Affinage

CHST1

Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1 · UniProt O43916

Length
411 aa
Mass
46.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
74 papers in source corpus 21 papers cited in narrative 21 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CHST1 (C6ST-1/KSGal6ST) is a Golgi-resident Type II transmembrane sulfotransferase that transfers sulfate from PAPS to the C-6 hydroxyl of galactose residues across multiple glycan classes, including keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, sialyl N-acetyllactosamine oligosaccharides, the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region, O-mannose glycans, and mucin-type O-glycans (PMID:7629189, PMID:8991509, PMID:18697746, PMID:34555499, PMID:41513091). N-glycosylation of CHST1 is essential for its Golgi retention and catalytic activity, with specific N-glycosylation sites differentially required for keratan sulfate versus chondroitin sulfate sulfotransferase functions (PMID:16720579). By generating 6'-sulfated sialyl LacNAc epitopes, CHST1 creates high-affinity ligands for immunomodulatory Siglec receptors including CD33/Siglec-3 and Siglec-8 on both N-glycans and O-glycans, and is required in mouse brain for biosynthesis of the sialylated keratan sulfate Siglec ligand on RPTPζ/phosphacan (PMID:33893239, PMID:35452678, PMID:39836965). On vascular endothelial cells, CHST1-mediated Gal-6-sulfation contributes to L-selectin ligand generation, promoting shear-resistant lymphocyte rolling, and CHST1 knockout mice display exaggerated airway macrophage and lymphocyte accumulation after allergen challenge (PMID:11310842, PMID:29659839).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1995 High

    Cloning of chick C6ST (CHST1 ortholog) established that a single Type II transmembrane sulfotransferase catalyzes 6-O-sulfation of both chondroitin and keratan sulfate, resolving whether these activities reside in separate or the same enzyme.

    Evidence cDNA cloning and COS-7 expression with enzymatic activity assays and N-glycosylation analysis

    PMID:7629189

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrate specificity for non-GAG glycans unknown
    • Human ortholog not yet cloned
    • Subcellular targeting determinants undefined
  2. 1997 High

    Substrate specificity was expanded beyond GAGs when C6ST was shown to sulfate sialyl lactosamine oligosaccharides at Gal C-6, and human KSGal6ST (CHST1) was cloned and shown to have keratan sulfate but not chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase activity, distinguishing it from the chick enzyme and revealing species-specific substrate preferences.

    Evidence In vitro sulfotransferase assays with defined oligosaccharide substrates and structural product identification; COS-7 expression of human CHST1

    PMID:9147050 PMID:9405439

    Open questions at the time
    • Basis for species difference in CS activity unclear
    • Crystal structure unavailable to explain selectivity
  3. 1998 High

    Full cloning and characterization of human CHST1 defined its gene structure, chromosomal locus, dual C6ST/KSST enzymatic activities, and Type II transmembrane topology with four N-glycosylation sites.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, COS-1/CHO-K1 expression with enzymatic activity assays on defined substrates, gene structure and radiation hybrid mapping

    PMID:9639683 PMID:9883891

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous regulation of expression not addressed
    • Functional significance of N-glycosylation sites unknown
  4. 2001 High

    A direct role for CHST1 in vascular biology was established when overexpression in endothelial cells enhanced L-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling under shear, demonstrating that CHST1-generated Gal-6-sulfate on endothelial glycans is a functional component of L-selectin ligands.

    Evidence Stable transfection/overexpression in endothelial cell lines, in vitro flow chamber leukocyte rolling assay

    PMID:10510083 PMID:11310842

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo contribution to lymphocyte homing not tested genetically
    • Relative contribution vs. CHST2 unresolved
  5. 2006 High

    Specific N-glycosylation sites on CHST1 were shown to differentially control Golgi localization and substrate-specific enzymatic activities, resolving how post-translational modification regulates this enzyme's function and trafficking.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of individual N-glycosylation sites, immunofluorescence colocalization with Golgi/ER markers, enzymatic activity assays

    PMID:16720579

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for how N-glycans regulate activity unknown
    • Whether other post-translational modifications regulate CHST1 untested
  6. 2008 High

    CHST1's substrate repertoire was further broadened to include galactose residues in the common GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide, revealing that CHST1 can act at early steps of GAG chain initiation before the first hexosamine is added.

