Affinage

DRAP1

Dr1-associated corepressor · UniProt Q14919

Length
205 aa
Mass
22.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
41 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 22 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

DRAP1 (NC2alpha) is a histone-fold transcriptional regulator that, together with DR1 (NC2beta), forms the negative cofactor 2 (NC2) heterodimer governing RNA polymerase II preinitiation (PMID:8608938, PMID:11461703). The N-terminal histone-fold domains of the two subunits resemble histones H2A and H2B and dimerize to clamp the underside of the TBP-DNA complex, stabilizing TBP on the TATA box while blocking entry of TFIIA and TFIIB into the preinitiation complex (PMID:8608938, PMID:11461703, PMID:18824481). NC2 acts as a global, TBP-targeted repressor of class II (and class III) transcription in vivo, an activity conserved from yeast (Bur6/Ydr1) to human and genetically antagonistic to the SRB-MED (Mediator) holoenzyme (PMID:9023340, PMID:9096360, PMID:10713169). NC2 is bifunctional rather than purely repressive: it activates transcription from DPE-containing core promoters while repressing TATA-driven promoters, with these activities separable by mutation (PMID:11062130), and it is required positively for a substantial fraction of genes, associating with active promoters in correlation with TBP occupancy (PMID:11283253, PMID:12502746). Its repressive output is gated by signals and partners — induced by hypoxia to shut down preinitiation (PMID:12477712), modulated by casein kinase II phosphorylation and glucose-dependent subunit association (PMID:12502746), and tuned by interaction with BTAF1/Mot1, where NC2alpha specifically stimulates ATP-dependent BTAF1-TBP association (PMID:15509807). Beyond core transcription, DRAP1 restrains developmental signaling by binding and inhibiting DNA binding of the FoxH1 (FAST) transcription factor, thereby limiting the Nodal autoregulatory loop; its loss in mice causes severe gastrulation defects suppressible by Nodal heterozygosity (PMID:12471260). In triple-negative breast cancer, the DR1/DRAP1 complex represses CASTOR1 to activate mTOR signaling and drive tumor progression, with DRAP1 recruiting the deubiquitinase USP7 to stabilize DR1 (PMID:38748783).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 17 steps
  1. 1996 High

    Established that DRAP1 is a corepressor that physically partners DR1 through a histone fold and acts on the basal transcription machinery, defining the molecular basis of repression.

    Evidence Biochemical purification from HeLa cells, in vitro transcription, and histone fold domain mutagenesis

    PMID:8608938

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve the atomic geometry of TBP contact
    • Did not address positive/activating roles
  2. 1997 High

    Demonstrated that the DR1/DRAP1 (NC2) complex is a global, essential repressor acting by directly targeting TBP in vivo, and dissected which DR1 domains tether TBP versus repress.

    Evidence Yeast genetics (essential gene deletion, overexpression/TBP rescue) and reconstituted Pol II transcription with domain deletions

    PMID:8972183 PMID:9023340

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define DRAP1's own contribution to TBP contact independent of DR1
    • Did not explain promoter-specific effects
  3. 1997 Medium

    Placed NC2 in functional opposition to the Pol II holoenzyme by showing NC2 defects suppress SRB4 mutations, establishing it as a global negative regulator antagonizing Mediator.

    Evidence Genetic suppressor screen and in vivo mRNA synthesis measurement in yeast; systematic Bur6 histone-fold deletion analysis

    PMID:9096360 PMID:9121454

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of holoenzyme antagonism not biochemically reconstituted
    • Promoter-context dependence not yet explained
  4. 1998 Medium

    Showed NC2/DRAP1 is recruited as a corepressor by sequence-specific factors, linking the basal repressor to gene-specific regulation via direct AREB6 contact.

    Evidence In vitro transcription reconstitution and yeast two-hybrid with the AREB6 repression domain

    PMID:9418848

    Open questions at the time
    • Single corepressor relationship; generality across other factors untested
    • In vivo relevance not established
  5. 2000 High

    Revealed NC2 as bifunctional — activating DPE promoters while repressing TATA promoters — and that these are separable activities, overturning a purely repressive model.

