Affinage

CD37

Leukocyte antigen CD37 · UniProt P11049

Length
281 aa
Mass
31.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
90 papers in source corpus 25 papers cited in narrative 26 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CD37 is a four-transmembrane tetraspanin glycoprotein that functions as a membrane organizer and bidirectional signal transducer in immune cells, platelets, and macrophages, controlling humoral immunity, cell migration, and survival signaling (PMID:2466944, PMID:22624718). It resides within tetraspanin-enriched membrane microdomains physically associated with MHC class II and other tetraspanins and B-cell coreceptors (PMID:8119731), and its N-glycosylation is required for surface delivery and for governing interactions with partner proteins including CD53 and CD20 (PMID:38031400). Upon ligation CD37 is tyrosine phosphorylated on two functionally opposing motifs: an N-terminal ITIM-like tyrosine that recruits SHP1 to drive apoptotic signaling and a C-terminal ITAM-like tyrosine that engages PI3K for survival signaling (PMID:22624718). CD37 organizes and stabilizes partner receptors at the membrane—it prevents internalization of dectin-1 and recruits CLEC-2 to its ligand podoplanin—and these activities, together with Rac-1 activation and integrin-dependent adhesion, drive dendritic-cell spreading and migration (PMID:17182550, PMID:30185523, PMID:26729805). Through its restraint of IL-6 signaling, in part via direct interaction with SOCS3, CD37 suppresses IgA responses, IgA nephropathy-like renal pathology, and germinal-center-derived B-cell lymphoma, with double Cd37/Il6 knockout fully reversing lymphoma and renal disease (PMID:26784544, PMID:19282981, PMID:29551516). In malignancy CD37 also engages α4 integrins to sustain Akt survival signaling in plasma cells and AML, suppresses fatty-acid uptake by inhibiting FATP1, and acts as a macrophage phagocytic checkpoint when MIF binding triggers Y13 phosphorylation, SHP1 recruitment, and AKT inhibition (PMID:23150881, PMID:36100608, PMID:40250439, PMID:40675974). CD37 expression is transcriptionally activated by IRF8 binding the CD37 promoter (PMID:35086136), and its surface stability is reinforced by complex formation with CD20 (PMID:38846084).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1989 Medium

    Defining CD37's primary structure and membrane topology established it as a four-transmembrane tetraspanin, providing the structural framework for all later functional work.

    Evidence cDNA cloning and sequence analysis with rat OX-44 protein sequence comparison

    PMID:2466944

    Open questions at the time
    • No high-resolution structure
    • Functional role of individual domains not yet defined at this stage
  2. 1994 Medium

    Showing CD37 co-precipitates with MHC class II and other tetraspanins and B-cell coreceptors placed it within tetraspanin-enriched membrane microdomains, framing it as a membrane organizer rather than a solitary receptor.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation from mild detergent lysates of human B cells

    PMID:8119731

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and direct versus indirect contacts within the complex unresolved
    • Functional consequence of MHC II association not tested
  3. 2004 High

    Knockout phenotyping revealed CD37 as a negative regulator of immune cell activation, showing impaired T-cell-dependent IgG1 responses yet hyperproliferative T cells with elevated p56Lck activity.

    Evidence CD37 knockout mice, immunization, MLR/anti-CD3 stimulation, p56Lck kinase assay, human T-cell cross-linking

    PMID:10891477 PMID:14978098

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between CD37 and Lck regulation not defined
    • Mechanism of selective IgG1 defect unexplained
  4. 2009 High

    Parallel studies established CD37 as a restraint on antigen-presenting cell function and IgA responses, with bone marrow chimeras and IL-6 neutralization pinpointing a B-cell-intrinsic, IL-6-dependent mechanism.

    Evidence CD37-/- and CD151-/- DC presentation assays; bone marrow chimeras and in vivo IL-6 neutralization

    PMID:17182550 PMID:19089816 PMID:19282981

    Open questions at the time
    • How CD37 loss elevates IL-6 not yet mechanistically explained at this stage
    • Receptor partners mediating presentation restraint partly unknown
  5. 2012 High

    Identification of opposing N-terminal ITIM-like (SHP1/pro-apoptotic) and C-terminal ITAM-like (PI3K/pro-survival) tyrosine motifs established CD37 as a direct bidirectional signal transducer, and integrin/Akt work tied it to plasma-cell survival.

