Affinage

POLR1G

DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA34 · UniProt O15446

Round 2 corrected
Length
510 aa
Mass
55.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 7 papers cited in narrative 7 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

POLR1G (PAF49/CAST/A34.5) is an RNA polymerase I-specific subunit that forms a TFIIF-like heterodimer with PAF53 (A49) and is required for stable incorporation of PAF53 into the Pol I enzyme and for activated rDNA transcription (PMID:9121426, PMID:22849406). Within initiation-competent Pol Iβ complexes in the nucleolus, POLR1G undergoes growth-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation and interacts with the transcriptional activator UBF to enable UBF-dependent (but not basal) transcription, while acetylation of POLR1G modulates its affinity for Pol I and facilitates Rrn3 recruitment (PMID:16809778, PMID:25225125). Cryo-EM structures of yeast Pol I elongation complexes show that the A49–A34.5 heterodimer reversibly dissociates during elongation, adopting a Pol II-like conformation, supporting a model in which POLR1G regulates the switch between transcription initiation and elongation (PMID:30913026). In yeast, the A34.5 ortholog becomes quasi-essential in strains lacking DNA topoisomerase I, indicating a role in overcoming topological constraints during rDNA transcription (PMID:9121426).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 7 steps
  1. 1997 High

    Establishing that A34.5 (POLR1G ortholog) is a Pol I-specific subunit required for stable A49 association and collectively essential for rRNA synthesis answered the foundational question of whether this subunit has a dedicated role in Pol I rather than being a loosely associated factor.

    Evidence Genetic deletion, in vitro Pol I purification/reconstitution, and synthetic lethality analysis in yeast

    PMID:9121426

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which A34.5 helps Pol I overcome topological constraints not determined at molecular level
    • Whether loss of A34.5 affects transcription initiation, elongation, or both was not resolved
  2. 2004 High

    Demonstrating that mammalian PAF49 copurifies with transcriptionally active Pol I, interacts with PAF53 and SL1, and is required for rDNA transcription established its conserved role as a functional Pol I subunit bridging the enzyme to the initiation machinery.

    Evidence Co-IP, antibody-mediated in vitro transcription inhibition with recombinant protein rescue, dominant-negative overexpression, and nucleolar immunolocalization in mouse cells

    PMID:15226435

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the PAF49–SL1 interaction is direct or mediated through TAF(I)48 exclusively was not resolved
    • Growth-regulated mechanism controlling PAF49 nucleolar versus nucleoplasmic redistribution unknown
  3. 2006 High

    Identifying that POLR1G undergoes growth-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation and that its interaction with UBF is specifically required for activated (not basal) Pol I transcription resolved how Pol I-specific subunits transduce activator signals during rDNA transcription.

    Evidence Biochemical purification, Co-IP, in vitro transcription assays with antibody and excess protein inhibition in HeLa cells

    PMID:16809778

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the kinase responsible for growth-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation not determined
    • Functional consequence of tyrosine phosphorylation on UBF interaction or transcription not directly tested
  4. 2009 Medium

    The finding that the histone chaperone FACT co-purifies with POLR1G-containing Pol I and is required for Pol I elongation through chromatin placed POLR1G in a chromatin-dependent elongation pathway.

    Evidence Co-IP of FACT with Pol I and siRNA knockdown with pre-rRNA measurement in mammalian cells

    PMID:19214185

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether POLR1G/PAF49 directly contacts FACT or is merely a co-resident in the same Pol I complex is unresolved
    • Effect of PAF49 depletion on FACT recruitment not tested
  5. 2012 Medium

    Mapping the minimal PAF49 heterodimerization domain (aa 41–86) and demonstrating interspecific heterodimerization with yeast A34.5 sequences confirmed structural conservation of the TFIIF-like architecture across eukaryotes.

    Evidence Deletion and substitution mutagenesis with Co-IP of heterodimers

    PMID:22849406

    Open questions at the time
    • No high-resolution structure of the mammalian PAF49–PAF53 heterodimer
    • Functional consequence of disrupting specific residues within the dimerization domain not tested in transcription assays
  6. 2014 Medium

    Revealing that acetylation of PAF49 reduces its affinity for Pol I and that the PAF49/PAF53 heterodimer interacts with Rrn3 linked post-translational modification of POLR1G to regulation of Pol I initiation factor recruitment.

