Affinage

CD24

Signal transducer CD24 · UniProt P25063

Length
80 aa
Mass
8.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 26 papers cited in narrative 26 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CD24 is a GPI-anchored sialoglycoprotein that serves as an innate immune checkpoint, a regulator of intracellular tumor suppressor pathways, and a modulator of cell signaling across immune, neural, and metabolic contexts. On the cell surface, CD24 engages Siglec-family receptors (Siglec-10, Siglec-G, Siglec-E) on macrophages and antigen-presenting cells to recruit SHP-1 and suppress phagocytosis and inflammatory signaling, thereby functioning as a "don't eat me" signal on tumor cells and a negative regulator of metaflammation and graft-versus-host disease (PMID:31367043, PMID:35921817, PMID:24695850). Intracellularly, CD24 competitively displaces ARF from nucleophosmin (NPM), leading to MDM2-dependent p53 degradation, and also inhibits G3BP endoribonuclease activity to stabilize BART mRNA in stress granules (PMID:25600590, PMID:21266361). CD24 promotes cancer cell invasion and proliferation through β1-integrin-dependent contractile force generation, Src/Lyn–ERK/STAT3 signaling, EGFR stabilization via RhoA, and modulation of CXCR4 lipid raft association, and its transcription is directly activated by HIF-1α, SOX2/STAT3, NFAT5, ELF5, and NPM/Sp1 (PMID:21828044, PMID:22731636, PMID:26830684, PMID:16390867, PMID:22926560, PMID:29905375, PMID:21037089).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 1997 High

    The first loss-of-function model established that CD24 is required for normal B-cell development and erythrocyte membrane integrity, revealing non-redundant roles in hematopoietic lineages.

    Evidence Germline CD24-knockout mice analyzed by flow cytometry for bone marrow B-cell populations and erythrocyte osmotic fragility assays

    PMID:9028339

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which CD24 supports late pre-B to immature B-cell transition unknown
    • No signaling partners identified in hematopoietic cells at this stage
  2. 2006 High

    CD24 was shown to modulate chemokine receptor function by altering lipid raft cholesterol and CXCR4 partitioning, establishing its role as a regulator of membrane microdomain organization rather than a classical signaling receptor.

    Evidence CD24-knockout mouse B cells and CD24 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 cells with lipid raft fractionation and SDF-1 migration assays

    PMID:16390867

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of cholesterol modulation by a GPI-anchored protein not resolved
    • Whether raft regulation extends to receptors beyond CXCR4 untested
  3. 2006 High

    CD24 was found to be required for presynaptic maturation at the neuromuscular junction, extending its functional repertoire beyond the immune system to synaptic biology.

    Evidence CD24 mutant mice subjected to electrophysiology and AM1-43 dye uptake at neuromuscular junctions

    PMID:16606832

    Open questions at the time
    • Trans-synaptic binding partner on motor neurons not identified
    • Whether CD24 signals through Siglec-family receptors at synapses unknown
  4. 2009 Medium

    CD24 was linked to direct activation of MAPK cascades (ERK1/2, Raf-1, p38) in colorectal cancer, establishing a mitogenic signaling axis downstream of CD24.

    Evidence CD24 overexpression/knockdown in colorectal cancer cells with pharmacological MAPK inhibitors and nude mouse tumorigenicity

    PMID:19860845

    Open questions at the time
    • Proximal kinase or adaptor linking GPI-anchored CD24 to MAPK not identified
    • Single-lab study without independent replication
  5. 2010 High

    NFAT5 was identified as a direct transcriptional activator of CD24 under osmotic stress, establishing the first defined transcription factor–promoter interaction for CD24 and linking it to T-cell adaptation to hypertonic environments.

