Affinage

ITGAX

Integrin alpha-X · UniProt P20702

Round 2 corrected
Length
1163 aa
Mass
127.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 24 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ITGAX (CD11c) encodes the alpha-X subunit of the leukocyte β2-integrin αXβ2 (CD11c/CD18), a multiligand adhesion and signaling receptor expressed predominantly on dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils that functions in complement-mediated phagocytosis, leukocyte trafficking, and innate immune activation. The αX I domain mediates recognition of iC3b, fibrinogen γC-domain, heparin, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, VCAM-1, JAM-3, LPS, and CD23, with ligand binding requiring transition from a bent, low-affinity conformation to an extended, open-headpiece high-affinity state as demonstrated by electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography (PMID:17045822, PMID:20033057, PMID:20679211). Beyond classical adhesion, CD11c drives monocyte arrest on inflamed endothelium during hyperlipidemia via LRP-1-dependent lipoprotein uptake and E-FABP/retinoic acid receptor–mediated transcriptional upregulation, contributing to atherosclerosis and obesity-associated insulin resistance (PMID:19433759, PMID:21030716, PMID:29626089, PMID:19910635). CD11c also has non-redundant roles in neutrophil maturation in the bone marrow and in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell survival under stress, as shown by bidirectional genetic perturbation in mice (PMID:36306384, PMID:33351105).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1985 High

    Establishing that p150,95 (later CD11c/CD18) is an iC3b receptor resolved the identity of the third complement-binding leukocyte surface glycoprotein and positioned it alongside CR3 as a phagocytic complement receptor.

    Evidence Affinity chromatography on iC3b-Sepharose and immunodepletion with anti-β2 antibody

    PMID:4062888

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding site on the α-subunit not yet mapped
    • Functional distinction from CR3 in phagocytosis unclear
  2. 1987 High

    Cloning of the ITGAX cDNA revealed that CD11c is an integrin α-subunit with divalent cation-binding repeats and a short cytoplasmic tail, establishing its molecular architecture and membership in the β2-integrin family.

    Evidence cDNA cloning with peptide sequencing and sequence analysis

    PMID:3327687

    Open questions at the time
    • Three-dimensional structure unknown
    • Signaling domains in cytoplasmic tail uncharacterized
  3. 1994 High

    Demonstrating that the αX I domain mediates iC3b recognition resolved the ligand-binding domain within CD11c and showed that α/β subunit pairing regulates adhesiveness.

    Evidence Heterologous transfection of human αX with chicken vs. human β2, mAb blocking of the I domain

    PMID:7512600

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-level I domain–iC3b interface undetermined
    • Mechanism of β-subunit regulation of I-domain conformation unclear
  4. 1995 High

    Identification of LPS and CD23 as ligands expanded CD11c beyond a complement receptor to a transmembrane innate-immune signaling receptor capable of NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production independently of CD14.

    Evidence CHO and COS cell reconstitution with defined integrin heterodimers, NF-κB translocation, cytokine and nitrite assays

    PMID:7535339 PMID:7621072

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream signaling intermediates between CD11c and NF-κB unknown
    • In vivo relevance of CD23–CD11c axis not tested
  5. 1996 High

    Mapping functional AP-1 and Ets cis-regulatory elements in the proximal CD11c promoter revealed the transcription factor network controlling basal and differentiation-induced ITGAX expression in myeloid cells.

    Evidence DNase I footprinting, EMSA, in vivo footprinting, site-directed mutagenesis, CAT reporter assays in U937 and B cells

    PMID:8621914 PMID:8631910 PMID:8649434

    Open questions at the time
    • Chromatin-level regulation and distal enhancers uncharacterized
    • Lineage-specific silencing mechanisms unknown
  6. 2001 Medium

    Mapping fibrinogen recognition to γC-domain peptides P1 and P2 defined the molecular determinants of CD11c-fibrinogen interaction and showed shared structural requirements with αMβ2.

    Evidence Cell adhesion assays with synthetic γC-domain peptides and NIF inhibition

    PMID:11460493

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab observation; crystal structure of I domain–fibrinogen complex lacking
    • Relative contribution of CD11c vs. CD11b to fibrinogen binding in vivo unclear
  7. 2006 High

    Electron microscopy of αXβ2 directly visualized the bent-to-extended conformational switch and demonstrated that both extension and headpiece opening are required for activation, resolving the structural mechanism of integrin inside-out signaling.

    Evidence Negative-stain EM with engineered transmembrane clasps and Fab conformational reporters

    PMID:17045822

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution cryo-EM of the fully open ligand-bound state not yet obtained
    • Intracellular signals triggering conformational switch not identified
  8. 2007 High

    Discovery of heparin, ICAM-2, and VCAM-1 as additional I-domain ligands, with in vivo blocking reducing delayed-type hypersensitivity, established CD11c as a multi-ligand adhesion receptor involved in leukocyte trafficking beyond complement-opsonized targets.

