Affinage

PSMB9

Proteasome subunit beta type-9 · UniProt P28065

Length
219 aa
Mass
23.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 26 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PSMB9 (LMP2/β1i) is an interferon-γ–inducible catalytic β-type subunit of the immunoproteasome that replaces the constitutive δ/Y subunit in 20S proteasomes, shifting cleavage specificity from post-acidic toward post-basic and post-hydrophobic sites to shape the peptide repertoire for MHC class I antigen presentation (PMID:7937744, PMID:7600282, PMID:10878350). Synthesized as a ~24 kDa proprotein that undergoes autocatalytic processing to its mature ~21 kDa form in 13–16S precursor complexes, PSMB9 incorporation is mutually dependent on MECL-1 (PSMB10), and its transcription is co-regulated with TAP1 from a shared bidirectional promoter driven by IRF-1, unphosphorylated STAT1, NF-κB, and Sp1 (PMID:8120905, PMID:9256419, PMID:7699330, PMID:8885869, PMID:10764778). Beyond antigen processing, PSMB9 regulates NF-κB–dependent immune signaling, IL-33 protein turnover, and proteostasis under mitochondrial stress through EEF1A2-dependent induction that remodels proteasome composition (PMID:20228196, PMID:24619410, PMID:37433777). Loss-of-function mutations in PSMB9 cause type I interferonopathy with reduced proteasome activity and destabilization of co-immunoproteasome subunits PSMB8 and PSMB10 (PMID:33727065).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1994 High

    Establishing that PSMB9 is a catalytic proteasome subunit that displaces the constitutive δ/Y chain and reprograms cleavage specificity answered the foundational question of what immunoproteasome subunit exchange does to peptide generation.

    Evidence Gene transfection into lymphoblasts/HeLa cells with fluorogenic peptide substrate assays of purified 20S/26S proteasomes

    PMID:7937744 PMID:8663318

    Open questions at the time
    • Crystal structure of PSMB9-containing immunoproteasome not yet determined at this point
    • Relative contribution of β1i versus β5i to in vivo antigen processing unclear
  2. 1994 High

    Demonstrating that PSMB9 is synthesized as a proprotein and autocatalytically processed in 13–16S precursor complexes defined its maturation pathway and showed that only processed PSMB9 enters the active 20S particle.

    Evidence Pulse-chase radiolabeling and sucrose gradient sedimentation of mouse T-cell lysates

    PMID:8120905 PMID:8365398

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural determinants of the autocatalytic processing site not mapped
    • Whether processing rate limits immunoproteasome assembly kinetics unknown
  3. 1995 High

    Knockout and antisense studies established PSMB9 as necessary for efficient MHC class I-restricted presentation of specific viral epitopes in vivo, moving from biochemistry to immunological function.

    Evidence LMP2 knockout mice with CTL precursor frequency analysis; antisense suppression in lymphoma cells with CTL stimulation assays

    PMID:7583150 PMID:7600282

    Open questions at the time
    • Epitope-specific versus global effects on the MHC I peptidome not resolved
    • Role of LMP2 in CD4+ T-cell responses not tested
  4. 1995 High

    Characterizing the shared bidirectional TAP1/PSMB9 promoter with NF-κB and Sp1 elements resolved the transcriptional co-regulation of two antigen processing pathway components.

    Evidence Bidirectional reporter assays, site-directed mutagenesis, in vivo genomic footprinting, EMSA with purified transcription factors

    PMID:7699330

    Open questions at the time
    • Chromatin-level regulation (enhancers, epigenetic marks) not addressed
    • Whether TNF-α and IFN-γ pathways converge on the same cis elements unclear
  5. 1996 High

    Identification of IRF-1 as the essential mediator of IFN-γ–induced PSMB9 transcription, acting through an IRF-E element, placed PSMB9 regulation within the JAK-STAT/IRF signaling axis and explained reduced MHC I in IRF-1 knockout mice.

    Evidence In vivo genomic footprinting, EMSA, and IRF-1 knockout mouse phenotyping with flow cytometry

    PMID:8885869

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of IRF-1 versus IRF-2 in different tissues unresolved
    • Post-transcriptional regulation of PSMB9 mRNA not explored
  6. 1997 High

    Revealing the cooperative, mutually dependent incorporation of PSMB9 and MECL-1 (PSMB10) during proteasome assembly explained why single-subunit knockouts can destabilize the entire immunoproteasome.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-transfection with immunoprecipitation and Western blotting of proteasome complexes

    PMID:9256419

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the β1i–β2i cooperative assembly interface unknown
    • Whether the cooperativity extends to thymoproteasome β5t incorporation untested
  7. 2000 High

    Demonstrating that a constitutive unphosphorylated STAT1–IRF-1 complex maintains basal PSMB9 transcription, and that adenovirus E1A disrupts it, established a mechanism for viral immune evasion targeting antigen processing.

