| 1999 |
GALNT6 (GalNAc-T6) encodes a UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that catalyzes O-GalNAc transfer to peptide substrates; its acceptor substrate specificities overlap with but are distinct from other GalNAc-transferases, and despite high sequence similarity to GALNT3 the two enzymes do not provide full functional redundancy. |
In vitro enzymatic activity assays with defined acceptor peptides; Northern analysis; immunocytology with monoclonal antibodies; genomic cloning and sequence analysis |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
10464263
|
| 2017 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates EGFR, increasing EGFR phosphorylation and downstream signaling in ovarian cancer cells; GALNT6 knockdown reduced EGFR phosphorylation and the enhanced invasive behavior was reversed by the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. |
siRNA knockdown; phospho-RTK array; Western blot; VVA lectin pull-down assay to detect O-GalNAc modification of EGFR; GALNT6 overexpression |
Oncotarget |
Medium |
28388560
|
| 2016 |
GALNT6 directly O-glycosylates amyloid precursor protein (APP), and excess O-glycosylation of APP by GALNT6 reduces both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 production without significantly altering α- or β-secretase activities, suggesting steric hindrance of secretase cleavage. |
Transfection of GALNT6 into HEK293T cells; in vitro GalNAc-T enzymatic activity assay on soluble APP; ELISA for Aβ; secretase activity assays |
Journal of biochemistry |
Medium |
28053144
|
| 2016 |
GALNT6 knockdown in pancreatic cancer cells decreased MUC4 protein and transcript levels, reduced HER2 and ERK levels, suppressed viability, and caused cadherin switching from P-cadherin to E-cadherin, indicating GALNT6 O-glycosylation activity is required for MUC4 stability and maintenance of a mesenchymal phenotype. |
siRNA knockdown; Western blot; RT-PCR; cell viability assay; immunofluorescence for cadherin switching |
Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) |
Medium |
27237318
|
| 2017 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates GRP78 (HSPA5/BiP); this O-glycosylation stabilizes GRP78 protein, retains it in the ER, and enhances its anti-apoptotic function. Conversely, overexpression of GRP78 promotes Golgi-to-ER relocation of GALNT6, indicating a reciprocal regulatory loop. |
VVA lectin pull-down followed by mass spectrometry to identify GRP78 as GALNT6 substrate; co-immunoprecipitation; Western blot; immunofluorescence for subcellular localization; GALNT6 knockdown/overexpression with apoptosis readout |
Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) |
High |
28110670
|
| 2017 |
De novo expression of GALNT6 in colon cancer cells drives a cancer-like dysplastic growth pattern; GALNT6 knockout restores more normal differentiation, reduces proliferation, and normalizes cell-cell adhesion. O-glycoproteomic analysis identified a specific set of GALNT6-unique substrates distinct from those of the closely related GALNT3. |
Precise gene targeting (CRISPR-based) knockout/rescue in isogenic cell lines; O-glycoproteomics; tissue culture differentiation assay; proliferation assay; cell-cell adhesion assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
29187600
|
| 2018 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) at Ser573 in its F domain; this modification is required for ERα protein stability and nuclear localization in breast cancer cells. GALNT6 knockdown reduces ERα protein abundance, causes loss of nuclear ERα, and downregulates ERα target genes (MYC, CCND1, CTSD). |
siRNA knockdown; immunocytochemistry; LC-MS/MS identification of O-glycosylation site (Ser573); co-immunoprecipitation; cell-permeable peptide competition assay |
Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) |
High |
30208353
|
| 2019 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates LGALS3BP at three sites (Thr556, Thr571, Ser582); this glycosylation is required for LGALS3BP secretion and its autocrine growth-promoting activity in breast cancer. Triple alanine substitution (T556A/T571A/S582A) in LGALS3BP abolished GALNT6-dependent glycosylation, secretion, and autocrine growth. |
siRNA knockdown; VVA lectin pull-down; site-directed mutagenesis of glycosylation sites; secretion assay; breast cancer cell proliferation assay |
International journal of oncology |
High |
31894262
|
| 2019 |
GALNT6 interacts with MUC1-N and promotes tumorigenicity and metastasis through the β-catenin/MUC1-C signaling pathway; GALNT6 knockdown reduces nuclear β-catenin and MUC1-C levels and decreases downstream targets PCNA, cyclin D1, and c-Myc while increasing E-cadherin. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (GALNT6 with MUC1-N; β-catenin with MUC1-C); cell fractionation assay; siRNA knockdown; Western blot |
International journal of biological sciences |
Medium |
30662357
|
| 2020 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M), and this modification activates downstream PI3K/Akt signaling to promote breast cancer cell migration and invasion. |
Glycosylomics analysis of supernatants from breast cancer cells; VVA lectin blot; siRNA knockdown; Western blot for PI3K/Akt; migration and invasion assays |
