Affinage

CHRM1

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 · UniProt P11229

Round 2 corrected
Length
460 aa
Mass
51.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
43 papers in source corpus 19 papers cited in narrative 18 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CHRM1 (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1) is a Gq/11-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor that transduces cholinergic signals primarily through phospholipase C-mediated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, intracellular calcium mobilization, and downstream activation of the Raf-1/ERK cascade in a largely PKC-independent manner (PMID:3037705, PMID:8190105, PMID:8063729). Agonist-driven signaling is terminated by β-arrestin-recruited diacylglycerol kinases that convert DAG to phosphatidic acid, while PLC-dependent PIP2 depletion couples CHRM1 to inhibition of the TRPM8 channel (PMID:17272726, PMID:39605182). CHRM1 activation stimulates amyloid precursor protein secretion, GLP-1 release from intestinal L cells, and c-Myc/FOXM1-dependent melanocyte proliferation, and genetic ablation of Chrm1 together with Chrm3 in mice virtually eliminates REM sleep (PMID:1411529, PMID:12810581, PMID:36054350, PMID:30157420). Crystal structures of the receptor bound to tiotropium reveal orthosteric and allosteric binding-site differences from other muscarinic subtypes that underlie subtype-selective pharmacology (PMID:26958838).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1987 High

    Molecular cloning of CHRM1 established it as a seven-transmembrane muscarinic receptor gene with distinct ligand-binding properties, providing the molecular identity needed for all subsequent subtype-selective studies.

    Evidence cDNA cloning from rat cerebral cortex, heterologous expression in mammalian cells, ligand-binding assays

    PMID:3037705 PMID:3443095

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous signaling effectors not yet identified
    • No structural information available
  2. 1991 High

    Reconstitution experiments showed CHRM1 selectively couples to PI hydrolysis and drives DNA synthesis and oncogenic transformation, distinguishing the Gq-coupled M1/M3/M5 subfamily from the Gi-coupled M2/M4 subfamily.

    Evidence Recombinant receptor expression in CHO and NIH 3T3 cells; PI hydrolysis, thymidine incorporation, and focus-formation assays with carbachol

    PMID:1905013 PMID:2739737

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream kinase cascades linking PI hydrolysis to transformation not delineated
    • G protein identity not yet confirmed biochemically
  3. 1994 High

    Biochemical identification of Gαq/11 as the primary G protein for CHRM1 and demonstration that CHRM1 activates Raf-1/ERK largely independently of PKC resolved the signaling pathway downstream of PI hydrolysis.

    Evidence GTP-azidoanilide photolabeling with subtype-specific immunoprecipitation in HEK293 membranes; Raf-1 kinase assays with dominant-negative Raf-1 and PKC inhibitors in NIH 3T3 cells

    PMID:8063729 PMID:8190105

    Open questions at the time
    • Ras involvement upstream of Raf-1 not directly tested
    • Mechanism of PKC-independent Raf-1 activation unresolved
  4. 1992 High

    Activation of CHRM1 was shown to rapidly increase secretion of amyloid precursor protein derivatives in a protein-kinase-dependent manner, linking muscarinic signaling to APP processing relevant to Alzheimer's disease.

    Evidence Carbachol stimulation of M1-transfected HEK293 cells; APP immunoassay; staurosporine inhibition

    PMID:1411529

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific kinase (PKC vs. other) mediating APP release not pinpointed
    • In vivo relevance in brain not established
  5. 2003 Medium

    Pharmacological dissection in human intestinal L cells demonstrated that CHRM1 controls GLP-1 secretion, expanding the receptor's physiological roles beyond the nervous system.

    Evidence Selective M1 agonist (McN-A-343) and antagonist (pirenzepine) in NCI-H716 cells; GLP-1 secretion assay; receptor expression confirmation by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry

    PMID:12810581

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo contribution of M1 versus M3 to incretin release not tested
    • Downstream signaling from M1 to exocytotic machinery not defined
  6. 2007 High

    Discovery that β-arrestins recruit diacylglycerol kinases to activated M1 receptors to accelerate DAG-to-PA conversion revealed a signal-termination mechanism that reshapes the lipid-signaling landscape downstream of CHRM1.