    Evidence Promoter reporters, EMSA, co-immunoprecipitation of E1A–STAT1, E1A mutant panel

    PMID:10764778

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other DNA virus oncoproteins use the same mechanism not tested
    • In vivo consequence of E1A-mediated LMP2 repression for viral clearance not shown
  8. 2006 High

    Extending PSMB9 function beyond antigen processing, knockout mice showed increased oxidatively damaged proteins in brain and liver, and knockdown in trophoblasts revealed NF-κB–dependent MMP regulation, establishing broader roles in proteostasis and signaling.

    Evidence LMP2 KO mouse protein carbonyl assays; siRNA knockdown with NF-κB nuclear translocation and MMP zymography

    PMID:16222703 PMID:16487046

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether oxidized protein accumulation is a direct consequence of altered proteasome specificity or reduced activity not distinguished
    • NF-κB role validated only in trophoblast cells
  9. 2010 High

    LMP2 deficiency was shown to compromise humoral immunity through reduced B-cell survival, impaired DC cytokine secretion, and altered NF-κB activity, broadening PSMB9's immunological role beyond CD8+ T-cell responses.

    Evidence LMP2 KO mice with adoptive B-cell transfer, DC cytokine ELISA, NF-κB activity measurement

    PMID:20228196

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether NF-κB defect is due to impaired IκBα degradation or other substrates not determined
    • B-cell-intrinsic versus extrinsic contributions not fully separated
  10. 2014 Medium

    Showing that PSMB9 mediates IFN-γ–driven degradation of IL-33 protein in a STAT1-dependent, caspase-independent manner revealed a non-canonical role in cytokine protein turnover.

    Evidence siRNA and gene-deficient cells combined with pharmacological STAT1 inhibition, IL-33 immunoblotting in pulmonary fibroblasts

    PMID:24619410

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether IL-33 is a direct immunoproteasome substrate or degraded indirectly not resolved
    • Relevance to in vivo IL-33-driven inflammatory disease not tested
  11. 2018 High

    Demonstrating that combined inhibition of LMP2 and LMP7 is required for immunosuppressive efficacy (EAE, colitis) established functional synergy between β1i and β5i and informed therapeutic strategy for immunoproteasome targeting.

    Evidence Selective small-molecule inhibitors with cytokine ELISA, Th17 differentiation, and in vivo EAE/colitis models in mice

    PMID:30279279

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether dual inhibition affects immunoproteasome assembly or only catalysis not distinguished
    • Long-term immunosuppressive safety of dual subunit inhibition not assessed
  12. 2021 High

    Identification of a de novo PSMB9 p.G156D mutation causing type I interferonopathy with loss of PSMB9 protein and co-destabilization of PSMB8/PSMB10 linked PSMB9 to a Mendelian disease and confirmed its structural role in immunoproteasome integrity.

    Evidence Whole-exome sequencing, patient LCL proteasome assays, transduction of mutant PSMB9 into normal LCLs, immunoblotting

    PMID:33727065

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural mechanism by which G156D destabilizes the assembled immunoproteasome unknown
    • Whether heterozygous carriers have intermediate phenotypes not examined
  13. 2023 High

    Discovery that mitochondrial dysfunction upregulates PSMB9 through EEF1A2 to boost proteasome activity revealed a stress-adaptive proteostasis pathway independent of canonical IFN signaling.

    Evidence Multi-omics (proteomics/MS), siRNA epistasis of PSMB9 and EEF1A2, proteasome activity assays in human cells with genetic/pharmacological mitochondrial dysfunction

    PMID:37433777

    Open questions at the time
    • How EEF1A2 (a translation elongation factor) transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally induces PSMB9 is unknown
    • Whether this pathway operates in post-mitotic tissues (neurons, cardiomyocytes) not tested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The full structural basis of how PSMB9 allelic variants and disease mutations alter immunoproteasome assembly and catalytic specificity, and whether the EEF1A2-PSMB9 stress axis represents a druggable node in neurodegeneration or mitochondrial disease, remain unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of mutant PSMB9-containing immunoproteasome
  • EEF1A2-PSMB9 regulatory mechanism not defined
  • In vivo relevance of PSMB9 in non-immune proteostasis contexts largely unexplored