    Evidence Purified recombinant CHST1 in vitro assay with defined linkage-region saccharide substrates

    PMID:18697746

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo significance of linkage-region sulfation for GAG assembly unknown
    • Whether this occurs in specific cell types not examined
  7. 2018 Medium

    CHST1 knockout mice revealed an in vivo immunoregulatory role: loss of CHST1 led to exaggerated airway macrophage and lymphocyte accumulation after allergen challenge, even though CHST1 did not substantially contribute to airway Siglec-F ligand synthesis.

    Evidence CHST1−/− knockout mice, OVA sensitization/challenge, BAL cell counts, Siglec-F-Fc binding, O-glycan MS

    PMID:29659839

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which CHST1 loss exaggerates immune cell accumulation unresolved
    • Relevant glycoprotein substrates in airway not identified
    • Single challenge model tested
  8. 2021 High

    CHST1 was identified as the key sulfotransferase generating 6'-sulfated sialyl LacNAc, a high-affinity ligand for CD33/Siglec-3 and multiple other Siglecs, with disulfation (together with CHST2) enhancing CD33 affinity ≥28-fold, establishing CHST1 as a central regulator of Siglec-mediated immunomodulation.

    Evidence Isogenic cell-based glycan arrays, Siglec-Fc binding, MS-based affinity measurements, overexpression across five cell lines

    PMID:33893239 PMID:34661385

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo consequences of CHST1-dependent Siglec engagement for immune regulation not fully defined
    • Whether tumor cells exploit CHST1 to engage inhibitory Siglecs untested in this context
  9. 2022 High

    Genetic ablation of CHST1 in mice abolished Siglec-F/CD33/Siglec-8 ligand activity in brain, identifying RPTPζ/phosphacan-associated sialylated keratan sulfate as the endogenous CHST1-dependent Siglec ligand in brain tissue.

    Evidence CHST1 knockout mice brain extracts, Siglec-Fc binding, triangulation with St3gal4 and RPTPζ KO mice

    PMID:35452678

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of losing brain Siglec ligands for neuroinflammation or microglia regulation not examined
    • Whether other brain glycoproteins carry CHST1-dependent ligands unknown
  10. 2023 Medium

    Developmental relevance was demonstrated in Xenopus, where CHST1 is required for highly sulfated keratan sulfate biosynthesis in otic vesicles and for maintaining otic vesicle size, linking CHST1 to organogenesis.

    Evidence Morpholino knockdown in Xenopus embryos, HSKS immunostaining, otic vesicle morphometry

    PMID:36998246

    Open questions at the time
    • Morpholino approach requires genetic confirmation (CRISPR)
    • Whether mammalian ear development similarly requires CHST1 untested
    • Mechanism linking HSKS loss to reduced vesicle size unknown
  11. 2025 High

    CHST1's substrate preferences were refined: it preferentially sulfates GnT-IX-generated branched O-Man glycans over linear ones, and its sulfated Siglec ligands are presented on N-glycans, mucin O-glycans, and O-Man glycans with glycan-class-specific roles in trans versus cis Siglec engagement.

    Evidence In vitro enzymatic assays on branched vs. linear O-Man substrates; genetic/pharmacological/enzymatic dissection of glycan classes in CHST1-expressing cells with Siglec-Fc binding

    PMID:39836965 PMID:41513091

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for preference for branched O-Man substrates not resolved
    • In vivo significance of O-Man-borne Siglec ligands in brain not tested functionally

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of CHST1 exists, and the structural determinants of its broad but selective substrate specificity — excluding α1,3-fucosylated and α2,6-sialylated galactosides while accepting diverse glycan backbones — remain mechanistically unexplained.
  • No atomic structure available
  • Catalytic mechanism details at the active site unresolved
  • In vivo functional consequences of CHST1 loss for Siglec-mediated immunoregulation incompletely defined across tissues

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016740 transferase activity 9
Localization
GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 6
Partners
CHST2PTPRZ1SELPLG