    Evidence Co-IP of β-arrestin with DGKs; RNAi knockdown; mass spectrometry; DAG/PA lipid measurements after agonist stimulation

    PMID:17272726

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific DGK isoform preference for M1 not determined
    • Functional consequences of PA generation not explored
  7. 2010 High

    Single-molecule imaging revealed that CHRM1 dynamically interconverts between monomers and transient dimers at the plasma membrane (~30% dimers), ruling out stable oligomeric states and defining the receptor's quaternary behavior.

    Evidence TIRFM single-molecule and two-color imaging in live CHO cells; single-particle tracking

    PMID:20133736

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional significance of dimerization for signaling output not tested
    • Agonist effect on dimer fraction not assessed
  8. 2016 High

    The crystal structure of M1 bound to tiotropium provided the first atomic-resolution view of CHRM1, revealing orthosteric and allosteric site differences from M2–M4 that explain subtype-selective pharmacology.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of human M1 receptor–tiotropium complex; structural comparison with M2, M3, M4 structures

    PMID:26958838

    Open questions at the time
    • Active-state structure not yet solved
    • Allosteric agonist co-crystal structures absent
  9. 2018 High

    CRISPR triple knockout of Chrm1/Chrm3 in mice virtually eliminated REM sleep, establishing that these Gq-type muscarinic receptors are essential generators of REM sleep.

    Evidence CRISPR KO mice; EEG/EMG polysomnography; chemogenetic silencing of cholinergic neurons as orthogonal validation

    PMID:30157420

    Open questions at the time
    • Individual contribution of Chrm1 versus Chrm3 to REM sleep not separable in the double KO
    • Downstream neural circuit mechanism not identified
  10. 2022 Medium

    An in vivo CRISPR screen and pharmacological studies showed that CHRM1 signaling sustains c-Myc and FOXM1 levels in melanoma, and CHRM1 antagonism inhibits tumor growth, revealing a druggable cholinergic proliferative axis in cancer.

    Evidence High-throughput pharmacologic screen; in vivo CRISPR genetic screen; preclinical mouse melanoma models; western blotting

    PMID:36054350

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking CHRM1 to c-Myc stabilization not defined
    • Generalizability to other tumor types untested
  11. 2024 Medium

    BRET biosensor and genetic studies demonstrated that CHRM1 inhibits the TRPM8 channel via Gq/PLC-mediated PIP2 depletion, defining a new effector axis with anti-fibrotic activity in liver disease models.

    Evidence BRET-based biosensors; CRISPR validation; chemogenomic screening in patient-derived 3D MASH liver organoids

    PMID:39605182

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo anti-fibrotic efficacy not demonstrated in animal models
    • Whether PIP2 depletion or a secondary metabolite mediates TRPM8 inhibition not resolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key open questions include the active-state structure of CHRM1, the mechanism by which CHRM1 activates Raf-1 independently of PKC, the individual roles of CHRM1 versus CHRM3 in REM sleep, and the signaling pathway linking CHRM1 to c-Myc/FOXM1 stabilization in cancer.
  • Active-state and agonist-bound structures lacking
  • PKC-independent Raf-1 activation mechanism undefined
  • Single versus double receptor contributions to REM sleep unseparated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 5
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 2
Partners
ARRB1ARRB2DGKZGNA11GNAQTRPM8