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 4 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 3
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 3 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 1
Partners
EEF1A2IRF1PSMB10PSMB8STAT1TAP1
Complex memberships
20S immunoproteasome26S immunoproteasome

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 LMP2 (PSMB9) is a catalytic beta-type subunit of the 20S proteasome; its incorporation reduces cleavage of peptides after acidic residues, increases hydrolysis after basic residues, and displaces the constitutive subunit Y (delta), thereby altering peptidase activities in a manner that favors generation of MHC class I-associated peptides with hydrophobic or basic C-termini. Gene transfection into lymphoblasts and HeLa cells followed by fluorogenic peptide substrate assays of isolated 20S and 26S proteasomes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 7937744 8663318
1994 LMP2 (PSMB9) is synthesized as a ~24 kDa proprotein and undergoes autocatalytic processing to its mature ~21 kDa form within 13–16S proteasome precursor complexes; only the processed form is incorporated into active 20S proteasomes. Pulse-chase radiolabeling, sucrose gradient sedimentation, and immunoblotting of mouse T-cell lysates Journal of molecular biology High 7829535 8120905 8365398
1994 Proteasomes from spleens and livers of LMP2 (PSMB9) knockout mice exhibit altered peptidase activities, and antigen-presenting cells from these mice show reduced capacity to stimulate a T cell hybridoma specific for an H-2Db-restricted influenza A nucleoprotein epitope, with a 5- to 6-fold reduction in influenza-specific CTL precursor frequency and ~30–40% reduction in CD8+ T cells. Gene disruption (knockout mouse), proteasome peptidase assays, T-cell hybridoma stimulation assays, CTL precursor frequency analysis Immunity High 7600282
1997 Incorporation of PSMB9 (LMP2) into the 20S proteasome is mutually required with MECL-1 (PSMB10): MECL-1 incorporation depends directly on LMP2 expression (but not LMP7), and LMP2 uptake is strongly enhanced by MECL-1, acting at the level of proteasome precursor complex formation. Co-transfection experiments in mammalian cells with immunoprecipitation of proteasome complexes and Western blotting Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9256419
1995 The LMP2 (PSMB9) subunit, together with LMP7 and the PA28 (11S) regulator, governs the quality and quantity of peptide products generated by the 20S proteasome from a defined polypeptide substrate in vitro, with LMP2/LMP7 composition altering cleavage site preference independently of 11S regulator binding. In vitro 25-mer peptide digestion by purified 20S proteasomes from LMP transfectants, analyzed by HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry The Journal of biological chemistry High 7559557
1995 LMP2 (PSMB9) is specifically required for MHC class I-restricted presentation of certain influenza virus antigens: antisense-LMP2 expression in IFN-γ-transfected SP3 lymphoma cells (which selectively lack LMP2) selectively represses antigen recognition by CTL and surface class I MHC induction, demonstrating a direct role for LMP2 in antigen processing. Antisense RNA suppression in transfected T-cell lymphoma cells, CTL stimulation assay, flow cytometry for MHC class I surface expression Current biology : CB High 7583150
1995 LMP2 (PSMB9) incorporation alters the cleavage site preference and quality of peptides produced from the murine CMV IE pp89 25-mer polypeptide substrate via dual cleavages; presence of both LMP2 and LMP7 together induces a marked increase in positive cooperativity (Hill coefficient) between proteasome subunits. In vitro dual-cleavage assay of a defined 25-mer polypeptide by purified 20S proteasomes from LMP-transfected cell lines; fluorogenic substrate kinetics European journal of immunology High 7589133
1995 Coordinate transcription of TAP1 and LMP2 (PSMB9) is driven from a shared bidirectional promoter of ~593 bp; an NF-κB element proximal to TAP1 is required for TNF-α induction of both genes, and an adjacent GC box (Sp1 binding site) is required for basal expression and augments TNF-α induction of LMP2. Bidirectional reporter assays, site-specific mutagenesis, in vivo genomic footprinting, in vitro EMSA with p50/p65 and Sp1 The Journal of experimental medicine High 7699330