    Evidence ChIP for NFAT5 on CD24 promoter in NFAT5-KO and T-cell-specific KO mice under hypertonicity

    PMID:21037089

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether NFAT5-driven CD24 contributes to renal medullary cell survival untested
    • Chromatin derepression mechanism not molecularly dissected
  6. 2011 High

    Two parallel mechanisms were uncovered: intracellular CD24 inhibits G3BP RNase activity to stabilize BART mRNA in stress granules, and surface CD24 drives β1-integrin-dependent contractile forces via Src/STAT3/MLCK/ROCK for cancer cell invasion.

    Evidence Co-IP and RNase activity assay for G3BP interaction; Fourier transform traction microscopy with pharmacological inhibitors for contractile forces

    PMID:21266361 PMID:21828044

    Open questions at the time
    • Full spectrum of G3BP target mRNAs regulated by CD24 unknown
    • Whether intracellular and surface CD24 functions are coordinately regulated not addressed
  7. 2012 High

    HIF-1α was shown to directly transactivate CD24 via a promoter HRE, and CD24 was identified as the critical effector rescuing HIF-1α-dependent tumor growth and metastasis, placing CD24 in the hypoxia response pathway. Simultaneously, CD24 was found to physically interact with and activate Lyn kinase, linking it to nuclear ERK1/2 signaling.

    Evidence ChIP for HIF-1α on CD24 promoter with epistasis rescue in vivo; Co-IP for CD24–Lyn interaction with Lyn inhibitor PP2

    PMID:22731636 PMID:22926560

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether HIF-1α–CD24 axis operates in non-tumor hypoxic tissues untested
    • Lyn interaction identified by single Co-IP without reciprocal validation
  8. 2014 High

    The Siglec-G–CD24 axis was established as a negative regulator of graft-versus-host disease, while intracellular CD24 was shown to inactivate p53 by competitively displacing ARF from NPM, revealing dual immune-checkpoint and tumor-suppressor-antagonist functions.

    Evidence Siglec-G/CD24 double-KO GVHD models with CD24Fc rescue; Co-IP and competition assay for ARF–NPM displacement with in vivo prostate cancer models

    PMID:24695850 PMID:25600590

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CD24–NPM interaction unknown
    • Whether ARF displacement operates in normal (non-transformed) cells not tested
  9. 2015 Medium

    ELF5 was identified as a direct transcriptional activator of CD24 via an ETS element, and CD24 was shown to be required for early adipocyte differentiation, expanding its developmental roles beyond hematopoiesis.

    Evidence ChIP-seq for ELF5 binding to CD24 promoter with epistasis knockdown; siRNA knockdown during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis with promoter activity assays

    PMID:26167413 PMID:34146197

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream adipogenic signals activated by CD24 not identified
    • ELF5–CD24 axis not validated outside breast cancer cells
  10. 2016 Medium

    CD24 was found to stabilize EGFR at the cell surface through RhoA-dependent inhibition of receptor internalization, and GON4L–YY1–androgen receptor was identified as another transcriptional activator complex driving CD24 expression.

    Evidence Co-IP for CD24–EGFR and RhoA pulldown in gastric cancer cells; Co-IP for GON4L–YY1–AR with shRNA screen and in vivo xenograft

    PMID:26830684 PMID:27312530

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RhoA-dependent EGFR stabilization is specific to gastric cancer untested
    • GON4L–YY1 regulation of CD24 not confirmed by ChIP
  11. 2018 Medium

    SOX2 was shown to directly transactivate CD24 downstream of STAT3 in BRAF-inhibitor-resistant melanoma, and CD24 in turn activated Src/STAT3, establishing a positive feedback loop driving drug resistance.

    Evidence ChIP for SOX2 on CD24 promoter with shRNA knockdown and drug resistance assays

    PMID:29905375

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this feedback loop operates in BRAF-wild-type tumors unknown
    • Mechanism by which surface CD24 activates Src not resolved
  12. 2019 High

    CD24 was established as a dominant anti-phagocytic 'don't eat me' signal on tumor cells through Siglec-10 engagement, with genetic ablation or antibody blockade markedly enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and reducing tumor growth in vivo.

