Affinage

DR1

Protein Dr1 · UniProt Q01658

Length
176 aa
Mass
19.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

DR1 (Down-regulator of transcription 1, identical to NC2-beta/NC2) is a global transcriptional repressor that acts at the core of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex by binding directly to the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and to the TFIID complex (PMID:1339312, PMID:7958881, PMID:7738039). It engages a distinct surface of TBP (basic-repeat residues Lys-133/145/151) separate from the TFIIB-interaction surface, and by occupying TBP it blocks the entry of TFIIA and TFIIB, preventing assembly of a transcription-competent complex on both TATA-containing and TATA-less promoters (PMID:1339312, PMID:7958881, PMID:7738039). The protein is functionally bipartite: a TBP-binding tethering domain directs it to the promoter while a glutamine/alanine-rich repression domain delivers the silencing activity, the latter sufficient to repress transcription when independently tethered (PMID:8972183). Repression is potentiated by heterodimerization with DRAP1 (NC2-alpha) through a shared N-terminal histone-fold motif, which stabilizes the DR1-TBP-TATA complex and more effectively excludes the general factors; this exclusion is reversed by TFIIA in a promoter-specific manner (PMID:8608938, PMID:8972183, PMID:8702484). DR1 selectively represses RNA polymerase II and III transcription while sparing Pol I, and this global repressive role is conserved, as the human protein and its yeast YDR1/BUR6 homologs are functionally interchangeable and essential (PMID:7939686, PMID:9023340). DR1-mediated repression is a regulatory node exploited and modulated in physiological and pathogenic contexts: it is induced by hypoxic stress to actively shut down transcription (PMID:12477712), is relieved by viral activators adenovirus E1A and HCMV IE2 that disrupt the DR1-TBP interaction (PMID:8022773, PMID:8648740), and is co-opted as a positive host factor for influenza A virus, where DR1 associates with all three subunits of the viral RdRp to enhance viral RNA synthesis while suppressing IFN-beta induction (PMID:25589657, PMID:29717211).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1992 High

    Established the founding mechanism: how a cellular factor could repress basal and activated transcription at the level of the general machinery rather than at specific activators.

    Evidence Biochemical purification, in vitro transcription repression, Co-IP and cDNA cloning identifying direct DR1-TBP binding that blocks TFIIA/TFIIB

    PMID:1339312

    Open questions at the time
    • Domain organization of DR1 not yet mapped
    • Role of the 19 kDa phosphoprotein and phosphorylation regulation left unresolved
  2. 1994 High

    Resolved which polymerases DR1 acts on, showing selective repression of Pol II and Pol III but not Pol I, defining the scope of its global regulatory function.

    Evidence In vitro transcription with purified components comparing all three polymerases; in vivo TFIID interaction and TBP-overexpression rescue

    PMID:7939686 PMID:7958881

    Open questions at the time
    • Basis for sparing Pol I not mechanistically explained
    • In vivo promoter occupancy not addressed
  3. 1995 High

    Unified NC2 and DR1 as one factor and mapped the TBP surfaces that distinguish DR1 binding from TFIIB binding, explaining the competitive mechanism.

    Evidence TBP mutagenesis with in vitro binding and transcription reconstitution

    PMID:7738039

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural detail of the DR1-TBP-DNA complex not resolved at this stage
  4. 1996 High

    Identified DRAP1 as the obligate corepressor partner and established the histone-fold heterodimer as the active repressive unit that stabilizes the TBP-DNA complex.

    Evidence Protein purification, Co-IP, in vitro transcription and domain analysis; DNase I footprinting of the heterotetramer protecting ~150 bp

    PMID:8608938 PMID:8702484

    Open questions at the time
    • Promoter-specific TFIIA reversal mechanism only partially defined
    • Stoichiometry and architecture on chromatin not established
  5. 1996 Medium

    Linked DR1 to a sequence-specific repressor (E4BP4), indicating DR1 can serve as the effector arm for promoter-targeted repressors.

    Evidence Co-IP/pull-down with E4BP4 repression-domain mutants showing correlated binding and repression

    PMID:8836190

    Open questions at the time
    • Single Co-IP/pulldown without reciprocal in vitro reconstitution
    • Whether E4BP4 recruits DR1 to specific genes in vivo unknown
  6. 1997 High

    Dissected DR1 into a tethering domain and a separable repression domain, defining how promoter targeting and silencing activity are functionally partitioned.