Evidence

Reading pass · 21 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1995 Chick chondrocyte chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase (C6ST, ortholog of CHST1) was cloned and shown to catalyze transfer of sulfate from PAPS to position 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine residues of chondroitin; it also exhibits keratan sulfate sulfotransferase activity. The protein has Type II transmembrane topology and is an N-linked glycoprotein. cDNA cloning, COS-7 cell transfection/overexpression, enzymatic activity assay, antibody cross-reactivity, N-glycosylation analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 7629189
1996 C6ST (CHST1 ortholog) transfers sulfate specifically to position 6 of galactose residues in keratan sulfate chains, including Gal linked to GlcNAc-6-sulfate and to unsulfated GlcNAc residues; a single protein catalyzes both chondroitin and keratan sulfate 6-O-sulfation. In vitro sulfotransferase assay with purified C6ST, product characterization by hydrazinolysis, HNO2 deamination, NaBH4 reduction, SAX-HPLC and paper chromatography; recombinant C6ST transfection in COS-7 cells Glycobiology High 8991509
1997 C6ST (CHST1 ortholog) sulfates sialyl lactosamine oligosaccharides at position 6 of galactose in NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc (SLN) and related structures, but not sialyl Lewis x (fucosylated); a single enzyme thus sulfates chondroitin, keratan sulfate, and sialyl lactosamine oligosaccharides, suggesting a role in biosynthesis of sulfated sialyl Lewis x L-selectin ligands. In vitro sulfotransferase assay with purified and recombinant C6ST, product degradation with neuraminidase, hydrazinolysis, HNO2 deamination, NaBH4 reduction, SAX-HPLC Glycobiology High 9147050
1997 Human KSGal6ST (CHST1) was cloned from a human fetal brain library; when expressed in COS-7 cells it produced keratan sulfate sulfotransferase activity (sulfating Gal residues of KS) but not chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase activity, distinguishing it functionally from chick C6ST. Structural analysis confirmed 6-O-sulfation of galactose in KS. Gene maps to chromosome 11p11.1-11.2. cDNA cloning by cross-hybridization, COS-7 cell transfection, enzymatic activity assay, structural analysis of 35S-labeled GAG products, Northern blot, FISH chromosomal mapping The Journal of biological chemistry High 9405439
1998 Human C6ST (CHST1) cDNA was cloned and encodes a protein with 74% identity to chick C6ST. Expression of a soluble recombinant form demonstrated active sulfotransferase transferring sulfate to position 6 of GalNAc in GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc sequences in polymer chondroitin, various CS isoforms, and tetrasaccharides, but not in IdoAα1-3GalNAc or GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc(4-O-sulfate) sequences. The gene spans >20 kb with 3 exons; protein-coding domain split into 2 exons. cDNA cloning, COS-1 cell expression, enzymatic activity assay with defined acceptor substrates, product identification, gene structure analysis FEBS letters High 9883891
1998 Human C6ST (CHST1) expressed in CHO-K1 cells produced marked increases in both C6ST and keratan sulfate sulfotransferase (KSST) enzymatic activities. The protein is predicted as a Type II transmembrane protein of 411 amino acids with N-terminal hydrophobic domain, four N-glycosylation sites, and maps to chromosome 11 by radiation hybrid mapping. Stable CHO-K1 transfection, enzymatic activity assay in cell homogenates, cDNA cloning/5'-RACE, radiation hybrid panel chromosomal mapping Biochimica et biophysica acta High 9639683
1998 Human C6ST (CHST1) cDNA was isolated; ubiquitous 7.8-kb message in human adult tissues; the human enzyme contains a unique hydrophilic domain not present in chick C6ST. cDNA cloning by cross-hybridization with chick C6ST, Northern blot Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 9714738
