Affinage

CD52

CAMPATH-1 antigen · UniProt P31358

Length
61 aa
Mass
6.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 24 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CD52 is a GPI-anchored glycoprotein with an exceptionally short mature peptide (12 amino acids) and a single N-linked glycan that functions as a bidirectional immune regulator: membrane-bound CD52 delivers costimulatory signals in T cells by clustering with the TCR in a CD45- and Lck/Fyn-dependent manner, while soluble CD52, released by phospholipase C cleavage upon lymphocyte activation, suppresses T cell, B cell, and innate immune responses by engaging the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 through an HMGB1 Box B–dependent mechanism that recruits the SHP1 phosphatase to the Siglec-10 ITIM and impairs TCR/BCR kinase phosphorylation (PMID:10744652, PMID:23685786, PMID:29997173, PMID:33658999). At higher concentrations soluble CD52 also inhibits NF-κB signaling downstream of TLR and TNF receptors and can trigger BAX/BAK-dependent intrinsic apoptosis via MCL-1 depletion (PMID:29244050). Beyond the immune system, CD52 is the most abundant transcript in human epididymal principal cells and is progressively transferred to maturing spermatozoa during epididymal transit as a structurally distinct glycoform bearing inositol-palmitoylated GPI anchor and terminally sialylated complex N-glycans (PMID:8418821, PMID:10514467).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Establishing the molecular identity of CD52 resolved how such a small protein could serve as an abundant cell-surface antigen: it has only 12 mature residues, one N-glycan, and a GPI anchor.

    Evidence Protein purification, N-terminal sequencing, cDNA cloning, and PI-PLC sensitivity on lymphocytes

    PMID:1711975

    Open questions at the time
    • Three-dimensional structure of the glycoprotein undetermined
    • Function of the single N-glycan unknown
    • Biological role of CD52 beyond serving as an antigen unresolved
  2. 1993 High

    Mapping the CAMPATH-1 epitope to the C-terminal tripeptide plus GPI anchor explained why the antibody is so efficient at triggering complement lysis—proximity to the membrane maximizes complement activation—and showed that the N-glycan and most of the peptide are dispensable for antibody recognition.

    Evidence Deglycosylation, proteolytic fragmentation, antigen reincorporation into target cells, complement lysis assay

    PMID:8366859

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-level epitope structure not yet solved
    • How CD52 density on different cell types affects lysis efficiency unknown
  3. 1993 High

    Discovery that the most abundant epididymal transcript (HE5) encodes the same peptide as lymphocyte CD52 revealed a dual immune–reproductive biology for this gene, with CD52 acquired by spermatozoa during epididymal transit.

    Evidence Differential cDNA library screening, Northern blot, in situ hybridization, and sequence identity confirmation; immunohistochemistry and complement-mediated sperm motility inhibition

    PMID:7685389 PMID:8418821

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of CD52 on sperm undefined
    • Mechanism of CD52 transfer from epididymal epithelium to sperm not characterized
  4. 1995 High

    Demonstrating that CD52 cross-linking induces cyclosporin A–sensitive T cell proliferation established that CD52 is not merely a passive surface marker but can actively costimulate T cells.

    Evidence Antibody cross-linking of CD52 on purified primary human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, proliferation and lymphokine assays, cyclosporin A inhibition

    PMID:7718516

    Open questions at the time
    • Proximal signaling intermediates unidentified
    • Relationship to TCR unclear
    • Whether costimulation occurs physiologically unknown
  5. 1996 High

    Detection of CD52 on eosinophils (but not neutrophils at the time) and its ability to inhibit ROS production upon cross-linking extended CD52 function beyond lymphocytes to innate effector cells with an inhibitory rather than costimulatory outcome.

    Evidence Flow cytometry, RT-PCR, Northern blot, PI-PLC treatment, chemiluminescence ROS assay on primary human eosinophils

    PMID:8977262

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of ROS inhibition downstream of GPI-anchored CD52 unknown
    • Relevance in eosinophilic disease not tested
  6. 1996 Medium

    Temperature- and androgen-dependent regulation of epididymal CD52 mRNA stability revealed posttranscriptional control mechanisms explaining why CD52 is expressed only in the scrotal environment.

