing antibody, exogenous PTX3 administration, troponin T measurement, hemodynamic assessment, flow cytometry for γδ T cells Transplant international Medium 24112130
2013 PTX3 exacerbates pressure overload-induced left ventricular dysfunction; recombinant PTX3 phosphorylates ERK1/2 in cardiac fibroblasts. PTX3-KO mice show attenuated ERK1/2 and NF-κB phosphorylation, reduced IL-6 and CTGF production after TAC; PTX3 transgenic mice show enhanced adverse remodeling and fibrosis. PTX3 knockout and cardiac-specific transgenic mice, transverse aortic constriction model, echocardiography, Western blot (pERK1/2), in vitro recombinant PTX3 treatment of cardiac fibroblasts PloS one High 23372656
2014 PTX3 binds myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) in vitro and exerts antifungal protection against Aspergillus fumigatus through TLR4/MD-2-mediated TRIF-dependent signaling, converging on IL-10 production; MD-2-deficient mice phenocopy TLR4-deficient mice in aspergillosis susceptibility and cannot be rescued by PTX3 treatment unless reconstituted with MD-2-competent neutrophils. In vitro MD-2 binding assay, Md2-/- and Tlr4-/- mouse infection models, adoptive neutrophil transfer, cytokine measurement Journal of immunology High 25049357
2014 PTX3 acts as an extrinsic oncosuppressor by regulating complement-dependent, macrophage-sustained tumor-promoting inflammation; PTX3 deficiency amplifies complement activation, CCL2 production, and tumor-promoting macrophage recruitment. PTX3 expression is epigenetically silenced by promoter methylation in selected human tumors (leiomyosarcomas, colorectal cancer). Ptx3-/- mice in carcinogenesis models, pharmacological complement blocking, CCL2 measurement, macrophage depletion, DNA methylation analysis, gene-targeted mouse epistasis Cell High 25679762
2014 PTX3 stimulates osteoclastogenesis indirectly by increasing RANKL mRNA expression and protein secretion from precursor osteoblasts, accompanied by increased RUNX2 expression; PTX3 siRNA knockdown in precursor osteoblasts suppresses RANKL production and reduces osteoclastogenesis in co-culture. Co-culture assay (precursor osteoblasts + precursor osteoclasts), TRAP staining, siRNA knockdown, RANKL ELISA, qRT-PCR, LPS-induced osteolysis mouse model Journal of cellular physiology Medium 24664887
2015 EGF-induced PTX3 transcriptional activation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells occurs via c-Jun binding to AP-1 sites in the PTX3 promoter, dependent on PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways; autocrine PTX3 promotes cell migration, invasion, endothelial cell interaction, and lung metastasis, involving fibronectin, MMP9, and E-cadherin regulation. c-Jun and NF-κB knockdown, luciferase promoter reporter assay, migration/invasion assays, tail-vein xenograft model, ChIP (AP-1 binding) Oncotarget Medium 25797258
2015 PTX3 promotes fibrocyte differentiation in a manner dependent on FcγRI; this pro-fibrocyte effect is dominant over SAP's inhibitory effect in competition. SAP and PTX3 bind FcγRI at different sites. In vitro fibrocyte differentiation assay, FcγRI blocking, competition binding studies with recombinant proteins, murine lung fibrosis model (immunohistochemistry) PloS one Medium 25774777
2016 PTX3 bridges humoral innate and adaptive immunity by binding to splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells; PTX3 is released by a perifollicular neutrophil subset with an immune activation gene signature, and promotes homeostatic and infection-induced IgM and class-switched IgG antibody production to microbial capsular polysaccharides via T cell-independent and T cell-dependent signals. PTX3 binding to MZ B cells (flow cytometry), PTX3-deficient mouse immunoglobulin measurement, neutrophil gene expression profiling, infection/immunization models The Journal of experimental medicine High 27621420
2016 MSC-derived PTX3 is required for wound healing by promoting fibrin remodeling; Ptx3-/- MSCs show defective pericellular fibrinolysis and migration through fibrin, and when transplanted fail to close wounds normally, with increased fibrin and reduced D-dimer deposition at wound sites. Murine skin wound model with GFP+ MSCs, confocal microscopy, biochemical fibrin/D-dimer quantification, in vitro fibrinolysis and fibrin migration assays in Ptx3-/- vs WT MSCs The Journal of investigative dermatology High 26763449