    Evidence Co-IP, acetylation mapping, and nucleolar fractionation in mammalian cells

    PMID:25225125

    Open questions at the time
    • Acetyltransferase and deacetylase acting on PAF49 not identified
    • Whether acetylation directly regulates Rrn3 recruitment in vivo not demonstrated
    • Functional impact of individual acetylation sites not resolved
  7. 2019 High

    Near-atomic cryo-EM structures showing that the A49–A34.5 heterodimer dissociates from Pol I during elongation, with the enzyme adopting a Pol II-like conformation, provided the structural basis for the model that POLR1G reversibly regulates the initiation-to-elongation transition.

    Evidence Cryo-EM at 3.2–3.4 Å of yeast Pol I elongation complexes with biochemical reconstitution

    PMID:30913026

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamics of heterodimer dissociation and re-association in living cells not measured
    • Whether mammalian PAF49–PAF53 undergoes the same dissociation during elongation not confirmed
    • Signals or factors triggering heterodimer release remain unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The kinase(s) responsible for growth-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation of POLR1G, the acetyltransferase/deacetylase pair controlling its acetylation state, and whether heterodimer dissociation during elongation occurs in mammalian Pol I remain unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of the mammalian PAF49–PAF53 heterodimer exists
  • In vivo dynamics of heterodimer association with Pol I during the transcription cycle are uncharacterized
  • How tyrosine phosphorylation and acetylation are coordinated to regulate POLR1G function is unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005730 nucleolus 2 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4
Partners
POLR1ERRN3TAF1AUBF
Complex memberships
PAF49-PAF53 (A34.5-A49) TFIIF-like heterodimerRNA polymerase I

Evidence

Reading pass · 7 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 The yeast RNA Pol I-specific subunit A34.5 (ortholog of human POLR1G/PAF49) is a phosphoprotein that copurifies with RNA Pol I and is required for stable association of subunit A49 with the enzyme; cells lacking A34.5 produce a structurally altered, catalytically active Pol I that lacks A49 upon in vitro purification. Genetic epistasis showed that A34.5 becomes quasi-essential in strains lacking DNA topoisomerase I, suggesting a specific role in helping Pol I overcome topological constraints during rDNA transcription. Synthetic lethality with A14 deletion (rescued by Pol II-driven pre-rRNA) demonstrated that A34.5 is collectively essential for rRNA synthesis. Genetic deletion analysis, in vitro purification/reconstitution of RNA Pol I, complementation by Pol II-driven pre-rRNA, double and triple mutant epistasis Molecular and cellular biology High 9121426
2004 Mouse PAF49 (ortholog of human POLR1G) copurifies and coimmunoprecipitates with a transcriptionally active subpopulation of RNA Pol I. PAF49 physically interacts with PAF53 through its N-terminal segment, and this same region interacts with TAF(I)48 (a subunit of SL1/selectivity factor), pulling down the entire SL1 complex. Anti-PAF49 antibody severely impairs specific rDNA transcription in vitro, an effect rescued by recombinant PAF49. Overexpression of a PAF49 deletion mutant reduces pre-rRNA synthesis in vivo. PAF49 localizes to the nucleolus in growing cells but disperses to the nucleoplasm in growth-arrested cells. Coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription assay with antibody inhibition and recombinant protein rescue, immunolocalization, overexpression of dominant-negative deletion mutants Molecular and cellular biology High 15226435