    Evidence Northern blot with castration/hormone replacement in rats; dog epididymal cell culture temperature manipulation with transcription inhibitors

    PMID:8828507 PMID:9364437

    Open questions at the time
    • RNA-binding factors mediating temperature-sensitive decay unidentified
    • Whether similar regulation occurs in human epididymis untested
  7. 1999 High

    Structural characterization of seminal CD52 glycoforms revealed inositol palmitoylation rendering the GPI anchor PLC-resistant and distinctive sialylated branched N-glycans, distinguishing reproductive from lymphocyte CD52 at the post-translational level.

    Evidence Mass spectrometry of GPI anchor and N-glycans from seminal plasma CD52

    PMID:10514467

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequences of inositol palmitoylation on sperm unknown
    • Glycan-specific receptors on female reproductive tract undefined
  8. 2000 High

    Showing that CD52 costimulation requires co-expression of the TCR and CD45 phosphatase, triggers Lck/Fyn-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation without PLC-γ1 or Ca²⁺ signals, and that CD52 homo-associates and physically clusters with the TCR defined the proximal signaling mechanism of membrane-bound CD52.

    Evidence FRET imaging, protein tyrosine phosphorylation assays in Jurkat transfectants and CD45-deficient subclones

    PMID:10744652

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream transcription factor targets of CD52-TCR costimulation uncharacterized
    • Whether endogenous ligand for CD52 exists unknown
  9. 2003 High

    Demonstrating that alemtuzumab efficacy in vivo depends on FcγR-bearing effector cells (neutrophils, macrophages) rather than complement alone clarified the effector mechanism of therapeutic anti-CD52 antibody.

    Evidence NOD/SCID xenograft model with FcRγ-knockout mice and complement depletion; human CD52 transgenic mouse with neutrophil/NK depletion

    PMID:14559836 PMID:19740383

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of ADCC vs. antibody-dependent phagocytosis not dissected
    • Whether FcγR dependence extends to all CD52-expressing cell types unknown
  10. 2013 High

    Identifying soluble CD52 as a suppressive mediator released by CD52hi T cells that engages the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 to impair Lck/Zap70 phosphorylation established a new immunosuppressive axis distinct from Foxp3+ Tregs.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation of CD52–Siglec-10, phosphokinase assays, PI-PLC cleavage, NOD mouse transfer model

    PMID:23685786

    Open questions at the time
    • How selectivity for CD52hi cells is determined unknown
    • Whether soluble CD52 acts in trans on other immune cell types not tested
    • Structural basis of CD52–Siglec-10 interaction undefined
  11. 2017 High

    Extending soluble CD52 function to innate immunity showed it inhibits TLR/TNFR-driven NF-κB activation and, at higher concentrations, triggers MCL-1 depletion and BAX/BAK-dependent intrinsic apoptosis, with in vivo confirmation using CD52 knockout mice in endotoxic shock.

    Evidence NF-κB reporter assay, MCL-1/BAX/BAK western blot in macrophages/DCs, CD52 knockout mouse LPS challenge

    PMID:29244050

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular target upstream of NF-κB not identified
    • Whether MCL-1 depletion is Siglec-10-dependent or independent unknown
  12. 2018 High

    Demonstrating that HMGB1 Box B serves as a bridging cofactor between the α-2,3-sialylated N-glycan of soluble CD52 and Siglec-10 resolved how a small glycopeptide achieves receptor engagement, with HMGB1 sequestration additionally neutralizing its proinflammatory activity.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, CD52-Fc binding assays, domain-specific HMGB1 competition, Siglec-10 ITIM phosphorylation and SHP1 recruitment assays

    PMID:29997173

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of the ternary CD52–HMGB1–Siglec-10 complex undetermined
    • Structural model of the ternary complex lacking
    • Whether other DAMPs can substitute for HMGB1 unknown
  13. 2021 High

    Demonstrating that CD52 deletion renders B cells hyperresponsive to BCR stimulation and that BCR activation itself cleaves surface CD52 via PLC to generate soluble CD52 that feeds back through Siglec-10 unified the costimulatory and suppressive roles into a single activation-coupled negative feedback loop operating in B cells.

    Evidence CD52-deficient JeKo-1 cells, BCR signaling assays, PLC inhibition, recombinant CD52-Fc treatment, single-cell RNA-seq

    PMID:33658999

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the feedback loop operates equivalently in primary B cell subsets untested
    • Quantitative dynamics of CD52 shedding relative to BCR signal strength unknown
  14. 2021 Medium

    Showing that CD52 regulates monocyte adhesion by modulating CD18 surface levels and is itself transcriptionally controlled by STAT6 (IL-4/IL-13) and suppressed by IFN/JAK1/HDAC IIa linked CD52 to integrin-mediated monocyte functions and cytokine-directed gene regulation.