    Evidence Cell adhesion assays, monocyte transmigration on inflamed endothelium, heparin oligomer competition, in vivo DTH model with anti-CD11c antibody

    PMID:17389580 PMID:17699512

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for ligand selectivity among I-domain ligands not defined
    • Relative hierarchy of ligand engagement in vivo unclear
  9. 2009 High

    The crystal structure of αXβ2 revealed high flexibility of the αI domain relative to the β-propeller and defined how two βI-domain states couple to three αI-domain conformations, providing a structural framework for understanding integrin activation without a deadbolt mechanism.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of 10 molecules in lattices with activating mutant mapping

    PMID:20033057

    Open questions at the time
    • Full ectodomain structure in fully active, ligand-bound state not captured
    • Membrane-proximal and transmembrane regions absent from the crystal
  10. 2009 High

    Genetic deletion of CD11c in apoE−/− mice reduced monocyte arrest on VCAM-1 under flow and decreased atherosclerotic lesion size, establishing CD11c as a non-redundant mediator of monocyte recruitment to the arterial wall during hypercholesterolemia.

    Evidence CD11c KO mice, shear-flow adhesion assay, atherosclerosis quantification in high-fat diet model

    PMID:19433759

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-type-specific contributions (monocyte vs. DC vs. macrophage) not dissected
    • Downstream intracellular signaling in atherogenesis not defined
  11. 2009 High

    CD11c deficiency ameliorated obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, revealing a role for CD11c in T-cell accumulation and inflammatory polarization in metabolic disease.

    Evidence CD11c KO mice on high-fat diet with metabolic phenotyping, flow cytometry, cytokine profiling

    PMID:19910635

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CD11c acts on macrophages, DCs, or both in adipose tissue not resolved
    • Direct ligand interaction in adipose tissue not identified
  12. 2010 High

    Linking postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein internalization via LRP-1 to CD11c surface upregulation and enhanced monocyte adhesion provided a molecular mechanism connecting dietary lipid metabolism to vascular inflammation.

    Evidence Flow cytometry on human monocytes, shear-flow adhesion assay, LRP-1 blocking in vitro and triglyceride normalization in vivo

    PMID:21030716

    Open questions at the time
    • Intracellular trafficking route from LRP-1 to CD11c surface expression not defined
    • Whether lipid cargo directly affects CD11c transcription or recycling unknown
  13. 2018 Medium

    Identification of the E-FABP/retinoic acid receptor axis as the intracellular pathway linking stearic acid to CD11c upregulation connected saturated fatty acid sensing to integrin-mediated inflammation in obesity.

    Evidence E-FABP knockdown/knockout in vitro and dietary model in E-FABP-deficient mice, reporter assays

    PMID:29626089

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this pathway operates in human monocytes in vivo is untested
    • Interaction with the AP-1 transcriptional program not examined
  14. 2020 Medium

    Demonstrating that CD11c is expressed on HSPCs and is required for their survival during sepsis and transplantation extended CD11c function beyond mature leukocyte adhesion to hematopoietic stress resilience.

    Evidence CD11c KO mice, sepsis and bone marrow transplant models, apoptosis assays by flow cytometry

    PMID:33351105

    Open questions at the time
    • Ligand or signaling pathway mediating HSPC survival unknown
    • Whether this is cell-autonomous or niche-dependent is not resolved
  15. 2023 High

    Bidirectional genetic perturbation (KO and constitutively active knock-in) showed that CD11c controls neutrophil maturation in the bone marrow, with loss causing maturation arrest and gain-of-function accelerating maturation and bacterial clearance, establishing a previously unrecognized developmental role.

    Evidence CD11c KO and constitutively active knock-in mice, bone marrow maturation staging, LPS-induced granulopoiesis, bacterial clearance assay

    PMID:36306384

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling downstream of CD11c that drives maturation checkpoints not defined
    • Identity of the bone marrow niche ligand engaging CD11c on preneutrophils unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The intracellular signaling cascades downstream of CD11c engagement — particularly those mediating HSPC survival, neutrophil maturation, and NF-κB activation — remain largely undefined, and the bone marrow niche ligands engaging CD11c on progenitor cells have not been identified.
  • No adapter or kinase cascade mapped downstream of the CD11c cytoplasmic tail
  • Bone marrow niche counter-receptor for CD11c on HSPCs/preneutrophils unidentified
  • High-resolution cryo-EM structure of fully ligand-engaged αXβ2 lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 9 GO:0038024 cargo receptor activity 2 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 6
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 9 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 4 R-HSA-109582 Hemostasis 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2
Partners
FABP5FCER2ICAM1ICAM2ITGB2JAM3LRP1VCAM1
Complex memberships
αXβ2 integrin (CD11c/CD18)