1996 IRF-1 is required for IFN-γ upregulation of LMP2 (PSMB9) and TAP1; in vivo footprinting shows IFN-γ increases protein-DNA contacts at an IRF-E element essential for both genes, and IRF-1-deficient mice have greatly reduced LMP2 and TAP1 expression, reduced surface MHC class I, and reduced CD8+ T cells. In vivo genomic footprinting, gel-shift analysis (EMSA), IRF-1 knockout mouse analysis, flow cytometry Immunity High 8885869
2000 Basal transcription of LMP2 (PSMB9) requires a constitutive complex of unphosphorylated STAT1 and IRF-1 bound to an overlapping ICS-2/GAS element in the LMP2 promoter; adenovirus E1A down-regulates LMP2 by binding STAT1 and preventing its association with IRF-1, thereby blocking assembly of this transcriptional complex. Promoter reporter assays, EMSA, co-immunoprecipitation of E1A–STAT1 complex, transfection with E1A mutants The Journal of biological chemistry High 10764778
2000 Overexpression of LMP2 (PSMB9) together with LMP7 and MECL-1 (triple transfectants forming immunoproteasomes) markedly enhances H-2Ld-restricted presentation of the immunodominant LCMV NP118 epitope; in vitro, immunoproteasomes generate higher amounts of 11- and 12-mer precursor fragments containing NP118 compared with constitutive proteasomes. Triple transfection to overexpress immunoproteasome subunits, CTL presentation assay, in vitro peptide digestion with HPLC/MS product analysis Journal of immunology High 10878350
2006 LMP2 (PSMB9) knockout mice have significantly reduced proteasome trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolytic activities in brain and liver, and show increased levels of oxidatively damaged proteins in both tissues, demonstrating that LMP2 is required for normal proteasome activity and protein quality control. LMP2 knockout mouse model, fluorogenic proteasome activity assays, protein carbonyl measurement (oxidized protein assay) Antioxidants & redox signaling High 16487046
2006 LMP2 (PSMB9) siRNA knockdown in human invasive extravillous trophoblast cells (HTR8/Svneo) suppresses MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression and activity by blocking IκBα degradation and preventing nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65 heterodimers, revealing a role for LMP2 in the ubiquitin-proteasome/NF-κB pathway controlling matrix metalloproteinase expression. siRNA knockdown, gelatin zymography for MMP activity, immunoblotting for NF-κB subunit nuclear/cytosolic fractions, NF-κB inhibitor SN50 Journal of cellular physiology Medium 16222703
2006 HIV-1 Tat protein (intracellular form) represses constitutive LMP2 (PSMB9) transcription by competing with STAT1 for binding to IRF-1 at the overlapping ICS-2/GAS element of the LMP2 promoter, displacing the constitutive unphosphorylated STAT1–IRF-1 complex and reducing LMP2 protein expression with a concomitant increase in proteasomal proteolytic activity. Promoter reporter assay, EMSA, co-immunoprecipitation, LMP2 protein quantification by immunoblot The Biochemical journal Medium 16512786
2007 LMP2-specific irreversible small-molecule inhibitors selectively modify the LMP2 (PSMB9) catalytic subunit of the immunoproteasome with high specificity, and LMP2-rich cancer cells are more sensitive to growth inhibition by the LMP2-specific inhibitor than LMP2-deficient cancer cells, implicating LMP2 catalytic activity in cancer cell growth. Activity-based probe labeling of purified immunoproteasome subunits, cell viability assays in LMP2-expressing vs. LMP2-deficient cancer cell lines Chemistry & biology Medium 17462577
2010 LMP2 (PSMB9) deficiency in LMP2−/− mice compromises antiviral humoral immune responses by reducing splenic B cell numbers, impairing B cell survival and function, impairing Th cell function, and reducing dendritic cell secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and type I IFNs; these defects are associated with altered NF-κB activity rather than globally compromised protein degradation. LMP2 knockout mouse, adoptive B cell transfer, DC cytokine secretion assays, NF-κB activity measurement Journal of immunology High 20228196