1999 CHST1 (identical to human C6ST) and CHST2 were identified from human vascular endothelial cell cDNA libraries as sulfotransferases homologous to chicken C6ST; CHST1 is expressed by endothelial cells and may contribute to generation of L-selectin ligands. cDNA library screening, Northern blot, chromosomal mapping Genomics Medium 10049591
1999 Sulfation of GlyCAM-1 by related sulfotransferases including KSGal6ST (CHST1) generating Gal-6-sulfate, together with fucosylation, enhanced rolling ligand activity for L-selectin, increasing tethered/rolling lymphocyte numbers, reducing rolling velocity with more frequent pausing, and enhancing resistance to detachment by shear in flow chamber assays. Flow chamber rolling assay with sulfated/fucosylated GlyCAM-1, peripheral blood lymphocytes and Jurkat cells The Journal of experimental medicine High 10510083
2001 CHST1 and CHST2 expressed by vascular endothelial cells contribute to generation of shear-resistant leukocyte rolling via L-selectin. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells predominantly express CHST1 and CHST2; overexpression of CHST1 in a cell line with low L-selectin ligand activity increased rolling leukocyte numbers, reduced rolling velocities, and enhanced rolling under higher shear stresses in flow chamber assays. RT-PCR expression profiling, stable transfection/overexpression in endothelial cell lines, in vitro flow chamber leukocyte rolling assay Journal of leukocyte biology High 11310842
2006 N-linked oligosaccharides on C6ST-1 (CHST1) are required for production of active enzyme, Golgi localization, and keratan sulfate sulfotransferase (KSST) activity. Specifically: deletion of the 4th N-glycosylation site abolished Golgi localization (enzyme retained in ER with calnexin colocalization) and abolished activity; deletion of the 5th site markedly reduced KSST activity but not C6ST activity; removal of N-glycans by PNGase F increased C6ST activity but decreased KSST activity. Tunicamycin treatment, site-directed mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites, PNGase F treatment, immunofluorescence colocalization, WGA lectin affinity, EndoH sensitivity, enzymatic activity assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 16720579
2008 Recombinant human C6ST-1 (CHST1) catalyzes sulfation of C6 on both galactose residues in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region (GlcUA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-Ser), including before the first N-acetylhexosamine is attached. Intact xylose is required for sulfation of the second galactose from the reducing end; pre-4-O-sulfation of Gal blocks the reaction. Recombinant CHST1 expressed as protein A chimera in COS-1 cells, purified by IgG-Sepharose, in vitro sulfotransferase assay with defined linkage region saccharide substrates, product identification The Journal of biological chemistry High 18697746
2011 CHST1 (C6ST-1) drives sialoglycan binding of multiple Siglecs (Siglec-3/7/8/15) at the cell surface; CHST1 generates the 6'-sulfated sialyl LacNAc epitope (Neu5Acα2-3(6-O-sulfo)Galβ1-4GlcNAc, 6'-Su-SLacNAc) recognized by Siglec-3 (CD33). Sulfation on both the Gal (by CHST1) and GlcNAc positions creates a disulfated ligand with ≥28-fold enhanced affinity for CD33. Cell-based glycan array using isogenic HEK293 cells with combinatorial loss/gain of sulfotransferase genes, Siglec-Fc fusion protein binding assay, mass-spectrometry-based binding assay with homogeneous Siglec-3 fragment, synthetic glycan inhibition Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 33893239