    Evidence Domain-deletion and Gal4-fusion constructs with in vitro and in vivo transcription assays

    PMID:8972183

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular targets of the repression domain beyond blocking TFIIA/TFIIB not identified
  7. 1997 High

    Demonstrated in vivo and across evolution that DR1 is an essential global repressor, with conserved function between human and yeast homologs.

    Evidence Yeast genetics with human-homolog rescue, in vitro reconstituted transcription, in vivo mRNA quantification

    PMID:9023340

    Open questions at the time
    • Gene-specific in vivo targets in higher eukaryotes not mapped
  8. 2000 Medium

    Revealed a context-dependent positive role: in native nuclear extracts DR1 associates with hyperphosphorylated Pol IIO and is required for activated transcription, complicating the purely repressive model.

    Evidence Co-IP with purified Pol II forms and immunodepletion from HeLa nuclear extracts with transcription readout

    PMID:10852970

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism reconciling repressive and activating roles unresolved
    • Single-lab observation in native extracts
  9. 2002 Medium

    Placed DR1 in a physiological stress pathway, showing hypoxia induces NC2/Dr1 to actively shut down transcription via PIC blockade and reduced CTD phosphorylation.

    Evidence In vitro transcription reconstitution, immunodepletion rescue from hypoxic extracts, immunoblot

    PMID:12477712

    Open questions at the time
    • Upstream signal inducing NC2/Dr1 not defined
    • Gene-selectivity of hypoxic repression not characterized
  10. 2015 Medium

    Uncovered a pro-viral function: DR1 is a host factor that both suppresses IFN-beta induction and directly enhances influenza A RdRp activity through physical association with the polymerase.

    Evidence Genome-wide RNAi screen, siRNA knockdown, transcriptomics, RdRp biochemical assay, Co-IP with all three RdRp subunits

    PMID:25589657

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RdRp enhancement is mechanistically separate from transcriptional repression unclear
    • Structural basis of DR1-RdRp interaction unknown
    • Single lab
  11. 2018 Medium

    Positioned DR1 within a host miRNA regulatory circuit, identifying it as a miR-203 target whose silencing limits H5N1 replication.

    Evidence miR-203 overexpression/knockout, siRNA knockdown with rescue, viral replication and target validation assays

    PMID:29717211

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct miR-203:DR1 binding site validation limited
    • How DR1 levels are tuned during infection in vivo not established

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How DR1's repressive activity, its positive role in activated transcription, and its pro-viral RdRp-enhancing function are mechanistically integrated remains unresolved.
  • No structural model of DR1-DRAP1-TBP-DNA on native promoters
  • Genome-wide in vivo occupancy and gene-selectivity unmapped
  • Reconciliation of repressor versus activator/coactivator roles unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 5 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0003677 DNA binding 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 1
Partners
DRAP1E4BP4RNA POLYMERASE IITBPTFIID
Complex memberships
NC2 (DR1-DRAP1) repressor heterodimer