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1987 ITGAX (CD11c/p150,95) encodes the alpha subunit of a leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein. cDNA cloning revealed a 1081-aa extracellular domain with three tandem homologous repeats containing putative divalent cation-binding sites, a 26-aa transmembrane domain, and a 29-residue cytoplasmic tail, establishing it as a member of the integrin superfamily (alpha/beta heterodimer with the shared beta2/CD18 subunit). cDNA cloning, peptide sequencing, sequence analysis The EMBO journal High 3327687
1985 p150,95 (CD11c/CD18) was identified as an iC3b-binding protein. It was co-purified with complement receptor 3 (CR3) on iC3b-Sepharose affinity columns and co-immunodepleted with anti-CR3 beta-subunit antibody, demonstrating that p150,95 functions as a complement fragment iC3b receptor. Affinity chromatography (iC3b-Sepharose), immunodepletion The Biochemical journal High 4062888
1994 The I domain of the CD11c (alphaX) subunit was identified as the major ligand recognition site for iC3b. Cells co-transfected with human p150,95 alpha and chicken (but not human) beta2 subunit bound iC3b-sensitized erythrocytes, and binding was abolished by I-domain-specific monoclonal antibodies, demonstrating that the I domain mediates iC3b recognition and that alpha/beta subunit interactions regulate p150,95 adhesiveness. Heterologous transfection (human alphaX + chicken or human beta2), cell adhesion assay, mAb blocking Journal of immunology High 7512600
1988 The genes encoding the alpha subunits of Mac-1, LFA-1, and p150,95 (ITGAX) were mapped to chromosome 16p11-p13.1 by Southern blot analysis of somatic cell hybrids and chromosomal in situ hybridization, defining a leukocyte integrin alpha-subunit gene cluster. Southern blot, somatic cell hybrid analysis, chromosomal in situ hybridization The Journal of experimental medicine High 3284962
1995 CD11c/CD18 (alphaX beta2) functions as a transmembrane signaling receptor for LPS. CHO cells transfected with CD11c/CD18 (but not untransfected CHO cells) acquired serum-independent NF-kappaB activation in response to Gram-negative bacteria and LPS, demonstrating CD11c/CD18 is sufficient to initiate LPS-dependent intracellular signaling independently of CD14. Heterologous expression in CHO cells, NF-kappaB translocation assay, antibody blocking The Journal of experimental medicine High 7535339
1995 CD23 (the low-affinity IgE receptor) was identified as a novel ligand for the CD11c and CD11b alpha chains. Recombinant CD23 in fluorescent liposomes bound COS cells transfected with CD11c/CD18 or CD11b/CD18 but not CD11a/CD18. Triggering CD11c on monocytes with recombinant CD23 or anti-CD11c antibodies induced nitrite production and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha), establishing CD23–CD11c/CD18 as a functional monocyte activation axis. Transfection of COS cells, fluorescent liposome binding assay, antibody blocking, functional cytokine assays Immunity High 7621072
1996 AP-1 transcription factor complex (c-Fos/c-Jun) regulates both basal and differentiation-induced transcription of the CD11c leukocyte integrin gene. Footprinting, mobility shift, in vivo footprinting, co-transfection, and site-directed mutagenesis of the proximal promoter identified a functional AP-1 site at position -60 (AP1-60) as essential for CD11c promoter activity in myeloid and B cells, and for PMA-induced upregulation during U937 differentiation. DNase I footprinting, EMSA, in vivo footprinting, co-transfection with c-fos/c-jun expression constructs, site-directed mutagenesis, CAT reporter assay Journal of immunology High 8621914
1996 Dithiocarbamate antioxidants (DTCs) induce CD11c expression in myeloid cells via AP-1. PDTC increased CD11c mRNA and promoter activity in U937 promonocytic cells. Transfections with promoter-deletion constructs localized a DTC-responsive region to -160 to +40; gel shift assays showed PDTC-induced Fos/Jun complexes binding to an AP-1 site at -60; in vitro mutagenesis confirmed its functional importance. Reporter gene transfection, EMSA, in vitro mutagenesis, RT-PCR The Journal of biological chemistry High 8631910
1996 A second Ets-binding site (Ets C, at -42 to -34) cooperates with AP-1 sites to regulate CD11c expression in response to phorbol ester (PMA). Deletion of Ets C significantly reduced PMA-induced CD11c promoter activity, while deletion of Ets A (-13 to -5) had only modest effects. Five footprinted protein-binding sites were defined in the -86 to +40 proximal promoter region. DNase I footprinting, EMSA with purified c-Jun, co-transfection, CAT reporter assay, promoter deletion analysis Molecular immunology High 8649434