    Evidence SMIP ligation, phosphotyrosine IP, ITIM/ITAM tyrosine mutagenesis; KO plasma-cell integrin clustering and Akt assays

    PMID:22624718 PMID:23150881

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinases phosphorylating each motif not defined
    • Switch determining ITIM versus ITAM engagement unresolved
  6. 2013 High

    Linking CD37 to Rac-1 activation, actin protrusion, integrin adhesion and dendritic-cell migration defined its cytoskeletal-regulatory role in immune cell motility.

    Evidence CD37-/- DC in vivo migration, multiphoton imaging, flow adhesion, chemotaxis, and GTPase activity assays (CD37 vs CD82)

    PMID:23420539 PMID:26729805

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct effector linking CD37 to Rac-1 unknown
    • Whether GTPase regulation is via partner receptors not resolved
  7. 2016 High

    Discovery of CD37–SOCS3 interaction and Cd37/Il6 double-knockout rescue placed CD37 upstream of IL-6 signaling as a tumor suppressor whose loss drives germinal-center B-cell lymphoma.

    Evidence CD37-/- mice, CD37–SOCS3 co-IP, double Cd37/Il6 KO epistasis, lymphoma scoring

    PMID:26784544

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical basis of SOCS3-mediated IL-6 restraint not fully resolved
    • Contribution of cell-extrinsic IL-6 sources unclear
  8. 2018 High

    CD37 was shown to stabilize and recruit the partner receptor CLEC-2 to podoplanin to drive DC migration, and to suppress IL-6-dependent IgA nephropathy-like renal disease, generalizing its receptor-organizing and IL-6-restraining functions.

    Evidence CD37–CLEC-2 co-IP, microcontact printing, 3D migration; Cd37/Il6 double KO anti-GBM nephritis model

    PMID:29551516 PMID:30185523

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CLEC-2 recruitment unknown
    • How CD37 simultaneously stabilizes diverse partner receptors not unified
  9. 2022 High

    CD37 was identified as a direct inhibitor of fatty-acid metabolism via FATP1 and as a transcriptional target of IRF8, connecting membrane CD37 to lymphoma metabolism and to the upstream control of its own expression.

    Evidence CD37–FATP1 co-IP, FA oxidation/metabolomics, FATP1 inhibitor rescue; IRF8 ChIP/DNA pulldown-MS, IRF8 KO/overexpression, DLBCL cohort

    PMID:35086136 PMID:36100608

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which CD37 inhibits FATP1 transport activity not defined
    • Other transcriptional regulators of CD37 not surveyed
  10. 2024 Medium

    Multiple studies extended CD37's role to integrin-driven AKT survival in AML, BCR modulation in B cells, CD20-dependent membrane stabilization, and a MIF-triggered Y13/SHP1 phagocytic checkpoint in macrophages, unifying it as a membrane scaffold controlling survival and effector signaling.

    Evidence CD37–α4β7 co-IP and AML KO model; BioID BCR proximity and CRISPR KO; CD20 KO complex/internalization assays; MIF–CD37 binding, Y13 phosphorylation, SHP1/AKT and phagocytosis assays

    PMID:38625120 PMID:38846084 PMID:40250439 PMID:40675974

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether α4β7 and α4β1 use shared signaling machinery unresolved
    • Direct MIF–CD37 binding interface not structurally defined
    • CD20 dependence of CD37 stability across cell types not generalized
  11. 2025 High

    Platelet studies revealed CD37 as a positive regulator of αIIbβ3 integrin signaling and thrombosis, broadening its integrin-organizing function beyond immune cells, while antibody-clustering studies refined the N-terminal requirement for SHP1-biased signaling.

    Evidence Cd37-/- platelet aggregation, αIIbβ3 activation and FeCl3 thrombosis chimeras; DuoHexaBody-CD37 clustering, phosphoproteomics and N-terminal mutants (preprint)

    PMID:40126944

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism coupling CD37 to platelet integrin inside-out/outside-in signaling unknown
    • Cell-type basis for opposing positive vs negative integrin effects unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How CD37 mechanistically switches between its opposing ITIM/SHP1 and ITAM/PI3K outputs and coordinates its many partner receptors across distinct cell types remains the central unresolved question.
  • No structural model of CD37 in complex with any partner
  • Kinases and adaptors selecting ITIM versus ITAM signaling unidentified
  • Determinants of context-dependent positive versus negative integrin regulation unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 5 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-109582 Hemostasis 1 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 1 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 1
Partners
CD20CD53CLEC-2FATP1IL6RITGA4MIFSOCS3
Complex memberships
CD37–CD20 complextetraspanin-enriched microdomain (with MHC class II, CD53, TAPA-1, CD19, CD21)

