Affinage

HDGF

Hepatoma-derived growth factor · UniProt P51858

Length
240 aa
Mass
26.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
94 papers in source corpus 28 papers cited in narrative 28 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/8 claims corpus-supported (88%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HDGF is a heparin-binding nuclear protein that functions both as a chromatin-associated transcriptional regulator and as a secreted signaling ligand, contributing to proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and drug resistance across multiple cancers (PMID:33239755, PMID:37827291). Its N-terminal PWWP/HATH domain is a high-resolution-defined fold that binds DNA nonspecifically through the minor groove and is essential for HDGF's protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions, with surface lysine residues (K19) mediating electrostatic engagement of heparin (PMID:16384999, PMID:21907836, PMID:25117899). Cell-surface heparan sulfate is required for HDGF uptake, and HDGF and its HATH domain are internalized via macropinocytosis, with differential effects on migration, proliferation, and MAPK signaling depending on receptor-binding competence (PMID:20964630). As a transcription factor, HDGF binds target chromatin directly to repress ALCAM in Ewing sarcoma, thereby activating Rac1/Cdc42 to drive cytoskeletal remodeling and metastasis, and it also transcriptionally regulates KRAS and RhoA through its interaction with the BLM helicase (PMID:33239755, PMID:36574142). As an extracellular ligand released by necrotic and late apoptotic cells, HDGF stimulates ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and acts through its cell-surface receptor nucleolin to drive mitochondrial ROS generation and bioenergetic reprogramming, an activity abolished by the Ser103Ala mutation (PMID:26612514, PMID:37827291). HDGF participates in numerous oncogenic protein complexes—with DDX5/β-catenin, ZEB1, NAP1L1/c-Jun, and HRP-2 isoforms—coupling it to β-catenin, cell-cycle, and EMT programs (PMID:28751441, PMID:31815037, PMID:34959221, PMID:22212508). HDGF expression is controlled at multiple levels: p53 represses it via HDAC-dependent chromatin remodeling, m6A readers and RNA-binding proteins (METTL3, IGF2BP2, G3BP2) stabilize its mRNA, and a USP14-dependent deubiquitination cascade controls its protein stability (PMID:22006999, PMID:36265285, PMID:34782720, PMID:40414865). It further shapes the tumor microenvironment by promoting Treg induction, M2 macrophage polarization, and VEGF-dependent angiogenesis (PMID:25569374, PMID:35973634, PMID:32319650).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 27 steps
  1. 2005 High

    The structural basis for HDGF's DNA association was unknown; defining the PWWP/HATH fold established it as a nonspecific minor-groove DNA-binding module.

    Evidence High-resolution NMR structure with SELEX/SAAB DNA-binding assays and NMR titrations

    PMID:16384999

    Open questions at the time
    • No sequence-specific DNA recognition demonstrated
    • Does not address how nonspecific DNA binding relates to gene-specific transcriptional regulation
  2. 2011 Medium

    Whether HDGF acts within larger macromolecular assemblies was unclear; interactome mapping placed it in ribosome biogenesis, RNA processing, DNA repair, and transcription complexes and showed the HATH domain is essential for both protein and RNA interactions.

    Evidence Tandem affinity purification with LC-MS/MS, Co-IP, RIP, and domain-deletion analysis

    PMID:21907836

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs. indirect interactions not resolved for most of the 106 proteins
    • Functional consequence of each complex not tested
  3. 2011 Medium

    The upstream regulation of HDGF was uncharacterized; p53 was shown to repress HDGF transcription via HDAC-dependent chromatin remodeling, linking HDGF to tumor suppressor control.

    Evidence p53 overexpression, HDAC mechanistic analysis, recombinant HDGF rescue of conditioned-medium effects

    PMID:22006999

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct p53 binding to the HDGF promoter not shown
    • Specific HDAC enzymes not identified
  4. 2010 High

    How extracellular HDGF enters cells was unknown; heparan sulfate-dependent macropinocytosis was established as the uptake route, with receptor-binding competence dictating opposing effects on cell behavior.

    Evidence HS-deficient cell lines, K96A mutagenesis, macropinocytosis inhibition, MAPK and MMP readouts in fibroblasts

    PMID:20964630

    Open questions at the time
    • The signaling receptor distinct from HS not identified in this study
    • Intracellular fate after internalization unresolved
  5. 2008 Medium

    Whether HDGF is post-translationally modified during cell death was unknown; caspase-dependent dephosphorylation was placed early in apoptosis, before mitochondrial permeabilization.

    Evidence 32P-labeling 2D gels, MS, zVADfmk caspase inhibition, GFP-HDGF imaging in endothelial cells

    PMID:18465786

    Open questions at the time
    • The phosphatase responsible not identified
    • Functional consequence of dephosphorylation not established
  6. 2012 Medium

    The relationship between HDGF and its HRP-2 paralog isoforms was unclear; a HATH-truncated HRP-2 splice variant was shown to preferentially bind a processed HDGF form and associate with chromatin, both displaced from mitotic chromatin.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, chromatin fractionation, molecular cloning, mitotic displacement assay

    PMID:22212508

    Open questions at the time
    • Nature of the processed HDGF form not defined
    • Functional role of cell-cycle chromatin displacement unknown
  7. 2014 High

    The molecular determinant of HDGF's heparin binding was uncharacterized; K19 was identified as the key electrostatic contact residue using side-chain-specific NMR.

    Evidence H2CN NMR pulse sequence, heparin titration, mutagenesis, binding free-energy correlation

    PMID:25117899

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of K19 to HS-dependent uptake not tested
    • Whether heparin binding modulates signaling not addressed
  8. 2012 Medium

    It was unknown whether secreted HDGF drives tumor vascularization; glioblastoma stem-cell-derived HDGF was shown to act as a pro-angiogenic factor.