    Evidence CD24-KO and Siglec-10-KO tumor cells, monoclonal antibody blockade, in vivo tumor growth models across multiple cancer types

    PMID:31367043

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of CD24 versus CD47 as anti-phagocytic signals varies by tumor type and is incompletely defined
    • Therapeutic window for CD24 blockade in humans unknown
  13. 2021 Medium

    NPM was shown to transcriptionally induce CD24 through an Sp1 site, with CD24 surface expression being the functional mediator of NPM-driven phagocytosis evasion, and CD24 translocation from cytosol to membrane was linked to phenotype switching and drug persistence in breast cancer.

    Evidence NPM silencing with CD24 rescue in phagocytosis assays; flow cytometry and imaging of CD24 localization with p38 MAPK phosphorylation readouts

    PMID:33954835 PMID:34426608

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism controlling CD24 intracellular-to-membrane translocation not identified
    • Whether NPM–Sp1–CD24 axis extends beyond endometrial cancer untested
  14. 2022 High

    The CD24–Siglec-E axis was extended beyond tumor immunity to metabolic inflammation, demonstrating sialylation-dependent SHP-1 recruitment that suppresses obesity-related metaflammation and protects against metabolic syndrome.

    Evidence Cd24-KO, Siglec-E-KO, and double-KO mice with CD24Fc treatment, SHP-1 recruitment assays, human clinical correlation

    PMID:35921817

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell type(s) presenting CD24 to tissue macrophages in adipose tissue not definitively identified
    • Whether CD24Fc therapeutic benefit is mediated solely through Siglec engagement or additional receptors unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include: the structural basis of the CD24–Siglec and CD24–NPM interactions; the mechanism by which a GPI-anchored protein activates intracellular Src-family kinases; how CD24 partitions between intracellular (stress granule/NPM-associated) and surface (anti-phagocytic/signaling) pools; and whether the diverse CD24 functions in immunity, metabolism, and neural synaptic maturation share common downstream signaling intermediates.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of CD24 or CD24–Siglec complex
  • Mechanism coupling GPI anchor to cytoplasmic kinase activation unresolved
  • Relative physiological importance of intracellular versus surface CD24 pools undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0140313 molecular sequestering activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 5 GO:0005829 cytosol 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 5 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
CXCR4EGFRG3BP1LYNNPM1SIGLEC-GSIGLEC10YY1