2021 Overexpression of CHST1 in multiple cell lines significantly enhances binding of numerous Siglecs; joint overexpression of CHST1 with CHST2 greatly enhanced binding of CD33 and several other Siglecs. MS-based assay confirmed ≥8-fold enhanced affinity of CD33 for Neu5Acα2-3(6-O-sulfo)Galβ1-4GlcNAc over unsulfated counterpart, and ≥28-fold for disulfated ligand. Sulfotransferase overexpression in five cell lines, Siglec-Fc binding assay, pharmacological N/O-glycan blockade, MS-based binding assay with homogeneous Siglec-3 fragment, sodium chlorate treatment ACS chemical biology High 34661385
2021 CHST1 sulfates Gal residues on O-glycans on PSGL-1/mIgG2b, including both C-3/core-1/core-2 and C-6-branch of core-2 structures, as defined by transfection into CHO cells expressing PSGL-1/mIgG2b and subsequent O-glycan characterization. Transfection of CHST1 expression plasmid in CHO cells co-expressing PSGL-1/mIgG2b and core 2 transferase (GCNT1), O-glycan characterization by LC-MSn Molecular & cellular proteomics Medium 34555499
2022 CHST1 (KSGal6ST) is required for biosynthesis of the CD33/Siglec-8 sialoglycoprotein ligand RPTPζS3L (sialylated keratan sulfate on RPTPζ/phosphacan) in mouse brain; brains from CHST1 knockout mice lacked Siglec-F/CD33/Siglec-8 binding activity. CHST1 knockout mice, Siglec-Fc binding assay on brain extracts, comparison with St3gal4 and RPTPζ knockout mice, biochemical ligand identification The Journal of biological chemistry High 35452678
2023 In Xenopus embryos, chst1 (CHST1 ortholog) is expressed specifically in otic vesicles; loss-of-function of chst1 led to loss of highly sulfated keratan sulfate (HSKS) in otic vesicles and reduction in their size, establishing that CHST1 is required for HSKS biosynthesis and for maintaining otic vesicle structure during organogenesis. In situ hybridization for expression mapping, morpholino loss-of-function, immunostaining for HSKS, measurement of otic vesicle size Frontiers in cell and developmental biology Medium 36998246
2018 CHST1 knockout mice showed that CHST1 does not contribute substantially to synthesis of glycan ligands for Siglec-F in airways; however, its absence results in exaggerated accumulation of airway macrophages and lymphocytes after OVA sensitization and challenge, indicating a role in controlling airway immune cell composition. CHST1-/- knockout mice, OVA sensitization/challenge model, Siglec-F-Fc binding assay on lung tissue, differential cell counts in BAL, O-glycan characterization by mass spectrometry, Western blotting Glycobiology Medium 29659839
2025 CHST1 exhibits significantly higher sulfotransferase activity toward branched O-Man glycans than toward linear counterparts in enzymatic assays; this establishes that GnT-IX-mediated O-Man branching promotes KS biosynthesis by providing a preferred scaffold for CHST1 activity in the brain. In vitro enzymatic assay comparing CHST1 activity on branched vs. linear O-Man glycan substrates; GnT-IX knockout mouse brain analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 41513091
2025 The glycan classes presenting CHST1-dependent sulfated Siglec ligands include both N-glycans and mucin-type O-glycans for Siglec-3 and Siglec-8 binding; O-mannose glycans in CHST1-expressing cells also contribute modestly to Siglec-3 and Siglec-8 binding. For Siglec-3, N-glycans are the major sulfated trans ligands, while mucin-type O-glycans have the largest impact on Siglec-3 cis masking. Genetic disruption of glycan classes (N-glycan, mucin O-glycan, O-Man glycan) in CHST1-expressing cells, pharmacological inhibition, enzymatic treatment, Siglec-Fc binding assay ACS chemical biology High 39836965
2024 CHST1 (KSGal6ST) sulfates galactose residues in keratan sulfate but cannot act on galactosides blocked by α1,3-fucosides or α2,6-sialosides; exploiting this mutual exclusivity allows regioselective enzymatic installation of Gal-6-sulfate on poly-LacNAc chains to build defined KS oligosaccharides. Enzymatic synthesis using recombinant CHST1 on defined oligosaccharide substrates with and without blocking glycan modifications; product characterization Journal of the American Chemical Society High 38494637

