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Showing HSD17B12 — KAR is a alias.

HSD17B12

Very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase · UniProt Q53GQ0

Length
312 aa
Mass
34.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
54 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HSD17B12 is the 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase that catalyzes the second step of the microsomal fatty acid elongation cycle, and it functions both as a catalytic reductase and as a non-catalytic regulator of lipid and protein homeostasis (PMID:25003994, PMID:39248019). It physically associates with the elongase ELOVL6 and increases its activity through two mechanisms: a catalysis-independent mode in which the direct interaction stimulates ELOVL6 ~3-fold even with a catalytically dead enzyme and without NADPH, and a catalysis-dependent mode in which reduction of 3-ketoacyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA further enhances elongation, likely by facilitating product release from the complex (PMID:25003994). Through its control of very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis, HSD17B12 governs arachidonic acid and downstream prostaglandin production required for ovarian function, where haploinsufficiency in mice causes subfertility with meiotic spindle and follicular defects (PMID:27490311), and it supplies VLCFA-containing lipid species and oleic acid that support hepatic lipid droplet expansion and viral lipid droplet biogenesis exploited by HCV (PMID:32132633, PMID:39248019). Beyond fatty acid metabolism, HSD17B12 acts as a broad-specificity drug-metabolizing reductase, accounting for essentially all microsomal reduction of the prodrug nabumetone and reducing pentoxifylline and S-warfarin (PMID:36724833), and it contributes to steroid metabolism including testosterone biosynthesis in mice (PMID:40336300). Independent of its reductase activity, HSD17B12 binds the VAC14 and ESCRT machinery to drive lysosome-dependent degradation of PD-L1, thereby potentiating T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity (PMID:41592073). Its expression is directly controlled at the promoter by the transcription factors NR1D1, YY1, and GATA3 and post-transcriptionally by miR-152 (PMID:39986531, PMID:33118286, PMID:40525640, PMID:29323178).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 2011 Medium

    Established that HSD17B12 sits upstream of both arachidonic acid and estradiol production in cancer cells, placing it in lipid- and steroid-generating pathways relevant to tumor growth.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown with arachidonic acid and estradiol metabolite rescue in breast carcinoma and SCCHN cell lines

    PMID:21409596

    Open questions at the time
    • No reconstitution of the enzymatic reaction generating either metabolite
    • Does not distinguish direct catalytic contribution from indirect pathway effects
  2. 2014 High

    Defined the molecular mechanism by which HSD17B12/KAR functions in fatty acid elongation, showing it both physically activates ELOVL6 and catalyzes the ketoreduction step.

    Evidence In vitro fatty acid elongation and purified ELOVL6 activity assays with KAR catalytic mutants and NADPH-dependence controls

    PMID:25003994

    Open questions at the time
    • No structure of the KAR-ELOVL6 complex
    • Stoichiometry and membrane topology of the complex unresolved
  3. 2016 High

    Demonstrated in vivo that HSD17B12's enzymatic role in arachidonic acid/prostaglandin metabolism is essential for ovarian function and fertility.

    Evidence Haploinsufficient mouse model with mass spectrometry metabolite profiling, histology, and transcriptomics

    PMID:27490311

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not establish the specific lipid substrate-product relationship in the ovary
    • Mechanism linking AA/prostaglandin loss to spindle and follicular defects unresolved
  4. 2016 Medium

    Connected the elongase enzyme family to growth control, showing the Drosophila ortholog couples lipid metabolism to PI3K-dependent cell growth.

    Evidence Drosophila Spidey/Kar loss-of-function with PI3K/Akt pathway epistasis and lipid droplet quantification in oenocytes

    PMID:27500738

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic link between lipid product and PI3K inhibition not defined
    • Conservation of the growth-suppressive role in mammals untested
  5. 2018 Medium

    Identified post-transcriptional control of HSD17B12 by miR-152 and a role in triglyceride synthesis and cell fate in mammary epithelium.