    Evidence 2D-DIGE/MS identification, anti-HDGF neutralization, endothelial migration, in vivo Matrigel neoangiogenesis, siRNA

    PMID:22331796

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor on endothelial cells not identified
    • Relationship to VEGF not addressed in this study
  9. 2015 Medium

    The immunomodulatory role of HDGF was undefined; hepatoma-derived HDGF was shown to induce Foxp3+ Tregs that suppress CD8+ T cells, implicating it in immune evasion.

    Evidence Recombinant HDGF treatment, Foxp3 flow cytometry, CFSE suppression assay, cytokine ELISA

    PMID:25569374

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor/signaling pathway in T cells not identified
    • In vivo relevance not tested
  10. 2016 Medium

    How HDGF reaches the extracellular space was unclear; it was shown to be predominantly nuclear and passively released by necrotic/late apoptotic cells, acting as an alarmin via ERK1/2 and p38.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence, conditioned media, necrosis/apoptosis induction, MAPK phosphorylation, migration assays

    PMID:26612514

    Open questions at the time
    • No active secretion mechanism defined
    • Receptor mediating ERK/p38 activation not identified here
  11. 2017 Medium

    HDGF's coupling to Wnt signaling was unknown; a direct DDX5-HDGF complex was shown to drive β-catenin/c-Myc signaling and suppress miR-296-3p in lung adenocarcinoma.

    Evidence Co-IP/MS, GST pull-down, ChIP, EMSA, luciferase reporter

    PMID:28751441

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and direct DNA-binding role of HDGF in this complex unclear
    • Single cancer context
  12. 2019 Medium

    The interplay between HDGF and EMT regulators was undefined; a ZEB1/HDGF/β-catenin/TCF4 positive feedback loop was established in endometrial cancer.

    Evidence ChIP, Co-IP, immunofluorescence co-localization, siRNA, in vivo assays

    PMID:31815037

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs. cofactor role of HDGF at ZEB1-regulated promoters not resolved
    • Single cancer type
  13. 2019 Medium

    HDGF's effect on tumor macrophages was unknown; secreted HDGF was shown to drive M2 polarization via the IL-4/JAK1/STAT3 axis in NSCLC.

    Evidence Overexpression, RNA-seq, IL-4 ELISA, JAK1/STAT3 Western blot, co-culture, in vivo model

    PMID:35973634

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct receptor for HDGF on macrophages not identified
    • Mechanism of IL-4 induction by HDGF unclear
  14. 2020 High

    Whether HDGF directly programs metastatic gene expression was open; ChIP-seq showed HDGF directly represses ALCAM, activating Rac1/Cdc42 to drive Ewing sarcoma metastasis.

    Evidence HDGF ChIP-seq, expression profiling, knockdown, Rac1/Cdc42 activation assays, orthotopic and metastasis mouse models

    PMID:33239755

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide direct target set beyond ALCAM not fully resolved
    • Cofactors at the ALCAM locus not defined
  15. 2020 Medium

    The relationship between HDGF and canonical angiogenic factors was unclear; HDGF was shown to cooperate with VEGF-A in a cell-line-dependent manner to enhance angiogenesis.

    Evidence MS identification, tube formation, neutralizing antibody, siRNA, 3D collagen-gel culture, microarray

    PMID:32319650

    Open questions at the time
    • Basis for cell-line dependence unexplained
    • Molecular link between HDGF and VEGF not defined
  16. 2021 Medium

    How HDGF cooperates with chromatin factors to control oncogenes was unknown; a direct HDGF-BLM interaction was shown to activate KRAS and repress RhoA transcription, feeding MAPK/ERK signaling in prostate cancer.

    Evidence Co-IP, ChIP-seq, dual-luciferase reporter, in vitro and in vivo assays

    PMID:36574142

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct DNA binding of HDGF at KRAS/RhoA loci not separated from BLM contribution
    • Helicase-dependence not tested
  17. 2021 Medium

    An upstream activator of HDGF in proliferation was unknown; NAP1L1 was shown to interact with HDGF, channeling into an HDGF→c-Jun→CCND1/CDK4/CDK6 cell-cycle axis in glioma.

    Evidence Co-IP, immunofluorescence co-localization, siRNA, proliferation assays in vitro and in vivo

    PMID:34959221

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs. indirect NAP1L1-HDGF binding not resolved
    • How HDGF activates c-Jun not defined
  18. 2022 Medium

    Generality of the NAP1L1/HDGF/c-Jun axis was uncertain; the same axis was confirmed in ovarian cancer with HDGF acting downstream of NAP1L1 to restore C-JUN and CCND1.

    Evidence Co-IP, immunofluorescence, knockdown/rescue, proliferation and cell-cycle assays

    PMID:35351053

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism unchanged from prior study; direct interaction nature still unresolved
  19. 2022 Medium

    Post-transcriptional control of HDGF was undefined; G3BP2 was shown to bind and stabilize HDGF mRNA within a LINC01554/G3BP2/HDGF axis driving ESCC migration.

    Evidence RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, Western blot, rescue overexpression, migration and xenograft assays

    PMID:34782720

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct G3BP2-HDGF mRNA binding sites not mapped
    • Relation to m6A regulation not addressed here
  20. 2022 Medium

    Whether m6A modification controls HDGF was unknown; METTL3-mediated m6A was shown to stabilize HDGF mRNA in M1 macrophages, with HDGF reprogramming energy metabolism in atherosclerosis.