2017 PTX3 expression is regulated by two enhancers: enhancer 1 (230 kb upstream of promoter) responds to inflammatory transcription factors including STAT3; enhancer 2 (in the second exon) is involved in pre-initiation complex assembly. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) silences these elements under basal conditions. In colorectal cancer, enhancer 1 is epigenetically inactivated early and acquires STAT3 binding; inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation restores PTX3 expression. ChIP-seq, STAT3 inhibitor treatment, DNA methylation analysis, STAT3 knockdown, luciferase reporter assays, 5-aza-dC demethylation Oncoimmunology High 28811977
2017 Oleate induces PTX3 expression and secretion via Akt/NF-κB pathway activation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells; NF-κB activation is essential for oleate-induced PTX3 mRNA stabilization. Oleate-induced PTX3 promotes tumor cell migration, invasion, and EMT (vimentin, MMP-3 upregulation) in an autocrine manner; vimentin is a downstream effector. Akt/NF-κB inhibitors, siRNA knockdown of PTX3 and vimentin, mRNA stability assay, migration/invasion assays, lung metastasis xenograft model Oncotarget Medium 28489600
2019 Autocrine PTX3 produced by invasive melanoma cells triggers an IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway that promotes migration, invasion, and TWIST1 expression; this effect is dependent on TLR4 and MYD88, as their knockdown inhibits PTX3-induced migration. CRISPR/Cas9 PTX3 editing, TLR4/MYD88 siRNA knockdown, NF-κB reporter assay, migration/invasion assays, xenograft lung extravasation model Oncogene High 31253871
2019 C1q promotes PTX3 binding to CD14+ monocytes, and PTX3 synergizes with C1q to promote NLRP3 inflammasome overactivation, gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis, and inflammatory cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in monocytes; IL-6 further promotes PTX3+C1q-induced pyroptosis. Flow cytometry (PTX3/monocyte binding), GSDMD cleavage assay (Western blot), caspase-1 activity, cytokine ELISA, cell death assays Journal of autoimmunity Medium 31601476
2020 Doxorubicin induces upregulation and enrichment of PTX3 in tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs); CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of PTX3 suppresses chemotherapy-induced sEV-mediated premetastatic niche formation and pulmonary metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer xenografts. Proteomic analysis of sEVs, CRISPR/Cas9 PTX3 deletion, xenograft mouse metastasis model, pharmacological inhibition of sEV secretion/uptake Cancer research Medium 33115808
2020 SH3RF3 interacts with JNK in a JIP-dependent manner, leading to enhanced JNK phosphorylation and JNK-JUN pathway activation, which transcriptionally activates PTX3 expression to expand cancer stem-like cell subpopulations in breast cancer. Co-immunoprecipitation (SH3RF3-JNK), phospho-JNK Western blot, PTX3 reporter assay, ChIP for JUN at PTX3 promoter, breast cancer organoid culture Nature communications Medium 32427938
2021 PTX3 deficiency in mice worsens bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis with impaired fibrin removal and increased collagen deposition; PTX3 interacts with fibrin and plasminogen to facilitate timely removal of fibrin-rich ECM during tissue repair. PTX3 knockout mouse BLM model, fibrin and collagen quantification, fibrinolysis assays Frontiers in immunology Medium 34276664
2021 PTX3 does not directly bind K. pneumoniae or promote opsonophagocytosis of this pathogen; PTX3 controls K. pneumoniae infection in a complement-independent manner by modulating inflammatory responses and reducing fibrin deposition and tissue damage. Ptx3-/-, Ptx3-/-/C3-/- double-KO mice, bacterial burden quantification, complement interaction assays (negative result for direct binding), histopathology, fibrinogen/fibrin measurement Frontiers in immunology Medium 34093560
2021 PTX3 promotes osteogenic differentiation in an inflammatory environment by positioning itself in the HA-dependent pericellular matrix, promoting HA synthesis and CD44 expression, and activating a FAK/AKT positive feedback loop that further upregulates HAS1/2/3 and CD44; disruption of any component of this HA/CD44/FAK/AKT loop abolishes PTX3's osteogenic effect. PTX3 gain- and loss-of-function in MC3T3-E1 cells, HA digestion, FAK/AKT inhibitors, CD44 and HAS knockdown, in vivo periodontitis bone regeneration model with local PTX3 treatment, micro-CT Bone Medium 34653679