    Evidence Dual-luciferase 3'UTR reporter, qPCR, Western blot, and miR-152/HSD17B12 gain- and loss-of-function in bovine mammary epithelial cells

    PMID:29323178

    Open questions at the time
    • Enzymatic mechanism behind triglyceride and apoptosis effects not reconstituted
    • Single species/cell type
  6. 2020 High

    Placed HSD17B12 as a VLCFA-supplying enzyme essential for lipid droplet biogenesis required by HCV, dengue, and Zika replication, and validated it as a pharmacological antiviral target.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in hepatoma cells, lipidomics, oleic acid rescue, and INH-12 small-molecule inhibition with infectious particle assays

    PMID:32132633

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not define which specific VLCFA species are rate-limiting for assembly
    • Host vs. viral specificity of INH-12 not fully resolved
  7. 2020 Medium

    Identified YY1 as a direct transcriptional activator of HSD17B12 acting through a regulatory SNP.

    Evidence ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter, and eQTL analysis at the rs10838164 locus

    PMID:33118286

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream physiological consequence of altered expression not defined
    • Single regulatory variant studied
  8. 2023 High

    Established HSD17B12 as a quantitatively dominant drug-metabolizing reductase in human liver microsomes with defined substrate preference.

    Evidence Quantitative proteomics correlation across 24 donor microsomes, recombinant enzyme activity assays, and siRNA knockdown with substrate specificity profiling

    PMID:36724833

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural basis for the methyl-ketone substrate preference
    • In vivo pharmacokinetic relevance not quantified
  9. 2024 Medium

    Refined the in vivo lipid role, showing hepatic HSD17B12 specifically provides lipids needed for lipid droplet fusion and growth rather than bulk fatty acid elongation.

    Evidence Hepatocyte-specific conditional knockout mice with histology, lipidomics, and Cidec/MUP expression analysis

    PMID:39248019

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal link between specific phospholipid species and LD fusion not directly tested
    • Mechanism of Cidec upregulation unresolved
  10. 2025 Medium

    Demonstrated NR1D1 as a direct transcriptional repressor of HSD17B12 contributing to ROS-induced granulosa cell apoptosis, linking HSD17B12 regulation to ovarian cell fate.

    Evidence CUT&Tag-qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter, and NR1D1/HSD17B12 epistatic knockdown in sheep granulosa cells

    PMID:39986531

    Open questions at the time
    • Effector lipid/steroid downstream of HSD17B12 in granulosa cells not identified
    • Single species
  11. 2025 Medium

    Established a regulatory variant mechanism in which a neuroblastoma risk allele reduces GATA3 binding and HSD17B12 expression, tying the gene to a cancer predisposition locus and lipid metabolism.

    Evidence GATA3 ChIP-qPCR, luciferase, CRISPR editing, Hi-C, and targeted lipidomics in neuroblastoma cells

    PMID:40525640

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal lipid pathway driving neuroblastoma phenotype not pinpointed
    • Functional contribution relative to other locus genes unresolved
  12. 2025 High

    Showed mouse HSD17B12 contributes to testosterone biosynthesis when HSD17B3 is absent, defined by an active-site residue, expanding its steroidogenic role.

    Evidence CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in of a species-specific amino acid substitution combined with Hsd17b3 KO mice and in vitro testosterone production assays

    PMID:40336300

    Open questions at the time
    • Human HSD17B12 lacks this activity, limiting cross-species extrapolation
    • Physiological contribution when HSD17B3 is intact unclear
  13. 2026 Medium

    Uncovered a reductase-independent function in which HSD17B12 drives lysosomal degradation of PD-L1 to enhance anti-tumor immunity, decoupling an immune role from its catalytic activity.

    Evidence Knockout/knockdown cell lines, Co-IP with VAC14 and ESCRT, catalytic mutant analysis, PD-L1 flow cytometry, T cell cytotoxicity assays, and a peptide in a mouse tumor model

    PMID:41592073

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding partner that recruits HSD17B12 to PD-L1 not defined
    • Reciprocal validation of VAC14/ESCRT interactions limited to single lab

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How HSD17B12's catalysis-dependent lipid functions are mechanistically separated from its reductase-independent roles in PD-L1 degradation and ELOVL6 activation, and the structural basis of these distinct activities, remains unresolved.
  • No structure of HSD17B12 alone or in complex with ELOVL6 or VAC14/ESCRT
  • Determinants partitioning catalytic vs. scaffolding functions unknown
  • Relative contribution of fatty acid vs. steroid substrates in human tissues unquantified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 1 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 1
Localization
GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1 R-HSA-9748784 Drug ADME 1
Partners
ELOVL6VAC14