    Evidence Purified recombinant Drosophila NC2 with DPE/TATA in vitro transcription and a separation-of-function mutant

    PMID:11062130

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of DPE activation not defined
    • Did not map DRAP1-specific residues for activation
  6. 2000 High

    Connected NC2 to activated transcription and to the elongating polymerase, showing it is dispensable for basal but required for activated transcription and associates with hyperphosphorylated Pol IIO.

    Evidence Immunodepletion/rescue from HeLa extracts and co-IP with Pol II isoforms; complementary yeast sin4-bypass genetics

    PMID:10760173 PMID:10852970

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect association with Pol IIO not resolved
    • Did not identify the activated promoter determinants
  7. 2000 Medium

    Localized DR1 repressor activity to its C-terminus and cemented genetic epistasis between the DR1-DRAP1 repressor and the SRB-MED complex.

    Evidence Yeast deletion mutagenesis, extragenic SIN4 suppressor screen, and SRB-MED biochemical analysis

    PMID:10713169

    Open questions at the time
    • Physical interface with Mediator not defined
    • DRAP1-specific contribution not separated
  8. 2001 High

    Provided the atomic mechanism: the NC2alpha/NC2beta histone-fold heterodimer grips DNA under TBP and positions a helix to sterically block TFIIB.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of the NC2-TBP-DNA ternary complex at 2.6 Å

    PMID:11461703

    Open questions at the time
    • Truncated NC2 omitted the C-terminal tails, missing the TFIIA-exclusion contact
    • Static structure did not capture DPE-activation conformation
  9. 2001 High

    Showed in vivo that NC2 occupancy tracks transcriptional activity genome-wide and can be positive or negative, reframing it as a context-dependent regulator of ~17% of genes.

    Evidence ChIP at yeast promoters with genome-wide transcription profiling

    PMID:11283253

    Open questions at the time
    • What determines positive vs negative outcome at a given promoter unresolved
    • DRAP1 vs DR1 individual occupancy not separated
  10. 2002 High

    Identified an in vivo physiological role distinct from core transcription: DRAP1 binds and inhibits FoxH1 DNA binding to limit Nodal signaling during gastrulation.

    Evidence Mouse knockout with Nodal-heterozygosity suppression and biochemical FoxH1 DNA-binding inhibition assays

    PMID:12471260

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether DR1 is required for FoxH1 inhibition not established
    • Direct structural basis of FoxH1 contact unknown
  11. 2002 High

    Defined a signal-responsive repression mechanism: hypoxia raises NC2 levels to block preinitiation complex assembly and CTD phosphorylation at target promoters.

    Evidence Hypoxic extract reconstitution with immunodepletion rescue and PIC assembly assays

    PMID:12477712

    Open questions at the time
    • Pathway linking hypoxia to NC2 induction not defined
    • Target promoter selectivity not mapped
  12. 2002 High

    Showed NC2 is a dynamically regulated complex — subunit association is glucose-dependent and CKII phosphorylation tunes repression — and that NC2alpha vs NC2beta occupancy predicts opposite outcomes.

    Evidence Conditional complex purification, ChIP, and CKII phosphosite mutagenesis in yeast

    PMID:12502746

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of free NC2alpha not fully defined
    • CKII targets in mammalian DRAP1 not validated
  13. 2004 Medium

    Distinguished the two subunits functionally at the level of TBP-handling enzymes: NC2alpha (DRAP1) uniquely stimulates BTAF1/Mot1 ATP-dependent TBP association, whereas NC2beta antagonizes it.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP/pull-down with ATP manipulation and mutagenesis

    PMID:15509807

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo significance of DRAP1-BTAF1 stimulation untested
    • How this integrates with repression not resolved
  14. 2007 Medium

    Refined NC2's gene-specific regulation of TFIIB recruitment and identified promoter elements (INR, ORF sequences) that dictate resistance or sensitivity to repression.