Evidence

Reading pass · 26 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2019 CD24 expressed on tumor cells functions as a 'don't eat me' anti-phagocytic signal by directly binding to Siglec-10 on tumor-associated macrophages, inhibiting macrophage phagocytosis; genetic ablation or antibody blockade of either CD24 or Siglec-10 robustly augments phagocytosis of CD24-expressing tumor cells and reduces tumor growth in vivo. Genetic ablation (CD24 KO, Siglec-10 KO), monoclonal antibody blockade, in vivo phagocytosis assays, tumor growth models Nature High 31367043
2006 CD24 regulates CXCR4 chemokine receptor function; CD24 expression reduces SDF-1-mediated cell migration and CXCR4 signaling by modulating cellular cholesterol levels and CXCR4 lipid raft association. CD24-knockout mouse B cells, CD24-/- pre-B cell lines, CD24 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 cells, migration assays, lipid raft fractionation Journal of cell science High 16390867
2011 Intracellular CD24 in stress granules associates with G3BP (a phosphorylation-dependent endoribonuclease) and inhibits G3BP's RNase activity toward BART mRNA, thereby stabilizing BART mRNA and suppressing cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Co-immunoprecipitation, stress granule fractionation, RNase activity assay, CD24 knockdown with orthotopic xenograft invasion model Cancer research High 21266361
2015 Intracellular CD24 competitively inhibits ARF binding to NPM, resulting in decreased ARF levels, increased MDM2, and decreased p53 and p21/CDKN1A, thereby enabling functional inactivation of p53 by somatic mutation and viral oncogenes (SV40 large T antigen, HPV16 E6). Targeted mutation and shRNA silencing of CD24, Co-IP, in vitro competition assay, in vivo prostate cancer growth/metastasis models Nature communications High 25600590
2012 HIF-1α transcriptionally activates CD24 expression through a functional hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) in the CD24 promoter; CD24 overexpression rescues the growth/metastasis deficit caused by HIF-1α depletion, placing CD24 downstream of HIF-1α as a critical effector. ChIP (HIF-1α binding to CD24 promoter), shRNA knockdown of HIF-1α or CD24, HIF-1α overexpression under normoxia, in vivo primary and metastatic tumor growth assays Cancer research High 22926560
2011 CD24 promotes cancer cell invasion through β1-integrin-dependent contractile force generation; CD24-high cells generate 5-fold higher contractile forces than CD24-low cells, and this enhanced invasion is blocked by inhibitors of myosin light chain kinase, Rho kinase, Src kinase, or STAT3. Stable CD24 transfection/knockdown in A125 lung cancer cells, 3D ECM invasion assays, Fourier transform traction microscopy, pharmacological inhibitors The Journal of biological chemistry High 21828044
2016 CD24 associates with EGFR and inhibits EGFR internalization and degradation in a RhoA-dependent manner in gastric cancer cells, thereby sustaining EGF/EGFR signaling and downstream ERK and Akt phosphorylation. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, CD24 knockdown/overexpression, RhoA pulldown assay, Western blot, flow cytometry Journal of translational medicine Medium 26830684
2009 CD24 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation via activation of ERK1/2, Raf-1, and p38 MAPK signaling; specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK abrogate CD24-induced proliferation in vitro and in vivo. CD24 overexpression/knockdown, pharmacological inhibitors (U0126, SB203580), in vitro proliferation assays, nude mouse tumorigenicity assay Cancer science Medium 19860845
2012 CD24 interacts with Lyn (a Src family kinase) as identified by Co-IP; CD24 overexpression activates Lyn and enhances Lyn-ERK1/2 interaction and nuclear translocation of Lyn, driving ERK1/2 activation and colorectal cancer invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, Lyn inhibitor (PP2), CD24 overexpression/depletion, invasion assay Molecular cancer Medium 22731636