Evidence

Reading pass · 26 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1988 CD37 antigen (gp40-52) is a single-chain protein core of ~25 kDa with two N-linked complex carbohydrate chains comprising ~50% of total molecular mass; subcellular fractionation and electron microscopy showed it is associated with intracellular vesicles in addition to the cell surface, suggesting dual surface/cytoplasmic function. Biochemical analysis (immunoprecipitation, glycosidase treatment), electron microscopy, subcellular fractionation Journal of immunology Medium 3257508
1989 CD37 is a 244-amino acid protein lacking a conventional leader sequence, with an N-terminal cytoplasmic domain followed by three transmembrane sequences within the first 110 amino acids and a hydrophilic C-terminal region containing three N-glycosylation sites, establishing its topology as a four-transmembrane protein. cDNA cloning and sequence analysis, comparison with rat OX-44 NH2-terminal protein sequence The Journal of experimental medicine Medium 2466944
1993 CD37 gene is located on human chromosome 19 (region 19p13–q13.4), distinct from paralogous tetraspanins CD53 (chr 1) and R2/C33 (chr 11). Human/rodent somatic cell hybrid panel mapping with human-specific probes and deletion hybrid regional assignment Immunogenetics Medium 8436422
1994 CD37 co-precipitates with MHC class II (DR) glycoproteins as part of large multicomponent membrane complexes also containing CD53, TAPA-1, R2/C33, CD19, and CD21 in B cells, indicating CD37 resides in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains physically associated with MHC class II. Co-immunoprecipitation and preclearing experiments from mild detergent lysates of human B-cell lines and tonsillar B cells Immunogenetics Medium 8119731
2000 CD37-deficient mice show selectively impaired T-cell-dependent IgG1 antibody responses (reduced serum IgG1, poor responses to antigen without adjuvant and to viral infections), demonstrating a role for CD37 in T cell–B cell interactions under suboptimal costimulatory conditions; lymphoid organ development was normal. Targeted gene inactivation (knockout mice), immunization experiments, serum immunoglobulin measurement, flow cytometry Molecular and cellular biology High 10891477
2004 CD37 negatively regulates T cell proliferation by modulating early TCR signaling: CD37-deficient T cells are hyperproliferative with enhanced IL-2 production and increased CD4/CD8-associated p56Lck kinase activity; cross-linking CD37 on human T cells inhibited CD3-induced proliferation. CD37 knockout mice, MLR, Con A and anti-CD3 stimulation assays, division cycle analysis, p56Lck kinase activity assay, CD37 cross-linking on human T cells Journal of immunology High 14978098
2007 Dectin-1 functionally interacts with tetraspanin CD37 on APC surfaces; CD37 stabilizes dectin-1 at the plasma membrane by preventing its internalization, and CD37 deficiency results in a 10-fold increase in dectin-1-induced IL-6 production in macrophages despite reduced surface dectin-1 levels. CD37-/- mice, confocal colocalization, dectin-1 internalization assay, transfection of CD37 into macrophage cell line, cytokine measurement after curdlan (specific dectin-1 ligand) stimulation Journal of immunology High 17182550
2009 CD37 inhibits IgA immune responses in vivo; CD37-deficient mice show 15-fold elevated serum IgA and increased IgA+ plasma cells in spleen, MALT, and bone marrow. This was directly attributable to CD37 deficiency on B cells (shown by bone marrow chimeras). Mechanistically, CD37 deficiency elevates germinal center IL-6, and neutralizing IL-6 in vivo reverses the increased IgA response. CD37-/- mice, bone marrow chimeric mice, in vivo IL-6 neutralization, immunization, serum Ig measurement, ELISPOT PLoS pathogens High 19282981
2009 CD37 and CD151 differentially regulate dendritic cell function: CD37-deficient DCs are hyper-stimulatory to T cells through enhanced peptide/MHC presentation, while CD151 controls co-stimulation, demonstrating that CD37 restrains antigen presentation by DCs. CD37-/- and CD151-/- mouse DC functional assays, peptide/MHC presentation to antigen-specific T cells, T cell activation readouts European journal of immunology High 19089816
2012 CD37 directly mediates signal transduction upon ligation: it becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and associates with proximal signaling molecules. Two functionally opposing tyrosine residues were identified: a Y in the N-terminal 'ITIM-like' motif mediates SHP1-dependent apoptotic signaling, while a Y in the C-terminal 'ITAM motif' mediates PI3K-dependent survival signaling. CD37 ligation with bivalent SMIP molecule, phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation, mutagenesis of ITIM/ITAM tyrosine residues, SHP1 and PI3K pathway assays, apoptosis assays Cancer cell High 22624718