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1992 DR1 (Down-regulator of transcription 1) interacts directly with the TATA-binding protein (TBP), and this association represses both basal and activated transcription by blocking the association of TFIIA and/or TFIIB with TBP, preventing formation of a transcription-competent preinitiation complex. DR1 activity is associated with a 19 kDa phosphoprotein, and phosphorylation of DR1 affects its interaction with TBP. Biochemical purification, in vitro transcription repression assay, Co-immunoprecipitation, cDNA cloning, phosphorylation analysis Cell High 1339312
1994 DR1 directly interacts with the multiprotein TFIID complex (not just free TBP) in vivo via a yeast two-hybrid assay. Two distinct domains of DR1 are required for repression: a TBP-binding domain and an alanine-rich domain. DR1-mediated repression can be reversed by overexpression of TBP in vivo, and Dr1 can repress transcription from both TATA-containing and TATA-less promoters. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding assays, transient transfection, domain-deletion mutagenesis Genes & Development High 7958881
1995 NC2 (negative cofactor 2) is identical to DR1. TBP residues Lys-133, Lys-145, and Lys-151 in the basic repeat region are important for NC2/DR1 interaction, whereas Leu-189 is required for TFIIB interaction, demonstrating that distinct TBP surface regions mediate interactions with DR1/NC2 versus TFIIB. TBP mutagenesis, in vitro binding assays, transcription reconstitution Journal of Biological Chemistry High 7738039
1996 A DR1-associated polypeptide (DRAP1, also called NC2-alpha or NC2β partner) was isolated and functions as a corepressor requiring interaction with DR1. Heterodimer formation between DRAP1 and DR1 depends on a histone fold motif at the amino terminus of both polypeptides. The DRAP1–DR1 complex increases the stability of the DR1–TBP–TATA motif complex and more effectively precludes TFIIA and/or TFIIB entry into preinitiation complexes. Protein purification, Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription assay, domain analysis Genes & Development High 8608938
1994 DR1 selectively represses RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase III transcription by binding TBP and blocking polymerase-specific factor interactions, but does not inhibit RNA polymerase I transcription under the same conditions, enabling coordinate regulation of Pol II and Pol III while sparing Pol I. In vitro transcription assays with purified components, selective depletion/add-back experiments Science High 7939686
1994 Adenovirus E1A 12S protein disrupts the DR1–TBP interaction in a manner dependent on N-terminal E1A sequences, thereby allowing productive TBP–TFIIA interaction and relieving DR1-mediated repression of the hsp70 promoter in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro protein interaction assay, transient transfection with wild-type and mutant E1A Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 8022773
1996 Human cytomegalovirus IE2 protein overcomes DR1-mediated transcriptional repression of the hsp70 promoter in vivo. IE2 physically interacts with DR1 both in vivo and in vitro, and can prevent DR1-mediated inhibition of TBP DNA binding in vitro, suggesting a mechanism for TATA-dependent IE2 transactivation. Co-immunoprecipitation (in vivo and in vitro), in vitro TBP DNA binding assay, transient transfection Journal of Virology Medium 8648740
1997 DR1 contains two functional domains: a tethering domain that interacts with TBP (required to direct the repressor to the promoter) and a repression domain (glutamine-alanine rich). The repression domain alone (65 aa), fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain, represses transcription from TATA-containing and TATA-less promoters. DRAP1 enhances DR1-mediated repression only when the tethering domain is present. Domain deletion and fusion constructs, in vitro transcription assays, transient transfection Molecular and Cellular Biology High 8972183
1997 The yeast DR1/DRAP1 homologs (YDR1/BUR6) are encoded by two essential genes. Human DR1 and DRAP1 can rescue lethality caused by deletion of the yeast genes, but human DRAP1 only functions when human DR1 is co-expressed. Overexpression of YDR1 decreases mRNA accumulation and impairs growth, rescuable by TBP overexpression. DR1 overexpression affects Pol II and Pol III but not Pol I transcript levels in vivo, demonstrating it is a global repressor in vivo. Yeast genetics (deletion, rescue by human homologs), in vitro reconstituted transcription, in vivo mRNA quantification Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9023340
1996 The transcriptional repressor E4BP4 interacts specifically with DR1 through its C-terminal repression domain. E4BP4 mutants deficient in transcriptional repression are also deficient in DR1 binding, suggesting DR1 mediates at least part of E4BP4's repression activity. Co-immunoprecipitation/pull-down, transient transfection with repression domain mutants Nucleic Acids Research Medium 8836190
2000 DR1 (NC2β) forms a complex with CTD-hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase IIO (but not unphosphorylated RNAP IIA or CTD-less RNAP IIB). In unfractionated HeLa nuclear extracts, immunodepletion of NC2/DR1 does not significantly affect basal transcription but dramatically reduces activated transcription, revealing an unexpected positive role for DR1 in activated transcription in the context of native nuclear extracts. Co-immunoprecipitation with purified factors, immunodepletion from HeLa nuclear extracts, in vitro transcription assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 10852970
2002 Hypoxic stress induces upregulation of NC2 (Dr1/DrAP1) protein, which binds core promoters and blocks preinitiation complex assembly and RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation. Immunodepletion of NC2β/Dr1 from hypoxic cell extracts rescues repressed transcription without affecting normoxic transcription, demonstrating that hypoxia actively represses transcription via Dr1. In vitro transcription reconstitution, immunodepletion, immunoblot, hypoxic cell extract analysis Journal of Biological Chemistry Medium 12477712
1999 A negative cofactor containing Dr1/p19 (heterotetramer with a 30-kDa partner, proposed as DRAP1 homolog) forms a complex with TBP on DNA protecting ~150 bp around the promoter from DNase I cleavage. TFIIA reverses this repression and alters complex conformation in a promoter-specific fashion: on the adenovirus MLP but not on the immunoglobulin mu promoter. Protein purification, DNase I footprinting, in vitro transcription assay, TFIIA competition Journal of Biological Chemistry Medium 8702484
2015 DR1 (the transcriptional repressor) is a positive host factor for influenza A virus (IAV) replication. Knockdown of DR1 reduces viral RNA and protein production. DR1 suppresses IFN-β induction (and downstream ISG expression) in normal cells, and also directly enhances viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity by physically associating with all three subunits of the viral RdRp complex. Genome-wide RNAi screen, siRNA knockdown, genome-wide transcriptomics, viral RNA replication biochemical assay, Co-immunoprecipitation of DR1 with viral RdRp subunits Journal of Virology Medium 25589657
2018 DR1 is a direct target of miR-203, which is upregulated during influenza A virus (H5N1) infection. Silencing DR1 by siRNA in miR-203 knockout cells inhibits H5N1 replication similarly to miR-203 overexpression, confirming DR1's role as a positive regulator of IAV replication downstream of miR-203. miRNA overexpression/knockout, siRNA knockdown, viral replication assay, target validation Scientific Reports Medium 29717211