2006 Human CAST/hPAF49 (POLR1G) is a bona fide RNA Pol I-specific subunit present in initiation-competent Pol Iβ complexes in HeLa cells. It undergoes growth-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation at a conserved residue. CAST/hPAF49 interacts with the activator UBF and weakly with SL1 at the rDNA promoter. CAST/hPAF49-specific antibodies and excess CAST/hPAF49 protein inhibit UBF-activated (but not basal) Pol I transcription after SL1-Pol I-rDNA complex assembly, and disrupt the UBF–CAST/hPAF49 interaction, indicating that the interaction of this Pol I-specific subunit with UBF is required for transcriptional activation. Biochemical purification of Pol I complexes, coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription inhibition assays with antibodies and recombinant protein, phosphorylation analysis Molecular and cellular biology High 16809778
2012 Mammalian PAF49 (POLR1G) and PAF53 form a heterodimer, and deletion mutagenesis identified that amino acids 41–86 of PAF49 are sufficient for heterodimerization with PAF53. This region is structurally analogous to yeast A34.5 residues 52–98, and substituting the yeast A34.5 sequence with mammalian PAF49 residues 41–86 enabled interspecific heterodimerization with mouse PAF53, confirming conserved structural organization. The mammalian PAF49/PAF53 heterodimer is the functional equivalent of the yeast A34.5/A49 TFIIF-like subcomplex. Deletion and substitution mutagenesis of PAF49 and PAF53, coimmunoprecipitation of heterodimers, in silico structural prediction Biochemistry Medium 22849406
2014 The association of the PAF49/PAF53 (POLR1G-containing) heterodimer with RNA Pol I is regulated: PAF49 is acetylated on multiple sites, and hypoacetylated PAF49/PAF53 heterodimer binds Pol I with greater affinity than acetylated heterodimer. The heterodimer also physically interacts with Rrn3, and this interaction is proposed to facilitate recruitment of Rrn3 to Pol I, linking the heterodimer to transcription initiation. Nucleolar levels of PAF49/PAF53 are regulated independently of total protein levels. Coimmunoprecipitation, acetylation analysis, subcellular fractionation/nucleolar localization, protein interaction assays Gene Medium 25225125
2019 Cryo-EM structures of yeast RNA Pol I elongation complexes at 3.2–3.4 Å resolution reveal that the A49–A34.5 (POLR1G ortholog) heterodimer is dissociated from most nucleotide-bound elongation complexes, which instead adopt a Pol II-like conformation. In the absence of the heterodimer, the A12.2 C-terminal domain occupies a previously unobserved position at the A135 surface. This structural and biochemical data supports a model in which reversible binding of the A49–A34.5 heterodimer regulates the transition between transcription initiation and elongation states of Pol I. Cryo-electron microscopy at 3.2–3.4 Å resolution, biochemical reconstitution of elongation complexes with nucleotide analog GMPCPP eLife High 30913026
2009 The histone chaperone FACT (SSRP1 and Spt16 subunits) co-purifies and co-immunoprecipitates with mammalian RNA Pol I complexes (which contain PAF49/POLR1G). siRNA-mediated depletion of FACT subunits significantly reduces 47S pre-rRNA levels without affecting synthesis of the first 40 nt of rRNA, indicating FACT is required for Pol I transcription elongation through chromatin. This places POLR1G-containing Pol I complexes in a pathway requiring FACT for chromatin template transcription. Coimmunoprecipitation of FACT with Pol I, siRNA knockdown of FACT subunits with pre-rRNA level measurement, ChIP at rDNA loci The EMBO journal Medium 19214185