2012 CD37 is required for α4β1 integrin-dependent Akt survival signaling in IgG-secreting plasma cells: CD37-deficient plasma cells show impaired α4β1 integrin mobility and clustering in the plasma membrane upon VCAM-1 binding, leading to defective downstream Akt activation, increased apoptosis in germinal centers, and reduced numbers of long-lived plasma cells. CD37-/- mice, flow cytometry of plasma cell populations, apoptosis assays, integrin mobility/clustering assays, Akt phosphorylation assays, bone marrow immunoglobulin secretion quantification Science signaling High 23150881
2013 CD37 ablation impairs dendritic cell migration from skin to draining lymph nodes, chemotactic migration, integrin-mediated adhesion under flow, cell spreading and actin protrusion formation, and in vivo priming of naive T cells; multiphoton microscopy showed reduced migration rate and increased randomness of DC movement in CD37-/- mice. CD37-/- mice, in vivo DC migration assays (skin painting), multiphoton microscopy, flow chamber adhesion assay, chemotaxis assay, adoptive T cell transfer priming assay European journal of immunology High 23420539
2016 CD37 directly interacts with SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3); CD37 deficiency drives constitutive activation of the IL-6 signaling pathway. CD37-/- mice develop germinal center-derived B cell lymphoma, and double Cd37/Il6 knockout mice are fully protected from lymphoma, placing CD37 upstream of IL-6 signaling as a tumor suppressor. CD37-/- mice, co-immunoprecipitation (CD37–SOCS3 interaction), double Cd37/Il6 knockout mice, IL-6 pathway activation assays, lymphoma incidence scoring The Journal of clinical investigation High 26784544
2016 CD37 and CD82 have opposing roles in DC biology via differential activation of small GTPases: CD37 promotes activation of Rac-1 to support cell spreading and migration, while CD82 negatively regulates RhoA; both tetraspanins negatively regulate Cdc42. CD37 ablation impairs actin protrusions and cell spreading on fibronectin. CD37-/- and CD82-/- BMDC functional assays, small GTPase activity assays (Rac-1, RhoA, Cdc42), cell spreading and migration assays, MHC class II maturation assays Journal of immunology High 26729805
2015 CD37 regulates β2 integrin-mediated neutrophil adhesion and migration: CD37-/- neutrophils show impaired adhesion to ICAM-1 despite normal high-affinity β2 integrin display, impaired actin polymerization, reduced cell spreading and polarization, dysregulated Rac-1 activation, and accelerated β2 integrin internalization. Superresolution microscopy showed CD37 and CD18 do not significantly co-cluster, indicating CD37 acts downstream of integrin engagement on cytoskeletal function rather than via direct integrin interaction. CD37-/- mice, intravital microscopy, in vitro flow chamber adhesion assay, superresolution microscopy, Rac-1 activation assay, actin polymerization assay, integrin internalization assay Journal of immunology High 26566675
2018 CLEC-2-dependent DC migration is controlled by CD37: CD37 specifically interacts with CLEC-2; Cd37-/- DCs show reduced surface CLEC-2, impaired adhesion and migration on lymph node stromal cells, failure to form actin protrusions upon podoplanin-induced CLEC-2 stimulation, and failure to inhibit actomyosin contractility in stromal cells. CD37 is required for CLEC-2 recruitment to its ligand podoplanin in the membrane. Co-immunoprecipitation (CD37–CLEC-2 interaction), Cd37-/- DCs, microcontact printing, 3D collagen matrix migration assay, CLEC-2 internalization/surface expression measurement Journal of cell science High 30185523
2018 IL-6 is essential for glomerular IgA deposition and renal pathology in CD37-deficient mice: Cd37-/-/Il6-/- double-knockout mice show no glomerular IgA deposition and are protected from exacerbated renal failure, establishing that CD37 normally suppresses IgA nephropathy-like disease by inhibiting the IL-6 pathway. Cd37-/- mice, Cd37/Il6 double-knockout mice, anti-GBM nephritis induction, serum IL-6 measurement, immunofluorescence for IgA deposition, histopathology Kidney international High 29551516
2022 CD37 acts as an inhibitor of fatty acid (FA) metabolism in lymphoma by directly interacting with the FA transporter FATP1; deletion of CD37 increases FA oxidation and uptake of exogenous palmitate into energy and membrane building blocks, a phenotype reversed by FATP1 inhibition. CD37 knockout lymphoma cells, co-immunoprecipitation (CD37–FATP1 interaction), functional FA oxidation assays, metabolomics, serum palmitate depletion in mouse studies, FATP1 inhibitor rescue experiments, patient lymphoma tissue lipid staining Nature communications High 36100608