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2016 HSD17B12 haploinsufficiency in female mice results in subfertility with decreased intraovarian arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin metabolites (6-keto PGF1α, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, TXB2), meiotic spindle formation defects in immature follicles, polyovular follicles, and oocytes trapped in the corpus luteum — establishing HSD17B12's enzymatic role in AA metabolism as essential for ovarian function. Haploinsufficient mouse model (HSD17B12+/-), lipid/steroid metabolite profiling by mass spectrometry, histological and transcriptomic analysis Endocrinology High 27490311
2020 HSD17B12 knockdown impairs HCV replication and reduces virion production by altering very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-containing lipid species and drastically reducing lipid droplets required for virus assembly; oleic acid supplementation rescues viral RNA replication in HSD17B12-depleted cells, confirming VLCFA specificity. The small-molecule inhibitor INH-12 similarly reduces replication of HCV, dengue, and Zika virus. siRNA knockdown in hepatoma cells, lipidomic profiling, oleic acid rescue experiment, small-molecule inhibitor (INH-12) treatment, infectious particle assays Scientific reports High 32132633
2014 KAR (HSD17B12 ortholog in mammals; the 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase of the fatty acid elongation cycle) regulates ELOVL6 via two distinct modes: (1) a catalysis-independent mode in which physical interaction with KAR increases ELOVL6 activity ~3-fold (observed even without NADPH and with a catalytic KAR mutant), and (2) a catalysis-dependent mode in which conversion of 3-ketoacyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA by KAR further enhances ELOVL6 activity, likely by facilitating product release from a KAR-ELOVL6 complex. In vitro FA elongation assays with membrane fractions, purified ELOVL6 activity assays with and without KAR, KAR catalytic mutant analysis, NADPH dependence experiments PloS one High 25003994
2023 HSD17B12 (expressed in human liver microsomes) is the primary enzyme responsible for the reductive metabolism of the NSAID prodrug nabumetone to 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-ol (MNBO), accounting for ~100% of microsomal activity; recombinant HSD17B12 also catalyzes reduction of pentoxifylline and S-warfarin, showing preference for compounds with a methyl ketone group on an alkyl chain, demonstrating HSD17B12 as a drug-metabolizing reductase. Quantitative proteomics correlation across 24 HLM donor samples, recombinant HSD17B12 expressed in HEK293T cells (enzymatic assay), siRNA knockdown in HepG2/Huh7 cells, substrate specificity assays Archives of biochemistry and biophysics High 36724833
2018 HSD17B12 is a direct target of miR-152 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs); dual-luciferase reporter assay validated binding of miR-152 to the HSD17B12 3'UTR; overexpression of HSD17B12 inhibits triglyceride production and cell proliferation while promoting apoptosis in MECs, and shRNA knockdown of HSD17B12 reverses these effects. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, Western blot, miR-152 overexpression/knockdown and HSD17B12 overexpression/shRNA in MECs Scientific reports Medium 29323178
2011 HSD17B12 knockdown-induced growth inhibition of a breast carcinoma cell line is reversed by arachidonic acid (AA) supplementation, while growth inhibition of SCCHN PCI-13 cells is reversed by both estradiol (E2) and AA, establishing HSD17B12 as functionally involved in both AA production and E2 synthesis in cancer cells. siRNA knockdown with metabolite rescue (AA and E2 supplementation) in breast carcinoma and SCCHN cell lines Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII Medium 21409596
2024 Hepatocyte-specific HSD17B12 knockout mice develop microvesicular steatosis with failure of lipid droplet (LD) expansion rather than macrovesicular steatosis; lipidomic profiling shows decreased phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species containing C18/C20 fatty acids (including oleic acid) and upregulated Cidec expression, implicating HSD17B12 in providing lipids critical for LD fusion and growth rather than general fatty acid elongation. Hepatocyte-specific conditional KO mice (LiB12cKO), histology, lipidomics, gene expression analysis (Cidec, MUP), liver damage assessment FASEB journal Medium 39248019
