Affinage

PARD6B

Partitioning defective 6 homolog beta · UniProt Q9BYG5

Round 2 corrected
Length
372 aa
Mass
41.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
73 papers in source corpus 26 papers cited in narrative 26 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PARD6B is a scaffold/adaptor protein that nucleates the conserved apical polarity complex with atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and PAR-3, coupling GTP-loaded Cdc42/Rac (via its CRIB-like motif) to aPKC (via PB1 domain front-to-back electrostatic interactions) to direct tight junction assembly, apical membrane identity, and epithelial cell polarity (PMID:10934474, PMID:12887891, PMID:11257119). Beyond junction biogenesis, PARD6B controls apical endosomal recycling and transcytosis, mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial morphogenesis, and trophectoderm specification in preimplantation embryos, where its apical localization is regulated upstream by RHO-ROCK and TFAP2C and antagonized by Hippo signaling (PMID:28069747, PMID:21300793, PMID:20505164, PMID:30526858). PARD6B activity is tuned by PAK4 phosphorylation at Ser143, which disrupts Cdc42 binding, by competitive displacement of PAR-3 through Lgl, and by proteasome-dependent degradation triggered by apical membrane perturbation during pathogen entry or loss of aPKC interaction (PMID:25662318, PMID:12725730, PMID:35143768, PMID:21300793). Loss of PARD6B promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion in lung adenocarcinoma cells, and its reduction in emphysematous COPD impairs alveolar type II cell self-renewal (PMID:28652146, PMID:40001200).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 2000 High

    Identification of PARD6B as the adaptor linking Cdc42-GTP to aPKC and PAR-3 at tight junctions answered the key question of how Rho-family GTPase signaling is physically coupled to the conserved polarity machinery in mammalian epithelia.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid, and dominant-negative assays in MDCK cells

    PMID:10934474

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of complex assembly unknown at this stage
    • Relative contributions of individual Par6 paralogs unresolved
  2. 2001 High

    Cloning of all three human PAR6 paralogs and domain mapping of the CRIB-like motif (Cdc42/Rac binding) and N-terminal PB1 region (aPKC binding) established the modular architecture through which PARD6B simultaneously engages GTPases and kinases.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, GST pulldown, co-IP, and colocalization across multiple cell lines

    PMID:11257119 PMID:11260256

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-resolution structure of PARD6B-aPKC interface not yet available
    • How PAR-3 joins the ternary complex mechanistically unclear
  3. 2003 High

    Crystal structure of PB1 domain heterodimers defined the front-to-back electrostatic mechanism governing PARD6B-aPKC assembly, while proteomic and biochemical studies revealed connections to the Crumbs-PALS1-PATJ complex and competitive Lgl binding, expanding the polarity network model.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography with mutagenesis; TAP-MS proteomics; Co-IP/GST pulldown showing PALS1 and Lgl interactions in MDCK cells

    PMID:12545177 PMID:12725730 PMID:12887891 PMID:14676191

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length PARD6B structure lacking
    • Dynamics of Lgl vs PAR-3 competition in vivo not quantified
  4. 2005 Medium

    Localization of PARD6B to the apical pole of compacting mouse blastomeres established its role in the earliest mammalian cell polarity event, predating tight junction formation.

    Evidence Confocal immunofluorescence in preimplantation mouse embryos

    PMID:15950600

    Open questions at the time
    • Localization study only; no loss-of-function at this stage
    • Mechanism recruiting PARD6B to the apical domain at compaction not identified
  5. 2009 High

    Dissection of the PAR-3–aPKC interaction via phospho-site mutants showed that the ternary complex is required for apical membrane protein delivery but dispensable for tight junction maturation, separating two downstream functions of PARD6B.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown with point-mutant rescue in 2D/3D MDCK cultures

    PMID:19401335

    Open questions at the time
    • Cargo identity for apical delivery pathway unknown
    • Whether PARD6B paralogs can substitute not tested
  6. 2010 High

    Loss-of-function in mouse embryos proved PARD6B is essential for trophectoderm formation, linking apical polarity complex function to the first cell fate decision via CDX2 regulation and Hippo pathway suppression.