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 74 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2013 Biosynthesis and function of chondroitin sulfate. Biochimica et biophysica acta 373 23774590
1997 Developmental regulation of the sulfation profile of chondroitin sulfate chains in the chicken embryo brain. The Journal of biological chemistry 159 9395468
2004 Loss of chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 function results in severe human chondrodysplasia with progressive spinal involvement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 142 15215498
2021 Probing the binding specificities of human Siglecs by cell-based glycan arrays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 139 33893239
1997 Molecular cloning and characterization of human keratan sulfate Gal-6-sulfotransferase. The Journal of biological chemistry 122 9405439
1995 Molecular cloning and expression of chick chondrocyte chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase. The Journal of biological chemistry 115 7629189
2017 Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 105 29180230
2011 6-Sulphated chondroitins have a positive influence on axonal regeneration. PloS one 88 21747937
2007 Expression of multiple chondroitin/dermatan sulfotransferases in the neurogenic regions of the embryonic and adult central nervous system implies that complex chondroitin sulfates have a role in neural stem cell maintenance. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 85 18079434
2000 Molecular cloning and expression of a novel chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase. The Journal of biological chemistry 77 10781596
1999 Sulfation of a high endothelial venule-expressed ligand for L-selectin. Effects on tethering and rolling of lymphocytes. The Journal of experimental medicine 74 10510083
1998 Molecular cloning and expression of human chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase. Biochimica et biophysica acta 72 9714738
2001 Functional analysis of the chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase gene in relation to lymphocyte subpopulations, brain development, and oversulfated chondroitin sulfates. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 11696535
2021 Carbohydrate Sulfation As a Mechanism for Fine-Tuning Siglec Ligands. ACS chemical biology 61 34661385
2012 Construction of a chondroitin sulfate library with defined structures and analysis of molecular interactions. The Journal of biological chemistry 48 23129769
1998 Functional expression and genomic structure of human chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase. FEBS letters 46 9883891
1999 CHST1 and CHST2 sulfotransferases expressed by human vascular endothelial cells: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Genomics 45 10049591
2009 Omani-type spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with cardiac involvement caused by a missense mutation in CHST3. Clinical genetics 44 19320654
2006 Thyroxine affects expression of KSPG-related genes, the carbonic anhydrase II gene, and KS sulfation in the embryonic chicken cornea. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 42 16384953
2015 Involvement of chondroitin 6-sulfation in temporal lobe epilepsy. Experimental neurology 41 26231575
2008 Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Omani type: further definition of the phenotype. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 41 18698629
1998 Mouse chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase: molecular cloning, characterization and chromosomal mapping. Glycobiology 40 9597547
1996 Enzymatic sulfation of galactose residue of keratan sulfate by chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase. Glycobiology 40 8991509
2022 Human brain sialoglycan ligand for CD33, a microglial inhibitory Siglec implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 35452678
2018 A microbial-enzymatic strategy for producing chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Biotechnology and bioengineering 37 29484646
2013 Galactose 6-O-sulfotransferases are not required for the generation of Siglec-F ligands in leukocytes or lung tissue. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 23880769
1997 Sulfation of sialyl lactosamine oligosaccharides by chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase. Glycobiology 37 9147050
2001 CHST1 and CHST2 sulfotransferase expression by vascular endothelial cells regulates shear-resistant leukocyte rolling via L-selectin. Journal of leukocyte biology 35 11310842
1999 L-selectin ligands expressed by human leukocytes are HECA-452 antibody-defined carbohydrate epitopes preferentially displayed by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 35 10528213
2015 Microglial keratan sulfate epitope elicits in central nervous tissues of transgenic model mice and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The American journal of pathology 33 26362733
2012 KSGal6ST generates galactose-6-O-sulfate in high endothelial venules but does not contribute to L-selectin-dependent lymphocyte homing. Glycobiology 32 23254996
2013 KSGal6ST is essential for the 6-sulfation of galactose within keratan sulfate in early postnatal brain. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 31 24152993
2000 Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal mapping of human chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase, whose expression pattern in human tissues is different from that of chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase. Journal of biochemistry 30 11056388
2014 Insights in the etiopathology of galactosyltransferase II (GalT-II) deficiency from transcriptome-wide expression profiling of skin fibroblasts of two sisters with compound heterozygosity for two novel B3GALT6 mutations. Molecular genetics and metabolism reports 29 28649518
2019 Expression and function of chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate in human glioma. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 28 31908019
2008 Sulfation of the galactose residues in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region by recombinant human chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1. The Journal of biological chemistry 26 18697746
2004 Effects of NO-1886 (Ibrolipim), a lipoprotein lipase-promoting agent, on gene induction of cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterases, and sulfotransferases in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics 25 15681896
2023 Identifying Candidate Genes for Litter Size and Three Morphological Traits in Youzhou Dark Goats Based on Genome-Wide SNP Markers. Genes 24 37372363