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1993 Three-dimensional structure of the human class II histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR1. Nature 2028 8316295
1994 Crystal structure of the human class II MHC protein HLA-DR1 complexed with an influenza virus peptide. Nature 1394 8145819
1992 All-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid induction of CRABPII transcription is mediated by RAR-RXR heterodimers bound to DR1 and DR2 repeated motifs. Cell 420 1327537
1992 Dr1, a TATA-binding protein-associated phosphoprotein and inhibitor of class II gene transcription. Cell 350 1339312
1992 The human class II MHC protein HLA-DR1 assembles as empty alpha beta heterodimers in the absence of antigenic peptide. Cell 299 1371238
1990 Peptide binding to HLA-DR1: a peptide with most residues substituted to alanine retains MHC binding. The EMBO journal 299 2189723
1994 Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 complexed with a class II major histocompatibility molecule HLA-DR1. Science (New York, N.Y.) 251 7997880
2002 Exosomes bearing HLA-DR1 molecules need dendritic cells to efficiently stimulate specific T cells. International immunology 222 12096030
1992 Identification of a motif for HLA-DR1 binding peptides using M13 display libraries. The Journal of experimental medicine 218 1402647
1988 Structural model of HLA-DR1 restricted T cell antigen recognition. Cell 214 2963699
2000 Structure of a covalently stabilized complex of a human alphabeta T-cell receptor, influenza HA peptide and MHC class II molecule, HLA-DR1. The EMBO journal 210 11060013
1988 Molecular genetic analysis of nonclassic steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency associated with HLA-B14,DR1. The New England journal of medicine 185 3260007
1997 An HLA-DR1 transgene confers susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis elicited with human type II collagen. The Journal of experimental medicine 179 9091584
2000 Structure of the RXR-RAR DNA-binding complex on the retinoic acid response element DR1. The EMBO journal 164 10698945
2006 Functional inhibitory cross-talk between constitutive androstane receptor and hepatic nuclear factor-4 in hepatic lipid/glucose metabolism is mediated by competition for binding to the DR1 motif and to the common coactivators, GRIP-1 and PGC-1alpha. The Journal of biological chemistry 161 16492670
1997 The class II MHC protein HLA-DR1 in complex with an endogenous peptide: implications for the structural basis of the specificity of peptide binding. Structure (London, England : 1993) 140 9351812
2012 Crystal structure of the HLA-DM-HLA-DR1 complex defines mechanisms for rapid peptide selection. Cell 139 23260142
2002 Structure of the Epstein-Barr virus gp42 protein bound to the MHC class II receptor HLA-DR1. Molecular cell 134 11864610
2004 A mouse model of human adaptive immune functions: HLA-A2.1-/HLA-DR1-transgenic H-2 class I-/class II-knockout mice. European journal of immunology 125 15468058
1992 Identification of HLA-DR1 beta chain residues critical for binding staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E. The Journal of experimental medicine 125 1370684
1997 The presence of host-derived HLA-DR1 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 increases viral infectivity. Journal of virology 124 9032323
1985 DNA sequence and characterization of human class II major histocompatibility complex beta chains from the DR1 haplotype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 3858829
1996 Requirement of a corepressor for Dr1-mediated repression of transcription. Genes & development 115 8608938
2013 Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer leads to persistent hepatitis B virus replication in mice expressing HLA-A2 and HLA-DR1 molecules. Journal of virology 105 23468504
1989 Allorecognition of DR1 by T cells from a DR4/DRw13 responder mimics self-restricted recognition of endogenous peptides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 2657745
1997 HLA-DR1-restricted bcr-abl (b3a2)-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes respond to dendritic cells pulsed with b3a2 peptide and antigen-presenting cells exposed to b3a2 containing cell lysates. Blood 95 9207464
1994 Structure-function analysis of the TBP-binding protein Dr1 reveals a mechanism for repression of class II gene transcription. Genes & development 93 7958881