    Evidence RNAi microinjection into zygotes with chimera analysis, ZO-1/F-actin/CDX2 readouts

    PMID:20505164

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism connecting apical PARD6B to CDX2 transcription not resolved
    • Whether defect is via Hippo or parallel pathway not fully distinguished
  7. 2011 High

    Demonstration that PARD6B depletion randomizes mitotic spindle orientation and that aPKC protects PARD6B from proteasomal degradation in a kinase-independent manner revealed a mutual stabilization mechanism underlying lumen formation in 3D epithelia.

    Evidence siRNA, dominant-negative, 3D Matrigel cyst assay, proteasome inhibitor rescue in Caco-2 cells

    PMID:21300793

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase targeting PARD6B for degradation unidentified
    • Whether spindle role requires Cdc42 binding specifically not tested
  8. 2015 High

    Identification of PAK4-mediated phosphorylation at Ser143 as a switch that blocks Cdc42 binding provided the first post-translational mechanism for negative regulation of PARD6B activity.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, S143A mutagenesis, co-IP in human bronchial epithelial cells

    PMID:25662318

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of Ser143 phosphorylation in polarity or development not shown
    • Whether other kinases target this site unknown
  9. 2015 High

    Epistasis experiments placed PARD6B downstream of TFAP2C and upstream of Hippo suppression in outer blastomeres, while parallel work showed RHO-ROCK is required for apical PARD6B segregation, building a linear pathway from cytoskeletal signaling through polarity to lineage specification.

    Evidence siRNA + mRNA rescue in mouse embryos; pharmacological ROCK inhibition with YAP localization readout

    PMID:24997360 PMID:25858457

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets of TFAP2C controlling Pard6b promoter not mapped
    • Whether RHO-ROCK acts on PARD6B directly or via cytoskeletal remodeling unclear
  10. 2017 High

    An RNAi screen and kinetic transport assays revealed PARD6B is specifically required for apical endosomal recycling and FcRn-mediated transcytosis, establishing a post-junctional trafficking function beyond its classical role in junction assembly.

    Evidence High-throughput RNAi screen, pulse-chase transcytosis assays in polarized epithelial cells

    PMID:28069747

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which PARD6B organizes apical endosomes molecularly undefined
    • Whether Cdc42 or aPKC activity is required for this trafficking role not dissected
  11. 2018 High

    Genetic evidence that Hippo effectors YAP1/WWTR1 antagonize apical PARD6B/aPKC localization closed a negative feedback loop: PARD6B suppresses Hippo in outer cells, while activated Hippo in inner cells removes PARD6B to consolidate inner cell fate.

    Evidence Yap1/Wwtr1 double mutant embryos with immunofluorescence and cell tracking

    PMID:30526858

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which YAP/TAZ promote PARD6B removal unknown
    • Whether feedback operates in adult epithelia not tested
  12. 2022 High

    Discovery that pathogen entry triggers rapid proteasome-dependent PARD6B degradation via apical glycosphingolipid perturbation, depleting apical endosomes and conferring resistance to reinfection, revealed an unexpected cell-autonomous innate defense function of the polarity complex.

    Evidence Virus/toxin treatment of polarized epithelia, proteasome inhibitor rescue, PARD6B knockout, endosome assays

    PMID:35143768

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating PARD6B degradation in this context unidentified
    • Generalizability across pathogen types not established
  13. 2025 Medium

    Emerging work extends PARD6B function to adult tissue homeostasis—alveolar type II cell self-renewal via the PAR3-PARD6B-PRKCI complex—and to oncogenic signaling via a PARD6B→miR-34c→MYC axis in colorectal cancer, broadening its roles beyond classical polarity.