    Evidence In vitro transcription with promoter variants and TFIIA/TFIIB recruitment assays; NC2 mutant ChIP across genes

    PMID:17584739 PMID:18048413

    Open questions at the time
    • How ORF sequences feed back to promoter NC2 effect mechanistically unclear
    • DRAP1-specific role in TFIIB control not isolated
  15. 2008 Medium

    Filled a structural gap by mapping a crystallographically invisible NC2alpha C-terminal tail–TBP helix-2 contact that explains TFIIA exclusion.

    Evidence Site-specific protein-protein photocrosslinking with crosslink mapping

    PMID:18824481

    Open questions at the time
    • Contact inferred from crosslinking, not high-resolution structure
    • Functional necessity of this tail contact not separately tested
  16. 2009 Medium

    Showed DRAP1 occupies Pol III (tRNA) templates but, unlike DR1, does not influence Pol III output, dissociating DRAP1 occupancy from function at these genes.

    Evidence ChIP and RNAi depletion with tRNA expression readout in human cells

    PMID:19965767

    Open questions at the time
    • Why DRAP1 is present without functional effect unexplained
    • Reciprocal DR1-independent DRAP1 roles untested
  17. 2024 Medium

    Extended DRAP1 to disease mechanism: in TNBC the DR1/DRAP1 complex represses CASTOR1 to activate mTOR, with DRAP1 recruiting USP7 to stabilize DR1 in a feedback loop.

    Evidence Loss-of-function functional assays, in vivo tumor models, co-IP for USP7, and CASTOR1/mTOR mechanistic assays

    PMID:38748783

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CASTOR1 repression uses the canonical NC2-TBP mechanism not shown
    • USP7 recruitment interface not mapped
    • Single-lab single-cancer-context findings

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How DRAP1 occupancy is translated into either activation or repression at a specific promoter, and the structural and signaling determinants that switch its bifunctional output, remain unresolved.
  • No unified model linking DPE activation to TATA repression at residue level
  • Mammalian regulatory inputs (phosphorylation, partner switching) incompletely defined
  • Generality of cancer-context CASTOR1/mTOR axis beyond TNBC unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0042393 histone binding 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2 GO:0003677 DNA binding 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 2
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 1 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 1
Partners
AREB6BTAF1DR1FEZ1FOXH1TBPUSP7
Complex memberships
NC2 (DR1-DRAP1) heterodimer