1992 Self-peptide released from class II HLA-DR1 exhibits a hydrophobic two-residue contact motif. The Journal of experimental medicine 93 1375272
2002 HLA-DR1 (DRB1*0101) and DR4 (DRB1*0401) use the same anchor residues for binding an immunodominant peptide derived from human type II collagen. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 87 11751969
1997 The Dr1/DRAP1 heterodimer is a global repressor of transcription in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 9023340
1994 Subsets of HLA-DR1 molecules defined by SEB and TSST-1 binding. Science (New York, N.Y.) 85 7997881
1989 Co-recognition of endogenous antigens with HLA-DR1 by alloreactive human T cell clones. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 83 2492329
2000 Determinants of the peptide-induced conformational change in the human class II major histocompatibility complex protein HLA-DR1. The Journal of biological chemistry 75 10636922
1999 A conformational change in the human major histocompatibility complex protein HLA-DR1 induced by peptide binding. Biochemistry 73 10231540
1995 TATA-binding protein residues implicated in a functional interplay between negative cofactor NC2 (Dr1) and general factors TFIIA and TFIIB. The Journal of biological chemistry 69 7738039
1996 Specific hepatitis B virus minus-strand DNA synthesis requires only the 5' encapsidation signal and the 3'-proximal direct repeat DR1. Journal of virology 67 8523575
1995 Association between Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome and HLA-DR1 and -DR4 in Hispanic patients living in southern California. Ophthalmology 67 9121744
1993 Differential effect of polymorphism at HLA-DR1 beta-chain positions 85 and 86 on binding and recognition of DR1-restricted antigenic peptides. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 66 7679697
1994 Interaction of the Dr1 inhibitory factor with the TATA binding protein is disrupted by adenovirus E1A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 65 8022773
2000 Induction of CTL response by a minimal epitope vaccine in HLA A*0201/DR1 transgenic mice: dependence on HLA class II restricted T(H) response. Human immunology 61 10980387
1994 Differential regulation of RNA polymerases I, II, and III by the TBP-binding repressor Dr1. Science (New York, N.Y.) 60 7939686
2010 Contribution of quorum-sensing system to hexadecane degradation and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter sp. strain DR1. Journal of applied microbiology 59 20629796
2016 Endogenous hydrogen peroxide increases biofilm formation by inducing exopolysaccharide production in Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1. Scientific reports 56 26884212
2007 Direct ex vivo analyses of HLA-DR1 transgenic mice reveal an exceptionally broad pattern of immunodominance in the primary HLA-DR1-restricted CD4 T-cell response to influenza virus hemagglutinin. Journal of virology 56 17507491
2009 Infection of HLA-DR1 transgenic mice with a human isolate of influenza a virus (H1N1) primes a diverse CD4 T-cell repertoire that includes CD4 T cells with heterosubtypic cross-reactivity to avian (H5N1) influenza virus. Journal of virology 55 19386707
1991 T cell receptor gene segment utilization by HLA-DR1-alloreactive T cell clones. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 52 1833450
2011 Affinity maturation of human CD4 by yeast surface display and crystal structure of a CD4-HLA-DR1 complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 45 21900604
2004 Monoclonal antibodies specific for the empty conformation of HLA-DR1 reveal aspects of the conformational change associated with peptide binding. The Journal of biological chemistry 45 14757758
1995 Isolation of HLA-DR1.(staphylococcal enterotoxin A)2 trimers in solution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 43 8618863
1989 Class II major histocompatibility complex gene sequences in rheumatoid arthritis. The third diversity regions of both DR beta 1 genes in two DR1, DRw10-positive individuals specify the same inferred amino acid sequence as the DR beta 1 and DR beta 2 genes of a DR4 (Dw14) haplotype. Arthritis and rheumatism 42 2930600
2005 Probing the ligand-induced conformational change in HLA-DR1 by selective chemical modification and mass spectrometric mapping. Biochemistry 41 16229453