2025 NR1D1 (nuclear receptor REV-ERBα) directly suppresses HSD17B12 transcription in sheep granulosa cells, as demonstrated by CUT&Tag-qPCR and dual-luciferase assay; downregulation of HSD17B12 by NR1D1 contributes to ROS-induced apoptosis, and HSD17B12 knockdown partially recapitulates the effects of NR1D1 overexpression on granulosa cell functionality. CUT&Tag-qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter assay, NR1D1 overexpression/knockdown, HSD17B12 siRNA knockdown in sheep granulosa cells International journal of biological macromolecules Medium 39986531
2025 In Hsd17b3 KO male mice, mutation of mouse HSD17B12 at the amino acid responsible for androstenedione-to-testosterone conversion (substituted with the corresponding human residue that abolishes this activity) results in reduced testicular testosterone production and decreased seminal vesicle weight, demonstrating that mouse HSD17B12 contributes to testosterone biosynthesis in the absence of HSD17B3. Additionally, HSD17B7 mRNA and protein are markedly upregulated in Hsd17b3 KO testes, and mouse (but not human) HSD17B7 can produce testosterone in vitro. CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in of species-specific amino acid substitution in Hsd17b12 combined with Hsd17b3 KO mice, testosterone/seminal vesicle weight measurements, in vitro testosterone production assay for HSD17B7 Endocrinology High 40336300
2026 HSD17B12 promotes lysosome-dependent degradation of PD-L1 via the VAC14 and ESCRT complexes in tumor cells; this function is independent of its 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase enzymatic activity. HSD17B12-deficient cells accumulate PD-L1 in both tumor cells and exosomes, reducing T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A designed peptide (HSD-CC1-NPGY) reduces PD-L1 expression and suppresses tumor growth in a mouse model. HSD17B12 knockout/knockdown cell lines, co-immunoprecipitation with VAC14 and ESCRT complex, flow cytometry for PD-L1, T cell cytotoxicity assays, catalytic mutant analysis, peptide treatment in mouse tumor model PLoS biology Medium 41592073
2025 HSD17B12 inhibits intramuscular fat (IMF) cell proliferation while promoting differentiation and lipid accumulation in bovine muscle cells, as demonstrated by functional cell-based assays integrated with proteomic and metabolomic profiling across cattle breeds. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics of Longissimus dorsi muscle, functional cell-based assays (proliferation/differentiation/lipid accumulation) with HSD17B12 manipulation Food chemistry. Molecular sciences Low 41322358
2026 HSD17b12 is identified as the core gene mediating 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) synthesis in allotetraploid hybrid fish; functional validation in HEK293T cells confirmed HSD17b12's capacity to produce DHP, consistent with its expression pattern tracking serum DHP levels during oocyte maturation. Transcriptomic analysis of staged oocytes, HEK293T cell expression system with functional DHP production assay The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology Medium 42176960
2016 The Drosophila HSD17B12 ortholog Spidey/Kar functions in larval oenocytes to suppress cell growth by inhibiting the PI3K signaling pathway upstream of Akt activity, and also promotes lipid droplet induction; this establishes a role for this enzyme family in coupling lipid metabolism to PI3K-dependent cell growth control. Drosophila genetic loss-of-function (Spidey/Kar mutants), PI3K/Akt pathway activity assays, lipid droplet quantification in larval oenocytes PLoS genetics Medium 27500738
2020 The rs10838164 T allele in HSD17B12 increases HSD17B12 expression by enhancing binding of transcription factor YY1 to the HSD17B12 promoter region containing this SNP, as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assay, establishing YY1 as a transcriptional regulator of HSD17B12. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay, eQTL analysis Journal of cellular and molecular medicine Medium 33118286
2025 The rs2863002-C risk allele at the neuroblastoma predisposition locus chr11p11.2 reduces GATA3 binding affinity to the HSD17B12 regulatory region, thereby regulating HSD17B12 expression; CRISPR genome editing and Hi-C confirmed the regulatory architecture, and reduced HSD17B12 expression via this allele is associated with altered lipid metabolism in neuroblastoma cells. ChIP-qPCR for GATA3 binding, luciferase reporter assay, CRISPR genome editing, Hi-C chromosomal conformation capture, targeted lipidomics Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) Medium 40525640