    Evidence Co-IP/MS in primary AEC2s with 3D spheroid assays; knockdown/overexpression and xenograft models in CRC

    PMID:40001200 PMID:40533910

    Open questions at the time
    • miR-34c regulation mechanism by PARD6B is indirect and relies partly on in silico inference
    • Whether proliferative role in AEC2s is polarity-dependent or polarity-independent not resolved
    • Single-lab findings require independent replication

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the identity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase(s) targeting PARD6B for proteasomal degradation, how PARD6B organizes apical endosome identity at the molecular level, and whether its emerging proliferation and cancer roles operate through canonical polarity or independent mechanisms.
  • E3 ligase unknown
  • Structural basis of full-length PARD6B in complex not determined
  • Paralog-specific vs redundant functions of PARD6A/B/G poorly delineated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 5 GO:0005768 endosome 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 3 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1
Partners
CDC42LLGL1MPP5PAK4PARD3PRKCIPRKCZRAC1
Complex memberships
PAR-6/aPKC/Cdc42 complexPAR-6/aPKC/Lgl complexPAR-6/aPKC/PAR-3 polarity complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 26 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 PARD6B (Par6) was identified as a key adaptor protein that forms a complex with Cdc42-GTP, a human homologue of PAR-3, and the regulatory domains of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), linking Cdc42 to aPKC and implicated in the formation of normal tight junctions at epithelial cell-cell contacts. Co-immunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid, and dominant-negative functional assays in MDCK cells Nature cell biology High 10934474
2001 Human PAR6 homologues (PAR6alpha/PARD6A, PAR6beta/PARD6B, PAR6gamma/PARD6G) were cloned; PARD6B harbors a PDZ domain and a CRIB-like motif and directly interacts with GTP-bound Rac and Cdc42 via the CRIB-like motif, and with aPKC isoforms (PKCiota/lambda and PKCzeta) via its N-terminal region, forming a ternary complex both in vitro and in vivo. cDNA cloning, GST pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization in HeLa/COS-7 cells Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms High 11260256
2001 PARD6B is part of the evolutionarily conserved aPKC-PAR-6-PAR-3 ternary complex that localizes to the apical junctional region of MDCK cells; dominant-negative aPKC causes mislocalization of PAR-3 and severe disruption of tight junction biogenesis and epithelial cell surface polarity. Dominant-negative overexpression, immunocytochemistry, paracellular diffusion assays in MDCK cells The Journal of cell biology High 11257119
2003 Comprehensive tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry of human Par proteins revealed that PARD6B (Par-6b) participates in a highly interconnected polarity network, forming core complexes with Par-3 and aPKC as well as with more than 50 novel interactors, establishing the Par-3/Par-6/aPKC module as a central hub of the polarity network. Tandem affinity purification (TAP) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry from cultured cells The Journal of biological chemistry High 14676191
2003 PARD6B directly interacts with PALS1 (a Crumbs complex component) through its PDZ domain in a manner regulated by Cdc42-GTP, biochemically linking the Par6-aPKC-Par3 polarity complex to the Crumbs-PALS1-PATJ complex; disruption of PALS1 mislocalizes PARD6B and ZO-1 in MDCK cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, GST pulldown, dominant-negative overexpression in MDCK cells Nature cell biology High 12545177
2003 Mammalian Lgl (mLgl) competes with PAR-3 for binding to the PAR-6/aPKC complex; mLgl forms an independent complex with PAR-6 (including PARD6B) and aPKC, is phosphorylated by aPKC, and is segregated to the basolateral membrane after polarization. Overexpression of the mLgl/PAR-6/aPKC complex suppresses epithelial junction formation. Co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression studies, immunofluorescence in MDCK cells Current biology : CB High 12725730
2003 Crystal structure of PB1 domain heterodimers revealed that aPKC (PKCzeta) binds both Par6 and p62 via conserved front-to-back electrostatic interactions between the OPCA motif and basic residues; this structural mechanism governs PARD6B-aPKC complex assembly. X-ray crystallography plus mutagenesis of PB1 domain interactions Molecular cell High 12887891