2022 SPHK1 promotes GBM growth partly through JNK phosphorylation leading to transcriptional activation of PTX3 via JNK-JUN and JNK-ATF3 pathways; SPHK1 and PTX3 form a positive feedback loop that reciprocally increases each other's expression and promotes inflammation. SPHK1 overexpression/silencing, PTX3 knockdown, phospho-JNK Western blot, reporter assay, orthotopic mouse GBM model Acta pharmaceutica sinica B Medium 36562002
2023 METTL3-mediated m6A modification promotes YTHDF3-dependent degradation of PTX3 mRNA; loss of METTL3 impairs this m6A-YTHDF3 degradation pathway, leading to elevated PTX3 expression that promotes M2 macrophage activation via PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT6 signaling and modulates STX17-dependent autophagy maturation. m6A-seq, RIP (YTHDF3-mRNA interaction), METTL3 conditional knockout in myeloid cells, PTX3 knockdown/overexpression, Western blot for PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT6 pathway Nature communications High 37957139
2023 PRMT1-mediated H4R3me2a epigenetic mark activates PTX3 transcription by promoting YY1 binding to its promoter; reduced PRMT1 in IDH1-mutant gliomas decreases PTX3 expression, leading to impaired autophagic balance and heightened ferritinophagic flux. ChIP for H4R3me2a and YY1 at PTX3 promoter, PRMT1 knockdown/overexpression, PTX3 siRNA/secretion inhibition, autophagic flux assays, ferritin level measurement Autophagy Medium 36647288
2024 NAT10-mediated N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification of PTX3 mRNA increases its stability and translation efficiency in fibroblast-like synoviocytes; elevated NAT10 drives PTX3-dependent synovial aggression and immune cell infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis. NAT10 inhibition in vivo attenuates arthritis severity. ac4C-RIP-seq combined with RNA-seq, RNA immunoprecipitation (NAT10-PTX3 mRNA), NAT10 knockdown and inhibitor (remodelin), synoviocyte migration/invasion assays, CIA and DTHA mouse models Annals of the rheumatic diseases High 38724075
2017 P. aeruginosa GroEL activates PTX3 expression in monocytes via TLR4-dependent NF-κB pathway while simultaneously inhibiting microRNA-9, which normally targets the PTX3 transcript; GroEL-induced PTX3 then acts as an opsonin to promote phagocytosis of S. aureus. NF-κB inhibitor, microRNA-9 overexpression/inhibition, TLR4 blocking, phagocytosis assay Infection and immunity Medium 28031262

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2007 The humoral pattern recognition receptor PTX3 is stored in neutrophil granules and localizes in extracellular traps. The Journal of experimental medicine 439 17389238
2015 PTX3 is an extrinsic oncosuppressor regulating complement-dependent inflammation in cancer. Cell 338 25679762
2007 Pentraxins in innate immunity: from C-reactive protein to the long pentraxin PTX3. Journal of clinical immunology 330 17828584
2014 Genetic PTX3 deficiency and aspergillosis in stem-cell transplantation. The New England journal of medicine 252 24476432
2002 Production of the long pentraxin PTX3 in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 245 12006411
2009 Deficiency of the long pentraxin PTX3 promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 231 19667236
1994 Inducible expression of PTX3, a new member of the pentraxin family, in human mononuclear phagocytes. Blood 230 7949102
1993 TSG-14, a tumor necrosis factor- and IL-1-inducible protein, is a novel member of the pentaxin family of acute phase proteins. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 220 7679696
2018 PTX3, a Humoral Pattern Recognition Molecule, in Innate Immunity, Tissue Repair, and Cancer. Physiological reviews 163 29412047
2000 Expression and production of the long pentraxin PTX3 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clinical and experimental immunology 162 10606983
2008 Expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in human atherosclerotic lesions. The Journal of pathology 160 18220316
2007 Role of the soluble pattern recognition receptor PTX3 in vascular biology. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 155 17760835
2005 TNFalpha-induced long pentraxin PTX3 expression in human lung epithelial cells via JNK. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 153 16339571