Aging |
Medium |
32559179
|
| 2020 |
GALNT6 directly interacts with and O-glycosylates chaperone GRP78 in lung adenocarcinoma cells; this modification promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition by enhancing MEK1/2–ERK1/2 signaling. |
Co-immunoprecipitation; VVA lectin pull-down; GALNT6 overexpression/silencing; Western blot for MEK/ERK; in vivo xenograft metastasis assay |
Cell death & disease |
Medium |
32393740
|
| 2022 |
RUNX3 transcription factor binds the GALNT6 promoter and activates GALNT6 transcription; GALNT6-mediated O-glycosylation of MUC1 prevents its degradation and is required for HCC cell migration and invasion. |
Chromatin immunoprecipitation / promoter binding assay; RT-qPCR; Western blot; siRNA knockdown; MUC1 overexpression rescue experiment |
Disease markers |
Medium |
35909886
|
| 2023 |
GALNT6 suppresses pyroptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by O-glycosylating NF-κB, inhibiting its nuclear translocation and thereby repressing NLRP3/GSDMD expression; additionally, GALNT6 promotes proteasomal degradation of GSDME via O-glycosylation, collectively blocking pyroptotic cell death. |
siRNA knockdown; Western blot; immunofluorescence for NF-κB localization; ELISA for IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-18; scanning electron microscopy for pyroptosis morphology; qRT-PCR |
Frontiers in oncology |
Medium |
36925932
|
| 2024 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates prohibitin 2 (PHB2) at Ser161; this modification is required for GALNT6-induced ccRCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. LEDGF was identified as an upstream transcriptional inducer of GALNT6 in ccRCC. |
Immunoprecipitation coupled with LC-MS/MS; VVA lectin blot; site-directed mutagenesis (Ser161Ala); gain/loss-of-function experiments; in vivo xenograft; LEDGF overexpression/knockdown |
Cancer science |
High |
39105355
|
| 2024 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates CCDC88C, stabilizing the protein; this stabilization enables CCDC88C to drive c-JUN-mediated CEMIP transcription and promote breast cancer metastasis. |
Co-immunoprecipitation; VVA lectin blot; GALNT6 knockdown/overexpression; CCDC88C stability assay; in vitro and in vivo metastasis assays |
Cancer cell international |
Medium |
38971758
|
| 2024 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates LAPTM5, and this modification is required for LAPTM5 activity and autophagy promotion; GALNT6 also maintains the PDGFA–PDGFRB axis required for cancer-associated fibroblast activation and SPP1 secretion, contributing to lenvatinib resistance in HCC. |
VVA lectin assay; siRNA knockdown; Western blot; in vitro and in vivo lenvatinib sensitivity assays; TCGA-LIHC immune infiltration analysis |
Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) |
Medium |
39718738
|
| 2024 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates EFEMP1, slowing its proteasomal degradation and thereby increasing EFEMP1 protein levels; KLF9 transcription factor binds the GALNT6 promoter to suppress its transcription, placing KLF9 upstream of GALNT6 in osteosarcoma. |
Label-free proteomics; co-immunoprecipitation/MS; VVA lectin-based O-glycosylation assay; GALNT6 overexpression/knockdown; EFEMP1 knockdown rescue; KLF9 ChIP/promoter binding |
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research |
Medium |
39581475
|
| 2025 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates GRP78/BiP specifically at Thr203 in the Golgi apparatus (under ER stress GRP78 is transported from ER to Golgi where GALNT6 resides); substitution of Thr203 with alanine inhibits GRP78 binding to the ER stress sensor IRE1, indicating that Thr203 O-glycosylation is required for sustained UPR/IRE1 activation. |
Site-directed mutagenesis (Thr203Ala); co-immunoprecipitation of GRP78 with IRE1; immunofluorescence for subcellular localization under ER stress; cell proliferation assay with GALNT6 or GRP78 functional inhibition |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
High |
41197411
|
| 2025 |
GALNT6 O-glycosylates and stabilizes HIF-1α, PFKM, and PKM2 (protecting them from proteasomal degradation) to promote glycolysis; simultaneously GALNT6 upregulates IDH2 and α-KGDH while suppressing GPT2, depleting α-ketoglutarate and inhibiting TET3-mediated DNA demethylation, raising 5mC levels and activating pro-tumorigenic genes such as KIF14 in TNBC. |
GALNT6 knockdown; glycolytic activity measurement; metabolite quantification; protein stability assays; transcriptional analysis; DNA methylation (5mC) measurement |
Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease |
Medium |
42173327
|
| 2025 |
GALNT6-mediated glycosylation blocks STING translocation and accelerates its degradation (in a cGAS-independent manner), reducing IFN-β, CCL5, and CXCL10 production; additionally, GALNT6 stabilizes PD-L1 by blocking its ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, promoting immune evasion in PDAC. |
siRNA knockdown; Western blot for STING, PD-L1, IFN-β; immunofluorescence for STING localization; cytokine ELISA; T cell/macrophage co-culture sensitivity assays |
Cellular signalling |
Medium |
40541816
|