2005 PARD6B is asymmetrically localized to the apical pole of mouse blastomeres beginning at the 8-cell stage during compaction, independently of cell-cell contact, and colocalizes with aPKCzeta at the apical domain; at the 16-cell stage, PARD6B/PARD3/aPKCzeta colocalize at tight junctions in blastocysts. Immunofluorescence confocal imaging in preimplantation mouse embryos Developmental biology Medium 15950600
2005 SRC-3/AIB1 coactivator, together with estrogen receptor-alpha, directly regulates PARD6B gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, as demonstrated by ChIP and SRC-family siRNA knockdown. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), genomic mapping, siRNA knockdown of SRC-1/2/3 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 15677324
2009 Formation of the PAR-3-aPKC-PARD6B complex is essential for apical membrane protein delivery and apical domain development in MDCK cells; a PAR-3 point mutant (S827/829A) that cannot interact with aPKC fails to rescue apical domain defects caused by PAR-3 knockdown, while tight junction maturation does not require this interaction. siRNA knockdown, rescue with point-mutant PAR-3, 2D and 3D MDCK culture, confocal imaging Journal of cell science High 19401335
2010 PARD6B is essential for trophectoderm formation in the preimplantation mouse embryo; Pard6b knockdown (RNAi into zygotes) caused failure of blastocyst cavity formation, abnormal actin and ZO-1 distribution, absence of apical aPKCzeta localization, reduced CDX2 expression in outer cells, and chimera experiments showed the defect is cell-autonomous. RNAi microinjection into zygotes, immunofluorescence, chimera analysis Biology of reproduction High 20505164
2011 PARD6B and aPKC are required for correct mitotic spindle orientation during Caco-2 epithelial morphogenesis in 3D Matrigel; depletion of Par6B causes misorientation of the mitotic spindle, mispositioning of the nascent apical surface, and multi-lumen cyst formation. Mechanistically, PARD6B recruits aPKC to the apical surface, while aPKC (in a kinase-independent manner) protects PARD6B from proteasomal degradation. siRNA depletion, dominant-negative expression, 3D Matrigel cyst assay, immunofluorescence, proteasome inhibitor rescue The Journal of biological chemistry High 21300793
2012 PAR6B is required for tight junction assembly and apical membrane localization of activated aPKCzeta in breast cancer MCF7 cells; siRNA-mediated PAR6B inhibition leads to loss of TJ networks and membrane localization of aPKC but does not affect adherens junctions. CDC42 inhibition phenocopies PAR6B loss, confirming the requirement of the complete PAR6B-aPKC-CDC42-PAR3 complex for TJ formation. FISH amplicon analysis, siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, TJ network assay in MCF7 cells American journal of cancer research High 22957302
2013 aPKC/Par-3/PARD6B expression domain at the apical/proximal region of cochlear hair cells is complementary and opposite to the Gαi3/mPins domain, defining two mutually exclusive polarity complexes that together control kinocilium migration and planar cell polarity; the aPKC/Par-3/Par-6b complex is non-overlapping with the core PCP protein Vangl2. Immunofluorescence co-localization in cochlear hair cells, genetic deletion of Gαi3/mPins, in vitro G-protein inhibition Nature cell biology Medium 23934215
2014 RHO-ROCK signaling is required for segregation of apical (PARD6B, PRKCZ) and basal (SCRIB, LLGL1) polarity regulators in mouse blastomeres; ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 dampened this segregation and activated Hippo signaling, demonstrating that RHO-ROCK acts upstream of PARD6B apical localization in TE specification. Pharmacological inhibition (Y-27632, RHO GTPase inhibitor), immunofluorescence, YAP nuclear localization assay in mouse embryos Developmental biology Medium 24997360
2015 PAK4 phosphorylates PARD6B at Ser143, blocking PARD6B's interaction with Cdc42; this provides a mechanism for controlling the subcellular localization of PARD6B and its interaction with other proteins downstream of Cdc42. In vitro kinase assay, site-directed mutagenesis (S143A), co-immunoprecipitation, cell-based localization in human bronchial epithelial cells The Biochemical journal High 25662318