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 54 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2016 The Hydroxysteroid (17β) Dehydrogenase Family Gene HSD17B12 Is Involved in the Prostaglandin Synthesis Pathway, the Ovarian Function, and Regulation of Fertility. Endocrinology 51 27490311
2017 Acacetin from Traditionally Used Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir. Suppressed Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Attenuated Lipid Accumulation in Obese Mice. Frontiers in pharmacology 44 28900399
2014 Germination induction of dormant Avena fatua caryopses by KAR(1) and GA(3) involving the control of reactive oxygen species (H2O2 and O2(·-)) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) both in the embryo and the aleurone layers. Journal of plant physiology 42 25618514
2022 Chitosan nanoparticles improve physiological and biochemical responses of Salvia abrotanoides (Kar.) under drought stress. BMC plant biology 40 35869431
2019 GmMAX2-D14 and -KAI interaction-mediated SL and KAR signaling play essential roles in soybean root nodulation. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 36 31559658
2018 MiR-152 Regulates Apoptosis and Triglyceride Production in MECs via Targeting ACAA2 and HSD17B12 Genes. Scientific reports 35 29323178
2016 Inhibitory effects of Saussurea involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) Sch. -Bip. on adjuvant arthritis in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology 32 27616030
2016 Cloning and characterization of SiDHN, a novel dehydrin gene from Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir. that enhances cold and drought tolerance in tobacco. Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology 32 28167030
2020 Very-long-chain fatty acid metabolic capacity of 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12 (HSD17B12) promotes replication of hepatitis C virus and related flaviviruses. Scientific reports 29 32132633
1985 Extremely high frequencies of alpha-globin gene deletion in Madang and on Kar Kar Island, Papua New Guinea. American journal of human genetics 28 9556666
2013 Cloning and characterization of a novel dehydrin gene, SiDhn2, from Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir. Plant molecular biology 26 24337866
2016 Drosophila Spidey/Kar Regulates Oenocyte Growth via PI3-Kinase Signaling. PLoS genetics 24 27500738
2012 Cloning and expression analysis of the 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12 (HSD17B12) in the neogastropod Nucella lapillus. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 23 23069646
2014 Two modes of regulation of the fatty acid elongase ELOVL6 by the 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase KAR in the fatty acid elongation cycle. PloS one 22 25003994
2004 The structure of the complex of calmodulin with KAR-2: a novel mode of binding explains the unique pharmacology of the drug. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 15596444
2018 The Expression of HSD17B12 Is Associated with COX-2 Expression and Is Increased in High-Grade Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Oncology 18 29324448
1997 The interaction of a new anti-tumour drug, KAR-2 with calmodulin. British journal of pharmacology 16 9222553
2022 Genetic variants in CYP2B6 and HSD17B12 associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. International journal of cancer 15 35404482
2020 An Integrative Phenotype-Genotype Approach Using Phenotypic Characteristics from the UAE National Diabetes Study Identifies HSD17B12 as a Candidate Gene for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Genes 15 32340285
2011 Identification of Hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase type 12 (HSD17B12) as a CD8+ T-cell-defined human tumor antigen of human carcinomas. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 14 21409596
2018 Involvement of ethylene biosynthesis and perception during germination of dormant Avena fatua L. caryopses induced by KAR1 or GA3. Planta 13 30370496
2017 Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of root extract and tanshinones isolated from Perovskiaabrotanoides Kar. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences 13 29238474
2006 A quantitative study of the hepatic eosinophilic granule cells and rodlet cells during the breeding cycle of Ohrid trout, Salmo letnica Kar. (Teloestei, Salmonidae). Fish & shellfish immunology 13 17448686
2019 Genetic variants in ELOVL2 and HSD17B12 predict melanoma-specific survival. International journal of cancer 10 30734280
2017 Phosphorylation of the kainate receptor (KAR) auxiliary subunit Neto2 at serine 409 regulates synaptic targeting of the KAR subunit GluK1. The Journal of biological chemistry 10 28717010
2020 Functional genetic variant of HSD17B12 in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway predicts the outcome of colorectal cancer. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 8 33118286