2016 The pentraxins PTX3 and SAP in innate immunity, regulation of inflammation and tissue remodelling. Journal of hepatology 147 26921689
2010 The long pentraxin PTX3: a modulator of the immunoinflammatory response in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 129 20656213
2010 Pentraxins in innate immunity: lessons from PTX3. Cell and tissue research 127 20683616
2004 PTX3 function as an opsonin for the dectin-1-dependent internalization of zymosan by macrophages. Journal of leukocyte biology 125 14726497
2008 Structural characterization of PTX3 disulfide bond network and its multimeric status in cumulus matrix organization. The Journal of biological chemistry 119 18223257
2016 HC-HA/PTX3 Purified From Amniotic Membrane as Novel Regenerative Matrix: Insight Into Relationship Between Inflammation and Regeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 115 27116665
2019 Complement C1q synergizes with PTX3 in promoting NLRP3 inflammasome over-activation and pyroptosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of autoimmunity 108 31601476
2019 The Long Pentraxin PTX3 as a Humoral Innate Immunity Functional Player and Biomarker of Infections and Sepsis. Frontiers in immunology 106 31031772
2006 The long pentraxin PTX3 in vascular pathology. Vascular pharmacology 105 17023219
2001 TSG-14 transgenic mice have improved survival to endotoxemia and to CLP-induced sepsis. Journal of leukocyte biology 100 11404378
2005 Protective molecules--C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P (SAP), pentraxin3 (PTX3), mannose-binding lectin (MBL), and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), and their autoantibodies: prevalence and clinical significance in autoimmunity. Journal of clinical immunology 90 16380821
2011 Soluble TWEAK and PTX3 in nondialysis CKD patients: impact on endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 85 21330486
2009 Coregulation in human leukocytes of the long pentraxin PTX3 and TSG-6. Journal of leukocyte biology 79 19389798
2011 Long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in the light of its structure, mechanism of action and clinical implications. Autoimmunity 78 21988562
2014 The yin-yang of long pentraxin PTX3 in inflammation and immunity. Immunology letters 77 24792672
2013 PTX3 as a paradigm for the interaction of pentraxins with the complement system. Seminars in immunology 76 23747040
2013 The acute-phase protein PTX3 is an essential mediator of glial scar formation and resolution of brain edema after ischemic injury. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 76 24346689
2013 The long pentraxin PTX3: a paradigm for humoral pattern recognition molecules. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 75 23527487
2023 RNA m6A methylation modulates airway inflammation in allergic asthma via PTX3-dependent macrophage homeostasis. Nature communications 73 37957139
2019 Cancer cell-derived long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) promotes melanoma migration through a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signaling pathway. Oncogene 73 31253871
2016 The soluble pattern recognition receptor PTX3 links humoral innate and adaptive immune responses by helping marginal zone B cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 73 27621420
2011 Pathogen recognition by the long pentraxin PTX3. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 73 21716666
2010 CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD) elevating PTX3 expression inhibits macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of dying neuron cells. Neurobiology of aging 73 21112127
2008 Cell-specific regulation of PTX3 by glucocorticoid hormones in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 73 18703503
1995 Promoter structure and transcriptional activation of the murine TSG-14 gene encoding a tumor necrosis factor/interleukin-1-inducible pentraxin protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 72 7592730
2016 The Dual Complexity of PTX3 in Health and Disease: A Balancing Act? Trends in molecular medicine 71 27179743
2008 Expression of long pentraxin PTX3 in human adipose tissue and its relation with cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 71 18571180
2016 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived PTX3 Promotes Wound Healing via Fibrin Remodeling. The Journal of investigative dermatology 69 26763449