2010 The immunoproteasome LMP2 (PSMB9) codon 60H allele alters cleavage of the myelin basic protein (MBP) epitope MBP(111-119) in vitro; immunoproteasomes carrying the LMP2 60H allele produce lower amounts of the HLA-A*0201-restricted MBP(111-119) epitope compared with the 60R allele, providing a direct mechanistic link between LMP2 polymorphism and altered self-antigen presentation. In vitro peptide digestion by immunoproteasomes from LMP2 R60 vs. H60 donors analyzed by mass spectrometry; genetic association study PloS one Medium 20174631
2014 IFN-γ controls IL-33 protein degradation through a STAT1- and LMP2 (PSMB9)-dependent mechanism in pulmonary fibroblasts: siRNA silencing of LMP2 abrogates the IFN-γ-driven down-regulation of IL-33 protein levels in a caspase-independent fashion, demonstrating a non-canonical proteolytic role for LMP2 in cytokine protein turnover. siRNA-mediated LMP2 knockdown, LMP2 gene-deficient cells, pharmacological STAT1 inhibition, IL-33 protein quantification by immunoblot The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 24619410
2016 PSMB9 (LMP2) knockdown in keratinocytes significantly suppresses expression of TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, which are inducers of versican synthesis; IFN stimulation upregulates PSMB9 in keratinocytes, and this PSMB9 upregulation promotes versican production via TGF-β in dermatomyositis and SLE skin. PSMB9 siRNA knockdown in cultured keratinocytes, quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot for TGF-β2/β3, proteomic analysis of DM skin The British journal of dermatology Medium 26713607
2018 Co-inhibition of both LMP2 (PSMB9/β1i) and LMP7 (β5i) is required to block autoimmunity: exclusive LMP7 inhibition has limited effect on IL-6 secretion and EAE/colitis models, whereas combined LMP7+LMP2 inhibition impairs MHC class I surface expression, IL-6 secretion, Th17 differentiation, and strongly ameliorates experimental colitis and EAE, demonstrating synergistic immunomodulatory activity of co-targeting both subunits. Selective inhibitors (PRN1126 for LMP7; LU-001i or ML604440 for LMP2), cytokine ELISA, T helper cell differentiation assay, in vivo colitis and EAE mouse models, MHC class I flow cytometry EMBO reports High 30279279
2021 A de novo PSMB9 p.G156D missense mutation suppresses proteasome activity (measured in patient-derived B lymphoblastoid cell lines and normal LCLs transduced with mutant PSMB9) and causes loss of endogenous PSMB9 protein along with co-reduction of PSMB8 and PSMB10 immunoproteasome subunits, leading to type I interferonopathy with hyperactivation of IFN-α. Whole-exome sequencing, patient-derived LCL proteasome activity assays, exogenous mutant PSMB9 transduction into normal LCLs, Western blot for immunoproteasome subunits The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology High 33727065
2021 LMP2 (PSMB9) inhibition via lentivirus-mediated shRNA knockdown in rat MCAO/R stroke model restores expression of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1), activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Wnt-3a, β-catenin upregulation), reduces BBB permeability, and promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration; β-catenin siRNA co-knockdown partially counteracts these protective effects. Lentiviral shRNA in rat MCAO/R model, Evans blue extravasation, fluorescent angiography, immunofluorescence and Western blot for tight junction proteins and Wnt pathway components, scratch migration assay, siRNA epistasis Military Medical Research Medium 34857032
2023 Upon mitochondrial dysfunction in human cells, PSMB9 (LMP2) is specifically upregulated (as an immunoproteasome-specific subunit) in a manner dependent on the translation elongation factor EEF1A2, and this PSMB9 induction increases proteasome activity through change in proteasome composition, constituting a cellular defense response to preserve proteostasis under mitochondrial stress. siRNA knockdown of PSMB9 and EEF1A2, proteomics (MS), immunoblotting, proteasome activity assays in human cell lines with mitochondrial dysfunction induced genetically or pharmacologically Nature communications High 37433777