    Evidence CD52 overexpression/knockdown in monocytes, adhesion assay, STAT6/JAK1/HDAC inhibitor experiments, flow cytometry

    PMID:33760395

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which CD52 reduces CD18 levels (direct vs. indirect) unknown
    • Relevance in autoimmune tissue infiltration not demonstrated in vivo

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include: whether an endogenous trans-ligand for membrane-bound CD52 exists, the three-dimensional structure of the CD52–HMGB1–Siglec-10 ternary complex, the functional role of CD52 on spermatozoa in fertilization, and whether CD52-mediated NF-κB suppression proceeds through Siglec-10 or an independent receptor.
  • No structural model of CD52 glycoprotein or its ternary signaling complex
  • Sperm CD52 function in fertilization completely undefined
  • Innate immune receptor for soluble CD52 on macrophages not conclusively identified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
FYNHMGB1LCKPTPN6PTPRCSIGLEC10

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1991 CD52 (CAMPATH-1 antigen) is a GPI-anchored glycoprotein with a remarkably short mature peptide of only 12–18 amino acid residues and one N-linked oligosaccharide at Asn3; its peptide backbone was determined by N-terminal sequencing and cDNA cloning, confirming GPI anchorage via phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C sensitivity. Protein purification, N-terminal sequencing, PCR-based cDNA cloning, phospholipase C treatment European journal of immunology High 1711975
1993 The antigenic epitope of CD52 recognized by CAMPATH-1 antibodies resides in the C-terminal tripeptide plus the GPI anchor region; proximity of the epitope to the cell membrane (not N-linked sugar or first nine amino acids) accounts for its efficiency as a complement lysis target. Both native and deglycosylated antigen and the proteolytic fragment can be reincorporated into target cells to confer sensitivity to lysis. Deglycosylation, proteolytic fragmentation, antigen reincorporation into target cells, complement lysis assay Molecular immunology High 8366859
1993 CD52 is expressed at high level in the epididymis and on mature (but not testicular) spermatozoa, acquired during epididymal transit; its expression on sperm may involve transfer from epididymal epithelial cells. In the presence of complement, CAMPATH-1 antibodies inhibit sperm motility, but seminal plasma blocks antibody binding and protects sperm. Immunohistochemistry, complement-mediated motility inhibition assay Journal of reproductive immunology Medium 7685389
1993 HE5, the most abundant human epididymal principal cell mRNA, encodes the same peptide backbone as the lymphocyte differentiation antigen CDw52, originating from the same single-copy gene, demonstrating that CD52 expression in the immune and reproductive systems arises from a shared gene with highly tissue-specific expression. Differential cDNA library screening, Northern blot, in situ hybridization, sequencing Molecular reproduction and development High 8418821
1995 Cross-linking of CD52 on normal human T lymphocytes induces proliferation and lymphokine production in purified CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (in the presence of phorbol esters or cross-linking antibodies); the activation signal is inhibited by cyclosporin A, implicating calcineurin-dependent pathways. CD52 cross-linking augments anti-CD3-mediated proliferation when co-immobilized but does not synergize with anti-CD2 or anti-CD28. T cell proliferation assay, lymphokine production, cyclosporin A inhibition, antibody cross-linking International immunology High 7718516
1996 CD52 is expressed on human eosinophils (surface and mRNA) but not neutrophils; cross-linking CD52 on eosinophils dose-dependently inhibits reactive oxygen species production stimulated by C5a, platelet-activating factor, and GM-CSF, and CD52 is anchored by GPI (sensitive to PI-PLC). Phorbol ester down-regulates eosinophil CD52. Flow cytometry, RT-PCR, Northern blot, PI-PLC treatment, ROS assay with chemiluminescence, antibody cross-linking Blood High 8977262
1998 Cross-linking CD52 on B-cell (Wien 133) and Jurkat T-cell lines causes growth inhibition and apoptosis (independent of Fas/FasL pathway); surviving cells down-regulate CD52 and other GPI-anchored molecules (CD59, CD55) but not transmembrane proteins, due to a defect in GPI precursor synthesis. This phenotype is reversible in B cells but stable in T cells, analogous to PNH. Cell growth assay, FACS, in vitro antibody cross-linking, flow cytometry, clone selection, nude mouse xenograft Immunology Medium 9824507