1993 HLA-DR1 and rheumatoid arthritis in Israeli Jews: sequencing reveals that DRB1*0102 is the predominant HLA-DR1 subtype. Tissue antigens 41 8456440
2021 CD8+ T Cells Expressing an HLA-DR1 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Target Autoimmune CD4+ T Cells in an Antigen-Specific Manner and Inhibit the Development of Autoimmune Arthritis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 40 34819392
2002 Hypoxia actively represses transcription by inducing negative cofactor 2 (Dr1/DrAP1) and blocking preinitiation complex assembly. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 12477712
2018 Up-regulation of microRNA-203 in influenza A virus infection inhibits viral replication by targeting DR1. Scientific reports 37 29717211
1993 Recombinant human hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase is active in the absence of the nucleocapsid or the viral replication origin, DR1. Journal of virology 37 7687299
2017 Metabolic and stress responses of Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1 during long-chain alkane degradation. Microbial biotechnology 36 28857443
2005 Ex vivo characterization of the autoimmune T cell response in the HLA-DR1 mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis reveals long-term activation of type II collagen-specific cells and their presence in arthritic joints. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 35 15778354
2002 A pregenomic RNA sequence adjacent to DR1 and complementary to epsilon influences hepatitis B virus replication efficiency. Virology 35 12482672
1996 Protein-protein interaction between the transcriptional repressor E4BP4 and the TBP-binding protein Dr1. Nucleic acids research 35 8836190
1984 Influenza A hemagglutinin-specific T cell clones strictly restricted by HLA-DR1 or HLA-DR7 molecules. European journal of immunology 35 6199211
1988 Polymorphism of the HLA-DR1 haplotype in American blacks. Identification of a DR1 beta-chain determinant recognized in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 34 2453563
2022 Inhibition of D-2HG leads to upregulation of a proinflammatory gene signature in a novel HLA-A2/HLA-DR1 transgenic mouse model of IDH1R132H-expressing glioma. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 33 35606087
2003 A MAGE-3 peptide presented by HLA-DR1 to CD4+ T cells that were isolated from a melanoma patient vaccinated with a MAGE-3 protein. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 33 12817001
1997 Functional dissection of a human Dr1-DRAP1 repressor complex. Molecular and cellular biology 33 8972183
1992 T cell receptor V beta gene usage in HLA-DR1-reactive human T cell populations. The predominance of V beta 8. Transplantation 33 1353916
1992 Mutations in the third, but not the first or second, hypervariable regions of DR(beta 1*0101) eliminate DR1-restricted recognition of a pertussis toxin peptide. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 33 1573265
1991 Association of rheumatoid arthritis with a dominant DR1/Dw4/Dw14 sequence motif, but not with T cell receptor beta chain gene alleles or haplotypes. Arthritis and rheumatism 33 1683235
1990 Evolution of the HLA-DR1 gene family. Structural and functional analysis of the new allele "DR-BON". Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 33 1688595
2000 The C-terminal domain-phosphorylated IIO form of RNA polymerase II is associated with the transcription repressor NC2 (Dr1/DRAP1) and is required for transcription activation in human nuclear extracts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 32 10852970
1996 Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 2 (IE2) protein can transactivate the human hsp70 promoter by alleviation of Dr1-mediated repression. Journal of virology 31 8648740
1993 Nonrandom T cell receptor usage in the allorecognition of HLA-DR1 microvariation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 31 8381833
2014 Global transcriptome and physiological responses of Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1 exposed to distinct classes of antibiotics. PloS one 30 25330344
2014 Levodopa/benserazide microsphere (LBM) prevents L-dopa induced dyskinesia by inactivation of the DR1/PKA/P-tau pathway in 6-OHDA-lesioned Parkinson's rats. Scientific reports 30 25511986
1998 Functional interactions between nuclear receptors recognizing a common sequence element, the direct repeat motif spaced by one nucleotide (DR-1). Journal of biochemistry 30 9604008