2001 Recognition of fibrinogen by alphaX beta2 (CD11c/CD18) is mediated through the gamma C domain (gamma 143-411) of fibrinogen, specifically sequences gamma 190-202 (P1) and gamma 377-395 (P2). Synthetic peptides duplicating these sequences and neutrophil inhibitory factor (NIF) inhibited alphaX beta2-mediated cell adhesion to fibrinogen D fragment, demonstrating shared structural requirements with alphaM beta2 for fibrinogen gamma C recognition. Cell adhesion assay, inhibition with synthetic peptides and NIF, recombinant gamma-module binding Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Medium 11460493
2002 JAM-3 (junctional adhesion molecule 3) on human platelets is a counterreceptor for p150,95 (alphaX beta2, CD11c/CD18). Myelomonocytic cells adhered to immobilized JAM-3 or JAM-3-transfected cells; this heterophilic interaction was attributed to direct interaction of JAM-3 with CD11c/CD18 (and to a lesser extent with CD11b/CD18), as demonstrated by K562 cells transfected with distinct beta2-integrin heterodimers and purified protein studies. Cell adhesion assay, transfected K562 cells expressing specific beta2-integrin heterodimers, purified protein binding The Journal of experimental medicine High 12208882
2006 Activation of leukocyte integrin alphaX beta2 (CD11c/CD18) requires conversion from a bent to an extended conformation. Negative-stain electron microscopy showed that alphaX beta2 transitions between a bent and two extended conformations (closed and open headpiece). A transmembrane clasp strongly stabilized the bent conformation for alphaX beta2. Both conformational extension and headpiece opening are required for integrin activation and ligand binding. Negative stain electron microscopy, engineered clasp mutants, Fab-based conformational reporter assays Immunity High 17045822
2007 The alphaX I domain of CD11c/CD18 binds heparin in a conformation- and Mg2+-dependent manner. Heparin oligomers of ≥10 saccharide residues inhibit alphaX I domain binding to iC3b; fully sulfated 12-saccharide heparin had 1.3 µM affinity for the alphaX I domain. Fully sulfated heparin induced conformational change in the alphaX beta2 ectodomain, demonstrating allosteric linkage between heparin binding and integrin conformation. Binding inhibition assay (iC3b competition), direct binding to immobilized heparin, conformational change assay, synthetic heparinoid analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 17699512
2007 CD11c/CD18 recognizes ICAM-2 and VCAM-1 as novel ligands. Cell adhesion assays demonstrated CD11c-mediated adhesion to ICAM-2 and VCAM-1, with the CD11c-binding site on VCAM-1 distinct from that used by alpha4 integrin. CD11c and alpha4 beta1 cooperated in monocyte capture and transmigration on inflamed human aortic endothelial cells. The N418 anti-mouse CD11c mAb blocked CD11c binding to iC3b, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. In vivo, N418 treatment significantly reduced SRBC-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity, predominantly affecting the sensitization phase. Cell adhesion quantification assay, monocyte transmigration assay on inflamed endothelium, in vivo DTH model with antibody blockade Journal of leukocyte biology High 17389580
2009 The crystal structure of alphaX beta2 (complement receptor type 4) was solved. The alphaI domain is highly flexible relative to the beta-propeller domain, allowing two betaI domain conformational states to couple to three alphaI domain states. The alpha- and beta-legs are oriented differently from alphaI-less integrins. Activating mutations and antibody epitope positions support that extension and headpiece opening (not a deadbolt mechanism) drive integrin activation. X-ray crystallography (10 molecules in crystal lattices), structural analysis, mutant mapping The EMBO journal High 20033057
2009 CD11c deficiency in mice decreased firm arrest of monocytes on VCAM-1 and E-selectin under shear flow, reduced monocyte/macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions, and decreased atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice on a high-fat diet. CD11c expression on blood monocytes increased during hypercholesterolemia. This establishes CD11c as a mediator of monocyte adhesion to the endothelium and atherosclerosis development. CD11c knockout mouse generation, shear flow adhesion assay (VCAM-1 and E-selectin substrates), flow cytometry, atherosclerosis quantification Circulation High 19433759
2009 CD11c deficiency in obese mice did not alter weight gain but decreased adipose tissue inflammation (reduced T-cell numbers, MHC class II, CCL2, CCL5, CCL4, and IFN-gamma) and ameliorated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. This establishes CD11c as a contributor to T-cell accumulation and activation in adipose tissue, linking it mechanistically to obesity-associated insulin resistance. CD11c knockout mouse on high-fat diet, flow cytometry, RNase protection assay, qPCR, ELISA, insulin and glucose tolerance tests Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology High 19910635