1999 Seminal plasma / male genital tract CD52 differs structurally from lymphocyte CD52: its GPI anchor contains 2-inositol palmitoylation (rendering it phospholipase C-resistant) and a sn-1-alkyl-2-lyso-glycerol structure, while N-glycans are highly charged, terminally sialylated, complex-type with branched lactosamine repeats and peripheral fucose not found on lymphocyte CD52. Western blot, structural glycan analysis, GPI anchor structural characterization by mass spectrometry The Journal of biological chemistry High 10514467
2000 CD52-mediated T-cell signal transduction requires co-expression of both the TCR and CD45 phosphatase; CD52 cross-linking triggers tyrosine phosphorylation events similar to anti-CD3, but without PLC-γ1 activation or Ca2+ signals. FRET demonstrated CD52 homo-association and CD52–TCR association at the cell surface. A model is proposed where CD52 cross-linking traps TCR within membrane complexes, inducing signals through CD45-regulated Lck and Fyn. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation assay, Jurkat CD52 transfectants, CD45-deficient subclones, FRET imaging International immunology High 10744652
2002 Monocyte-derived dendritic cells express abundant CD52 and are depleted by alemtuzumab, whereas Langerhans cells and dermal-interstitial DCs never express CD52 under steady-state or inflammatory conditions; monocyte-derived DC development in vitro does not require CD52, and anti-CD52 does not impair DC–T cell adhesion or DC-stimulated T cell proliferation. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry of skin/gut, in vitro DC differentiation, mixed lymphocyte reaction Blood High 12176892 12393688
2009 In a human CD52 transgenic mouse model, alemtuzumab-mediated lymphocyte depletion and cytokine induction were largely independent of complement but dependent on neutrophils and NK cells, as demonstrated by depletion of these populations with anti-Gr-1 or anti-asialo-GM-1 antibodies, which strongly inhibited alemtuzumab activity, whereas cobra venom factor (complement removal) had no impact. Human CD52 transgenic mouse model, in vivo antibody depletion of neutrophils/NK cells, cobra venom factor complement depletion, serum cytokine assay, flow cytometry Immunology High 19740383
2009 Neutrophils express CD52 mRNA and surface protein (at lower levels than lymphocytes/eosinophils), and incubation with alemtuzumab causes dose-dependent complement-mediated lysis of neutrophils, providing a mechanistic explanation for alemtuzumab-associated neutropenia. RT-PCR, flow cytometry with multiple anti-CD52 antibodies, complement lysis assay with autologous and heterologous complement Blood High 19638623
2013 Human and mouse CD52hi CD4+ T cells suppress other T cells via soluble CD52 released by phospholipase C. Soluble CD52 binds the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10, impairing phosphorylation of TCR-associated kinases Lck and Zap70 and thereby suppressing T cell activation. This population is distinct from Foxp3+ Tregs. Co-immunoprecipitation, phosphokinase assay, phospholipase C cleavage, NOD mouse transfer model, flow cytometry, human type 1 diabetes cohort Nature immunology High 23685786
2018 Binding of soluble CD52 to Siglec-10 and T cell suppression requires the DAMP protein HMGB1: soluble CD52 binds specifically to the proinflammatory Box B domain of HMGB1, which in turn promotes binding of the CD52 N-linked glycan (in α-2,3 sialic acid linkage with galactose) to Siglec-10. This triggers Siglec-10 tyrosine phosphorylation, recruits SHP1 phosphatase to the Siglec-10 ITIM, and associates with the TCR, collectively suppressing T cell function. Anti-HMGB1 antibody or the Box A domain of HMGB1 blocks suppression. Co-immunoprecipitation, CD52-Fc binding assays, domain-specific HMGB1 competition, Siglec-10 phosphorylation assay, SHP1 recruitment assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 29997173
2017 Soluble CD52 inhibits Toll-like receptor and TNF receptor signaling, limiting NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. At higher concentrations, soluble CD52 depletes MCL-1, activating BAX/BAK-dependent intrinsic apoptosis. In vivo, CD52 administration suppresses LPS-induced cytokine secretion and endotoxic shock, whereas CD52 genetic deletion exacerbates LPS responses. Soluble CD52 treatment of primary innate immune cells, NF-κB reporter assay, MCL-1/BAX/BAK western blot, CD52 knockout mouse LPS challenge model Cell death and differentiation High 29244050