2014 CD24 promotes gastric cancer survival and invasion through activation of STAT3; CD24 knockdown induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and reduces invasion, while STAT3 inhibition mimics and extends CD24 knockdown effects. CD24 knockdown in GC cells, apoptosis assays (flow cytometry, mitochondrial pathway markers), STAT3 inhibitor, in vivo xenograft, clinical tissue analysis Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death Medium 24327257
2018 SOX2 transcriptionally activates CD24 by binding to its promoter (downstream of STAT3 activation induced by BRAF inhibition); CD24 overexpression in turn activates Src and STAT3, and CD24 knockdown or Src/STAT3 inhibition restores BRAF inhibitor sensitivity in resistant melanoma cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (SOX2 binding to CD24 promoter), shRNA knockdown, CD24 overexpression, STAT3/Src inhibitor treatment, drug resistance assays International journal of cancer Medium 29905375
2016 GON4L interacts with transcription factor YY1 and promotes its association with the androgen receptor to drive CD24 expression and cancer cell growth; GON4L depletion reduces CD24 expression, cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor xenograft growth in vivo. shRNA pooled library screen, Co-IP (GON4L-YY1-androgen receptor), CD24 expression assays, cell proliferation, in vivo xenograft Cancer research Medium 27312530
2021 Nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM) induces CD24 expression through the Sp1 binding site in the CD24 promoter (transcriptional activation); NPM silencing decreases CD24 surface expression and enhances macrophage phagocytosis of endometrial cancer cells, while restoring CD24 in NPM-silenced cells re-suppresses phagocytosis. Oligonucleotide microarray, promoter analysis (Sp1 site), NPM silencing, CD24 overexpression rescue, macrophage phagocytosis assay Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) Medium 33954835
2022 The CD24-Siglec-E axis suppresses obesity-related metaflammation; sialylation-dependent recognition of CD24 by Siglec-E induces SHP-1 recruitment, repressing inflammatory signaling and protecting against metabolic syndrome including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and NASH. Multiple mouse knockout strains (Cd24 KO, Siglec-E KO, combined), CD24Fc treatment, SHP-1 recruitment assays, first-in-human clinical correlation Cell metabolism High 35921817
2014 Siglec-G on host antigen-presenting cells interacts with CD24 on donor T cells to negatively regulate graft-versus-host disease; enhancing Siglec-G–CD24 interaction with CD24 fusion protein attenuates GVHD severity. Siglec-G KO and CD24 KO chimeric mouse models, CD24 fusion protein rescue experiments, multiple GVHD mouse models Blood High 24695850
2006 CD24 is expressed preferentially by myofiber synaptic nuclei and is required for normal presynaptic maturation and function; CD24 mutant mice exhibit depressed synaptic transmission with complete failure upon repetitive stimulation and aberrant stimulus-dependent AM1-43 uptake from axons. Microarray screen for synaptic-region genes, CD24 mutant mice, electrophysiology (synaptic transmission), AM1-43 dye uptake assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16606832
1997 CD24 (HSA) is required for normal B-cell development; CD24-deficient mice show a leaky block in B-cell development with reduction in late pre-B and immature B-cell populations in bone marrow, and their erythrocytes show increased aggregation, susceptibility to hypotonic lysis, and reduced half-life in vivo. Homologous recombination KO mice, flow cytometry of bone marrow populations, erythrocyte osmotic fragility assays, in vivo erythrocyte half-life measurement Blood High 9028339