2022 IRF8 is a transcriptional activator of CD37 expression in DLBCL: IRF8 directly binds the CD37 promoter (confirmed by DNA pulldown/MS and ChIP), IRF8 overexpression increases CD37 protein levels, and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of IRF8 decreases CD37 levels in DLBCL cell lines. CD37-negative DLBCL specifically lacks CD37 promoter activity independent of promoter DNA methylation. Quantitative nuclear proteomics, DNA pulldown + mass spectrometry, targeted ChIP, CRISPR/Cas9 IRF8 knockout, IRF8 overexpression, promoter methylation analysis, IHC (n=206 primary DLBCL) Blood advances High 35086136
2023 N-glycosylation of CD37 is required for its surface expression: glycosylation mutants of CD37 show impaired cell surface localization. Glycosylation affects CD37 interaction with partner proteins CD53 and CD20 in a localization-dependent manner, but CD37 interaction with IL-6Rα is glycosylation-independent. Generation of CD37 glycosylation mutants, flow cytometry for surface expression, dSTORM single-molecule superresolution microscopy for nanoscale membrane organization, co-immunoprecipitation for partner protein interactions Biophysical journal High 38031400
2024 CD37 forms a complex with CD20, and CD20 stabilizes CD37 in the cell membrane; CD20 knockout cells show major downregulation of CD37, increased CD37 internalization rate, and reduced efficacy of anti-CD37 complement-dependent cytotoxicity that is partially restored by lysosome inhibition. CD20 knockout cell lines, co-immunoprecipitation (CD20–CD37 complex), flow cytometry for surface CD37, internalization assay, CDC assay, lysosome inhibitor rescue Oncoimmunology Medium 38846084
2024 CD37 interacts with integrin α4β7 in AML cells and activates the PI3K-AKT pathway mediated by integrin signaling; CD37 knockdown in AML retards proliferation and increases apoptosis, and CD37 deficiency in vivo impairs leukemia maintenance and LSC self-renewal (serial transplantation) without affecting normal hematopoiesis. Co-immunoprecipitation (CD37–integrin α4β7), CD37 knockdown in human AML cell lines, CD37-deficient mouse AML model, serial transplantation assay, PI3K-AKT phosphorylation assays, colony formation assay Stem cell reports Medium 40250439
2024 CD37 acts as a phagocytic checkpoint in macrophages: tumorous macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) directly binds CD37, promoting phosphorylation of CD37 Y13 and activating a signaling cascade involving SHP1 recruitment and AKT inhibition that impairs phagocytosis. Targeting CD37 with an antibody promotes phagocytosis of multiple cancer cell types in vitro and tumor clearance in vivo. In vitro phagocytosis assays, ribosome profiling of sorted macrophages, direct binding assay (MIF–CD37), CD37 Y13 phosphorylation measurement, SHP1 recruitment assay, AKT signaling assay, CD37 KO macrophages, in vivo preclinical mouse tumor models Nature communications High 40675974
2024 CD37 is in close proximity to the BCR in B cells; CRISPR knockout of CD37 heightens BCR signaling, slows BCR endocytosis, and reduces peptide-MHC class II complex formation, demonstrating that CD37 modulates BCR function at the membrane. Proximity-based biotinylation (BioID) + mass spectrometry, CRISPR/Cas9 CD37 knockout in B cell line, BCR signaling assay, BCR endocytosis assay, peptide-MHC class II presentation assay ImmunoHorizons Medium 38625120
2025 CD37 positively regulates platelet activation and thrombosis: Cd37-/- platelets exhibit impaired integrin αIIbβ3 signaling (reduced fibrinogen spreading and agonist-induced αIIbβ3 activation); chimeric mice reconstituted with Cd37-/- bone marrow showed significantly increased time to vessel occlusion in the FeCl3 carotid artery thrombosis model, without effects on hemostasis. Cd37-/- mice, bone marrow chimera thrombosis model (FeCl3 carotid artery), platelet aggregation assays, integrin αIIbβ3 activation assay, fibrinogen spreading assay, coagulation metrics, RNA-sequencing of human and mouse platelets Cardiovascular research High 40126944
2025 DuoHexaBody-CD37 induces direct cytotoxicity in DLBCL by inducing CD37 clustering at the cell surface (without internalization) and predominantly upregulating p-SHP1(Y564) in DLBCL cells. In primary B cells, the same antibody activates p-AKT(S473) and MAPK survival signaling. The N-terminus of CD37 is required for DuoHexaBody-CD37-induced signaling, established using CD37 N-terminal mutants. Unbiased phosphoproteomic screening (26 phosphoproteins), CD37 clustering imaging, CD37 N-terminal mutants, p-SHP1 and p-AKT signaling assays, cytotoxicity assays in DLBCL cell lines and primary B cells bioRxivpreprint Medium