2015 TFAP2C (AP-2γ) regulates PARD6B expression in mouse embryos; TFAP2C depletion leads to downregulation of PARD6B, loss of apical cell polarity, F-actin disorganization, and activation of Hippo signaling in outer blastomeres. Rescue with Pard6b mRNA restored cell polarity but only partially corrected Hippo signaling, positioning PARD6B downstream of TFAP2C but upstream of, but not solely responsible for, Hippo suppression. siRNA knockdown, mRNA rescue experiments, immunofluorescence in mouse embryos Development (Cambridge, England) High 25858457
2016 CDC42 is required for apical localization of PARD6B in the pharyngeal endoderm; Cdc42 ablation causes loss of apical-basal polarity and loss of apical PARD6B, with impaired thyroid bud outgrowth and failure of SHROOM3-dependent apical constriction. Conditional Cdc42 knockout in mouse embryos, immunofluorescence Biology open Medium 26772200
2017 PARD6B knockdown in lung adenocarcinoma cells promotes EMT and invasion; silencing of Pard6b (part of the PKCζ/Pard3/Pard6b complex) induces EMT markers, increases cell migration and invasion, and promotes in vivo colonization. Human lung adenocarcinoma tissues express less Pard6b than adjacent normal tissue. siRNA knockdown, invasion assays, in vivo colonization model, gene expression profiling Cellular signalling Medium 28652146
2017 PARD6B is required for apical recycling in polarized epithelial cells; RNAi screen identified PARD6B as necessary for FcRn-mediated transcytosis, and pulse-chase kinetic assays showed a strong dependence on PARD6B for apical (but not basolateral) recycling, implicating PARD6B in assembly or maintenance of the apical endosomal system. High-throughput RNAi screen, pulse-chase kinetic transport assays, transcytosis assays in polarized epithelial cells The Journal of cell biology High 28069747
2017 Disrupting the interaction between PRKCZ (aPKCζ) and PARD6B in prostate progenitor cells is sufficient to randomize mitotic spindle orientation and expand the luminal compartment, recapitulating the spindle and cell lineage phenotypes seen with GATA3 loss. Dominant-interfering constructs disrupting PRKCZ-PARD6B interaction, immunofluorescence, lineage analysis in mouse prostate Stem cell reports Medium 28285879
2018 HIPPO signaling (via YAP1/WWTR1) antagonizes apical localization of Par complex components PARD6B and aPKC in mouse embryos, creating a negative feedback loop; this repositions cells to the interior independently of Sox2 regulation, ensuring robust lineage segregation. Genetic loss-of-function (Yap1/Wwtr1 mutants), immunofluorescence, cell tracking in mouse embryos eLife High 30526858
2018 In pleural mesothelial cells, increased Lgl1 competes with PAR-3A for binding to aPKC and PAR-6B, displacing PAR-3A from the PAR complex and causing cell polarity loss; Lgl1 siRNA prevents this polarity loss and Lgl1 conditional knockout attenuates pleural fibrosis in mice. Co-immunoprecipitation (Lgl1/aPKC/PAR-6B/PAR-3A), siRNA knockdown, conditional knockout mouse model Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research Medium 29842893
2022 In response to entry of certain viruses and bacterial toxins via the apical membrane, PARD6B and aPKC (components of the PARD6B-aPKC-Cdc42 apical polarity complex) undergo rapid proteasome-dependent degradation initiated by perturbation of apical membrane glycosphingolipids; loss of PARD6B depletes apical endosome function, rendering cells resistant to further apical infection—a form of cell-autonomous host defense. Virus/toxin treatment of polarized epithelial cells, proteasome inhibitor rescue, PARD6B knockout, apical endosome functional assays Cell host & microbe High 35143768
2025 The PAR3-PARD6B-PRKCI complex is required for alveolar type II epithelial cell (AEC2) self-renewal; reduced PARD6B in emphysematous COPD arrests AEC2s in G0-G1 phase, impairing self-proliferation. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry confirmed the trimeric complex, and 3D spheroid formation by primary mouse AEC2s validated the proliferative role. Bioinformatics of patient samples, in vitro smoke-injury models, viral transfection, co-immunoprecipitation + mass spectrometry, 3D spheroid formation with primary mouse AEC2s Stem cell research & therapy Medium 40001200
2025 PARD6B promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by upregulating MYC expression through suppression of miR-34c (which directly targets and represses MYC); in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the PARD6B→miR-34c→MYC axis. In vitro knockdown/overexpression, in vivo xenograft, in silico pathway analysis, miR-34c functional assays Cancer science Medium 40533910