Evidence

Reading pass · 18 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1987 CHRM1 (M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) was identified as a member of a family of muscarinic receptor genes; cloned cDNAs were expressed in mammalian cells and shown to encode functional receptors with distinct ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression, featuring seven transmembrane segments and a large intracellular region. cDNA cloning from rat cerebral cortex library, expression in mammalian cells, ligand binding assays Science High 3037705 3443095
1989 CHRM1 (m1 subtype) selectively couples to phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis, and activation of this pathway by carbachol stimulates DNA synthesis in primary brain-derived astrocytes and transfected CHO cells, establishing that CHRM1-mediated PI hydrolysis drives cell proliferation. Transfection of recombinant mAChR subtypes in CHO cells and brain-derived cell lines; carbachol stimulation; PI hydrolysis assay; [3H]-thymidine incorporation Nature High 2739737
1991 CHRM1 (m1), together with m3 and m5 but not m2 or m4, acts as an agonist-dependent oncogene in NIH 3T3 cells; transformation requires receptor coupling to phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, whereas m2/m4 subtypes coupled to adenylyl cyclase inhibition do not cause transformation. Transfection of individual human mAChR genes in NIH 3T3 cells; focus formation assay with carbachol; PI hydrolysis assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 1905013
1992 Stimulation of CHRM1 (m1) and m3 receptors with carbachol in transfected HEK293 cells increases release of amyloid precursor protein (APP) derivatives within minutes; this process is blocked by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine, indicating that protein kinase activity mediates receptor-controlled APP processing. Transfection of HEK293 cells with muscarinic receptor genes; carbachol stimulation; APP derivative quantification by immunoassay; staurosporine inhibition Science High 1411529
1994 Activated CHRM1 (m1) in NIH 3T3 cells induces Raf-1 kinase activation and ERK2 activity in a largely PKC-independent manner; dominant-negative Raf-1 (K375W) abolishes m1-mediated transformation, placing Raf-1 downstream of CHRM1 signaling. Transfected NIH 3T3 cells expressing human m1 receptor; carbachol stimulation; Raf-1 kinase activity assay using MEK substrate; phosphoamino acid analysis; dominant-negative Raf-1 co-transfection; PKC inhibition (GF 109203X, phorbol ester down-regulation) The Journal of biological chemistry High 8063729
1994 CHRM1 (m1) and m3 receptors selectively activate Gq/11, while m2 selectively activates Gi2; all three subtypes also activate Gi1 and Gi3, but m1/m3 do so only at higher agonist concentrations, demonstrating subtype-selective G protein coupling with differential efficacies. Photolabeling of G protein alpha subunits with [α-32P]GTP azidoanilide in transfected HEK293 cell membranes; subtype-specific immunoprecipitation; carbachol dose-response Molecular pharmacology High 8190105
2007 β-arrestins coordinate termination of CHRM1 (M1 muscarinic receptor) signaling by physically interacting with diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) and recruiting this complex to activated M1 receptors, thereby accelerating DAG degradation to phosphatidic acid; β-arrestins are essential for agonist-stimulated DAG-to-PA conversion at activated M1 receptors. Co-immunoprecipitation of β-arrestin with DGKs; RNAi knockdown of β-arrestins; mass spectrometry identification; DAG/phosphatidic acid measurements after agonist stimulation; recruitment of β-arrestin-DGK complex to activated 7TMRs by imaging Science High 17272726
2007 Extracellular tau protein promotes intracellular calcium increase in neuronal cells through CHRM1 (M1) and M3 muscarinic receptors; this effect is blocked by M1/M3-selective antagonists and is recapitulated in non-neuronal cells transfected with M1 or M3 cDNA, indicating tau acts on neurons via these receptors. Antagonist pharmacology (pirenzepine, 4-DAMP) in primary hippocampal/cortical neurons and neuroblastoma; transfection of M1/M3 cDNA in non-neuronal cells; intracellular calcium imaging Molecular and cellular neurosciences Medium 18272392
2008 M1 muscarinic receptor (CHRM1) allosteric agonists (AC-42 and 77-LH-28-1) selectively activate M1 over other mAChR subtypes via an allosteric binding site; 77-LH-28-1 also acts as an agonist at native rat hippocampal M1 receptors, increasing cell firing and inducing gamma frequency network oscillations in vitro and in vivo. Calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate accumulation assays at recombinant mAChR subtypes; in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology in rat hippocampus British journal of pharmacology Medium 18454168