2021 Surface CD52 on B cells functions as an inhibitory regulator of BCR signaling: CD52-deficient JeKo-1 cells are hyperresponsive to BCR stimulation; antigen-specific BCR activation cleaves CD52 from the surface in a phospholipase C-dependent manner; soluble CD52-Fc inhibits BCR signaling partly via Siglec-10; and prolonged CD52 exposure expands IgD+IgMlo anergic B cells. CD52-deficient cell line, BCR signaling assay, phospholipase C inhibition, recombinant CD52-Fc treatment, single-cell RNA-seq, flow cytometry Frontiers in immunology High 33658999
2021 CD52 regulates monocyte adhesion and type I interferon signaling: CD52 overexpression decreases CD18 levels and monocyte adhesion, while CD52 knockdown increases adhesion. CD52 expression in monocytes is up-regulated by IL-4/IL-13 via STAT6 and down-regulated by LPS and type I/II IFNs via JAK1 and HDAC IIa. CD52 overexpression and knockdown in monocytes, monocyte adhesion assay, STAT6/JAK1/HDAC inhibitor experiments, flow cytometry, RNA-seq Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) Medium 33760395
1998 Crystal structures of rat anti-CD52 (CAMPATH-1G) Fab and its humanized counterpart (CAMPATH-1H) were solved at 2.6 Å and 3.25 Å, respectively. The antibody-combining site is dominated by protrusion of LysH52b and LysH53 from loop H2; framework residues H71 and H24 govern large conformational differences between rat and humanized loop H1, providing structural insight into antigen affinity and the basis for CDR grafting. X-ray crystallography Journal of molecular biology High 9811544
2019 A co-crystal structure of an anti-CD52 antibody Fab with a CD52 peptide mimetic (PDB 6OBD, 2.2 Å) revealed that Asn33 in light chain CDR1 directly contacts the CD52 phosphate group via a hydrogen bond, explaining the ~400-fold affinity loss upon Asn33 deamidation; Gly34 is away from the interface and mutagenesis at this site (G34R, G34K, G34Q) confers deamidation resistance while preserving binding and CDC activity. X-ray co-crystallography, surface plasmon resonance (Biacore), LC-MS peptide mapping, CDC assay, site-directed mutagenesis mAbs High 31199181
2003 In a murine ATL xenograft model, Campath-1H (alemtuzumab) anti-tumor killing in vivo requires FcR gamma-containing receptors (e.g., FcRγIII) on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, mediating ADCC and/or cross-linking-induced apoptosis; FcRγ-knockout mice showed loss of Campath-1H efficacy. NOD/SCID xenograft model, FcRγ knockout mice, survival analysis Cancer research High 14559836
1996 CD52 expression in the rat epididymis is regulated by androgen level and temperature, and shows region-dependent poly(A) tail length differences: 'long' poly(A) tail CD52 mRNA in the cauda requires both androgens and testicular factors and is lost at abdominal temperature; 'short' poly(A) tail mRNA responds to androgens alone. This suggests posttranscriptional regulation of CD52 mRNA stability. Northern blot, castration/hormone replacement, efferent duct ligation, temperature manipulation in rats Molecular reproduction and development Medium 9364437
1996 Body temperature (37°C) specifically and irreversibly suppresses CD52/CE5 mRNA levels in epididymal epithelial cell culture compared to 33°C, by a direct posttranscriptional mechanism affecting mRNA half-life, not mediated by testicular or androgenic factors and not affecting other epididymal mRNAs. Dog epididymal cell culture, temperature manipulation, mRNA stability assay with transcription/translation inhibitors Endocrinology Medium 8828507
2005 Different CD52 glycoforms associate differently with membrane lipid microdomains: in leukocytes both the CAMPATH-epitope glycoform and the O-glycan-bearing glycoform are in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts, whereas in capacitated sperm the O-glycoform partitions into GM3-rich microdomains distinct from the cholesterol/GM1-rich rafts containing the CAMPATH-reactive glycoform. This differential raft association depends on glycan differences. Brij 98 detergent solubilization, sucrose gradient fractionation, heterologous CD52 insertion into rat sperm, Western blot Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 16266689