2010 NFAT5 directly binds to the Cd24 promoter in response to hypertonicity, derepresses local chromatin, and upregulates CD24 mRNA and protein expression; this CD24 induction is required for T cell expansion under osmotic stress. NFAT5 KO mice, T cell-specific NFAT5 KO, ChIP (NFAT5 binding to Cd24 promoter), chromatin derepression assay, in vitro hypertonicity models, T cell expansion assays Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 21037089
2011 NDRG2 negatively regulates CD24 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma; NDRG2 upregulation decreases CD24 expression and reduces cell adhesion, migration and invasion, while NDRG2 knockdown increases CD24 and enhances these behaviors. Adenovirus-mediated NDRG2 overexpression, siRNA knockdown, Western blot, adhesion/migration/invasion assays, clinical HCC specimens BMC cancer Medium 21676268
2021 Translocation of CD24 from cytosol to cell membrane is a triggering event for phenotype switching and drug resistance in breast cancer; membrane CD24 upregulation leads to strong continuous p38 MAPK phosphorylation, Bcl-2 overexpression, and cell cycle slowdown enabling drug persistence. CD24 localization by flow cytometry and imaging, p38 MAPK phosphorylation assays, Bcl-2 expression, p38 inhibitor sensitization experiments Scientific reports Medium 34426608
2019 CD24 in granulosa cells mediates ovulation by supporting the EGFR-ERK1/2 pathway; hCG stimulation increases CD24 expression in granulosa cells and CD24 is associated with hCG-induced upregulation of prostaglandin synthase and transporter genes. Single-cell RNAseq of human cumulus cells, hCG stimulation experiments, CD24 functional correlation with EGFR-ERK1/2 pathway and prostaglandin gene expression Cell death & disease Low 31624236
2015 ELF5 transcription factor binds to the ETS cis-element on the proximal CD24 promoter and upregulates CD24 expression; CD24 knockdown in ELF5-overexpressing breast cancer cells restores cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, placing CD24 downstream of ELF5 as an effector. ChIP-seq (ELF5 binding to CD24 promoter), CD24 knockdown, ELF5 overexpression, proliferation/migration/invasion assays Molecular biology reports Medium 34146197
2019 Heparanase upregulates CD24 expression (independent of its enzymatic activity, as a splice variant lacking enzymatic activity also increases CD24), and CD24 promotes glioma cell migration, invasion, colony formation, and tumor growth via the L1CAM ligand axis. Tet-on inducible heparanase expression, gene array, heparanase gene silencing, CD24 overexpression, anti-CD24 and anti-L1CAM neutralizing antibodies, mouse glioma tumor models International journal of cancer Medium 31032901
2019 CD24 downregulation suppresses bone metastasis of lung cancer cells by reducing anchorage-independent growth and cancer cell tropism to bone; add-back of CD24 rescues the metastasis deficit, confirming a direct causal role. CD24 knockdown with add-back rescue, intracardiac injection mouse model, in vivo near-infrared imaging (iRFP720), cell adhesion assays, colony formation assay Cancer science Medium 29095550
2015 Dynamic upregulation of CD24 during early adipogenesis is necessary for differentiation; siRNA-mediated CD24 knockdown results in fewer mature lipid-laden adipocytes and decreased expression of mature adipogenic genes, and CD24 expression is driven by increased promoter activity in response to cAMP or dexamethasone. siRNA knockdown, CD24 promoter activity assay (transient transfection), 3T3-L1 and primary pre-adipocyte differentiation assays, RT-qPCR, Western blot Adipocyte Medium 26167413
2019 CD24 downregulation in hippocampal astrocytes suppresses SHP2 (SHP-2/PTPN11) phosphorylation and reduces BDNF levels, impairing hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function after traumatic brain injury; conversely, TBI-induced elevation of CD24 positively supports neurogenesis. Lentiviral CD24 knockdown in astrocytes, Transwell co-culture with neurons, Western blot (SHP2 phosphorylation, BDNF), DCX immunofluorescence, Morris water maze cognitive testing The Journal of surgical research Medium 31421380