Evidence

Reading pass · 22 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 DRAP1 was isolated from HeLa cells as a Dr1-associated polypeptide that functions as a transcriptional corepressor. Corepressor function requires direct interaction between DRAP1 and Dr1 via a histone fold motif present at the amino terminus of both polypeptides. Association of DRAP1 with Dr1 increases stability of the Dr1-TBP-TATA motif complex and precludes entry of TFIIA and/or TFIIB into preinitiation complexes. Biochemical purification from HeLa cells, in vitro transcription assays, protein interaction studies, histone fold domain mutagenesis Genes & development High 8608938
1997 The Dr1/DRAP1 heterodimer functions as a global repressor of RNA polymerase II transcription in vivo. Yeast orthologs YDR1 (Dr1) and BUR6 (DRAP1) are encoded by essential genes; the complex represses transcription by directly targeting TBP. Overexpression of Dr1 in vivo reduces mRNA accumulation and impairs cell growth, both effects reversible by TBP overexpression. The complex also represses RNA polymerase III but not RNA polymerase I transcripts. Yeast genetics (gene deletion, overexpression, rescue experiments), in vitro reconstituted Pol II transcription system, mRNA accumulation assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9023340
1997 Functional dissection of the Dr1-DRAP1 complex showed that Dr1 contains a TBP-tethering domain and a separate glutamine-alanine-rich repression domain. DRAP1 enhancement of Dr1-mediated repression requires the Dr1 tethering domain; DRAP1 interaction with Dr1 lacking the tethering domain is not functional for repression. The repression domain of Dr1 directly and functionally interacts with TBP. Domain deletion mutagenesis, in vitro transcription assays, protein-protein interaction assays with recombinant proteins Molecular and cellular biology High 8972183
1997 A defect in the yeast NC2 (Dr1×DRAP1) suppresses mutations in SRB4 (an RNA polymerase II holoenzyme component), establishing NC2 as a global negative regulator of class II transcription in vivo that functionally antagonizes the Pol II holoenzyme. Genetic suppressor screen, in vivo mRNA synthesis measurement Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 9096360
1997 The yeast BUR6 gene encodes a DRAP1/NC2alpha homolog. The histone fold domain of Bur6p is required for function in vivo; extensive deletion alleles throughout the histone fold domain impair function, whereas mutations in amino- and carboxy-terminal tails have no effect. BUR6 and BUR3/MOT1 have different functions depending on promoter context: both increase transcription from TATA-less UAS-deleted promoters but reduce transcription from the wild-type GAL1 and GAL10 promoters. Molecular cloning, deletion mutagenesis, in vivo transcription assays in yeast Molecular and cellular biology Medium 9121454
1998 The transcriptional repression domain of AREB6 (zinc finger-homeodomain transcription factor) requires NC2 (NC2alpha/DRAP1 and NC2beta/Dr1) to repress transcription. The AREB6 repression domain was inactive in a reconstituted system but restored by addition of recombinant NC2. Direct interaction between the AREB6 repression domain and NC2alpha was confirmed by yeast two-hybrid assay. In vitro transcription reconstitution, yeast two-hybrid interaction assay, transient transfection assays Molecular and cellular biology Medium 9418848
2000 Drosophila NC2 (dNC2, homolog of Dr1-DRAP1) activates transcription from DPE (downstream promoter element)-containing core promoters and represses TATA-driven promoters. A mutant version of dNC2 can activate DPE promoters but cannot repress TATA promoters, demonstrating that the activation and repression functions are genetically and biochemically distinct. Biochemical purification, in vitro transcription assays with DPE- and TATA-driven promoters, recombinant mutant NC2 Science (New York, N.Y.) High 11062130
2000 Depletion of NC2 (Dr1/DRAP1) from HeLa nuclear extracts does not significantly affect basal transcription but dramatically reduces activated transcription. NC2 was found to co-immunoprecipitate with the CTD-hyperphosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II (RNAP IIO) but not with unphosphorylated or hypophosphorylated forms, revealing an unexpected link between NC2 and transcription activation. Immunodepletion from HeLa nuclear extracts, co-immunoprecipitation with purified factors, in vitro transcription assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10852970