    Evidence m6A analysis, macrophage-specific HDGF KO ApoeKO mice, metabolic assays, plaque quantification

    PMID:36265285

    Open questions at the time
    • m6A reader linking METTL3 to HDGF stability not identified here
    • Direct metabolic targets of HDGF unclear
  21. 2022 Medium

    Whether HDGF travels in vesicles and signals metabolically was open; HDGF was found in myeloma extracellular vesicles and shown to activate AKT, shift glycolysis, and polarize immune cells.

    Evidence EV proteomics, exogenous HDGF treatment, AKT phosphorylation, Seahorse, macrophage/monocyte assays

    PMID:35395072

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating EV-HDGF AKT activation not identified
    • Mechanism of metabolic shift unresolved
  22. 2023 High

    The cell-surface receptor for HDGF signaling and its bioenergetic mechanism were unknown; nucleolin was identified as the HDGF receptor mediating mitochondrial ROS and OXPHOS upregulation, with Ser103 required for activity.

    Evidence Recombinant HDGF, Ser103Ala mutant, Seahorse, ROS assays, NCL knockdown and antibody neutralization, antioxidant treatment, orthotopic hepatoma model

    PMID:37827291

    Open questions at the time
    • How nucleolin transduces signal to mitochondria not defined
    • Role of Ser103 phosphorylation status not established
  23. 2023 Medium

    HDGF's contribution to targeted-therapy resistance was unclear; it was shown to confer gefitinib resistance in NSCLC by activating PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK independently of EGFR.

    Evidence Stable KO/OE lines, MK2206 and U0126 pathway inhibitors, ELISA, in vitro and in vivo drug-resistance assays

    PMID:37301856

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which HDGF activates these kinases not defined
    • Link to nucleolin signaling not tested
  24. 2024 Low

    Whether an m6A reader stabilizes HDGF mRNA was open; IGF2BP2 was shown to bind and stabilize HDGF mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner in ESCC.

    Evidence m6A-dependent RNA binding assays, knockdown/overexpression, proliferation/migration/invasion and tumorigenicity assays

    PMID:39206979

    Open questions at the time
    • Limited mechanistic detail in abstract; m6A sites not mapped
    • Relationship to METTL3/G3BP2 regulation unresolved
  25. 2025 Medium

    A proteostatic mechanism controlling HDGF was unknown; an FBXW7→NAP1L1→USP14 cascade was shown to govern HDGF deubiquitination, with HDGF/p62 signaling regulating autophagy and cisplatin sensitivity in NPC.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination/deubiquitination assays, autophagosome assays, in vitro and in vivo NPC models, shRNA

    PMID:40414865

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct USP14-HDGF deubiquitination not fully isolated from NAP1L1 dependence
    • Ubiquitin chain type on HDGF not defined
  26. 2025 Low

    A potential role for HDGF in chromatin-coupled DNA repair was proposed; HDGF was suggested to read H3K36me3 and recruit CtIP to facilitate homologous recombination in colorectal cancer.

    Evidence HDGF KO cells, CtIP recruitment and HR repair assays, drug-sensitivity assays

    PMID:40001585

    Open questions at the time
    • H3K36me3 recognition not directly demonstrated
    • Direct HDGF-CtIP interaction not confirmed with limited detail
    • Mechanism of HR facilitation unclear
  27. 2025 Low

    A cytoprotective role for HDGF outside cancer was proposed; recombinant HDGF was shown to protect retinal pigment epithelium from ferroptosis via SIRT1/PGC-1α/Nrf2 and p38 MAPK/AKT.

    Evidence Recombinant HDGF treatment, pathway Western blots, ROS/lipid peroxidation and glutathione assays, mitochondrial morphology

    PMID:41462634

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor and direct mechanism not defined
    • Single study with limited mechanistic depth

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How HDGF's nuclear chromatin-regulatory functions are mechanistically linked to its extracellular nucleolin-mediated signaling, and whether a single histone-mark reader activity unifies its transcription and DNA-repair roles, remain unresolved.
  • No structural model of the secreted ligand-nucleolin complex
  • Histone-mark reading by the PWWP domain not directly demonstrated in human HDGF
  • Whether nuclear and extracellular pools represent distinct functional states is untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 2 GO:0008289 lipid binding 2 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 2 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 2 GO:0003723 RNA binding 1
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3 GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 3 GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 2 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 2 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 2
Partners
BLMCTIPCTNNB1DDX5HRP-2NAP1L1NCLZEB1
Complex memberships
HDGF-DDX5-β-catenin complexHDGF-HRP-2 heteromer