2010 Activation of alphaX beta2 requires both integrin extension and open headpiece conformation. Negative stain EM and adhesion assays showed that the extended-open headpiece conformation has high affinity for ligand, whereas both the bent conformation and the extended-closed headpiece conformation are low-affinity states. Two activating Fabs stabilized the open headpiece; two inhibitory Fabs stabilized the closed headpiece. Negative stain electron microscopy, Fab conformational reporters and activators/inhibitors, cell adhesion assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 20679211
2010 CD11c/CD18 expression is upregulated on blood monocytes during hypertriglyceridemia via internalization of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins through LDL-receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). Elevated CD11c correlated with increased monocyte arrest on VCAM-1 under shear flow; CD11c levels fell as blood triglycerides normalized. This establishes a mechanistic link between postprandial lipid uptake, CD11c upregulation, and enhanced monocyte adhesion to the endothelium. Flow cytometry, laboratory-on-a-chip shear flow assay on VCAM-1, lipoprotein internalization assay with LRP-1 blocking Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology High 21030716
2016 CD11c/CD18 dominates adhesion of human monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells to fibrinogen over CD11b/CD18. Using a bead-based quantification of receptor numbers and biophysical adhesion assays, CD11c was shown to be the primary adhesion mediator to fibrinogen on MDDCs and MDMs. Blocking CD11b significantly enhanced MDDC and MDM attachment, revealing competitive inhibition between CD11b and CD11c for fibrinogen binding. Bead-based receptor quantification, biophysical cell adhesion assays, antibody-blocking experiments on monocytes/MDMs/MDDCs PloS one Medium 27658051
2018 Stearic acid (SA), a saturated fatty acid, induces CD11c expression in monocytes/macrophages through epidermal fatty acid binding protein (E-FABP)-mediated activation of the nuclear retinoic acid receptor. E-FABP depletion inhibited SA-induced CD11c upregulation in vitro and abrogated high-saturated-fat diet-induced inflammatory skin lesions in obese mice, establishing E-FABP/retinoic acid receptor as the intracellular pathway linking saturated fatty acids to CD11c expression. In vitro monocyte culture with fatty acids, E-FABP knockdown, reporter assays, in vivo dietary model in E-FABP-deficient mice Journal of immunology Medium 29626089
2019 TRPV4 is functionally expressed in the plasma membrane of immature CD11c+ bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells and its activity and expression are downregulated upon LPS-induced maturation. TRPV4-deficient CD11c+ BMDCs show a significantly reduced capacity for Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis (IgG-coated beads) but not for non-opsonized phagocytosis, establishing a role for TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ entry in the Fc receptor phagocytosis pathway of CD11c+ DCs. Intracellular Ca2+ imaging, Trpv4 knockout BMDCs, phagocytosis assay (IgG-coated vs. uncoated beads), NF-kappaB translocation, cytokine assay International journal of molecular sciences Medium 31295806
2020 CD11c is expressed on short-term hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitor cells (HSPCs). CD11c deficiency does not affect steady-state HSPC numbers but leads to increased apoptosis and significant HSPC loss during sepsis and bone marrow transplantation, demonstrating a distinct, non-redundant role for CD11c in HSPC survival under stress conditions. CD11c knockout mouse, flow cytometry of bone marrow compartments, sepsis model, BMT model, apoptosis assays Blood advances Medium 33351105
2023 CD11c regulates neutrophil maturation in the bone marrow. CD11c-deficient mice show impaired neutrophil maturation with increased preneutrophil proliferation and apoptosis and reduced effector functions. Under LPS-induced emergency granulopoiesis, CD11c deficiency exaggerated immature neutrophil release. Conversely, constitutively active CD11c knock-in mice displayed accelerated neutrophil maturation, enhanced effector functions, and improved bacterial clearance. CD11c knockout and constitutively active CD11c knock-in mice, flow cytometry of bone marrow maturation stages, LPS challenge, bacterial clearance assay Blood advances High 36306384