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1992 Epstein-Barr virus latent gene transcription in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells: coexpression of EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2 transcripts. Journal of virology 426 1313894
1994 Altered peptidase and viral-specific T cell response in LMP2 mutant mice. Immunity 361 7600282
1994 Peptidase activities of proteasomes are differentially regulated by the major histocompatibility complex-encoded genes for LMP2 and LMP7. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 277 7937744
2012 The role of the EBV-encoded latent membrane proteins LMP1 and LMP2 in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Seminars in cancer biology 261 22249143
1994 An integral membrane protein (LMP2) blocks reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency following surface immunoglobulin crosslinking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 212 8290598
1995 Coordinate regulation of the human TAP1 and LMP2 genes from a shared bidirectional promoter. The Journal of experimental medicine 208 7699330
1995 The interferon-gamma-inducible 11 S regulator (PA28) and the LMP2/LMP7 subunits govern the peptide production by the 20 S proteasome in vitro. The Journal of biological chemistry 202 7559557
2006 Immunoproteasome and LMP2 polymorphism in aged and Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurobiology of aging 177 16298241
1997 The subunits MECL-1 and LMP2 are mutually required for incorporation into the 20S proteasome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 170 9256419
1992 Consistent transcription of the Epstein-Barr virus LMP2 gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Journal of virology 158 1313931
1993 HLA A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T cells recognizing a range of Epstein-Barr virus isolates through a defined epitope in latent membrane protein LMP2. Journal of virology 149 7693972
1990 A second Epstein-Barr virus membrane protein (LMP2) is expressed in latent infection and colocalizes with LMP1. Journal of virology 144 2157888
1995 Incorporation of major histocompatibility complex--encoded subunits LMP2 and LMP7 changes the quality of the 20S proteasome polypeptide processing products independent of interferon-gamma. European journal of immunology 141 7589133
1994 20 S proteasomes are assembled via distinct precursor complexes. Processing of LMP2 and LMP7 proproteins takes place in 13-16 S preproteasome complexes. Journal of molecular biology 129 8120905
2000 Transcriptional regulation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain, TAP1 and LMP2 genes by the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6b, 16 and 18 E7 oncoproteins. Oncogene 127 11039910
1996 Proteasome subunits X and Y alter peptidase activities in opposite ways to the interferon-gamma-induced subunits LMP2 and LMP7. The Journal of biological chemistry 126 8663318
1996 Regulation of LMP2 and TAP1 genes by IRF-1 explains the paucity of CD8+ T cells in IRF-1-/- mice. Immunity 123 8885869
1998 Analysis of major histocompatibility complex class I, TAP expression, and LMP2 epitope sequence in Epstein-Barr virus-positive Hodgkin's disease. Blood 117 9746788
2011 A phase II study evaluating the safety and efficacy of an adenovirus-ΔLMP1-LMP2 transduced dendritic cell vaccine in patients with advanced metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology 114 21821548
1993 The last seven transmembrane and carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domains of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) are dispensable for lymphocyte infection and growth transformation in vitro. Journal of virology 103 8383224
2000 Overexpression of the proteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1, but not PA28 alpha/beta, enhances the presentation of an immunodominant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus T cell epitope. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 96 10878350
2007 LMP2-specific inhibitors: chemical genetic tools for proteasome biology. Chemistry & biology 95 17462577
1995 Association of LMP2 and LMP7 genes within the major histocompatibility complex with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: population and family studies. American journal of human genetics 91 7847389
2000 Epstein-Barr virus latency: LMP2, a regulator or means for Epstein-Barr virus persistence? Advances in cancer research 87 10818681
1995 LMP2+ proteasomes are required for the presentation of specific antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Current biology : CB 87 7583150
2010 Unexpected role for the immunoproteasome subunit LMP2 in antiviral humoral and innate immune responses. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 86 20228196
2014 Structure-based design of β1i or β5i specific inhibitors of human immunoproteasomes. Journal of medicinal chemistry 83 25006746
2004 The generation and characterization of LMP2-specific CTLs for use as adoptive transfer from patients with relapsed EBV-positive Hodgkin disease. Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997) 81 15235393
1994 MHC-encoded proteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7 are not required for efficient antigen presentation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 80 8301122
2021 Inhibition of the immunoproteasome LMP2 ameliorates ischemia/hypoxia-induced blood-brain barrier injury through the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Military Medical Research 78 34857032
2004 Adoptive transfer of allogeneic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T cells with in vitro antitumor activity boosts LMP2-specific immune response in a patient with EBV-related nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology 78 14679129
1994 PRE3, highly homologous to the human major histocompatibility complex-linked LMP2 (RING12) gene, codes for a yeast proteasome subunit necessary for the peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolyzing activity. FEBS letters 76 7907993