Evidence

Reading pass · 28 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 The HDGF PWWP domain (N-terminal ~70 amino acids) was determined to high resolution by NMR using NOEs, J-couplings, and dipolar couplings. NMR titrations and SELEX (SAAB) assays demonstrated that the PWWP domain functions as a nonspecific DNA-binding domain, interacting with DNA via the minor groove. NMR structure determination (NOEs, J-couplings, dipolar couplings); SELEX/SAAB DNA-binding assay; NMR titrations with DNA Protein science High 16384999
2011 Tandem affinity purification (SBP/Flag-TAP) coupled with LC-MS/MS identified 106 proteins forming complexes with HDGF, placing it in complexes involved in ribosome biogenesis, RNA processing, DNA damage repair, and transcriptional regulation. The HATH domain was found to be essential for both protein–protein and protein–RNA interactions; deletion of HATH abolished complex formation. RNA co-immunoprecipitation (SBP-RIP) also detected RNA in the HDGF complex. SBP/Flag tandem affinity purification coupled to LC-MS/MS; Co-IP; RT-PCR; RIP assay; domain-deletion analysis Journal of proteomics Medium 21907836
2011 p53 transcriptionally represses HDGF by altering HDAC-dependent chromatin remodeling. Wild-type p53 introduction decreased endogenous HDGF expression; conditioned medium from p53-expressing cells blocked cell growth, migration, and invasion, effects reversible by recombinant HDGF addition. Mechanistic studies showed p53 represses HDGF transcription through chromatin remodeling involving HDACs. p53 overexpression in cancer cells; HDGF neutralizing antibody; recombinant HDGF rescue; chromatin remodeling (HDAC-dependent) mechanistic analysis; Western blot; cell growth and migration assays Cancer research Medium 22006999
2011 Cell surface heparan sulfates (HS) are required for HDGF internalization. Cells lacking surface HS could not internalize HDGF, its HATH domain, or a receptor-binding-deficient HATH mutant (K96A). Both HATH and HATH(K96A) enter cells via macropinocytosis after binding cell surface HS. HS-mediated internalization of HATH(K96A) inhibited cell migration and proliferation (opposite to HATH), and MAPK signaling pathways were differentially affected by the two constructs, regulating matrix metalloprotease expression in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. HS-deficient cell lines; macropinocytosis inhibition assays; site-directed mutagenesis (K96A); cell migration/proliferation assays; MAPK pathway analysis; MMP expression analysis The Biochemical journal High 20964630
2012 HDGF forms heteromers with HRP-2 isoforms. A newly identified splice variant of HRP-2 (isoform c, with 53-amino acid deletion in the HATH region) preferentially interacts with a processed form of HDGF and, unlike other HRP-2 isoforms, binds to chromatin. HRP-2 isoform c and the processed form of HDGF are both displaced from condensed mitotic metaphase chromatin. Co-immunoprecipitation; chromatin fractionation; identification of splice variant by molecular cloning; mitotic chromatin displacement assay The FEBS journal Medium 22212508
2008 HDGF undergoes caspase-dependent dephosphorylation during the early steps of TNF+cycloheximide-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells, prior to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. This event was blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor zVADfmk, placing HDGF dephosphorylation downstream of an initiator caspase. Nuclear localization of GFP-HDGF was unaffected by the apoptotic stimulus. 2D gel electrophoresis of 32P-labeled samples; mass spectrometry identification; Western blot; zVADfmk caspase inhibition; GFP-HDGF live-cell imaging Journal of cellular biochemistry Medium 18465786
2014 NMR H2CN titration experiments identified lysine K19 as the key residue in HDGF mediating electrostatic interaction with heparin, with side-chain chemical shift perturbations correlating with binding free energy changes in site-directed mutants. Backbone chemical shifts did not reliably report on heparin binding at this buried residue. H2CN NMR pulse sequence; heparin titration; site-directed mutagenesis; free energy correlation analysis Biochimica et biophysica acta High 25117899
2017 HDGF forms a complex with DDX5 and β-catenin. Co-immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry and GST pull-down demonstrated that DDX5 directly interacts with HDGF, and HDGF/DDX5 induces β-catenin–c-Myc signaling, which suppresses miR-296-3p expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells. ChIP and EMSA assays further characterized the DNA-protein interactions in this pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry; GST pull-down; ChIP; EMSA; Western blot; luciferase reporter assay Clinical cancer research Medium 28751441
2019 ZEB1 transcription factor binds to the HDGF promoter to stimulate HDGF transcription, and ZEB1 also physically interacts with HDGF protein and co-localizes with it in the nucleus. HDGF in turn activates β-catenin/TCF4 signaling, which feeds back to stimulate ZEB1 transcription, creating a ZEB1/HDGF/β-catenin/TCF4 positive feedback loop promoting endometrial cancer metastasis. ChIP assay (ZEB1 promoter binding); co-immunoprecipitation (ZEB1–HDGF interaction); immunofluorescence co-localization; siRNA knockdown; β-catenin nuclear translocation assay; in vitro and in vivo functional assays American journal of cancer research Medium 31815037