2000 Inducible expression of the long pentraxin PTX3 in the central nervous system. Journal of neuroimmunology 66 10814786
1994 Relationship of TSG-14 protein to the pentraxin family of major acute phase proteins. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 66 7523502
2011 Long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) expression and release by neutrophils in vitro and in ulcerative colitis. Pathology international 65 21501295
2010 Long pentraxin PTX3 deficiency worsens LPS-induced acute lung injury. Intensive care medicine 65 21072499
2020 Chemotherapy-Induced Upregulation of Small Extracellular Vesicle-Associated PTX3 Accelerates Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cancer research 63 33115808
2015 PTX3 gene activation in EGF-induced head and neck cancer cell metastasis. Oncotarget 62 25797258
2003 The long pentraxin PTX3 is synthesized in IgA glomerulonephritis and activates mesangial cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 61 12538709
2012 Interactions of the humoral pattern recognition molecule PTX3 with the complement system. Immunobiology 59 22964239
2000 Differential regulation of TSG-14 expression in murine fibroblasts and peritoneal macrophages. Journal of leukocyte biology 56 10733100
2021 PTX3 Regulation of Inflammation, Hemostatic Response, Tissue Repair, and Resolution of Fibrosis Favors a Role in Limiting Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Frontiers in immunology 54 34276664
2015 Targeting chemotherapy-induced PTX3 in tumor stroma to prevent the progression of drug-resistant cancers. Oncotarget 54 26124179
2020 SH3RF3 promotes breast cancer stem-like properties via JNK activation and PTX3 upregulation. Nature communications 53 32427938
2012 Influence of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) genetic variants on myocardial infarction risk and PTX3 plasma levels. PloS one 52 23285251
2017 Epigenetic regulation of the extrinsic oncosuppressor PTX3 gene in inflammation and cancer. Oncoimmunology 50 28811977
2014 PTX3 binds MD-2 and promotes TRIF-dependent immune protection in aspergillosis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 48 25049357
2022 PTX3 mediates the infiltration, migration, and inflammation-resolving-polarization of macrophages in glioblastoma. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics 47 35855654
2015 PTX3, a humoral pattern recognition molecule at the interface between microbe and matrix recognition. Current opinion in immunology 47 26650391
2010 PTX3 expression in the heart tissues of patients with myocardial infarction and infectious myocarditis. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 46 20356766
2011 Pentraxins and atherosclerosis: the role of PTX3. Current pharmaceutical design 44 21226667
2019 Rg3 inhibits gemcitabine-induced lung cancer cell invasiveness through ROS-dependent, NF-κB- and HIF-1α-mediated downregulation of PTX3. Journal of cellular physiology 43 30628067
2011 Aberrant methylation of the 3q25 tumor suppressor gene PTX3 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World journal of gastroenterology 43 22072855
2022 Sphingosine kinase 1 promotes growth of glioblastoma by increasing inflammation mediated by the NF-κB /IL-6/STAT3 and JNK/PTX3 pathways. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 42 36562002
2019 PTX3 Intercepts Vascular Inflammation in Systemic Immune-Mediated Diseases. Frontiers in immunology 42 31191526
2018 SPOCD1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of glioma cells by up-regulating PTX3. American journal of cancer research 41 29736308
2012 Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) expression in allergic asthmatic airways: role in airway smooth muscle migration and chemokine production. PloS one 41 22529962
2014 PTX3 stimulates osteoclastogenesis by increasing osteoblast RANKL production. Journal of cellular physiology 39 24664887
1998 Interferon-gamma inhibits expression of the long pentraxin PTX3 in human monocytes. European journal of immunology 39 9521058
2017 Impairment of PTX3 expression in osteoblasts: a key element for osteoporosis. Cell death & disease 38 29022895
2015 The long pentraxin PTX3 promotes fibrocyte differentiation. PloS one 37 25774777
2023 PRMT1 driven PTX3 regulates ferritinophagy in glioma. Autophagy 34 36647288
2020 K284-6111 alleviates memory impairment and neuroinflammation in Tg2576 mice by inhibition of Chitinase-3-like 1 regulating ERK-dependent PTX3 pathway. Journal of neuroinflammation 34 33222690