2000 NC2 activity is dispensable in sin4 yeast mutants lacking a component of the SRB-MED complex. NC2 is required for transcription of HIS3 and HIS4 TATA-less core promoters (a positive role), and functions as a repressor of the HIS3 TATA promoter during diauxic shift. A sin4 mutation bypasses the essential requirement for NC2, revealing a balance between NC2 repression and holoenzyme function. Yeast genetics (mutant isolation, gene deletion, double-mutant analysis), in vivo transcription assays Molecular microbiology Medium 10760173
2001 Crystal structure of NC2 (alpha/DRAP1 and beta/Dr1) in ternary complex with TBP and DNA determined at 2.6 Å resolution. The N termini of NC2alpha and NC2beta resemble histones H2A and H2B respectively and form a heterodimer that binds the DNA double helix on the underside of the TBP-DNA complex via electrostatic interactions. NC2beta's C-terminal alpha helix contacts TBP's upper surface, positioning a penultimate helix to block TFIIB recognition of the TBP-DNA complex. X-ray crystallography at 2.6 Å resolution Cell High 11461703
2001 Yeast NC2 (Bur6-Ydr1) associates with promoters in vivo in a manner that correlates with transcriptional activity and occupancy by basal transcription factors. NC2 rapidly associates with promoters upon transcriptional activation and remains associated when transcription is blocked after preinitiation complex assembly. NC2 positively and negatively affects ~17% of S. cerevisiae genes, and high NC2 occupancy relative to TBP correlates with promoters where NC2 is positively required. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) at yeast promoters, genome-wide transcription profiling Molecular and cellular biology High 11283253
2002 DRAP1 loss in mice leads to severe gastrulation defects consistent with increased Nodal expression, which can be partially suppressed by Nodal heterozygosity (genetic epistasis). Biochemically, DRAP1 interacts with and inhibits DNA binding by the winged-helix transcription factor FoxH1 (FAST), a positive feedback regulator of Nodal signaling, thus limiting Nodal autoregulatory loop activity. Mouse knockout genetics, Nodal heterozygosity suppression epistasis, biochemical interaction/DNA-binding inhibition assays Science (New York, N.Y.) High 12471260
2002 Hypoxia induces NC2 (Dr1/DRAP1) protein levels, which then binds core promoters to block preinitiation complex assembly, preventing CTD phosphorylation and transcription. Immunodepletion of NC2beta/Dr1 protein complexes from hypoxic extracts rescued repressed transcription, demonstrating that NC2 is mechanistically responsible for hypoxia-induced transcriptional repression at a subset of promoters. In vitro reconstitution with hypoxic cell extracts, immunodepletion rescue experiments, preinitiation complex assembly assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 12477712
2002 The NC2alpha (Drap1/Bur6) and NC2beta (Dr1/Ydr1) subunits are not always associated in a tight complex in vivo; their association is regulated by glucose availability. Stable NC2alpha/beta complexes are only purified after the diauxic shift (glucose depletion). In vivo, NC2alpha presence at promoters correlates with TBP and transcriptional activity, whereas increased NC2beta relative to TBP correlates with repression. NC2 is regulated by casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylation, and mutations in CKII subunits or CKII phosphorylation sites in NC2alpha and NC2beta affect gene repression. Protein complex purification under different growth conditions, chromatin immunoprecipitation, CKII phosphorylation site mutagenesis, genetic analysis Genes & development High 12502746
2000 Genetic analysis of YDR1-BUR6 (yeast Dr1-DRAP1) identified that the C-terminal 41 amino acids of Ydr1 are required for repressor activity. Recessive mutations in SIN4 (a SRB-MED complex component) suppress ydr1(cs) and bur6(cs) mutations and can suppress the inviability of a ydr1 deletion, establishing genetic epistasis between the Dr1-DRAP1 repressor and the SRB-MED complex. Yeast genetics (deletion mutagenesis, extragenic suppressor screen), in vitro and in vivo transcription assays, SRB-MED complex biochemical analysis Molecular and cellular biology Medium 10713169