2009 CHRM1 signaling via Gαq/11 is functionally altered in 'muscarinic receptor-deficit schizophrenia': agonist potency for Gq/11 stimulation is decreased while maximal Gq/11-[35S]GTPγS coupling is increased, indicating compensatory upregulation of receptor-G protein coupling efficiency in this subgroup. [35S]GTPγS-Gαq/11 immunocapture assay in postmortem human cortex membranes (Brodmann area 9); dose-response to orthosteric (oxotremorine-M) and allosteric (AC-42) agonists Neuropsychopharmacology Medium 19404243
2010 Individual M1 muscarinic receptor (CHRM1) molecules are randomly distributed in the plasma membrane and dynamically interconvert between monomers and dimers on a timescale of seconds; approximately 30% exist as dimers at any given time with no evidence for higher-order oligomers. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) single-molecule imaging in live CHO cells; two-color TIRFM for dimer confirmation; single-particle tracking (~30 ms / ~20 nm resolution) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 20133736
2013 In Huntington's disease striatal cells, H3K9me3-dependent heterochromatin accumulates at the CHRM1 promoter, reducing CHRM1 gene expression and impairing Ca2+-dependent neuronal signal transduction. H3K9me3-ChIP genome-wide sequencing combined with RNA sequencing in STHdh Q7/7 and Q111/111 stable cell lines; platform integration analysis; Ca2+ signaling functional assay Acta neuropathologica Medium 23455440
2016 Crystal structures of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor bound to the inverse agonist tiotropium revealed structural differences in orthosteric and allosteric binding sites compared to M2, M3, and M4 receptors, providing a molecular basis for drug selectivity; comparison across subtypes identified residue differences contributing to subtype-selective binding. X-ray crystallography of M1 receptor in complex with tiotropium; structural comparison with M2, M3, M4 crystal structures Nature High 26958838
2018 Chrm1 and Chrm3 double knockout in mice chronically diminishes REM sleep to almost undetectable levels, and knockout of these two Gq-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors phenocopies synaptic inhibition of TrkA+ cholinergic neurons, establishing that CHRM1 and CHRM3 are essential for REM sleep generation. Triple-target CRISPR knockout of Chrm1/Chrm3 in mice; polysomnographic sleep recording (EEG/EMG); chemogenetic synaptic inhibition of TrkA+ cholinergic neurons Cell reports High 30157420
2021 Magnolol upregulates CHRM1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells treated with Aβ, and CHRM1 activation mediates protection against Tau hyperphosphorylation and apoptosis through the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway; pharmacological inactivation of cAMP signaling reverses magnolol's protective effects. CCK-8 viability assay; qRT-PCR and western blotting for CHRM1 and pathway components; ELISA and western blotting for cAMP/PKA/CREB; caspase-3 activity and flow cytometry for apoptosis; siRNA or inhibitor of cAMP pathway Journal of natural medicines Low 34705126
2022 DOPA inhibits melanocyte and melanoma cell proliferation by inhibiting CHRM1 signaling; pharmacologic CHRM1 antagonism depletes c-Myc and FOXM1, and both pharmacologic inhibition of CHRM1 and FOXM1 inhibit melanoma tumor growth in preclinical mouse models. High-throughput pharmacologic screen; in vivo CRISPR genetic screen; pharmacological CHRM1 antagonism; western blotting for c-Myc and FOXM1; preclinical mouse melanoma tumor models Science advances Medium 36054350
2024 CHRM1 inhibits the TRPM8 cation channel via Gq/11 and phospholipase C-mediated depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), defining a novel CHRM1-TRPM8 signaling axis with anti-fibrotic effects in liver disease; CHRM1 activation produces strong anti-fibrotic effects in a patient-derived 3D MASH model. BRET-based biosensors in live cells; orthogonal genetic assays (CRISPR); high-content imaging; chemogenomic screening in patient-derived 3D liver organoid model; multi-omics Advanced science Medium 39605182
2003 M1 muscarinic receptors (CHRM1) expressed in human intestinal L cells (NCI-H716) control GLP-1 secretion; selective M1 agonist McN-A-343 stimulates GLP-1 secretion dose-dependently, and pirenzepine (M1 antagonist) but not 4-DAMP (M3 antagonist) blocks bethanechol-stimulated GLP-1 release, confirming a functional role for CHRM1 in GLP-1 secretion. GLP-1 secretion assay in NCI-H716 human L cell line; selective agonists/antagonists for mAChR subtypes; western blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR for receptor subtype expression confirmation Endocrinology Medium 12810581