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1997 Phase II multicenter study of human CD52 antibody in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. European Study Group of CAMPATH-1H Treatment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 416 9193354
2002 Phase II trial of subcutaneous anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) as first-line treatment for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Blood 386 12130484
2003 Results from a human renal allograft tolerance trial evaluating the humanized CD52-specific monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H). Transplantation 329 12865797
2003 Phase 2 study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. Blood 279 12543862
2009 Investigation of the mechanism of action of alemtuzumab in a human CD52 transgenic mouse model. Immunology 262 19740383
2003 A pilot study of alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) therapy for patients with relapsed or chemotherapy-refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Blood 231 15070664
1998 Levels of expression of CD52 in normal and leukemic B and T cells: correlation with in vivo therapeutic responses to Campath-1H. Leukemia research 219 9593475
2013 T cell regulation mediated by interaction of soluble CD52 with the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10. Nature immunology 162 23685786
1997 Treatment of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia with human CD52 antibody. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 161 9215839
1998 Improving the outcome of bone marrow transplantation by using CD52 monoclonal antibodies to prevent graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection. Blood 156 9845524
1991 Characterization of the CAMPATH-1 (CDw52) antigen: biochemical analysis and cDNA cloning reveal an unusually small peptide backbone. European journal of immunology 153 1711975
2013 Differential reconstitution of T cell subsets following immunodepleting treatment with alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 137 24198283
2000 CD52 antibodies for prevention of graft-versus-host disease and graft rejection following transplantation of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells. Bone marrow transplantation 136 10918407
2006 Heterogeneous CD52 expression among hematologic neoplasms: implications for the use of alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H). Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 115 17145843
2002 Differential CD52 expression by distinct myeloid dendritic cell subsets: implications for alemtuzumab activity at the level of antigen presentation in allogeneic graft-host interactions in transplantation. Blood 113 12393688
1998 Cross-linking of the CAMPATH-1 antigen (CD52) mediates growth inhibition in human B- and T-lymphoma cell lines, and subsequent emergence of CD52-deficient cells. Immunology 111 9824507
2002 Peripheral blood but not tissue dendritic cells express CD52 and are depleted by treatment with alemtuzumab. Blood 109 12176892
2004 Cellular immune reconstitution after subcutaneous alemtuzumab (anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, CAMPATH-1H) treatment as first-line therapy for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukemia 98 14749699
1993 The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored lymphocyte antigen CDw52 is associated with the epididymal maturation of human spermatozoa. Journal of reproductive immunology 98 7685389
1993 Efficient complement-mediated lysis of cells containing the CAMPATH-1 (CDw52) antigen. Molecular immunology 94 8366859
1999 Male-specific modification of human CD52. The Journal of biological chemistry 90 10514467
2017 The immunological function of CD52 and its targeting in organ transplantation. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] 88 28283679
2003 Remission induction in Behçet's disease following lymphocyte depletion by the anti-CD52 antibody CAMPATH 1-H. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 87 12949252
2003 Effective therapy for a murine model of adult T-cell leukemia with the humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, Campath-1H. Cancer research 83 14559836
1993 A major mRNA of the human epididymal principal cells, HE5, encodes the leucocyte differentiation CDw52 antigen peptide backbone. Molecular reproduction and development 82 8418821
1996 Surface and mRNA expression of the CD52 antigen by human eosinophils but not by neutrophils. Blood 80 8977262
1995 Emergence of CD52-, phosphatidylinositolglycan-anchor-deficient T lymphocytes after in vivo application of Campath-1H for refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 80 7632956
1995 Cross-linking of the CAMPATH-1 antigen (CD52) triggers activation of normal human T lymphocytes. International immunology 78 7718516
2006 Activity of alemtuzumab in patients with CD52-positive acute leukemia. Cancer 72 16688777
2018 CD52 glycan binds the proinflammatory B box of HMGB1 to engage the Siglec-10 receptor and suppress human T cell function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 68 29997173
2009 Variable CD52 expression in mature T cell and NK cell malignancies: implications for alemtuzumab therapy. British journal of haematology 66 19236377
1994 Immunohistochemical analysis of CDw52 antigen expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Journal of clinical pathology 66 8027367