2000 Loss of interferon-gamma inducibility of TAP1 and LMP2 in a renal cell carcinoma cell line. Cancer research 71 11059775
2018 Co-inhibition of immunoproteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7 is required to block autoimmunity. EMBO reports 66 30279279
2015 Latent Membrane Protein 2 (LMP2). Current topics in microbiology and immunology 66 26428374
2007 Cis- and trans-acting elements regulate the mouse Psmb9 meiotic recombination hotspot. PLoS genetics 66 17590084
2012 A selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP2 induces apoptosis in PC-3 cells and suppresses tumour growth in nude mice. British journal of cancer 64 22677907
1997 IFN-gamma-mediated coordinated transcriptional regulation of the human TAP-1 and LMP-2 genes in human renal cell carcinoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 62 9815722
2004 Regulation of murine Tap1 and Lmp2 genes in macrophages by interferon gamma is mediated by STAT1 and IRF-1. Genes and immunity 61 14735146
1993 The major-histocompatibility-complex-encoded beta-type proteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7. Evidence that LMP2 and LMP7 are synthesized as proproteins and that cellular levels of both mRNA and LMP-containing 20S proteasomes are differentially regulated. European journal of biochemistry 61 8365398
2010 Immunoproteasome LMP2 60HH variant alters MBP epitope generation and reduces the risk to develop multiple sclerosis in Italian female population. PloS one 55 20174631
1995 Sequence polymorphism in the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein (LMP)-2 gene. The Journal of general virology 53 7844523
2013 Epigenetic deregulation of the LMP1/LMP2 locus of Epstein-Barr virus by mutation of a single CTCF-cohesin binding site. Journal of virology 52 24257606
2006 LMP2 knock-out mice have reduced proteasome activities and increased levels of oxidatively damaged proteins. Antioxidants & redox signaling 52 16487046
2006 Intracellular HIV-1 Tat protein represses constitutive LMP2 transcription increasing proteasome activity by interfering with the binding of IRF-1 to STAT1. The Biochemical journal 47 16512786
2010 PSMB8 (LMP7) but not PSMB9 (LMP2) gene polymorphisms are associated to pigeon breeder's hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Respiratory medicine 44 20153157
2006 Immunoproteasome subunit LMP2 expression is deregulated in Sjogren's syndrome but not in other autoimmune disorders. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 44 16414974
2016 The Safety and Immunological Effects of rAd5-EBV-LMP2 Vaccine in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Phase I Clinical Trial and Two-Year Follow-Up. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 42 27477649
1995 Polymorphism in the LMP2 gene influences susceptibility to extraspinal disease in HLA-B27 positive individuals with ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 41 7763114
2017 Novel Epstein-Barr virus-like particles incorporating gH/gL-EBNA1 or gB-LMP2 induce high neutralizing antibody titers and EBV-specific T-cell responses in immunized mice. Oncotarget 40 27926486
2014 IFN-γ directly controls IL-33 protein level through a STAT1- and LMP2-dependent mechanism. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 24619410
2023 Immunoproteasome-specific subunit PSMB9 induction is required to regulate cellular proteostasis upon mitochondrial dysfunction. Nature communications 38 37433777
2000 Adenovirus E1A down-regulates LMP2 transcription by interfering with the binding of stat1 to IRF1. The Journal of biological chemistry 38 10764778
1994 Presentation of viral antigens restricted by H-2Kb, Db or Kd in proteasome subunit LMP2- and LMP7-deficient cells. European journal of immunology 38 8056044
1996 Markedly decreased expression of TAP1 and LMP2 genes in HLA class I-deficient human tumor cell lines. Immunology letters 35 8803612
2021 Successful treatment of a novel type I interferonopathy due to a de novo PSMB9 gene mutation with a Janus kinase inhibitor. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 34 33727065
2015 Chimerically fused antigen rich of overlapped epitopes from latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) of Epstein-Barr virus as a potential vaccine and diagnostic agent. Cellular & molecular immunology 34 25864917
2006 The mutation in the ATP-binding region of JAK1, identified in human uterine leiomyosarcomas, results in defective interferon-gamma inducibility of TAP1 and LMP2. Oncogene 33 16474838
2004 Expression of HLA class I antigen and proteasome subunits LMP-2 and LMP-10 in primary vs. metastatic breast carcinoma lesions. International journal of oncology 32 15547699
2000 LMP2 polymorphism is associated with extraspinal disease in HLA-B27 negative Caucasian and Mexican Mestizo patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The Journal of rheumatology 32 10648037
1997 The LMP2 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to acute anterior uveitis in HLA-B27 positive juvenile and adult Mexican subjects with ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 32 9306872
2006 A structural model of 20S immunoproteasomes: effect of LMP2 codon 60 polymorphism on expression, activity, intracellular localisation and insight into the regulatory mechanisms. Biological chemistry 31 16606340
2006 Heat shock up-regulates lmp2 and lmp7 and enhances presentation of immunoproteasome-dependent epitopes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 17142736
1993 Molecular basis of genetic polymorphism in major histocompatibility complex-linked proteasome gene (Lmp-2). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 31 7681985
2023 A lipid-based LMP2-mRNA vaccine to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nano research 30 36618068