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2009 Integrins. Cell and tissue research 1256 19693543
2003 Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nature genetics 754 14702039
2008 Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13-BLK and ITGAM-ITGAX. The New England journal of medicine 743 18204098
2008 Ablation of CD11c-positive cells normalizes insulin sensitivity in obese insulin resistant animals. Cell metabolism 668 18840360
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2010 Superior antigen cross-presentation and XCR1 expression define human CD11c+CD141+ cells as homologues of mouse CD8+ dendritic cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 656 20479115
2018 IL-21 drives expansion and plasma cell differentiation of autoreactive CD11chiT-bet+ B cells in SLE. Nature communications 452 29717110
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
1997 Dendritic cells in the T-cell areas of lymphoid organs. Immunological reviews 434 9176697
2005 Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. Genome research 409 16344560
2002 The junctional adhesion molecule 3 (JAM-3) on human platelets is a counterreceptor for the leukocyte integrin Mac-1. The Journal of experimental medicine 336 12208882
2013 High-content genome-wide RNAi screens identify regulators of parkin upstream of mitophagy. Nature 297 24270810
2011 Two unique human decidual macrophage populations. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 268 21257965
1987 cDNA cloning and complete primary structure of the alpha subunit of a leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein, p150,95. The EMBO journal 263 3327687
2009 A point mutation in KINDLIN3 ablates activation of three integrin subfamilies in humans. Nature medicine 247 19234460
1995 CD11c/CD18, a transmembrane signaling receptor for lipopolysaccharide. The Journal of experimental medicine 247 7535339
2001 Bacterial CpG-DNA triggers activation and maturation of human CD11c-, CD123+ dendritic cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 224 11290780
2009 Functional role of CD11c+ monocytes in atherogenesis associated with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 209 19433759
2006 Activation of leukocyte beta2 integrins by conversion from bent to extended conformations. Immunity 207 17045822
2008 CD11c/EYFP transgene illuminates a discrete network of dendritic cells within the embryonic, neonatal, adult, and injured mouse brain. The Journal of comparative neurology 179 18386786
2002 Myeloid blood CD11c(+) dendritic cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells differ in their ability to stimulate T lymphocytes. Blood 169 12351396
2009 Structure of an integrin with an alphaI domain, complement receptor type 4. The EMBO journal 149 20033057
2018 Identification of phagocytosis regulators using magnetic genome-wide CRISPR screens. Nature genetics 146 30397336
2001 Human thymus contains IFN-alpha-producing CD11c(-), myeloid CD11c(+), and mature interdigitating dendritic cells. The Journal of clinical investigation 146 11285302
2017 Role of CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells in human health and disease. Cellular immunology 142 28756897
1995 Leukocyte integrins. Current opinion in cell biology 137 8573344
2010 CD11c/CD18 expression is upregulated on blood monocytes during hypertriglyceridemia and enhances adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 134 21030716
1999 Depletion in blood CD11c-positive dendritic cells from HIV-infected patients. AIDS (London, England) 133 10357374
1995 CD23 regulates monocyte activation through a novel interaction with the adhesion molecules CD11b-CD18 and CD11c-CD18. Immunity 133 7621072
2002 Activation of leukocytes during the uteroplacental passage in preeclampsia. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 122 11799095
2009 CD11c expression in adipose tissue and blood and its role in diet-induced obesity. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 121 19910635
2019 High Salt Activates CD11c+ Antigen-Presenting Cells via SGK (Serum Glucocorticoid Kinase) 1 to Promote Renal Inflammation and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 119 31280647
1994 The leukocyte integrin p150,95 (CD11c/CD18) as a receptor for iC3b. Activation by a heterologous beta subunit and localization of a ligand recognition site to the I domain. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 116 7512600
2012 Functionally relevant neutrophilia in CD11c diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice. Nature methods 114 22367054
2001 Recognition of fibrinogen by leukocyte integrins. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 114 11460493
2016 Cholesterol Accumulation in CD11c+ Immune Cells Is a Causal and Targetable Factor in Autoimmune Disease. Immunity 107 28002731
1985 Isolation of complement-fragment-iC3b-binding proteins by affinity chromatography. The identification of p150,95 as an iC3b-binding protein. The Biochemical journal 99 4062888
1999 Salmonella efficiently enter and survive within cultured CD11c+ dendritic cells initiating cytokine expression. European journal of immunology 97 10229077
1988 Chromosomal location of the genes encoding the leukocyte adhesion receptors LFA-1, Mac-1 and p150,95. Identification of a gene cluster involved in cell adhesion. The Journal of experimental medicine 94 3284962
2010 Requirement of open headpiece conformation for activation of leukocyte integrin alphaXbeta2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 20679211
2009 Evaluation of imputation-based association in and around the integrin-alpha-M (ITGAM) gene and replication of robust association between a non-synonymous functional variant within ITGAM and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Human molecular genetics 92 19129174
2008 CD11c(+) dendritic cells maintain antigen processing, presentation capabilities, and CD4(+) T-cell priming efficacy under hypercholesterolemic conditions associated with atherosclerosis. Circulation research 92 18832748