2018 Clinical pharmacology of alemtuzumab, an anti-CD52 immunomodulator, in multiple sclerosis. Clinical and experimental immunology 62 30144037
1997 Interaction of the human epididymal protein CD52 (HE5) with epididymal spermatozoa from men and cynomolgus monkeys. Molecular reproduction and development 61 9291477
2010 Therapy of steroid-refractory acute GVHD with CD52 antibody alemtuzumab is effective. Bone marrow transplantation 58 20348971
2001 CD52 antigen--a review. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 56 11257744
2017 CD52 inhibits Toll-like receptor activation of NF-κB and triggers apoptosis to suppress inflammation. Cell death and differentiation 53 29244050
2001 New insights into the origin, structure and role of CD52: a major component of the mammalian sperm glycocalyx. Cells, tissues, organs 52 11114591
2001 Campath-1H (anti-CD52) monoclonal antibody therapy in lymphoproliferative disorders. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 52 11778765
2003 Successful treatment of refractory pure red cell aplasia associated with lymphoproliferative disorders with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H). British journal of haematology 51 14531909
2011 CD52 as a molecular target for immunotherapy to treat acute myeloid leukemia with high EVI1 expression. Leukemia 48 21394097
2007 Treatment of severe refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with alemtuzumab (humanized CD52 monoclonal antibody). Leukemia 48 17215854
2009 Neutrophils express CD52 and exhibit complement-mediated lysis in the presence of alemtuzumab. Blood 47 19638623
1996 Body temperature (37 C) specifically down-regulates the messenger ribonucleic acid for the major sperm surface antigen CD52 in epididymal cell culture. Endocrinology 47 8828507
2007 Expression of CD52 in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 46 17488672
1995 Synthetic peptide mimotope of the CAMPATH-1 (CD52) antigen, a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein. Immunotechnology : an international journal of immunological engineering 44 9373346
2003 Expression of CD52 on plasma cells in plasma cell proliferative disorders. Blood 43 12714489
2017 Depletion of CD52-positive cells inhibits the development of central nervous system autoimmune disease, but deletes an immune-tolerance promoting CD8 T-cell population. Implications for secondary autoimmunity of alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis. Immunology 42 27925187
2003 Circulating CD20 and CD52 in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease. British journal of haematology 41 14632776
2007 Long-term immune reconstitution after anti-CD52-treated or anti-CD34-treated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe T-lymphocyte immunodeficiency. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 40 18086494
1983 Integration of viral DNA into the genome of the adenovirus type 2-transformed hamster cell line HE5 without loss or alteration of cellular nucleotides. Nucleic acids research 38 6316259
1997 Antibody selection against CD52 produces a paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria phenotype in human lymphocytes by a novel mechanism. The Biochemical journal 37 9148769
2015 Ex vivo expansion of natural killer cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells co-stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD52 monoclonal antibodies. Cytotherapy 36 26549384
1998 Activation of complement by human IgG1 and human IgG3 antibodies against the human leucocyte antigen CD52. Immunology 36 9659234
1996 Emergence of CD52-, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor-deficient lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis patients following Campath-1H treatment. International immunology 35 8671618
2012 Long-term follow-up of patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome treated with Alemtuzumab, an anti-CD52 antibody. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia 34 23123105
2000 The CD45 tyrosine phosphatase regulates Campath-1H (CD52)-induced TCR-dependent signal transduction in human T cells. International immunology 34 10744652
1997 Clonal CD8+ and CD52- T cells are induced in responding B cell lymphoma patients treated with Campath-1H (anti-CD52). European journal of haematology 34 9020367
1997 Human epididymal secreted protein CD52 on ejaculated spermatozoa: correlations with semen characteristics and the effect of its antibody. Molecular human reproduction 34 9464849
2009 Therapeutic implications of variable expression of CD52 on clonal cytotoxic T cells in CD8+ large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Haematologica 33 19794084
2003 CD52 expression in hairy cell leukemia. American journal of hematology 33 14635201
2001 Changes of the major sperm maturation-associated epididymal protein HE5 (CD52) on human ejaculated spermatozoa during incubation. Molecular human reproduction 30 11420384
1992 The distribution of the CDW52 molecule on blood cells and characterization of its involvement in T cell activation. Transplantation 30 1352921
2007 CD52 over-expression affects rituximab-associated complement-mediated cytotoxicity but not antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: preclinical evidence that targeting CD52 with alemtuzumab may reverse acquired resistance to rituximab in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia & lymphoma 29 18067019