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 43 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
1987 Identification of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1458 3037705
1987 Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The EMBO journal 827 3443095
1992 Release of Alzheimer amyloid precursor derivatives stimulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Science (New York, N.Y.) 790 1411529
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2003 Intracellular Ca2+ and the phospholipid PIP2 regulate the taste transduction ion channel TRPM5. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 345 14657398
2010 Formation and dissociation of M1 muscarinic receptor dimers seen by total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of single molecules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 311 20133736
1991 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes as agonist-dependent oncogenes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 290 1905013
2016 Crystal structures of the M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Nature 267 26958838
1989 Acetylcholine analogue stimulates DNA synthesis in brain-derived cells via specific muscarinic receptor subtypes. Nature 256 2739737
1989 Muscarinic receptor subtypes. Physiology and clinical implications. The New England journal of medicine 245 2674717
1999 Diversity of mRNA expression for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in human mononuclear leukocytes and leukemic cell lines. Neuroscience letters 201 10336173
2007 Extracellular tau promotes intracellular calcium increase through M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors in neuronal cells. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 193 18272392
2002 Decreased muscarinic1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Molecular psychiatry 183 12476323
2009 Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip. American journal of human genetics 164 19913121
1994 Transfected muscarinic acetylcholine receptors selectively couple to Gi-type G proteins and Gq/11. Molecular pharmacology 156 8190105
2008 A novel mechanism of G protein-coupled receptor functional selectivity. Muscarinic partial agonist McN-A-343 as a bitopic orthosteric/allosteric ligand. The Journal of biological chemistry 139 18723515
2004 A library of 7TM receptor C-terminal tails. Interactions with the proposed post-endocytic sorting proteins ERM-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50), N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), sorting nexin 1 (SNX1), and G protein-coupled receptor-associated sorting protein (GASP). The Journal of biological chemistry 139 15452121
2009 Genetical genomic determinants of alcohol consumption in rats and humans. BMC biology 135 19874574
2008 Decreased cortical muscarinic receptors define a subgroup of subjects with schizophrenia. Molecular psychiatry 125 18317461
2007 Targeting of diacylglycerol degradation to M1 muscarinic receptors by beta-arrestins. Science (New York, N.Y.) 122 17272726
2008 Characterization of a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, 77-LH-28-1. British journal of pharmacology 105 18454168
2003 Muscarinic receptors control glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion by human endocrine L cells. Endocrinology 102 12810581
2001 Expression of multiple subtypes of muscarinic receptors and cellular distribution in the human heart. Molecular pharmacology 99 11306684
2008 Reviews in molecular biology and biotechnology: transmembrane signaling by G protein-coupled receptors. Molecular biotechnology 92 18240029
2004 Identification of a novel family of G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting proteins. Journal of neurochemistry 88 15086532
2003 Reduced expression of the muscarinic 1 receptor cortical subtype in schizophrenia. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 86 12707929
1994 Signaling through transforming G protein-coupled receptors in NIH 3T3 cells involves c-Raf activation. Evidence for a protein kinase C-independent pathway. The Journal of biological chemistry 86 8063729
2009 Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic response in the CATIE trial: a candidate gene analysis. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 84 19156168
2018 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Chrm1 and Chrm3 Are Essential for REM Sleep. Cell reports 76 30157420
2009 Altered M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM1)-Galpha(q/11) coupling in a schizophrenia endophenotype. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 49 19404243
2013 Epigenetic regulation of cholinergic receptor M1 (CHRM1) by histone H3K9me3 impairs Ca(2+) signaling in Huntington's disease. Acta neuropathologica 39 23455440
2006 Gene-based analysis suggests association of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta1 subunit (CHRNB1) and M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM1) with vulnerability for nicotine dependence. Human genetics 37 16874522
2022 Endogenous DOPA inhibits melanoma through suppression of CHRM1 signaling. Science advances 16 36054350
2022 Loss of Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) Protein in the Hippocampus and Temporal Cortex of a Subset of Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, or Frontotemporal Dementia: Implications for Patient Survival. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 15 36155524
2021 Magnolol upregulates CHRM1 to attenuate Amyloid-β-triggered neuronal injury through regulating the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Journal of natural medicines 14 34705126
2024 Chemogenomic Screening in a Patient-Derived 3D Fatty Liver Disease Model Reveals the CHRM1-TRPM8 Axis as a Novel Module for Targeted Intervention. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 13 39605182
2019 Pharmacogenetics of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: The role of CHRM1 and CHRM2 muscarinic receptors. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry 10 30623717
2023 Vitamin E protects dopaminergic neurons against manganese-induced neurotoxicity through stimulation of CHRM1 and KCNJ4. Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS) 7 37939525
2019 The decrease in hippocampal transient receptor potential M2 (TRPM2) channel and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 (CHRM1) is associated with memory loss in a surgical menopause rat model. Archives of medical science : AMS 7 33488875
2022 Network toxicology and molecular docking analyses on strychnine indicate CHRM1 is a potential neurotoxic target. BMC complementary medicine and therapies 6 36244968
2026 Bridging neurotransmission and tumor biology: the emerging focus on CHRM1 in skin cancer therapy. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 0 41619298