2020 HDGF drives Ewing sarcoma (ES) metastasis by functioning as a transcription factor. ChIP-seq and gene expression profiling revealed that HDGF directly regulates the ALCAM gene, repressing its expression. HDGF downregulation of ALCAM induces expression and activation of Rho-GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, promoting actin cytoskeleton remodeling and cell-matrix adhesion to enhance metastasis. Repression of ALCAM and activation of Rac1/Cdc42 are required for HDGF's pro-metastatic functions. HDGF ChIP-seq; gene expression profiling; siRNA/shRNA knockdown; Rac1/Cdc42 activation assays; actin cytoskeleton imaging; orthotopic mouse model; experimental metastasis model Oncogene High 33239755
2021 NAP1L1 interacts with HDGF at the protein level and co-localizes with it in the cytoplasm. HDGF in turn interacts with the transcription factor c-Jun, which induces expression of cell-cycle promoters CCND1/CDK4/CDK6. HDGF knockdown in NAP1L1-overexpressing glioma cells inhibits proliferation, establishing a NAP1L1→HDGF→c-Jun→CCND1/CDK4/CDK6 signaling axis. Co-immunoprecipitation; immunofluorescence co-localization; siRNA knockdown; Western blot; in vitro and in vivo proliferation assays Aging Medium 34959221
2022 NAP1L1 interacts with HDGF and co-localizes in the cytoplasm of ovarian cancer cells. HDGF interacts with c-Jun (C-JUN), which then induces CCND1 expression to promote cell proliferation. HDGF overexpression in NAP1L1-knockdown OC cells restores C-JUN and CCND1 expression and reverses the anti-proliferative effects, confirming HDGF acts downstream of NAP1L1 through HDGF/C-JUN signaling. Co-immunoprecipitation; immunofluorescence; siRNA and shRNA knockdown; Western blot; CCK-8; EDU assay; flow cytometry; colony formation assay BMC cancer Medium 35351053
2022 G3BP2 binds to HDGF mRNA transcripts to stabilize HDGF expression. RNA-seq in ESCC cells revealed HDGF as regulated by G3BP2, and G3BP2 depletion reduced HDGF protein levels. Ectopic HDGF expression rescued G3BP2-depletion-mediated inhibition of ESCC cell migration, placing G3BP2-mediated HDGF mRNA stabilization in the LINC01554/G3BP2/HDGF regulatory axis. RNA-seq; Western blot; qRT-PCR; rescue overexpression experiments; in vitro migration assays; in vivo xenograft Oncogene Medium 34782720
2022 METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation of HDGF mRNA enhances its mRNA stability and protein expression in M1 macrophages during atherosclerosis. Elevated METTL3 in M1 macrophages increases HDGF protein via m6A modification; HDGF in turn regulates M1 macrophage polarization through energy metabolism reprogramming (glycolysis, mitochondrial function), contributing to atherosclerotic plaque formation. m6A RNA methylation analysis; macrophage-specific HDGF knockout mouse (ApoeKO model); Western blot; metabolic assays (glycolysis, mitochondria); in vivo plaque quantification Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 36265285
2023 HDGF stimulates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and upregulates oxidative phosphorylation and bioenergetics in hepatoma cells (increased basal and total oxygen consumption rate, extracellular acidification rate). This is mediated through the HDGF receptor nucleolin (NCL) on the cell surface: genetic knockdown of NCL and anti-NCL antibody abolished HDGF-induced ROS and mitochondrial energetic increases. An inactive Ser103Ala mutant of recombinant HDGF failed to promote ROS generation or oncogenic behaviors. Recombinant HDGF treatment; Ser103Ala mutagenesis; Seahorse metabolic flux assay; ROS-detecting fluorescent dyes; flow cytometry; NCL knockdown (siRNA); anti-NCL antibody neutralization; MitoQ/NAC antioxidant treatment; SOD2 knockdown; in vivo orthotopic hepatoma model The Journal of biological chemistry High 37827291
2023 HDGF promotes gefitinib resistance in NSCLC by activating the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways independently of EGFR phosphorylation. Gefitinib treatment induced HDGF expression; effects of HDGF on gefitinib resistance were largely attenuated by the AKT inhibitor MK2206 or the ERK inhibitor U0126, establishing epistatic placement of HDGF upstream of these pathways. Stable HDGF KO and overexpression cell lines; AKT inhibitor (MK2206); ERK inhibitor (U0126); ELISA; Western blot; in vitro and in vivo drug resistance assays Cell death discovery Medium 37301856
2025 HDGF modulates DNA damage response by recruiting CtIP (C-terminal binding protein-interacting protein) to facilitate homologous recombination (HR) repair, thereby influencing drug sensitivity in colorectal cancer. HDGF is proposed to function as a recognition protein for H3K36me3, participating in the repair of transcriptionally active damaged genes to maintain genomic stability. HDGF knockout cells; CtIP interaction/recruitment assays; HR repair assays; drug sensitivity assays; Western blot Biomolecules Low 40001585
2024 The m6A reader IGF2BP2 binds to and stabilizes HDGF mRNA transcripts in an m6A-dependent manner in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), promoting HDGF protein expression and ESCC proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity. m6A-dependent RNA binding assays (IGF2BP2–HDGF mRNA); siRNA/overexpression; in vitro proliferation/migration/invasion assays; in vivo tumorigenicity Journal of cancer research and therapeutics Low 39206979