2005 Anti-CD52 antibody, alemtuzumab, binds to Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatric blood & cancer 29 15390358
1996 Recognition of CD52 allelic gene products by CAMPATH-1H antibodies. Immunology 29 8690449
2014 CD52 is a molecular target in advanced systemic mastocytosis. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 28 24760752
2005 CD52 expression in T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia--implications for treatment with alemtuzumab. Leukemia & lymphoma 28 16019510
2021 CD52 Is Elevated on B cells of SLE Patients and Regulates B Cell Function. Frontiers in immunology 27 33658999
2014 Identification of campath-1 (CD52) as novel drug target in neoplastic stem cells in 5q-patients with MDS and AML. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 27 24799522
1998 Crystal structures of a rat anti-CD52 (CAMPATH-1) therapeutic antibody Fab fragment and its humanized counterpart. Journal of molecular biology 27 9811544
2010 Expeditious chemoenzymatic synthesis of CD52 glycopeptide antigens. Organic & biomolecular chemistry 26 20848033
2024 Surface CD52, CD84, and PTGER2 mark mature PMN-MDSCs from cancer patients and G-CSF-treated donors. Cell reports. Medicine 25 38242120
2006 Additive cytotoxic effect of bortezomib in combination with anti-CD20 or anti-CD52 monoclonal antibodies on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia research 25 16630656
2004 Low-dose alemtuzumab (Campath) in myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation for CD52-positive malignancies: decreased incidence of acute graft-versus-host-disease with unique pharmacokinetics. Bone marrow transplantation 25 14755312
2015 Characterisation of a Novel Anti-CD52 Antibody with Improved Efficacy and Reduced Immunogenicity. PloS one 24 26372145
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2005 CD52 expression in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: implications for alemtuzumab therapy and response assessment. Clinical lymphoma 24 15794865
2004 Vasectomy influences expression of HE1 but not HE2 and HE5 genes in human epididymis. Journal of andrology 23 14662784
2013 Immune regulation by CD52-expressing CD4 T cells. Cellular & molecular immunology 22 23934027
2012 Porcine SWC1 is CD52--final determination by the use of a retroviral cDNA expression library. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 22 22336037
2005 Different glycoforms of the human GPI-anchored antigen CD52 associate differently with lipid microdomains in leukocytes and sperm membranes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 22 16266689
2008 A novel Raji-Burkitt's lymphoma model for preclinical and mechanistic evaluation of CD52-targeted immunotherapeutic agents. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 21 18223233
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2000 Maturational changes of the CD52-like epididymal glycoprotein on cynomolgus monkey sperm and their apparent reversal in capacitation conditions. Molecular reproduction and development 21 11013436
1999 Structure and chromosomal location of mouse and human CD52 genes. Biochimica et biophysica acta 21 10524207
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2016 Alteration of CD39+Foxp3+ CD4 T cell and cytokine levels in EAE/MS following anti-CD52 treatment. Journal of neuroimmunology 20 28087077
2015 Anti-mouse CD52 monoclonal antibody ameliorates intestinal epithelial barrier function in interleukin-10 knockout mice with spontaneous chronic colitis. Immunology 20 25087772
2001 Surface of human sperm bears three differently charged CD52 forms, two of which remain stably bound to sperm after capacitation. Molecular reproduction and development 20 11550272
2005 Kinetic and binding studies with purified recombinant proteins ferredoxin reductase, ferredoxin and cytochrome P450 comprising the morpholine mono-oxygenase from Mycobacterium sp. strain HE5. The FEBS journal 18 15720389
2000 CD52 mRNA is modulated by androgens and temperature in epididymal cell cultures. Molecular reproduction and development 18 10737964
1999 A sialoglycoprotein, gp20, of the human capacitated sperm surface is a homologue of the leukocyte CD52 antigen: analysis of the effect of anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody (CAMPATH-1) on capacitated spermatozoa. Molecular human reproduction 18 10050661
1997 Regionalized expression of CD52 in rat epididymis is related to mRNA poly(A) tail length. Molecular reproduction and development 18 9364437
2023 Interleukin-15 augments NK cell-mediated ADCC of alemtuzumab in patients with CD52+ T-cell malignancies. Blood advances 17 35475910
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2017 Quantitative flow cytometric evaluation of CD200, CD123, CD43 and CD52 as a tool for the differential diagnosis of mature B-cell neoplasms. Revista brasileira de hematologia e hemoterapia 17 28830605
2002 Phenotypic transformation of CD52(pos) to CD52(neg) leukemic T cells as a mechanism for resistance to CAMPATH-1H. Leukemia 17 11986948
2002 Analysis of a human sperm CD52 glycoform in primates: identification of an animal model for immunocontraceptive vaccine development. Biology of reproduction 17 12021047
2001 A cytochrome P450 and a ferredoxin isolated from Mycobacterium sp. strain HE5 after growth on morpholine. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 17 11549020