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2019 CD24 signalling through macrophage Siglec-10 is a target for cancer immunotherapy. Nature 1084 31367043
2008 The CD44+/CD24- phenotype is enriched in basal-like breast tumors. Breast cancer research : BCR 454 18559090
2012 Significance of CD44 and CD24 as cancer stem cell markers: an enduring ambiguity. Clinical & developmental immunology 400 22693526
2004 Tumour biological aspects of CD24, a mucin-like adhesion molecule. Journal of molecular histology 259 15339045
2020 Novel insights into the function of CD24: A driving force in cancer. International journal of cancer 165 32790899
2011 Identification of CD44+CD24+ gastric cancer stem cells. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 162 21882047
2006 CD24 affects CXCR4 function in pre-B lymphocytes and breast carcinoma cells. Journal of cell science 151 16390867
2018 iNOS promotes CD24+CD133+ liver cancer stem cell phenotype through a TACE/ADAM17-dependent Notch signaling pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 135 30297396
2018 Quercetin suppresses breast cancer stem cells (CD44+/CD24-) by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-signaling pathway. Life sciences 121 29355544
2012 CD24 is an effector of HIF-1-driven primary tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer research 110 22926560
1997 Altered erythrocytes and a leaky block in B-cell development in CD24/HSA-deficient mice. Blood 107 9028339
2018 Overview of CD24 as a new molecular marker in ovarian cancer. Journal of cellular physiology 102 30317611
2003 CD24 is a genetic modifier for risk and progression of multiple sclerosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 14657362
2019 Characterization of a Novel Third-Generation Anti-CD24-CAR against Ovarian Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences 90 30717444
2009 CD24 overexpression in cancer development and progression: a meta-analysis. Oncology reports 89 19787233
2014 Siglec-G-CD24 axis controls the severity of graft-versus-host disease in mice. Blood 82 24695850
2011 NDRG2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma adhesion, migration and invasion by regulating CD24 expression. BMC cancer 77 21676268
2020 Regeneration of pulpo-dentinal-like complex by a group of unique multipotent CD24a+ stem cells. Science advances 76 32284993
2015 CD24 tracks divergent pluripotent states in mouse and human cells. Nature communications 71 26076835
2011 Intracellular CD24 inhibits cell invasion by posttranscriptional regulation of BART through interaction with G3BP. Cancer research 71 21266361
2018 SOX2-mediated upregulation of CD24 promotes adaptive resistance toward targeted therapy in melanoma. International journal of cancer 62 29905375
2015 Intracellular CD24 disrupts the ARF-NPM interaction and enables mutational and viral oncogene-mediated p53 inactivation. Nature communications 58 25600590
2011 Contractile forces contribute to increased glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptor CD24-facilitated cancer cell invasion. The Journal of biological chemistry 58 21828044
2005 Cytoplasmic CD24 expression in advanced ovarian serous borderline tumors. Gynecologic oncology 58 15863133
2009 CD24-dependent MAPK pathway activation is required for colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Cancer science 57 19860845
1994 Mapping of CD24 and homologous sequences to multiple chromosomal loci. Genomics 54 7959762
2022 Adult human kidney organoids originate from CD24+ cells and represent an advanced model for adult polycystic kidney disease. Nature genetics 53 36303074
2016 CD24 associates with EGFR and supports EGF/EGFR signaling via RhoA in gastric cancer cells. Journal of translational medicine 53 26830684
2016 STAT3 as a potential therapeutic target in ALDH+ and CD44+/CD24+ stem cell-like pancreatic cancer cells. International journal of oncology 53 27748818
2012 Lyn is involved in CD24-induced ERK1/2 activation in colorectal cancer. Molecular cancer 52 22731636
2022 CD24-Siglec axis is an innate immune checkpoint against metaflammation and metabolic disorder. Cell metabolism 51 35921817
2016 The CD24 surface antigen in neural development and disease. Neurobiology of disease 50 27993646
1993 The heat stable antigen (mouse CD24) gene is differentially regulated but has a housekeeping promoter. The Journal of biological chemistry 46 8226859
2010 NFAT5 regulates T lymphocyte homeostasis and CD24-dependent T cell expansion under pathologic hypernatremia. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 45 21037089
2016 GON4L Drives Cancer Growth through a YY1-Androgen Receptor-CD24 Axis. Cancer research 43 27312530
2008 The novel oncogene CD24 and its arising role in the carcinogenesis of the GI tract: from research to therapy. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology 43 19072375
2017 TGF-β reduces DNA ds-break repair mechanisms to heighten genetic diversity and adaptability of CD44+/CD24- cancer cells. eLife 41 28092266
2015 CD44v3+/CD24- cells possess cancer stem cell-like properties in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. International journal of oncology 39 26647656
2009 Targeting CD24 for treatment of ovarian cancer by short hairpin RNA. Cytotherapy 39 19593703
2018 CD24 and Fc fusion protein protects SIVmac239-infected Chinese rhesus macaque against progression to AIDS. Antiviral research 38 29983395