1996 Phenotypic and functional characterization of CD11c+ dendritic cell population in mouse Peyer's patches. European journal of immunology 90 8765024
1999 Identification of cord blood dendritic cells as an immature CD11c- population. Blood 89 10090940
2007 CD11c/CD18: novel ligands and a role in delayed-type hypersensitivity. Journal of leukocyte biology 87 17389580
2019 Identification of HIV transmitting CD11c+ human epidermal dendritic cells. Nature communications 84 31227717
2006 Prominent production of IL-20 by CD68+/CD11c+ myeloid-derived cells in psoriasis: Gene regulation and cellular effects. The Journal of investigative dermatology 84 16645593
2019 Excessive CD11c+Tbet+ B cells promote aberrant TFH differentiation and affinity-based germinal center selection in lupus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 82 31451659
2023 Autoimmunity in Down's syndrome via cytokines, CD4 T cells and CD11c+ B cells. Nature 77 36813963
2016 Ablating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in CD11c+ cells perturbs intestinal epithelium development and intestinal immunity. Scientific reports 76 27068235
2009 Direct stimulation of tlr5+/+ CD11c+ cells is necessary for the adjuvant activity of flagellin. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 73 19494277
2005 CpG RNA: identification of novel single-stranded RNA that stimulates human CD14+CD11c+ monocytes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 71 15699162
2023 CD11c+ microglia promote white matter repair after ischemic stroke. Cell death & disease 69 36828819
2017 T-bet+CD11c+ B cells are critical for antichromatin immunoglobulin G production in the development of lupus. Arthritis research & therapy 68 28982388
2018 TLR4, TRIF, and MyD88 are essential for myelopoiesis and CD11c+ adipose tissue macrophage production in obese mice. The Journal of biological chemistry 67 29636416
2016 CD11c/CD18 Dominates Adhesion of Human Monocytes, Macrophages and Dendritic Cells over CD11b/CD18. PloS one 67 27658051
2022 Interferon regulatory factor-5-dependent CD11c+ macrophages contribute to the formation of rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques. European heart journal 65 35567557
2022 Human T-bet governs the generation of a distinct subset of CD11chighCD21low B cells. Science immunology 65 35867801
2016 Bone Marrow CD11c+ Cell-Derived Amphiregulin Promotes Pulmonary Fibrosis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 64 27206766
2017 Circulating classical monocytes are associated with CD11c+ macrophages in human visceral adipose tissue. Scientific reports 63 28198418
2001 Identification of both myeloid CD11c+ and lymphoid CD11c- dendritic cell subsets in cord blood. British journal of haematology 63 11442485
2019 CSF1R Stimulation Promotes Increased Neuroprotection by CD11c+ Microglia in EAE. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 58 30687013
2014 Downregulation of microRNA-107 in intestinal CD11c(+) myeloid cells in response to microbiota and proinflammatory cytokines increases IL-23p19 expression. European journal of immunology 57 24293139
2021 Deep Phenotyping of CD11c+ B Cells in Systemic Autoimmunity and Controls. Frontiers in immunology 56 33777025
2018 Generation of functional murine CD11c+ age-associated B cells in the absence of B cell T-bet expression. European journal of immunology 55 30353919
2022 The development and function of CD11c+ atypical B cells - insights from single cell analysis. Frontiers in immunology 53 36072594
2010 The role of Tregs and CD11c(+) macrophages/dendritic cells in ischemic preconditioning of the kidney. Kidney international 53 20686446
2018 CD1d-mediated lipid presentation by CD11c+ cells regulates intestinal homeostasis. The EMBO journal 52 29378774
2017 Distinct Kinase-Independent Role of RIPK3 in CD11c+ Mononuclear Phagocytes in Cytokine-Induced Tissue Repair. Cell reports 51 28273458
2023 Definition of the contribution of an Osteopontin-producing CD11c+ microglial subset to Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 50 36730200
2019 Microglial SIRPα regulates the emergence of CD11c+ microglia and demyelination damage in white matter. eLife 50 30910011
2002 Elevated expression of CCR5 by myeloid (CD11c+) blood dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis and acute optic neuritis. Clinical and experimental immunology 48 11966770
2015 Gatekeeper role of brain antigen-presenting CD11c+ cells in neuroinflammation. The EMBO journal 47 26612827
2024 Zeb2 drives the formation of CD11c+ atypical B cells to sustain germinal centers that control persistent infection. Science immunology 46 38330097
2002 In vivo receptor-mediated delivery of a recombinant invasive bacterial toxoid to CD11c + CD8 alpha -CD11bhigh dendritic cells. European journal of immunology 45 12385027
2023 CD11c+ macrophages are proangiogenic and necessary for experimental choroidal neovascularization. JCI insight 44 36821388
2016 Expression of CD11c Is Associated with Unconventional Activated T Cell Subsets with High Migratory Potential. PloS one 44 27119555
2004 Nasal Flt3 ligand cDNA elicits CD11c+CD8+ dendritic cells for enhanced mucosal immunity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 44 15004163
2002 Processing and degradation of exogenous prion protein by CD11c(+) myeloid dendritic cells in vitro. Journal of virology 44 12414965
2018 Oestrogen receptor β ligand acts on CD11c+ cells to mediate protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain : a journal of neurology 43 29228214
2011 Participation of CD11c(+) leukocytes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clearance from the lung. Infection and immunity 42 21402768
2007 Binding between the integrin alphaXbeta2 (CD11c/CD18) and heparin. The Journal of biological chemistry 42 17699512
2010 Defining in vivo dendritic cell functions using CD11c-DTR transgenic mice. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 41 19941129
2019 Functional Characterization of CD11c+ Age-Associated B Cells as Memory B Cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 40 31636237