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 90 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 Association of four antigens of the tetraspans family (CD37, CD53, TAPA-1, and R2/C33) with MHC class II glycoproteins. Immunogenetics 166 8119731
1992 Imaging, dosimetry, and radioimmunotherapy with iodine 131-labeled anti-CD37 antibody in B-cell lymphoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 139 1403053
2018 Anti-CD37 chimeric antigen receptor T cells are active against B- and T-cell lymphomas. Blood 119 30089630
1992 C33 antigen recognized by monoclonal antibodies inhibitory to human T cell leukemia virus type 1-induced syncytium formation is a member of a new family of transmembrane proteins including CD9, CD37, CD53, and CD63. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 115 1401919
2012 Tetraspanin CD37 directly mediates transduction of survival and apoptotic signals. Cancer cell 114 22624718
2007 Targeting CD37-positive lymphoid malignancies with a novel engineered small modular immunopharmaceutical. Blood 112 17440052
2004 A regulatory role for CD37 in T cell proliferation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 104 14978098
1989 The primary structure of the human leukocyte antigen CD37, a species homologue of the rat MRC OX-44 antigen. The Journal of experimental medicine 103 2466944
1988 The B cell-associated CD37 antigen (gp40-52). Structure and subcellular expression of an extensively glycosylated glycoprotein. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 101 3257508
2000 Targeted inactivation of the tetraspanin CD37 impairs T-cell-dependent B-cell response under suboptimal costimulatory conditions. Molecular and cellular biology 97 10891477
2012 The tetraspanin CD37 orchestrates the α(4)β(1) integrin-Akt signaling axis and supports long-lived plasma cell survival. Science signaling 87 23150881
2011 A novel Fc-engineered monoclonal antibody to CD37 with enhanced ADCC and high proapoptotic activity for treatment of B-cell malignancies. Blood 84 21795744
2007 Dectin-1 interaction with tetraspanin CD37 inhibits IL-6 production. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 83 17182550
2015 AGS67E, an Anti-CD37 Monomethyl Auristatin E Antibody-Drug Conjugate as a Potential Therapeutic for B/T-Cell Malignancies and AML: A New Role for CD37 in AML. Molecular cancer therapeutics 81 25934707
2013 A novel anti-CD37 antibody-drug conjugate with multiple anti-tumor mechanisms for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Blood 75 24002446
1990 The human leucocyte surface antigen CD53 is a protein structurally similar to the CD37 and MRC OX-44 antigens. Immunogenetics 75 1700763
2016 Assessment of CD37 B-cell antigen and cell of origin significantly improves risk prediction in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 74 27760757
2009 Tetraspanins CD37 and CD151 differentially regulate Ag presentation and T-cell co-stimulation by DC. European journal of immunology 64 19089816
2013 A phase 1 study evaluating the safety and tolerability of otlertuzumab, an anti-CD37 mono-specific ADAPTIR therapeutic protein in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 60 24381226
2020 DuoHexaBody-CD37®, a novel biparatopic CD37 antibody with enhanced Fc-mediated hexamerization as a potential therapy for B-cell malignancies. Blood cancer journal 57 32341336
2009 The tetraspanin protein CD37 regulates IgA responses and anti-fungal immunity. PLoS pathogens 56 19282981
2019 CD20 and CD37 antibodies synergize to activate complement by Fc-mediated clustering. Haematologica 50 30792198
2016 Tetraspanin CD37 protects against the development of B cell lymphoma. The Journal of clinical investigation 49 26784544
2013 Tetraspanin CD37 contributes to the initiation of cellular immunity by promoting dendritic cell migration. European journal of immunology 48 23420539
2009 TRU-016, a humanized anti-CD37 IgG fusion protein for the potential treatment of B-cell malignancies. Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000) 44 19943209
2016 Dendritic Cell Migration and Antigen Presentation Are Coordinated by the Opposing Functions of the Tetraspanins CD82 and CD37. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 42 26729805
2013 Targeted drug delivery and cross-linking induced apoptosis with anti-CD37 based dual-ligand immunoliposomes in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Biomaterials 40 23726226
1993 Delivery of saporin to human B-cell lymphoma using bispecific antibody: targeting via CD22 but not CD19, CD37, or immunoglobulin results in efficient killing. Cancer research 40 7686448
2018 Safety, tolerability, and preliminary activity of IMGN529, a CD37-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a dose-escalation, phase I study. Investigational new drugs 39 29453628
2010 A complementary role for the tetraspanins CD37 and Tssc6 in cellular immunity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 39 20709950