2004 NC2alpha (DRAP1) physically interacts with BTAF1 (human ortholog of yeast Mot1p). NC2alpha (but not NC2beta) stimulates BTAF1's ATP-dependent association with TBP. NC2beta does not associate with BTAF1 and interferes with the BTAF1-TBP interaction. The stimulatory function of NC2alpha on BTAF1-TBP interaction is ATP-dependent but does not require the ATPase activity of BTAF1 or phosphorylation of NC2alpha. Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assays, cell-free interaction assays with ATP manipulation, mutagenesis Molecular and cellular biology Medium 15509807
2007 A functional initiator element (INR) in core promoters provides resistance to NC2 (Dr1/DRAP1)-mediated repression of TATA-dependent transcription. INR-mediated resistance requires TBP-associated factors (TAFs) and TAF/INR-dependent cofactor activity, and is established during transcription initiation complex assembly by strongly enhancing TFIIA and TFIIB recruitment while compromising NC2 binding. In vitro transcription assays with promoter variants, TFIIA/TFIIB recruitment assays, NC2 binding competition assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 17584739
2007 NC2 (composed of NC2alpha/Drap1 and NC2beta/Dr1) strongly controls promoter association of TFIIB both negatively and positively in a gene-specific manner. The repressor effect on TFIIB is attributable to the C-terminal domain of NC2beta and requires ORF sequences of target genes. The positive function of NC2 on TFIIB is more general and requires adequate NC2 histone-fold heterodimer levels at promoters. Under heat stress, NC2 becomes limiting for TBP association with heat-inducible promoters. NC2 mutant generation, ChIP at target promoters, chromatin fractionation, yeast genetics Nucleic acids research Medium 18048413
2008 Site-specific protein-protein photocrosslinking demonstrated that TBP alpha-helix 2 (H2) can be crosslinked to the C-terminal tail of NC2alpha (DRAP1) in the NC2-TBP-DNA complex, a contact not visible in the crystal structure due to truncated NC2 used for crystallization. This NC2alpha C-terminal tail–TBP H2 interaction provides a structural basis for steric exclusion competition between TFIIA and NC2. Site-specific photocrosslinking with non-radioactive ultrasensitive detection, crosslink mapping Nucleic acids research Medium 18824481
2009 Endogenous DRAP1 (NC2alpha) is present at RNA polymerase III-transcribed genes (tRNA genes) in human cells, as detected by ChIP. DRAP1 is present at pol III templates alongside its dimerization partner Dr1 (NC2beta). However, RNAi-mediated depletion of Dr1 (not DRAP1) enhanced tRNA expression by pol III, indicating that while both subunits occupy pol III templates, DRAP1 does not influence pol III output in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation in human cells, RNAi-mediated depletion, tRNA expression assays Nucleic acids research Medium 19965767
2006 FEZ1 (fasciculation and elongation protein zeta1) interacts with DRAP1 in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a human fetal brain cDNA library, and this interaction was confirmed by in vitro pull-down assays with recombinant fusion proteins. The FEZ1 C-terminal coiled-coil region mediates this interaction. Yeast two-hybrid assay, in vitro pull-down with recombinant proteins The Journal of biological chemistry Low 16484223
2024 The DR1/DRAP1 heterodimer complex in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represses transcription of CASTOR1 (cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 1), thereby increasing mTOR activation and promoting TNBC proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. DRAP1 also enhances DR1 protein stability by recruiting deubiquitinase USP7 to inhibit its proteasomal degradation, and in turn DR1 directly promotes DRAP1 transcription, forming a positive feedback loop. In vitro loss-of-function (KD/KO) with proliferation, migration, invasion assays; in vivo tumor growth/metastasis models; mechanistic assays for CASTOR1 repression and mTOR activation; co-immunoprecipitation for USP7 recruitment; proteasomal degradation assays; promoter transcription assays Cancer research Medium 38748783