2017 HSD17B12 gene rs11037575 C>T polymorphism confers neuroblastoma susceptibility in a Southern Chinese population. OncoTargets and therapy 8 28435286
2012 Effect of lanthanum on rooting of in vitro regenerated shoots of Saussurea involucrata Kar. et Kir. Biological trace element research 8 22246792
2009 Novel ceramides from aerial parts of Saussurea involucrata Kar. et. Kir. Archives of pharmacal research 8 19784577
2022 Relationships between prostaglandin concentrations, a single nucleotide polymorphism in HSD17B12, and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Journal of dairy science 7 35221066
2021 Avena fatua caryopsis dormancy release is associated with changes in KAR1 and ABA sensitivity as well as with ABA reduction in coleorhiza and radicle. Planta 7 33507406
2005 Chromosomal location of a pollen fertility-restoring gene, Rf, for CMS in Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) possessing the cytoplasm of A. galanthum Kar. et Kir. revealed by genomic in situ hybridization. TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 7 15883793
2008 Unique pharmacology of KAR-2, a potential anti-cancer agent: absorption modelling and selective mitotic spindle targeting. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 6 19028571
2023 The Influence of Methyl Jasmonate on Expression Patterns of Rosmarinic Acid Biosynthesis Genes, and Phenolic Compounds in Different Species of Salvia subg. Perovskia Kar L. Genes 5 37107629
2022 In Silico Investigation on KAR Signaling Reveals the Significant Dynamic Change of Its Receptor's Structure. Journal of chemical information and modeling 5 35389657
2023 Identification of HSD17B12 as an enzyme catalyzing drug reduction reactions through investigation of nabumetone metabolism. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 4 36724833
1982 Effects of the kar gene on cytoplasmic mixing and mitochondrial genome suppressiveness, and consequences for cytoduction of petite DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Current genetics 4 24186087
2025 A novel nuclear receptor NR1D1 suppresses HSD17B12 transcription to regulate granulosa cell apoptosis and autophagy via the AMPK pathway in sheep. International journal of biological macromolecules 3 39986531
2025 Purification and characterization of detergent stable alkaline lipase from Bacillus safensis TKW3 isolated from Tso Kar brackish water lake. PeerJ 3 39989736
2021 Two seco-norabietane diterpenoids with unprecedented skeletons from the roots of Salvia abrotanoides (Kar.) Sytsma. Phytochemistry 3 34425461
2025 Functional Analysis of HSD17B3-Deficient Male Mice Reveals Roles for HSD17B7 and HSD17B12 in Testosterone Biosynthesis. Endocrinology 2 40336300
2025 The Non-Coding Regulatory Variant rs2863002 at chr11p11.2 Increases Neuroblastoma Risk by Affecting HSD17B12 Expression and Lipid Metabolism. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2 40525640
2024 Disruption of HSD17B12 in mouse hepatocytes leads to reduced body weight and defect in the lipid droplet expansion associated with microvesicular steatosis. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2 39248019
2024 Identification of SikCDPK family genes to low-temperature by RNA-seq approaches and functional analysis of SikCDPK1 in Saussurea involucrata (Kar. & Kir.). Frontiers in plant science 2 39403619
2016 Seasonal changes in hepatocytic lipid droplets, glycogen deposits, and rough endoplasmic reticulum along the natural breeding cycle of female ohrid trout (Salmo letnica Kar.)-A semiquantitative ultrastructural study. Microscopy research and technique 2 27223583
2013 Effects of the semisynthetic bis-indole derivative KAR-2 on store-operated calcium entry in human neutrophils. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 2 23876240
2023 RD29A promoter constitutively drives a rice Hd3a expression to promote early-flowering in Saussurea involucrate Kar. et Kir. ex Maxim. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 1 36638605
2008 [Expression and identification of PEBP-like gene from Saussurea involucrate Kar.er kir in Escherichia coli]. Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 1 19160851
1996 [Study on the transferring of YACs to new host by means of KAR cross]. Shi yan sheng wu xue bao 1 9639810
2026 The lipid-metabolic enzyme HSD17B12 drives lysosomal degradation of PD-L1 potentiating anti-tumor immunity in a mouse model. PLoS biology 0 41592073
2026 Transcriptomic profiling of oocyte maturation in allotetraploid hybrid fish and identification of HSD17b12 mediating DHP synthesis. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 0 42176960
2025 Integrated proteomics and metabolomics elucidate HSD17B12 regulation of intramuscular fat deposition for enhanced beef quality. Food chemistry. Molecular sciences 0 41322358
2019 Inhibition Gets a New KAR Smell. Epilepsy currents 0 31032637
2018 Analysis of novel high-molecular-weight prolamins from Leymus multicaulis (Kar. et Kir.) Tzvelev and L. chinensis (Trin. ex Bunge) Tzvelev. Genetica 0 29748764

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