2015 Identification of Pathogenic Cardiac CD11c+ Macrophages in Nod1-Mediated Acute Coronary Arteritis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 40 25838430
2012 Inflammatory spleen monocytes can upregulate CD11c expression without converting into dendritic cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 38 22442444
2024 A Galectin-9-Driven CD11chigh Decidual Macrophage Subset Suppresses Uterine Vascular Remodeling in Preeclampsia. Circulation 37 38314577
2023 Extrafollicular IgD-CD27-CXCR5-CD11c- DN3 B cells infiltrate inflamed tissues in autoimmune fibrosis and in severe COVID-19. Cell reports 37 37300833
2016 NK-CD11c+ Cell Crosstalk in Diabetes Enhances IL-6-Mediated Inflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. PLoS pathogens 34 27783671
2009 Origins and functional basis of regulatory CD11c+CD8+ T cells. European journal of immunology 34 19499519
2019 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Restrains CD4+ T Cell Priming Ability of CD11c+ Dendritic Cells by Upregulating Expression of CD31. Frontiers in immunology 32 30984180
2017 Fasciola hepatica Immune Regulates CD11c+ Cells by Interacting with the Macrophage Gal/GalNAc Lectin. Frontiers in immunology 32 28360908
2023 Distinct dynamics of antigen-specific induction and differentiation of different CD11c+Tbet+ B-cell subsets. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 31 36858158
2018 Canonical Wnt Signaling in CD11c+ APCs Regulates Microbiota-Induced Inflammation and Immune Cell Homeostasis in the Colon. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 29602775
2018 Stearic Acid Induces CD11c Expression in Proinflammatory Macrophages via Epidermal Fatty Acid Binding Protein. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 29626089
2009 Murine endometrial and decidual NK1.1+ natural killer cells display a B220+CD11c+ cell surface phenotype. Biology of reproduction 31 19369645
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2017 CD11c-Expressing Cells Affect Regulatory T Cell Behavior in the Meninges during Central Nervous System Infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 28 28389591
2023 CD11c regulates neutrophil maturation. Blood advances 25 36306384
2022 Adenosine receptor 2a agonists target mouse CD11c+T-bet+ B cells in infection and autoimmunity. Nature communications 25 35064115
2017 Renal-infiltrating CD11c+ cells are pathogenic in murine lupus nephritis through promoting CD4+ T cell responses. Clinical and experimental immunology 24 28722110
2023 Allergen-induced CD11c + dendritic cell pyroptosis aggravates allergic rhinitis. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 23 37817225
2022 Differential expression of CD11c defines two types of tissue-resident macrophages with different origins in steady-state salivary glands. Scientific reports 23 35042931
2021 Reduction in CD11c+ microglia correlates with clinical progression in chronic experimental autoimmune demyelination. Neurobiology of disease 23 34752925
2016 Tumoricidal efficacy coincides with CD11c up-regulation in antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells during vaccine immunotherapy. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 23 27619885
1996 Regulation of the leukocyte integrin gene CD11c is mediated by AP1 and Ets transcription factors. Molecular immunology 23 8649434
2017 The protection role of Atg16l1 in CD11c+dendritic cells in murine colitis. Immunobiology 22 28390705
2023 Brain-to-gut trafficking of alpha-synuclein by CD11c+ cells in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Nature communications 21 37981650
2022 Modulation of surface CD11c expression tracks plasticity in murine intestinal tissue eosinophils. Journal of leukocyte biology 21 35141942
2022 Allergen induces CD11c+ dendritic cell autophagy to aggravate allergic rhinitis through promoting immune imbalance. International immunopharmacology 21 35158226
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2010 The role of CD11c expression in the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma. American journal of clinical pathology 21 20660331
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2020 Immunological characteristics and possible pathogenic role of urinary CD11c+ macrophages in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 20 32163584
2019 Depletion of CD40 on CD11c+ cells worsens the metabolic syndrome and ameliorates hepatic inflammation during NASH. Scientific reports 20 31604965
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2017 Cutting Edge: Origins, Recruitment, and Regulation of CD11c+ Cells in Inflamed Islets of Autoimmune Diabetes Mice. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 18 28550204
2020 CD11c regulates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells under stress. Blood advances 17 33351105
2018 Hepato-entrained B220+CD11c+NK1.1+ cells regulate pre-metastatic niche formation in the lung. EMBO molecular medicine 17 29930175
2024 Single-cell profiling of CD11c+ B cells in atherosclerosis. Frontiers in immunology 16 38259450
2022 CD11c identifies microbiota and EGR2-dependent MHCII+ serous cavity macrophages with sexually dimorphic fate in mice. European journal of immunology 16 35568024
2017 Increased TREM-2 expression on the subsets of CD11c+ cells in the lungs and lymph nodes during allergic airway inflammation. Scientific reports 16 28928485
2024 Correlation of Professional Antigen-Presenting Tbet+CD11c+ B Cells With Bone Destruction in Untreated Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) 15 38570939
2019 Expression and Functional Role of TRPV4 in Bone Marrow-Derived CD11c+ Cells. International journal of molecular sciences 15 31295806
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2022 Lysosomal acid lipase, CSF1R, and PD-L1 determine functions of CD11c+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells. JCI insight 14 35917184
2019 Altered frequency of CD8+ CD11c+ T cells and expression of immunosuppressive molecules in lymphoid organs of mouse model of colorectal cancer. Journal of cellular physiology 14 30623416