2002 Peptide-induced suppression of collagen-induced arthritis in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice. Arthritis and rheumatism 29 12483744
2011 Physiological and metabolic responses for hexadecane degradation in Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1. Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) 28 21538240
2007 Human cytotoxic CD4+ T cells recognize HLA-DR1-restricted epitopes on vaccinia virus proteins A24R and D1R conserved among poxviruses. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 28 17617623
2011 Comparative genomic analysis of Acinetobacter oleivorans DR1 to determine strain-specific genomic regions and gentisate biodegradation. Applied and environmental microbiology 27 21856821
1996 Interaction of natural killer cells with MHC class II: reversal of HLA-DR1-mediated protection of K562 transfectant from natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis by brefeldin-A. Immunology 27 8778037
1994 Membrane interactions influence the peptide binding behavior of DR1. The Journal of experimental medicine 27 8270868
1991 DNA typing for class II HLA antigens with allele-specific or group-specific amplification. V. Typing for subsets of HLA-DR1 and DR'Br'. Human immunology 27 2022496
1984 Analysis of the structural heterogeneity and polymorphism of human Ia antigens. Four distinct subsets of molecules are coexpressed in the Ia pool of both DR1,1 homozygous and DR3,W6 heterozygous B cell lines. The Journal of experimental medicine 27 6420499
2014 Immunogenicity evaluation of a rationally designed polytope construct encoding HLA-A*0201 restricted epitopes derived from Leishmania major related proteins in HLA-A2/DR1 transgenic mice: steps toward polytope vaccine. PloS one 25 25310094
2003 Exploration of the P6/P7 region of the peptide-binding site of the human class II major histocompatability complex protein HLA-DR1. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 12952957
2002 Stabilization of soluble, low-affinity HLA-DM/HLA-DR1 complexes by leucine zippers. Journal of immunological methods 25 12009208
2015 A host susceptibility gene, DR1, facilitates influenza A virus replication by suppressing host innate immunity and enhancing viral RNA replication. Journal of virology 24 25589657
2008 Vaccinia peptides eluted from HLA-DR1 isolated from virus-infected cells are recognized by CD4+ T cells from a vaccinated donor. Journal of proteome research 24 18507432
2003 Inhibition of T-cell activation with HLA-DR1/DR4 restricted Non-T-cell stimulating peptides. Human immunology 24 12941540
1983 Dissociation in expression of MB1/MT1 and DR1 alloantigens in mutants of a lymphoblastoid cell line. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 24 6411812
2012 Association of HLA-DR1 with the allergic response to the major mugwort pollen allergen: molecular background. BMC immunology 23 22871092
2006 The impact of glycosylation on HLA-DR1-restricted T cell recognition of type II collagen in a mouse model. Arthritis and rheumatism 23 16447222
2004 Association of HLA-DQ5 and HLA-DR1 with sensitization to organic acid anhydrides. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 23 15144476
1992 Interaction of the pertussis toxin peptide containing residues 30-42 with DR1 and the T-cell receptors of 12 human T-cell clones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 22 1313575
1992 Molecular characterization of a recombinant HLA-DR1/DR2 haplotype. Human immunology 22 1353488
1991 Structural analysis of anti-DR1 allorecognition by using DR1/H-2Ek hybrid molecules. Influence of the beta 2-domain correlates with CD4 dependence. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 22 1716292
1983 Structural polymorphism of the DC1 light chains from DR1-, DR2-, and DRw6-positive cell lines. Immunogenetics 22 6581120
1986 The relation of susceptibility to and biologic behavior of thyroid epithelial cell cancer to HLA-DR1. Cancer 21 3486708
1999 Possible association of human leucocyte antigen DR1 with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 20 10498237
1996 A negative cofactor containing Dr1/p19 modulates transcription with TFIIA in a promoter-specific fashion. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 8702484

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