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 41 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2003 Nodal signaling in vertebrate development. Annual review of cell and developmental biology 501 14570583
2000 A basal transcription factor that activates or represses transcription. Science (New York, N.Y.) 134 11062130
2001 Crystal structure of negative cofactor 2 recognizing the TBP-DNA transcription complex. Cell 124 11461703
2016 Cross-Tissue Regulatory Gene Networks in Coronary Artery Disease. Cell systems 115 27135365
1996 Requirement of a corepressor for Dr1-mediated repression of transcription. Genes & development 115 8608938
1997 The Dr1/DRAP1 heterodimer is a global repressor of transcription in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 9023340
1997 Saccharomyces cerevisiae BUR6 encodes a DRAP1/NC2alpha homolog that has both positive and negative roles in transcription in vivo. Molecular and cellular biology 83 9121454
2002 The DPE, a core promoter element for transcription by RNA polymerase II. Experimental & molecular medicine 82 12515390
2002 Inhibition of excess nodal signaling during mouse gastrulation by the transcriptional corepressor DRAP1. Science (New York, N.Y.) 70 12471260
2001 Yeast NC2 associates with the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex and selectively affects transcription in vivo. Molecular and cellular biology 63 11283253
1997 Functional antagonism between RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and global negative regulator NC2 in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 55 9096360
2020 Accelerated Lysis and Proteolytic Digestion of Biopsy-Level Fresh-Frozen and FFPE Tissue Samples Using Pressure Cycling Technology. Journal of proteome research 50 32182071
1998 Involvement of negative cofactor NC2 in active repression by zinc finger-homeodomain transcription factor AREB6. Molecular and cellular biology 47 9418848
2009 To bleed or not to bleed. A prediction based on individual gene profiling combined with dose-volume histogram shapes in prostate cancer patients undergoing three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 42 19211196
2006 FEZ1 dimerization and interaction with transcription regulatory proteins involves its coiled-coil region. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 16484223
2002 Hypoxia actively represses transcription by inducing negative cofactor 2 (Dr1/DrAP1) and blocking preinitiation complex assembly. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 12477712
2000 The NC2 repressor is dispensable in yeast mutated for the Sin4p component of the holoenzyme and plays roles similar to Mot1p in vivo. Molecular microbiology 38 10760173
2005 Ras-independent activation of ERK signaling via the torso receptor tyrosine kinase is mediated by Rap1. Current biology : CB 34 15723799
1997 Functional dissection of a human Dr1-DRAP1 repressor complex. Molecular and cellular biology 33 8972183
2020 FOLFOX treatment response prediction in metastatic or recurrent colorectal cancer patients via machine learning algorithms. Cancer medicine 32 31893575
2000 The C-terminal domain-phosphorylated IIO form of RNA polymerase II is associated with the transcription repressor NC2 (Dr1/DRAP1) and is required for transcription activation in human nuclear extracts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 32 10852970
1998 Histone Sequence Database: new histone fold family members. Nucleic acids research 31 9399877
2004 NC2alpha interacts with BTAF1 and stimulates its ATP-dependent association with TATA-binding protein. Molecular and cellular biology 25 15509807
2002 The NC2 alpha and beta subunits play different roles in vivo. Genes & development 25 12502746
2007 The initiator core promoter element antagonizes repression of TATA-directed transcription by negative cofactor NC2. The Journal of biological chemistry 22 17584739
2015 Evaluation of housekeeping genes for normalizing real-time quantitative PCR assays in pig skeletal muscle at multiple developmental stages. Gene 21 25865298
2000 Genetic analysis of the YDR1-BUR6 repressor complex reveals an intricate balance among transcriptional regulatory proteins in yeast. Molecular and cellular biology 20 10713169
2007 The dual control of TFIIB recruitment by NC2 is gene specific. Nucleic acids research 18 18048413
2023 The Role of Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Identification of Signaling Pathways, Regulators, Molecular Interaction Networks, and Biological Functions through Bioinformatics. Brain sciences 14 36672132
2021 Transcriptomics Analysis Identifies the Presence of Upregulated Ribosomal Housekeeping Genes in the Alveolar Macrophages of Patients with Smoking-Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 13 34588774
2002 Functional dissection of a Rice Dr1/DrAp1 transcriptional repression complex. The Plant cell 13 11826307
2020 TaDrAp1 and TaDrAp2, Partner Genes of a Transcription Repressor, Coordinate Plant Development and Drought Tolerance in Spelt and Bread Wheat. International journal of molecular sciences 10 33167455
2021 A flexible microfluidic system for single-cell transcriptome profiling elucidates phased transcriptional regulators of cell cycle. Scientific reports 9 33846365
2024 The DRAP1/DR1 Repressor Complex Increases mTOR Activity to Promote Progression and Confer Everolimus Sensitivity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer research 7 38748783
2009 Dr1 (NC2) is present at tRNA genes and represses their transcription in human cells. Nucleic acids research 7 19965767
2008 Nonradioactive, ultrasensitive site-specific protein-protein photocrosslinking: interactions of alpha-helix 2 of TATA-binding protein with general transcription factor TFIIA and transcriptional repressor NC2. Nucleic acids research 6 18824481
2020 Enhanced immortalization, HUWE1 mutations and other biological drivers of breast invasive carcinoma in Black/African American patients. Gene 5 34493366
2016 Analysis of extraembryonic mesodermal structure formation in the absence of morphological primitive streak. Development, growth & differentiation 4 27273137
2021 Shared ancestry of core-histone subunits and non-histone plant proteins containing the Histone Fold Motif (HFM). Journal of bioinformatics and computational biology 3 33888032
2020 Enhanced immortalization, HUWE1 mutations and other biological drivers of breast invasive carcinoma in Black/African American patients. Gene: X 3 32550556
2005 The structure at 2.5 A resolution of human basophilic leukemia-expressed protein BLES03. Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology and crystallization communications 2 16511166

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