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins. Cell 1718 22658674
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2006 A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization. Nature biotechnology 1336 16964243
2004 Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1159 15302935
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2004 A physical and functional map of the human TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway. Nature cell biology 841 14743216
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2015 Panorama of ancient metazoan macromolecular complexes. Nature 407 26344197
2007 Functional specialization of beta-arrestin interactions revealed by proteomic analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 360 17620599
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
2000 Integrin signalling: a new Cas(t) of characters enters the stage. Trends in cell biology 258 10675905
2018 An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive mapping of protein interactions and subcellular localizations. Nature communications 201 29568061
1996 Directing alternative splicing: cast and scenarios. Trends in genetics : TIG 185 8973158
2009 Receptor for AGE (RAGE) and its ligands-cast into leading roles in diabetes and the inflammatory response. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 180 19189073
2020 UFMylation maintains tumour suppressor p53 stability by antagonizing its ubiquitination. Nature cell biology 168 32807901
2021 Quantitative evaluation of chromosomal rearrangements in gene-edited human stem cells by CAST-Seq. Cell stem cell 166 33626327
2019 H4K20me0 recognition by BRCA1-BARD1 directs homologous recombination to sister chromatids. Nature cell biology 162 30804502
2020 Synthetic Lethal and Resistance Interactions with BET Bromodomain Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Molecular cell 159 32416067
1992 Pathobiology of cast nephropathy from human Bence Jones proteins. The Journal of clinical investigation 159 1737851
2004 Physical and functional interaction of the active zone proteins, CAST, RIM1, and Bassoon, in neurotransmitter release. The Journal of cell biology 158 14734538
2001 Chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation: the cast (in order of appearance). Oncogene 157 11420714
2013 Basic mechanisms in RNA polymerase I transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes. Sub-cellular biochemistry 142 23150253
2016 FOXA1 Directs H3K4 Monomethylation at Enhancers via Recruitment of the Methyltransferase MLL3. Cell reports 137 27926873
2006 Fish cast NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps are released from fish neutrophils. Developmental and comparative immunology 136 17222907
1999 Quantitative trait loci for bone density in C57BL/6J and CAST/EiJ inbred mice. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 135 10556421
2014 The central role of EED in the orchestration of polycomb group complexes. Nature communications 131 24457600
2007 Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 114 18029348
2021 A protein interaction landscape of breast cancer. Science (New York, N.Y.) 111 34591612
2019 Systematic bromodomain protein screens identify homologous recombination and R-loop suppression pathways involved in genome integrity. Genes & development 110 31753913
2006 Use of copper cast alloys to control Escherichia coli O157 cross-contamination during food processing. Applied and environmental microbiology 109 16751537
2022 Disentangling the relative importance of T cell responses in COVID-19: leading actors or supporting cast? Nature reviews. Immunology 106 35484322
2009 FACT facilitates chromatin transcription by RNA polymerases I and III. The EMBO journal 101 19214185
2022 EZH2 depletion potentiates MYC degradation inhibiting neuroblastoma and small cell carcinoma tumor formation. Nature communications 99 35013218
2004 Surface properties and biocompatibility of solvent-cast poly[-caprolactone] films. Biomaterials 94 15120520
2018 Proteomic profiling of VCP substrates links VCP to K6-linked ubiquitylation and c-Myc function. EMBO reports 92 29467282
2015 Complex histories of repeated gene flow in Cameroon crater lake cichlids cast doubt on one of the clearest examples of sympatric speciation. Evolution; international journal of organic evolution 89 25929355
2020 Kinase Interaction Network Expands Functional and Disease Roles of Human Kinases. Molecular cell 88 32707033
2008 Marked calpastatin (CAST) depletion in Alzheimer's disease accelerates cytoskeleton disruption and neurodegeneration: neuroprotection by CAST overexpression. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 88 19020018
2011 Calcium channels link the muscle-derived synapse organizer laminin β2 to Bassoon and CAST/Erc2 to organize presynaptic active zones. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 86 21228161
2004 NF-kappaB signaling in lymphocytes: a new cast of characters. Journal of cell science 81 14657271
2021 Excellent Specific Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Anisotropic Freeze-Cast Native and Carbonized Bacterial Cellulose-Alginate Foams. Advanced functional materials 80 37476032
2015 Robust Axonal Regeneration Occurs in the Injured CAST/Ei Mouse CNS. Neuron 79 26004914
1990 New data on excisions of Mu from E. coli MCS2 cast doubt on directed mutation hypothesis. Nature 77 2407962
2011 CAST AWAY, a membrane-associated receptor-like kinase, inhibits organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Plant physiology 73 21628627
2011 Cancer stromal targeting (CAST) therapy. Advanced drug delivery reviews 72 22212902
2020 Clinicopathologic predictors of renal outcomes in light chain cast nephropathy: a multicenter retrospective study. Blood 71 32160635