2006 Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis is associated with enhanced low molecular mass polypeptide 2 (LMP2) expression and is attenuated in LMP2 knockout mice. Digestive diseases and sciences 30 16944024
2006 Proteasome subunit LMP2 is required for matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 expression and activities in human invasive extravillous trophoblast cell line. Journal of cellular physiology 29 16222703
1997 No independent associations of LMP2 and LMP7 polymorphisms with susceptibility to develop IDDM. Diabetes 29 9000709
1997 Reduced expression of Tap1 and Lmp2 antigen-processing genes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse due to a mutation in their shared bidirectional promoter. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 29 9300732
1995 Polymorphism in the LMP2 gene influences the relative risk for acute anterior uveitis in unselected patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale 29 7768065
2011 Potential role of LMP2 as tumor-suppressor defines new targets for uterine leiomyosarcoma therapy. Scientific reports 28 22355695
1993 Genomic organization of the mouse Lmp-2 gene and characteristic structure of its promoter. Gene 28 7901128
2016 The role of PSMB9 upregulated by interferon signature in the pathophysiology of cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The British journal of dermatology 26 26713607
1997 Evolution of proteasome subunits delta and LMP2: complementary DNA cloning and linkage analysis with MHC in lower vertebrates. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 26 9218589
1995 Major histocompatibility-encoded human proteasome LMP2. Genomic organization and a new form of mRNA. The Journal of biological chemistry 26 7829535
1999 Association of the large multifunctional proteasome (LMP2) gene with Graves' disease is a result of linkage disequilibrium with the HLA haplotype DRB1*0304-DQB1*02-DQA1*0501. Clinical endocrinology 24 10468973
1997 The MHC-encoded TAP1/LMP2 bidirectional promoter is down-regulated in highly oncogenic adenovirus type 12 transformed cells. FEBS letters 24 9001385
1996 Polymorphism in the LMP2 gene influences disease susceptibility and severity in HLA-B27 associated juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of rheumatology 24 8730138
2023 LMP2-mRNA lipid nanoparticle sensitizes EBV-related tumors to anti-PD-1 therapy by reversing T cell exhaustion. Journal of nanobiotechnology 23 37679769
2004 Inhibition of apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells leads to increases in levels of oxidized protein and LMP2 immunoproteasome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 15284441
2003 Immunoproteasome subunits LMP2 and LMP7 downregulation in primary malignant melanoma lesions: association with lack of spontaneous regression. Melanoma research 23 12883363
1996 Molecular analysis of a recombinational hotspot adjacent to Lmp2 gene in the mouse MHC: fine location and chromatin structure. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 23 8672125
2023 Increased expression of the immunoproteasome subunits PSMB8 and PSMB9 by cancer cells correlate with better outcomes for triple-negative breast cancers. Scientific reports 22 36746983
2001 Systemic deficits in transporter for antigen presentation (TAP)-1 or proteasome subunit LMP2 have little or no effect on tumor incidence. International journal of cancer 22 11169961
1999 Selective amino acid substitutions of a subdominant Epstein-Barr virus LMP2-derived epitope increase HLA/peptide complex stability and immunogenicity: implications for immunotherapy of Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies. European journal of immunology 22 10458773
1993 Genomic organization and tissue expression of mouse proteasome gene Lmp-2. Genomics 22 8325639
1997 Polymorphism of the LMP2 gene and disease phenotype in ankylosing spondylitis: no association with disease severity. Clinical rheumatology 21 9348140
2023 Deciphering the tumor-suppressive role of PSMB9 in melanoma through multi-omics and single-cell transcriptome analyses. Cancer letters 20 37944578
2002 LMP2 and LMP7 gene polymorphism in Mexican populations: Mestizos and Amerindians. Genes and immunity 20 12209365
1996 Molecular and serological analysis of polymorphisms in the murine major histocompatibility complex-encoded proteasome subunits, LMP-2 and LMP-7. Experimental and clinical immunogenetics 20 8854085
1996 Genomic organization of a mouse MHC class II region including the H2-M and Lmp2 loci. Immunogenetics 19 8575819
2015 Association between LMP2 and LMP7 gene polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer: A case-control study. Oncology letters 18 26171060
2006 In vitro anti-tumor immune response induced by dendritic cells transfected with EBV-LMP2 recombinant adenovirus. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 16842756
2022 Identification of PSMB9 and CXCL13 as Immune-related Diagnostic Markers for Rheumatoid Arthritis by Machine Learning. Current pharmaceutical design 17 36045515
1997 In vivo growth of Epstein-Barr virus transformed B cells with mutations in latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2). Archives of virology 17 9170499
2021 The Immunoproteasome Subunits LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1 Are Crucial Along the Induction of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis. Frontiers in immunology 16 33968021
2021 Identification and characterization of a novel Epstein-Barr Virus-encoded circular RNA from LMP-2 Gene. Scientific reports 16 34257379
2011 A bright approach to the immunoproteasome: development of LMP2/β1i-specific imaging probes. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 16 21741845
2020 LMP2-DC Vaccine Elicits Specific EBV-LMP2 Response to Effectively Improve Immunotherapy in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 15 33771238
2011 Molecular Approach to Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: LMP2-Deficient Mice as an Animal Model of Spontaneous Uterine Leiomyosarcoma. Sarcoma 15 21437229