1997 Expression of tetra-spans transmembrane family (CD9, CD37, CD53, CD63, CD81 and CD82) in normal and neoplastic human keratinocytes: an association of CD9 with alpha 3 beta 1 integrin. The British journal of dermatology 39 9470900
2014 Otlertuzumab (TRU-016), an anti-CD37 monospecific ADAPTIR(™) therapeutic protein, for relapsed or refractory NHL patients. British journal of haematology 37 25146490
2013 Evaluating antigen targeting and anti-tumor activity of a new anti-CD37 radioimmunoconjugate against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Anticancer research 36 23267131
1987 Use of the monoclonal antibody WR17, identifying the CD37 gp40-45 Kd antigen complex, in the diagnosis of B-lymphoid malignancy. The Journal of pathology 36 3305845
2018 Interleukin-6 is essential for glomerular immunoglobulin A deposition and the development of renal pathology in Cd37-deficient mice. Kidney international 33 29551516
2015 Tetraspanin CD37 Regulates β2 Integrin-Mediated Adhesion and Migration in Neutrophils. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 33 26566675
2022 Fatty acid metabolism in aggressive B-cell lymphoma is inhibited by tetraspanin CD37. Nature communications 31 36100608
2020 Targeted alpha therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with the anti-CD37 radioimmunoconjugate 212Pb-NNV003. PloS one 31 32187209
2017 The Antitumor Activity of IMGN529, a CD37-Targeting Antibody-Drug Conjugate, Is Potentiated by Rituximab in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Models. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 30 28753442
2014 The CD37-targeted antibody-drug conjugate IMGN529 is highly active against human CLL and in a novel CD37 transgenic murine leukemia model. Leukemia 30 24445867
2020 CD37 in B Cell Derived Tumors-More than Just a Docking Point for Monoclonal Antibodies. International journal of molecular sciences 28 33333768
1994 Leukemia-associated changes identified by quantitative flow cytometry. III. B-cell gating in CD37/kappa/lambda clonality test. Leukemia 24 7967732
2005 Phenotypic characterization of CD3-7+ cells in developing human intestine and an analysis of their ability to differentiate into T cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 23 15843540
2018 Anti-CD37 targeted immunotherapy of B-Cell malignancies. Biotechnology letters 22 30293139
2024 Phase 1 study of CAR-37 T cells in patients with relapsed or refractory CD37+ lymphoid malignancies. Blood 21 38781564
2018 C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2)-dependent dendritic cell migration is controlled by tetraspanin CD37. Journal of cell science 21 30185523
2014 Anti-CD37 antibodies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert opinion on biological therapy 21 24555705
2021 Novel CD37, Humanized CD37 and Bi-Specific Humanized CD37-CD19 CAR-T Cells Specifically Target Lymphoma. Cancers 20 33652767
2018 Investigational therapies targeting CD37 for the treatment of B-cell lymphoid malignancies. Expert opinion on investigational drugs 20 29323537
2014 Phase 1b study of otlertuzumab (TRU-016), an anti-CD37 monospecific ADAPTIR™ therapeutic protein, in combination with rituximab and bendamustine in relapsed indolent lymphoma patients. Investigational new drugs 19 24927856
2014 177Lu-DOTA-HH1, a novel anti-CD37 radio-immunoconjugate: a study of toxicity in nude mice. PloS one 18 25068508
2020 CD37 high expression as a potential biomarker and association with poor outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Bioscience reports 16 32400873
2016 Red Marrow-Absorbed Dose for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients Treated with 177Lu-Lilotomab Satetraxetan, a Novel Anti-CD37 Antibody-Radionuclide Conjugate. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 16 27587710
1993 The genes for CD37, CD53, and R2, all members of a novel gene family, are located on different chromosomes. Immunogenetics 16 8436422
2024 CD37 is a safe chimeric antigen receptor target to treat acute myeloid leukemia. Cell reports. Medicine 14 38754420
2019 Targeting B-cell malignancies with the beta-emitting anti-CD37 radioimmunoconjugate 177Lu-NNV003. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 14 31309259
2010 The tetraspanin CD37 protects against glomerular IgA deposition and renal pathology. The American journal of pathology 14 20348240
2024 Dual CAR-T Cells Targeting CD19 and CD37 Are Effective in Target Antigen Loss B-cell Tumor Models. Molecular cancer therapeutics 13 37828726
2019 The Dual Cell Cycle Kinase Inhibitor JNJ-7706621 Reverses Resistance to CD37-Targeted Radioimmunotherapy in Activated B Cell Like Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Cell Lines. Frontiers in oncology 13 31850205
1996 Characterisation of mouse CD37: cDNA and genomic cloning. Molecular immunology 13 8845018