2013 Keratan sulfate expression in microglia is diminished in the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune neuritis. Cell death & disease 24 24309933
2010 Characterization of expression of glycan ligands for Siglec-F in normal mouse lungs. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 24 20395633
2009 Transforming growth factor-beta1 upregulates keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis in microglias after brain injury. Brain research 24 19368826
2006 Upregulation of chondroitin 6-sulphotransferase-1 facilitates Schwann cell migration during axonal growth. Journal of cell science 24 16495484
2022 Integrated analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs by RNA-Seq in secondary hair follicle development and cycling (anagen, catagen and telogen) of Jiangnan cashmere goat (Capra hircus). BMC veterinary research 23 35524260
1998 Human chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase: cloning, gene structure, and chromosomal localization. Biochimica et biophysica acta 22 9639683
2006 N-linked oligosaccharides on chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 are required for production of the active enzyme, Golgi localization, and sulfotransferase activity toward keratan sulfate. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 16720579
2016 Nematodes join the family of chondroitin sulfate-synthesizing organisms: Identification of an active chondroitin sulfotransferase in Caenorhabditis elegans. Scientific reports 18 27703236
2015 A novel CHST3 allele associated with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and hearing loss in Pakistani kindred. Clinical genetics 18 26572954
2011 Identification of mono- and disulfated N-acetyl-lactosaminyl Oligosaccharide structures as epitopes specifically recognized by humanized monoclonal antibody HMOCC-1 raised against ovarian cancer. The Journal of biological chemistry 18 22194598
2024 A Biomimetic Synthetic Strategy Can Provide Keratan Sulfate I and II Oligosaccharides with Diverse Fucosylation and Sulfation Patterns. Journal of the American Chemical Society 16 38494637
2021 Exploring the sulfate patterns of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate in human pancreatic cancer. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 15 34464868
2008 Expression of sulfotransferases involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate E in the bone marrow derived mast cells. Biochimica et biophysica acta 15 18237557
2002 Catalog of 77 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the carbohydrate sulfotransferase 1 (CHST1) and carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3) genes. Journal of human genetics 15 11829137
2021 Chondroitin 6-sulfate represses keratinocyte proliferation in mouse skin, which is associated with psoriasis. Communications biology 14 33495490
2019 Preferential expression of sialyl 6'-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine-capped O-glycans on high endothelial venules in human peripheral lymph nodes. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 14 31148596
2018 Airway glycomic and allergic inflammatory consequences resulting from keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase (CHST1) deficiency. Glycobiology 12 29659839
2022 Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in anorexia nervosa discordant identical twins. Translational psychiatry 11 35013117
2022 ACAN, MDFI, and CHST1 as Candidate Genes in Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Insilco Analysis. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 11 35225482
2022 In silico development and validation of a novel glucose and lipid metabolism-related gene signature in gastric cancer. Translational cancer research 11 35966316
2016 Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia Omani type: CHST3 mutation spectrum and phenotypes in three Indian families. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 11 27753269
2025 Understanding the Glycosylation Pathways Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Sulfated Glycan Ligands for Siglecs. ACS chemical biology 10 39836965
2021 Sulfation of O-glycans on Mucin-type Proteins From Serous Ovarian Epithelial Tumors. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 10 34555499
2013 In TCR-stimulated T-cells, N-ras regulates specific genes and signal transduction pathways. PloS one 9 23755101
2023 Tissue-specific expression of carbohydrate sulfotransferases drives keratan sulfate biosynthesis in the notochord and otic vesicles of Xenopus embryos. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 8 36998246
2022 Understanding the role of myoglobin content in Iberian pigs fattened in an extensive system through analysis of the transcriptome profile. Animal genetics 8 35355298
2018 Molecular and functional analysis of PmCHST1b in nacre formation of Pinctada fucata martensii. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 8 29981452
2014 Chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferases are required for morphogenesis of the notochord in the ascidian embryo. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 6 25298188
2024 GlcNAc6ST2/CHST4 Is Essential for the Synthesis of R-10G-Reactive Keratan Sulfate/Sulfated N-Acetyllactosamine Oligosaccharides in Mouse Pleural Mesothelium. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 5 38398516
2020 Reconstruction of the Carbohydrate 6-O Sulfotransferase Gene Family Evolution in Vertebrates Reveals Novel Member, CHST16, Lost in Amniotes. Genome biology and evolution 5 32652010
2020 [Construction and analysis of competitive endogenous RNA regulatory network related to gastric cancer]. Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi [Chinese journal of oncology] 1 32135645
2026 Enzymatic basis of branching and extension of O-Man glycans for keratan sulfate biosynthesis. The Journal of biological chemistry 0 41513091
2026 Biomanufacturing of Therapeutically Relevant Chondroitin Sulfate C via Engineered Microbes. ACS synthetic biology 0 41730709
2025 Identification of the specific characteristics of neuroendocrine prostate cancer: Immune status, hub genes and treatment. Translational oncology 0 39999729
2025 Metabolic reprogramming and M2 macrophage depletion define the microenvironment of adenomyosis. Frontiers in endocrinology 0 41356013
2025 Exosome-related lactylation gene signature defines diagnostic biomarkers of periodontitis through integrative bulk and single-cell transcriptomics. Archives of oral biology 0 41638162