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 73 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2014 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 977 25416956
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2000 The cell-polarity protein Par6 links Par3 and atypical protein kinase C to Cdc42. Nature cell biology 761 10934474
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2008 Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 607 19056867
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2010 Systematic analysis of human protein complexes identifies chromosome segregation proteins. Science (New York, N.Y.) 421 20360068
2003 Direct interaction of two polarity complexes implicated in epithelial tight junction assembly. Nature cell biology 412 12545177
2001 Atypical protein kinase C is involved in the evolutionarily conserved par protein complex and plays a critical role in establishing epithelia-specific junctional structures. The Journal of cell biology 378 11257119
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
2012 Interpreting cancer genomes using systematic host network perturbations by tumour virus proteins. Nature 319 22810586
2015 Identification of focally amplified lineage-specific super-enhancers in human epithelial cancers. Nature genetics 298 26656844
2003 Mammalian Lgl forms a protein complex with PAR-6 and aPKC independently of PAR-3 to regulate epithelial cell polarity. Current biology : CB 290 12725730
2007 hORFeome v3.1: a resource of human open reading frames representing over 10,000 human genes. Genomics 222 17207965
2003 PB1 domain-mediated heterodimerization in NADPH oxidase and signaling complexes of atypical protein kinase C with Par6 and p62. Molecular cell 187 12887891
2001 The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20. Nature 168 11780052
2010 A human MAP kinase interactome. Nature methods 165 20936779
2003 Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human Par protein complexes reveals an interconnected protein network. The Journal of biological chemistry 152 14676191
2008 Systematic identification of mRNAs recruited to argonaute 2 by specific microRNAs and corresponding changes in transcript abundance. PloS one 148 18461144
2019 Mapping the proximity interaction network of the Rho-family GTPases reveals signalling pathways and regulatory mechanisms. Nature cell biology 137 31871319
2005 Asymmetric distribution of PAR proteins in the mouse embryo begins at the 8-cell stage during compaction. Developmental biology 136 15950600
2009 Interaction between PAR-3 and the aPKC-PAR-6 complex is indispensable for apical domain development of epithelial cells. Journal of cell science 135 19401335
2011 Interactions of pathological hallmark proteins: tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25, beta-amyloid, and alpha-synuclein. The Journal of biological chemistry 131 21832049
2001 Human homologues of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell polarity protein PAR6 as an adaptor that links the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 to atypical protein kinase C. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 127 11260256
2010 Cell polarity regulator PARD6B is essential for trophectoderm formation in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Biology of reproduction 116 20505164
2011 Par6B and atypical PKC regulate mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial morphogenesis. The Journal of biological chemistry 114 21300793
2007 Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 114 18029348
2013 Primary cilium migration depends on G-protein signalling control of subapical cytoskeleton. Nature cell biology 106 23934215
2014 Inhibition of RHO-ROCK signaling enhances ICM and suppresses TE characteristics through activation of Hippo signaling in the mouse blastocyst. Developmental biology 105 24997360
2005 Identification of target genes in breast cancer cells directly regulated by the SRC-3/AIB1 coactivator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 15677324
2015 Transcription factor AP-2γ induces early Cdx2 expression and represses HIPPO signaling to specify the trophectoderm lineage. Development (Cambridge, England) 81 25858457
2018 HIPPO signaling resolves embryonic cell fate conflicts during establishment of pluripotency in vivo. eLife 72 30526858
2019 ZEB1 Represses Neural Differentiation and Cooperates with CTBP2 to Dynamically Regulate Cell Migration during Neocortex Development. Cell reports 55 31116980
2013 More targets, more pathways and more clues for mutant p53. Oncogenesis 55 23817466
2021 eNOS controls angiogenic sprouting and retinal neovascularization through the regulation of endothelial cell polarity. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 50 34971428
2018 Reinterpreting polarity and cancer: The changing landscape from tumor suppression to tumor promotion. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 40 29369778