2016 In ovarian cancer cells, HDGF localizes predominantly in the nucleus but is minimally secreted under normal conditions. However, HDGF is passively released by necrotic and late apoptotic cells. Extracellular HDGF stimulates phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and enhances cellular migration in both cancer and non-cancer cells, suggesting HDGF functions as an alarmin. Immunofluorescence (nuclear localization); conditioned media analysis; necrosis/apoptosis induction assays; ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation assays (Western blot); cell migration assays Apoptosis Medium 26612514
2004 Subcellular localization of HDGF was determined experimentally in cultured neocortical neurons: HDGF is restricted to the neuronal soma and is present in both nucleus and cytoplasm, while the related HRP-3 can additionally be found in neurites. Simultaneous expression in the same cell with different subcellular distributions suggests different intracellular functions for HDGF and HRP-3. Immunocytochemistry; in situ hybridization; immunohistochemistry; generation of isoform-specific antisera The Biochemical journal Medium 14572309
2012 HDGF secreted by glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) functions as a pro-angiogenic factor. Anti-HDGF antibodies blocked GSC-conditioned medium-induced migration of cerebral endothelial cells. In vivo, GSC-conditioned medium induced neoangiogenesis, and HDGF-targeting siRNAs abrogated this effect. Proteomic 2D-DIGE and MS identification; anti-HDGF antibody neutralization; endothelial cell migration assay; in vivo Matrigel neoangiogenesis model; HDGF siRNA knockdown Stem cells Medium 22331796
2015 Hepatocellular carcinoma cell-derived HDGF induces generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) from CD4+CD25- T cells. Exposure to recombinant HDGF increased Foxp3 expression and decreased GATA3 expression in CD4+ T cells. The induced Tregs suppressed CD8+ T cell proliferation and cytotoxic cytokine release, linking HDGF to immune evasion. HDGF expression by qRT-PCR and Western blot; co-culture of hepatoma cells with CD4+CD25- T cells; flow cytometry for Foxp3; CFSE-dilution assay for CD8+ suppression; ELISA for cytokines Cytokine Medium 25569374
2020 HDGF functions as an angiogenic factor that enhances VEGF-dependent angiogenesis in EBC-1 NSCLC cells (but not in Lu99 cells). Tube formation, neutralization, and RNA interference assays using both standard and novel 3D collagen-gel culture supernatants demonstrated that HDGF and VEGF-A cooperate in angiogenesis in a cell-line-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry protein identification from serum-free conditioned medium; endothelial tube formation assay; neutralizing antibody; siRNA knockdown; 3D collagen gel culture; gene microarray Oncology reports Medium 32319650
2022 HDGF is present inside extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by multiple myeloma cells and activates AKT phosphorylation in myeloma cells when added exogenously. HDGF also enhances glycolysis and reduces mitochondrial respiration in myeloma cells, and polarizes macrophages toward an M1-like phenotype while altering monocytes to resemble myeloid-derived suppressor cells. EV proteomic analysis; HDGF knockdown (proliferation assay); exogenous HDGF addition (AKT phosphorylation); Seahorse metabolic analysis; macrophage polarization assays; flow cytometry Blood advances Medium 35395072
2021 HDGF activates KRAS transcription and suppresses RhoA transcription in prostate cancer cells; these transcriptional effects are mediated in part through HDGF's direct interaction with the helicase BLM. BLM co-immunoprecipitates with HDGF, and BLM depletion modulates HDGF-dependent effects on KRAS and RhoA, consequently activating the MAPK/ERK pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation (BLM–HDGF); ChIP-seq; dual-luciferase reporter assay; Western blot; in vitro functional assays (proliferation, migration, invasion); in vivo xenograft Journal of cell communication and signaling Medium 36574142
2025 FBXW7 E3 ubiquitin ligase directly interacts with and ubiquitinates NAP1L1, targeting it for proteasomal degradation. Reduced NAP1L1 impairs recruitment of the deubiquitinase USP14, limiting deubiquitination of HDGF and thus decreasing HDGF protein levels. In turn, reduced HDGF suppresses USP14-mediated deubiquitination of p62, decreasing p62 levels, and this HDGF/p62 signaling reduction triggers autophagy and enhances cisplatin sensitivity in NPC. Co-immunoprecipitation; ubiquitination assays; USP14 deubiquitination assay; Western blot; autophagosome formation assays; in vitro and in vivo NPC models; shRNA knockdown Molecular cancer Medium 40414865
2019 HDGF overexpression in NSCLC cells upregulates IL-4 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Secreted HDGF induces macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype through the IL-4/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby creating a pro-tumorigenic paracrine loop between NSCLC cells and tumor-associated macrophages. HDGF overexpression constructs; RNA-seq in HDGF-overexpressing cells; IL-4 ELISA; Western blot for JAK1/STAT3; flow cytometry for macrophage markers; co-culture assays; in vivo C57BL/6 tumor model with MTE treatment Journal of ethnopharmacology Medium 35973634
2025 HDGF activates the SIRT1/PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway and the p38 MAPK/AKT axis in retinal pigment epithelial cells, protecting against glyoxal-induced ferroptosis by restoring mitochondrial biogenesis (MFN2, PGC-1α, SIRT1), enhancing the glutathione/GPX4 antioxidant system, and suppressing lipid peroxidation. Recombinant HDGF treatment; Western blot for pathway components; ROS/lipid peroxidation assays; glutathione measurement; mitochondrial morphology assessment Antioxidants Low 41462634