2021 Spacer Length Modification Facilitates Discrimination between Normal and Neoplastic Cells and Provides Clinically Relevant CD37 CAR T Cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 12 34099546
2014 Dectin-1-CD37 association regulates IL-6 expression during Toxoplasma gondii infection. Parasitology research 11 24870248
2022 IRF8 is a transcriptional activator of CD37 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood advances 10 35086136
2021 A phase Ib, open label, dose escalation trial of the anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody, BI 836826, in combination with ibrutinib in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Investigational new drugs 10 33683501
2014 Pro-apoptotic effect of an anti-CD37 scFv-Fc fusion protein, in combination with the anti-CD20 antibody, ofatumumab, on tumour cells from B-cell malignancies. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 10 25154027
2024 CD20 expression regulates CD37 levels in B-cell lymphoma - implications for immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology 9 38846084
2022 CD37 expression in follicular lymphoma. Annals of hematology 9 35171311
2013 Glycovariant anti-CD37 monospecific protein therapeutic exhibits enhanced effector cell-mediated cytotoxicity against chronic and acute B cell malignancies. mAbs 9 23883821
2023 N-Glycosylation-dependent regulation of immune-specific tetraspanins CD37 and CD53. Biophysical journal 8 38031400
2020 Phase I dose escalation study of BI 836826 (CD37 antibody) in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Investigational new drugs 8 32172489
2022 89Zr-PET imaging to predict tumor uptake of 177Lu-NNV003 anti-CD37 radioimmunotherapy in mouse models of B cell lymphoma. Scientific reports 7 35428777
2012 SMIP-016 in action: CD37 as a death receptor. Cancer cell 7 22624709
2024 Diagnostic value of sphingolipid metabolism-related genes CD37 and CXCL9 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine 6 38394483
2024 PI3Kδ activation, IL-6 overexpression, and CD37 loss cause resistance to naratuximab emtansine in lymphomas. Blood advances 5 39374583
2021 A phase Ib, open-label, dose-escalation trial of the anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody, BI 836826, in combination with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Investigational new drugs 5 33523334
2025 Tetraspanin CD37 regulates platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis. Cardiovascular research 4 40126944
2025 Targeting CD37 promotes macrophage-dependent phagocytosis of multiple cancer cell types and facilitates tumor clearance in mice. Nature communications 4 40675974
2023 PI3Kδ activation, IL6 over-expression, and CD37 loss cause resistance to the targeting of CD37-positive lymphomas with the antibody-drug conjugate naratuximab emtansine. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 4 38014209
2017 Plasmids can transfer to Clostridium difficile CD37 and 630Δerm both by a DNase resistant conjugation-like mechanism and a DNase sensitive mechanism. FEMS microbiology letters 4 29029255
2025 CD37 regulates the self-renewal of leukemic stem cells via integrin-mediated signaling in acute myeloid leukemia. Stem cell reports 3 40250439
2025 Combining MCL-1 inhibition and CD37-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells as an effective strategy to target T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 3 40739330
2022 Anti-CD37 radioimmunotherapy with 177Lu-NNV003 synergizes with the PARP inhibitor olaparib in treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in vitro. PloS one 3 35486574
2013 In the spotlight: a novel CD37 antibody-drug conjugate. Blood 3 24235129
2024 Proximity-Based Labeling Identifies MHC Class II and CD37 as B Cell Receptor-Proximal Proteins with Immunological Functions. ImmunoHorizons 2 38625120
2014 [Significance of CD37 expression in malignant B cells]. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi 2 24989269
2022 The Impact of CD37 Ectoenzyme Expression in Benign and Malignant Colorectal Tumors. Archives of Razi Institute 1 37274903
2026 A Phase II Study of 177Lu-Lilotomab Satetraxetan, a CD37 Antibody-Radionuclide Conjugate, as Third- or Later-Line Treatment of Rituximab-Refractory Follicular B-Cell Lymphoma Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 0 41754790
2026 Debio 1562M CD37-targeting ADC is highly active and well tolerated in preclinical models of AML and MDS. Cell reports. Medicine 0 42013843
2026 A first-in-class bifunctional antibody targeting CD20 and CD37 remodels the immune microenvironment in relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. Journal of hematology & oncology 0 42216090
2025 Reduced CD37 expression in B cell subsets after stimulation and its clinical relevance in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Immunology letters 0 40543727

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