2013 Epithelial cell differentiation regulated by MicroRNA-200a in mammary glands. PloS one 34 23750238
2017 Downregulation of PKCζ/Pard3/Pard6b is responsible for lung adenocarcinoma cell EMT and invasion. Cellular signalling 33 28652146
2012 PAR6B is required for tight junction formation and activated PKCζ localization in breast cancer. American journal of cancer research 33 22957302
2014 Prenatal alcohol exposure alters expression of neurogenesis-related genes in an ex vivo cell culture model. Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) 28 24954023
2020 Molecular Network Profiling in Intestinal- and Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer. Cancers 21 33353109
2015 Functional cross-talk between Cdc42 and two downstream targets, Par6B and PAK4. The Biochemical journal 21 25662318
2014 Genome-wide linkage analysis and association study identifies loci for polydactyly in chickens. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 21 24752238
2017 A targeted RNAi screen identifies factors affecting diverse stages of receptor-mediated transcytosis. The Journal of cell biology 19 28069747
2013 Focused examination of the intestinal epithelium reveals transcriptional signatures consistent with disturbances in enterocyte maturation and differentiation during the course of SIV infection. PloS one 16 23593167
2022 Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Link Between Hippo Signaling Pathway and Macrophages in Lungs of Mice with OVA-Induced Allergic Asthma. Journal of inflammation research 14 35082511
2017 Lineage Specification from Prostate Progenitor Cells Requires Gata3-Dependent Mitotic Spindle Orientation. Stem cell reports 12 28285879
2016 Thyroid bud morphogenesis requires CDC42- and SHROOM3-dependent apical constriction. Biology open 11 26772200
2023 FGFR1 gene fusions in a subset of pediatric mesenchymal tumors: Expanding the genetic spectrum of tumors sharing histologic overlap with infantile fibrosarcoma and "NTRK-rearranged" spindle cell neoplasms. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 10 37265193
2022 Depletion of the apical endosome in response to viruses and bacterial toxins provides cell-autonomous host defense at mucosal surfaces. Cell host & microbe 8 35143768
2018 Lethal (2) giant larvae regulates pleural mesothelial cell polarity in pleural fibrosis. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 8 29842893
2022 Induced retinal pigment epithelial cells with anti-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ability delay retinal degeneration. iScience 6 36185374
2020 Bleomycin induced apical-basal polarity loss in alveolar epithelial cell contributes to experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Experimental cell research 6 32971116
2022 Transcription factor HNF1β controls a transcriptional network regulating kidney cell structure and tight junction integrity. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 5 36546837
2024 Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals ortho-topolin riboside exhibits anticancer activity by regulating metabolic pathways in radio-resistant triple negative breast cancer cells. Chemico-biological interactions 4 38823535
2021 Inhibition of apical domain formation does not block blastocyst development in bovine embryos. Reproduction, fertility, and development 4 34092280
2025 Discovery and Functional Characterization of a Recombinant Fragment of Human Collagen Type XVII. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 3 40066849
2019 Molecular subtype classification of papillary renal cell cancer using miRNA expression. OncoTargets and therapy 3 31015763
2014 Association between DNA methylation and multidrug resistance in human glioma SHG-44 cells. Molecular medicine reports 3 25333456
2025 The PAR6B-PRKCI-PAR3 complex influences alveolar regeneration in patients with the emphysema subtype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Stem cell research & therapy 2 40001200
2025 Polarity Gene PARD6B Promotes Tumor Growth of Colorectal Cancer via Increasing MYC Expression. Cancer science 1 40533910
2025 Polarity protein Par6: Unraveling its mechanisms in tumor development and research advances. Cellular signalling 1 41110735
2024 Identification of genes predicting chemoresistance and short survival in ovarian cancer. Translational cancer research 1 39262489
2022 Differential Expression of the Genes Coding for Adipokines and Epithelial Cell Polarity Components in Women With Low and High Mammographic Density. Clinical breast cancer 1 35725805
2025 SHANK2 establishes auditory hair bundle architecture essential for mammalian hearing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 0 40627398
2025 Spermidine Prevents Polarity Loss of Absorptive Enterocytes in Jejunum of Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Mice via 4D-DIA Proteomics Analysis. Journal of proteome research 0 41277781
2025 Organoid-derived photoreceptor precursors enriched by CD9⁻CD81mid sorting restore visual function in RCS rats. Stem cell research & therapy 0 41354961