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 94 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2017 miRomics and Proteomics Reveal a miR-296-3p/PRKCA/FAK/Ras/c-Myc Feedback Loop Modulated by HDGF/DDX5/β-catenin Complex in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 86 28751441
2013 Downregulation of miR-16 promotes growth and motility by targeting HDGF in non-small cell lung cancer cells. FEBS letters 86 23954293
2013 Downregulation of miR-497 promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis by targeting HDGF in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 84 23673296
2014 HDGF: a novel jack-of-all-trades in cancer. Future oncology (London, England) 75 25236340
2012 Differential proteomic analysis of human glioblastoma and neural stem cells reveals HDGF as a novel angiogenic secreted factor. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 70 22331796
2019 Long Noncoding RNA HCP5 Regulates Pancreatic Cancer Gemcitabine (GEM) Resistance By Sponging Hsa-miR-214-3p To Target HDGF. OncoTargets and therapy 57 31632071
2019 Long non-coding RNA AGAP2-AS1 promotes the proliferation of glioma cells by sponging miR-15a/b-5p to upregulate the expression of HDGF and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. International journal of biological macromolecules 56 30684575
2005 High resolution structure of the HDGF PWWP domain: a potential DNA binding domain. Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 56 16384999
2013 Anti-HDGF targets cancer and cancer stromal stem cells resistant to chemotherapy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 51 23695169
2004 Expression patterns and different subcellular localization of the growth factors HDGF (hepatoma-derived growth factor) and HRP-3 (HDGF-related protein-3) suggest functions in addition to their mitogenic activity. The Biochemical journal 51 14572309
2014 MiR-195 targets HDGF to inhibit proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 48 24891187
2013 miR-141 suppresses proliferation and motility of gastric cancer cells by targeting HDGF. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 45 24276755
2020 HDGF enhances VEGF‑dependent angiogenesis and FGF‑2 is a VEGF‑independent angiogenic factor in non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncology reports 44 32319650
2002 Antisense oligonucleotides of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) suppress the proliferation of hepatoma cells. Hepato-gastroenterology 42 12397753
2013 Downregulated expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) reduces gallbladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 34 23609195
2017 MicroRNA-195 inhibits the behavior of cervical cancer tumors by directly targeting HDGF. Oncology letters 33 28693232
2012 HDGF-related protein-3 is required for anchorage-independent survival and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinomas. Gut 33 22490522
2019 ZEB1 promotes invasion and metastasis of endometrial cancer by interacting with HDGF and inducing its transcription. American journal of cancer research 32 31815037
2015 Differential proteomic analysis reveals that EGCG inhibits HDGF and activates apoptosis to increase the sensitivity of non-small cells lung cancer to chemotherapy. Proteomics. Clinical applications 31 26175166
2011 Interactome study suggests multiple cellular functions of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF). Journal of proteomics 28 21907836
2020 Circular RNA circMAGI3 accelerates the glycolysis of non-small cell lung cancer through miR-515-5p/HDGF. American journal of translational research 27 32774748
2020 Hsa_circ_0079480 promotes tumor progression in acute myeloid leukemia via miR-654-3p/HDGF axis. Aging 27 33290265
2021 NAP1L1 promotes proliferation and chemoresistance in glioma by inducing CCND1/CDK4/CDK6 expression through its interaction with HDGF and activation of c-Jun. Aging 26 34959221
2020 A novel HDGF-ALCAM axis promotes the metastasis of Ewing sarcoma via regulating the GTPases signaling pathway. Oncogene 26 33239755
2016 Hepatoma derived growth factor (HDGF) dynamics in ovarian cancer cells. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 26 26612514
2011 p53 negatively regulates the hepatoma growth factor HDGF. Cancer research 26 22006999
2022 G3BP2 regulated by the lncRNA LINC01554 facilitates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through stabilizing HDGF transcript. Oncogene 25 34782720
2020 MicroRNA-139-5p inhibits cell viability, migration and invasion and suppresses tumor growth by targeting HDGF in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology letters 25 32194674
2011 Cell surface heparan sulfates mediate internalization of the PWWP/HATH domain of HDGF via macropinocytosis to fine-tune cell signalling processes involved in fibroblast cell migration. The Biochemical journal 25 20964630
2022 NAP1L1 promotes tumor proliferation through HDGF/C-JUN signaling in ovarian cancer. BMC cancer 24 35351053
2022 Marsdenia tenacissima extract disturbs the interaction between tumor-associated macrophages and non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting HDGF. Journal of ethnopharmacology 24 35973634
2022 RNA-m6A modification of HDGF mediated by Mettl3 aggravates the progression of atherosclerosis by regulating macrophages polarization via energy metabolism reprogramming. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 24 36265285
2014 A complex mechanism for HDGF-mediated cell growth, migration, invasion, and TMZ chemosensitivity in glioma. Journal of neuro-oncology 24 24986090
2019 Downregulation of HDGF inhibits the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer cells by inactivating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Cancer management and research 23 31692549
2008 Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is dispensable for normal mouse development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 21 18570251
2021 Heparin-binding growth factor (HDGF) drives radioresistance in breast cancer by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway. Journal of translational medicine 20 34376200
2020 Exosomal lncRNA HEIH promotes cisplatin resistance in tongue squamous cell carcinoma via targeting miR-3619-5p/HDGF axis. Acta histochemica 20 33130420
2015 Irradiated fibroblasts promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and HDGF expression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20 25677618
2015 HDGF-related protein-2 (HRP-2) acts as an oncogene to promote cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20 25689719
2010 shRNA targeting HDGF suppressed cell growth and invasion of squamous cell lung cancer. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 20 20043047
2019 Long noncoding RNA LINC00342 promotes growth of infantile hemangioma by sponging miR-3619-5p from HDGF. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 19 31469292
2023 HDGF promotes gefitinib resistance by activating the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell death discovery 18 37301856
2021 Crystal structure of the BRPF2 PWWP domain in complex with DNA reveals a different binding mode than the HDGF family of PWWP domains. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms 18 33556623
2019 LncRNA TDRG1 promotes the aggressiveness of gastric carcinoma through regulating miR-873-5p/HDGF axis. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 18 31726370
2015 Down-regulation of HDGF Inhibits the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Anticancer research 18 26637859
2020 MicroRNA-95-3p inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis in colorectal carcinoma by HDGF. Biomedical journal 17 32418767
2019 Upregulation of miR‑95-3p inhibits growth of osteosarcoma by targeting HDGF. Pathology, research and practice 15 31257090
2015 Hepatocarcinoma cell-derived hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) induces regulatory T cells. Cytokine 14 25569374
2022 NAP1L1 promotes the growth of colon cancer by activating HDGF/DDX5. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 13 36148951