2017 Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Cast Neutrophil Extracellular Traps against the Abortive Parasite Neospora caninum. Frontiers in immunology 68 28611772
2007 In HIV-1 pathogenesis the die is cast during primary infection. AIDS (London, England) 67 17148962
2010 CAST and ELKS proteins: structural and functional determinants of the presynaptic active zone. Journal of biochemistry 64 20581014
1997 A34.5, a nonessential component of yeast RNA polymerase I, cooperates with subunit A14 and DNA topoisomerase I to produce a functional rRNA synthesis machine. Molecular and cellular biology 64 9121426
1998 Apparent pore size of polyacrylamide gels: comparison of gels cast and run in Tris-acetate-EDTA and Tris-borate-EDTA buffers. Electrophoresis 59 9719523
2011 Assessment of DNA damage in coal open-cast mining workers using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay. The Science of the total environment 58 21215992
1997 Psychological factors and survival in the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial (CAST): a reexamination. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 58 9172848
2008 Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury: a pilot study. Nephron. Clinical practice 57 18953176
2015 Dogs cast NETs too: Canine neutrophil extracellular traps in health and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 46 26574161
2005 Rapamycin worsens renal function and intratubular cast formation in protein overload nephropathy. Kidney international 45 16316336
2003 Quantitative trait loci that determine lipoprotein cholesterol levels in DBA/2J and CAST/Ei inbred mice. Journal of lipid research 44 12588951
2001 Cysteinyl-leukotriene release test (CAST) in the diagnosis of immediate drug reactions. Allergy 44 11421930
2010 Impact of viral-mediated IGF-I gene transfer on skeletal muscle following cast immobilization. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 43 20739512
2008 Prion proteostasis: Hsp104 meets its supporting cast. Prion 42 19242125
1999 CAST, a novel CD3epsilon-binding protein transducing activation signal for interleukin-2 production in T cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 42 10373416
2015 Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases: a full cast of critical actors in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular research 41 25750190
2006 Active zone protein CAST is a component of conventional and ribbon synapses in mouse retina. The Journal of comparative neurology 40 16485285
2016 Paraprotein-Related Kidney Disease: Evaluation and Treatment of Myeloma Cast Nephropathy. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 39 27526708
2015 Chitosan-based electrospun nanofibrous mats, hydrogels and cast films: novel anti-bacterial wound dressing matrices. Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine 39 25716023
2001 Role of polymeric Tamm-Horsfall protein in cast formation: oligosaccharide and tubular fluid ions. Kidney international 39 11231348
2018 Myeloma light chain cast nephropathy, a review. Journal of nephrology 38 29730782
2006 RNA polymerase I-specific subunit CAST/hPAF49 has a role in the activation of transcription by upstream binding factor. Molecular and cellular biology 35 16809778
2004 Multiple protein-protein interactions by RNA polymerase I-associated factor PAF49 and role of PAF49 in rRNA transcription. Molecular and cellular biology 35 15226435
1995 Corrosion cast demonstration of retinal vasculature of normal Wistar-Kyoto rats. Acta anatomica 34 8659253
2022 Pollen-pistil interactions: It takes two to tangle but a molecular cast of many to deliver. Current opinion in plant biology 33 36029655
2019 The cryo-EM structure of a 12-subunit variant of RNA polymerase I reveals dissociation of the A49-A34.5 heterodimer and rearrangement of subunit A12.2. eLife 33 30913026
2013 An association between the calpastatin (CAST) gene and keratoconus. Cornea 33 23449483
2005 The physical properties and response of osteoblasts to solution cast films of PLGA doped polycaprolactone. Biomaterials 33 15935466
1988 Myeloma cast nephropathy: immunohistochemical and lectin studies. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 33 2467287
2011 Somatic gonadal cells: the supporting cast for the germline. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 31 21735540
2006 ELKS, a protein structurally related to the active zone protein CAST, is involved in Ca2+-dependent exocytosis from PC12 cells. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 31 16716196
2018 Anisotropic freeze-cast collagen scaffolds for tissue regeneration: How processing conditions affect structure and properties in the dry and fully hydrated states. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 30 30399564
2013 Association of polymorphisms at DGAT1, leptin, SCD1, CAPN1 and CAST genes with color, marbling and water holding capacity in meat from beef cattle populations in Sweden. Meat science 30 23501244
2018 Pin1 Promotes Regulated Necrosis Induced by Glutamate in Rat Retinal Neurons via CAST/Calpain2 Pathway. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 29 29403356
2016 Polymorphisms in metabolism and repair genes affects DNA damage caused by open-cast coal mining exposure. Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis 29 27637484
2015 Competitive allele-specific TaqMan PCR (Cast-PCR) is a sensitive, specific and fast method for BRAF V600 mutation detection in Melanoma patients. Scientific reports 29 26690267
2014 SAD1, an RNA polymerase I subunit A34.5 of rice, interacts with Mediator and controls various aspects of plant development. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 29 25404280
2003 The cast of molecular characters in Parkinson's disease: felons, conspirators, and suspects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 29 12846976