2013 Long pentraxin PTX3 exacerbates pressure overload-induced left ventricular dysfunction. PloS one 34 23372656
2019 The Long Pentraxin PTX3 in Bone Homeostasis and Pathology. Frontiers in immunology 33 31787987
2015 PTX3, Anti-PTX3, and Anti-C1q Autoantibodies in Lupus Glomerulonephritis. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 33 25805362
2012 Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) inhibits plasma cell/stromal cell cross-talk in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients. The Journal of pathology 33 22847671
2019 Tissue Dependent Role of PTX3 During Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Frontiers in immunology 31 31354697
2013 Long pentraxin PTX3 attenuates ischemia reperfusion injury in a cardiac transplantation model. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 31 24112130
2017 Oleate-induced PTX3 promotes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through the up-regulation of vimentin. Oncotarget 30 28489600
2013 Biology of human pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in acute and chronic kidney disease. Journal of clinical immunology 29 23443958
2008 Inflammatory reaction and implantation: the new entries PTX3 and D6. Placenta 29 18676013
2020 MiR-29 regulates the function of goat granulosa cell by targeting PTX3 via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk1/2 signaling pathways. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 28 32565247
2017 Pseudomonas aeruginosa GroEL Stimulates Production of PTX3 by Activating the NF-κB Pathway and Simultaneously Downregulating MicroRNA-9. Infection and immunity 28 28031262
2019 Quercetin reduces TNF-α-induced mesangial cell proliferation and inhibits PTX3 production: Involvement of NF-κB signaling pathway. Phytotherapy research : PTR 27 31317585
2024 NAT10 promotes synovial aggression by increasing the stability and translation of N4-acetylated PTX3 mRNA in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 25 38724075
2016 MicroRNA-224 delays oocyte maturation through targeting Ptx3 in cumulus cells. Mechanisms of development 25 28039065
2023 Structural insights into the biological functions of the long pentraxin PTX3. Frontiers in immunology 23 37885881
2021 PTX3 promotes osteogenic differentiation by triggering HA/CD44/FAK/AKT positive feedback loop in an inflammatory environment. Bone 23 34653679
2019 Plasma PTX3, MCP1 and Ang2 are early biomarkers to evaluate the severity of sepsis and septic shock. Scandinavian journal of immunology 23 31489646
2012 PTX3 controls activation of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and apoptosis in conjunctivochalasis fibroblasts. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 23 22511625
2020 Niche regulation of limbal epithelial stem cells: HC-HA/PTX3 as surrogate matrix niche. Experimental eye research 20 32795525
2019 The Long Pentraxin PTX3 Is of Major Importance Among Acute Phase Proteins in Chickens. Frontiers in immunology 20 30774632
2018 MicroRNA-224 inhibition prevents progression of cervical carcinoma by targeting PTX3. Journal of cellular biochemistry 20 30129088
2017 Circulating levels of pentraxin-3 (PTX3) in patients with liver cirrhosis. Annals of hepatology 20 28809733
2019 PTX3 Modulates Neovascularization and Immune Inflammatory Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Fibrosarcoma. International journal of molecular sciences 19 31533326
2011 Pentraxins: CRP and PTX3 and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation & allergy drug targets 19 21539513
2022 Long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels predict death, intubation and thrombotic events among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Frontiers in immunology 18 36389697
2017 Interferon-α coincides with suppressed levels of pentraxin-3 (PTX3) in systemic lupus erythematosus and regulates leucocyte PTX3 in vitro. Clinical and experimental immunology 18 28257596
2022 The Long Pentraxin PTX3 as a New Biomarker and Pharmacological Target in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy. Frontiers in pharmacology 17 35069222
2021 The Long Pentraxin PTX3 Controls Klebsiella Pneumoniae Severe Infection. Frontiers in immunology 17 34093560

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for PTX3? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.