2021 miR-1254 induced by NESG1 inactivates HDGF/DDX5-stimulated nuclear translocation of β-catenin and suppresses NPC metastasis. Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development 13 33718512
2020 Long non-coding RNA SNHG3 accelerates progression in glioma by modulating miR-384/HDGF axis. Open life sciences 13 33817254
2022 lncRNA DLG1-AS1 promotes cervical cancer cell gemcitabine resistance by regulating miR-16-5p/HDGF. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 11 35388952
2020 Long Non-Coding RNA ASB16-AS1 Functions as a miR-760 Sponge to Facilitate the Malignant Phenotype of Osteosarcoma by Increasing HDGF Expression. OncoTargets and therapy 11 32214826
2019 [Curcumin suppresses invasiveness and migration of human glioma cells in vitro by inhibiting HDGF/β-catenin complex]. Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University 11 31511210
2017 MicroRNA‑139 suppressed tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion by directly targeting HDGF in epithelial ovarian cancer. Molecular medicine reports 11 28713954
2021 CCNI2 promotes the progression of human gastric cancer through HDGF. Cancer cell international 10 34895232
2020 MicroRNA-939 Directly Targets HDGF to Inhibit the Aggressiveness of Prostate Cancer via Deactivation of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway. OncoTargets and therapy 10 32547060
2015 The expression and clinical significance of HDGF in osteosarcoma. OncoTargets and therapy 10 26392778
2014 NMR characterization of the electrostatic interaction of the basic residues in HDGF and FGF2 during heparin binding. Biochimica et biophysica acta 10 25117899
2023 HDGF stimulates liver tumorigenesis by enhancing reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria. The Journal of biological chemistry 9 37827291
2022 MiR-129-5p exerts Wnt signaling-dependent tumor-suppressive functions in hepatocellular carcinoma by directly targeting hepatoma-derived growth factor HDGF. Cancer cell international 9 35578240
2022 BLM promotes malignancy in PCa by inducing KRAS expression and RhoA suppression via its interaction with HDGF and activation of MAPK/ERK pathway. Journal of cell communication and signaling 9 36574142
2012 Interaction of HRP-2 isoforms with HDGF: chromatin binding of a specific heteromer. The FEBS journal 9 22212508
2008 HDGF is dephosphorylated during the early steps of endothelial cell apoptosis in a caspase-dependent way. Journal of cellular biochemistry 8 18465786
2004 Circulating auto-antibody against hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) in patients with ulcerative colitis. Hepato-gastroenterology 8 15086185
2026 MiR-769-5p, Which Targets HDGF, Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer biotherapy & radiopharmaceuticals 7 34978893
2021 miR-4323 targets hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) to suppress colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Pathology, research and practice 7 34314948
2015 Downregulation of the expression of HDGF attenuates malignant biological behaviors of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells. Molecular medicine reports 6 26081074
2025 HDGF Knockout Suppresses Colorectal Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance by Modulating the DNA Damage Response. Biomolecules 5 40001585
2024 The m6A reader IGF2BP2 promotes ESCC progression by stabilizing HDGF mRNA. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics 4 39206979
2022 Long noncoding RNA LINC00649 functions as a microRNA‑432‑5p sponge to facilitate tumourigenesis in colorectal cancer by upregulating HDGF. Molecular medicine reports 4 35088877
2022 Extracellular vesicle proteomic analysis leads to the discovery of HDGF as a new factor in multiple myeloma biology. Blood advances 4 35395072
2021 The Inhibitory Effect of miR-345 on Glioma Progression Is Closely Related to circRNA-hsa_circ_0073237 and HDGF. Cells, tissues, organs 4 34348265
2025 NAP1L1 degradation by FBXW7 reduces the deubiquitination of HDGF-p62 signaling to stimulate autophagy and induce primary cisplatin chemosensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Molecular cancer 3 40414865
2023 circ-IARS depletion inhibits the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer by circ-IARS/miR-1252-5p/HDGF ceRNA pathway. Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) 3 36694627
2017 Intra- or extra-exosomal secretion of HDGF isoforms: the extraordinary function of the HDGF-A N-terminal peptide. Biological chemistry 3 27926477
2007 [Expression of HDGF and its implication in stage I non-small cell lung cancer]. Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi [Chinese journal of oncology] 3 18478933
2024 Anti-HDGF Antibody Targets EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Tolerant Cells in NSCLC Patient-Derived Xenografts. Cancer research communications 2 39041204
2025 Targeting the HNRNPA2B1/HDGF/PTN Axis to Overcome Radioresistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Antioxidants & redox signaling 1 40643435
2023 Decreased acetylation of HDGF improves oviduct production in Rana dybowskii, Rana amurensis, and Rana huanrenensis. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics & proteomics 1 37384958
2023 [Retracted] MicroRNA‑139‑5p inhibits cell viability, migration and invasion and suppresses tumor growth by targeting HDGF in non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncology letters 1 37920439
2020 Motoneuron expression profiling identifies an association between an axonal splice variant of HDGF-related protein 3 and peripheral myelination. The Journal of biological chemistry 1 32647008
2026 Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals That the MAZ/HDGF Regulatory Axis Drives High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Progression by Modulating Glycolysis and M2 Macrophage Polarization. IUBMB life 0 41467359
2026 Inhibition of circZFX suppresses malignant phenotypes in cholangiocarcinoma via the miR-654-3p/HDGF and YAP1 signaling activation. Biology direct 0 42010436
2026 HDGF as a Novel Serological Marker for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Mendelian Randomization and Cross-Sectional Study. Translational vision science & technology 0 42171425
2026 Lactylation-driven metabolic reprogramming promotes osteosarcoma malignancy via HDGF-mediated proliferation and immune modulation. Frontiers in immunology 0 42245633
2025 HDGF derived from Müller cells enhances the activation of microglia in diabetic retinopathy. Journal of biomedical research 0 40770862
2025 [CircRAD18 Regulates Daunorubicin Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells through MiR-185-5p/HDGF Axis]. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi 0 41234080
2025 Downregulation of HDGF inhibits tumorigenic phenotypes of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing the AKT/mTOR/VEGF pathway. Frontiers in oncology 0 41278276
2025 A KAT7-lncPVT1 positive feedback loop promotes lung cancer carcinogenesis and therapy resistance via H3K14ac/HDGF/PI3K/AKT Axis. International journal of biological macromolecules 0 41418975
2025 HDGF Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium from Glyoxal-Induced Ferroptosis via SIRT1/PGC-1α/Nrf2 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 0 41462634
2021 Long Non-Coding RNA ASB16-AS1 Functions as a miR-760 Sponge to Facilitate the Malignant Phenotype of Osteosarcoma by Increasing HDGF Expression [Retraction]. OncoTargets and therapy 0 34526780
2021 MicroRNA-939 Directly Targets HDGF to Inhibit the Aggressiveness of Prostate Cancer via Deactivation of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway [Retraction]. OncoTargets and therapy 0 34675543
2020 Correction to: A complex mechanism for HDGF-mediated cell growth, migration, invasion, and TMZ chemosensitivity in glioma. Journal of neuro-oncology 0 33030654

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for HDGF? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.