2018 Oxidative Stress Contributes to Fracture/Cast-Induced Inflammation and Pain in a Rat Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. The journal of pain 28 29715519
2004 A hypophosphorylated form of RPA34 is a specific component of pre-replication centers. Journal of cell science 28 15456845
2017 Aggregation of zein in aqueous ethanol dispersions: Effect on cast film properties. International journal of biological macromolecules 27 28811202
2013 Immobilization-induced hypersensitivity associated with spinal cord sensitization during cast immobilization and after cast removal in rats. The journal of physiological sciences : JPS 27 23818166
2013 CAST-ChIP maps cell-type-specific chromatin states in the Drosophila central nervous system. Cell reports 27 24095734
2010 Association of SNPs on CAPN1 and CAST genes with tenderness in Nellore cattle. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 26 20662159
2023 T-CAST: An optimized CAST-Seq pipeline for TALEN confirms superior safety and efficacy of obligate-heterodimeric scaffolds. Frontiers in genome editing 25 36890979
2022 Bile Cast Nephropathy: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 25 35505725
2015 Functional studies cast light on receptor states. Trends in pharmacological sciences 25 26123416
1996 A novel substrate-binding pocket interaction restricts the specificity of the human NK cell-specific serine protease, Met-ase-1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 25 8666785
2019 Cast immobilization of hindlimb upregulates sarcolipin expression in atrophied skeletal muscles and increases thermogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 24 31433681
2018 Time-course study of macrophage infiltration and inflammation in cast immobilization-induced atrophied muscle of mice. Muscle & nerve 24 29315666
2010 Management options for cast nephropathy in multiple myeloma. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 24 20827195
2023 T cells: an emerging cast of roles in bipolar disorder. Translational psychiatry 22 37156764
2020 Presynaptic development is controlled by the core active zone proteins CAST/ELKS. The Journal of physiology 22 32304329
2020 An Eclectic Cast of Cellular Actors Orchestrates Innate Immune Responses in the Mechanisms Driving Obesity and Metabolic Perturbation. Circulation research 21 32437306
1986 The biocompatibility of solution cast and acetone-extracted cast Biomer. Journal of biomedical materials research 21 3722215
2016 SAD-B Phosphorylation of CAST Controls Active Zone Vesicle Recycling for Synaptic Depression. Cell reports 19 27626661
2017 Spray-cast multilayer perovskite solar cells with an active-area of 1.5 cm2. Scientific reports 17 28801601
2013 A new single nucleotide polymorphism in the calpastatin (CAST) gene associated with beef tenderness. Meat science 17 24200570
2022 Wear Resistance and Biocompatibility of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated with CAST and SLM Techniques. Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 16 35591597
2019 The influence of polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing and DNA repair genes in DNA damage, telomere length and global DNA methylation evaluated in open-cast coal mining workers. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 16 31787382
2016 The active zone protein CAST regulates synaptic vesicle recycling and quantal size in the mouse hippocampus. The European journal of neuroscience 16 27422015
2013 Are the B cells cast with the leading part in the Sjogren's syndrome scenario? Oral diseases 16 23837848
2007 The active zone protein CAST directly associates with Ligand-of-Numb protein X. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 16 17257582
2023 Common variants of pro-inflammatory gene IL1B and interactions with PPP1R13L and POLR1G in relation to lung cancer among Northeast Chinese. Scientific reports 14 37147350
2015 Clinical pathway for early discharge after complete primary repair of exstrophy and epispadias by using a spica cast. Journal of pediatric urology 14 25982019
2023 CRISPR-Cas12a test strip (CRISPR/CAST) package: In-situ detection of Brucella from infected livestock. BMC veterinary research 13 37833763
2017 CAST: Its molecular structure and phosphorylation-dependent regulation of presynaptic plasticity. Neuroscience research 13 29275163
2015 Investigation of a solvent-cast organogel to form a liquid-gel microinterface array for electrochemical detection of lysozyme. Analytica chimica acta 13 26398420
2018 Effects of polymorphisms in CAPN1 and CAST genes on meat tenderness of Chinese Simmental cattle. Archives animal breeding 12 32175450
2014 Regulation of the association of the PAF53/PAF49 heterodimer with RNA polymerase I. Gene 12 25225125
2012 Characterization of the interactions of mammalian RNA polymerase I associated proteins PAF53 and PAF49. Biochemistry 12 22849406
1995 Engineering the right membranes for electrodes at the biological interface; solvent cast and electropolymerised. Biosensors & bioelectronics 12 7734119
2024 Genome editing using CRISPR, CAST, and Fanzor systems. Molecules and cells 11 38909984
2022 Nutritional Composition of Beach-Cast Marine Algae from the Brazilian Coast: Added Value for Algal Biomass Considered as Waste. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 11 35563924
2019 One week, but not 12 hours, of cast immobilization alters promotor DNA methylation patterns in the nNOS gene in mouse skeletal muscle. The Journal of physiology 11 31490543
2005 Quality control: another player joins the ERAD cast. Current biology : CB 11 16332527
1993 Topography of short portal vessels in the rat pituitary gland: a scanning electron-microscopic and morphometric study of corrosion cast replicas. Cell and tissue research 11 8481959
2014 Treatment of acute kidney injury with cast nephropathy. Clinical nephrology 10 24725380