2010 CD24 and galectin-1 expressions in gastric adenocarcinoma and clinicopathologic significance. Pathology oncology research : POR 37 20177845
1995 Expression of a B-cell marker, CD24, on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. International journal of cancer 37 7829271
2017 Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates ovarian cancer invasion and migration via adhesion molecule CD24. Journal of Cancer 36 28382140
2022 Treatment with soluble CD24 attenuates COVID-19-associated systemic immunopathology. Journal of hematology & oncology 35 35012610
2023 Engineering nanoparticles boost TNBC therapy by CD24 blockade and mitochondrial dynamics regulation. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 34 36736908
2019 Heparanase promotes glioma progression via enhancing CD24 expression. International journal of cancer 33 31032901
2014 CD24 mediates gastric carcinogenesis and promotes gastric cancer progression via STAT3 activation. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 32 24327257
2023 Dual blockade of CD47 and CD24 signaling using a novel bispecific antibody fusion protein enhances macrophage immunotherapy. Molecular therapy oncolytics 31 38046893
2020 The CD24+ cell subset promotes invasion and metastasis in human osteosarcoma. EBioMedicine 31 31901872
2015 Baicalein inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells through suppressing the expression of CD24. International immunopharmacology 31 26548344
2008 Association of CD24 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. The Journal of rheumatology 31 18381780
2022 CD24 Is a Potential Immunotherapeutic Target for Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Biomedicines 29 35625912
2020 CD24, A Review of its Role in Tumor Diagnosis, Progression and Therapy. Current gene therapy 29 32576128
2017 Downregulation of CD24 suppresses bone metastasis of lung cancer. Cancer science 29 29095550
2022 Single cell atlas of developing mouse dental germs reveals populations of CD24+ and Plac8+ odontogenic cells. Science bulletin 28 36545982
2015 CD24(+) cells fuel rapid tumor growth and display high metastatic capacity. Breast cancer research : BCR 28 26040280
2022 A highly potent small-molecule antagonist of exportin-1 selectively eliminates CD44+CD24- enriched breast cancer stem-like cells. Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy 27 36463808
2018 CD44+/CD24+-Expressing Cervical Cancer Cells and Radioresistant Cervical Cancer Cells Exhibit Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation 27 30317240
2006 CD24 is expressed by myofiber synaptic nuclei and regulates synaptic transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 27 16606832
2021 Association of human breast cancer CD44-/CD24- cells with delayed distant metastasis. eLife 26 34318746
2019 Expression of CD24 in plasma, exosome and ovarian tissue samples of serous ovarian cancer patients. Journal of biotechnology 25 30959137
2011 Expression of CD24 in cholangiocarcinoma cells is associated with disease progression and reduced patient survival. International journal of oncology 25 21687942
2023 CD24-Siglec interactions in inflammatory diseases. Frontiers in immunology 24 37228622
2022 ZBTB28 inhibits breast cancer by activating IFNAR and dual blocking CD24 and CD47 to enhance macrophages phagocytosis. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 24 35048182
2019 CD24: a marker of granulosa cell subpopulation and a mediator of ovulation. Cell death & disease 24 31624236
2012 CD24: a novel cancer biomarker in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties 24 22354323
2006 Regulation of E-cadherin and TGF-beta3 expression by CD24 in cultured oral epithelial cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 16930538
2015 CD24 promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells in vitro. Oncology reports 22 26707501
2010 Radiation resistance in breast cancer: are CD44+/CD24-/proteosome low/PKH26+ cells to blame? Breast cancer research : BCR 22 20377923
2015 Defective Function of CD24(+)CD38(+) Regulatory B Cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis. DNA and cell biology 21 26556289
2016 Clinicopathological analysis of CD44 and CD24 expression in invasive breast cancer. Oncology letters 20 27698848
2015 Dynamic upregulation of CD24 in pre-adipocytes promotes adipogenesis. Adipocyte 19 26167413
2021 Quiescence, Stemness and Adipogenic Differentiation Capacity in Human DLK1-/CD34+/CD24+ Adipose Stem/Progenitor Cells. Cells 18 33498986
2019 Decreased number of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi regulatory B cells in Diabetic nephropathy. Molecular immunology 18 31181422
2019 Peripheral CD19+CD24highCD38high B-regulatory cells in lung transplant recipients. Transplant immunology 18 31526864
2023 The biological roles of CD24 in ovarian cancer: old story, but new tales. Frontiers in immunology 17 37359556
2019 Inhibition of Elevated Hippocampal CD24 Reduces Neurogenesis in Mice With Traumatic Brain Injury. The Journal of surgical research 17 31421380
2012 CD24, COX-2, and p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer and its clinical significance. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition) 17 22652675
2010 NDRG2 expression regulates CD24 and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 17 21338239
2024 From mechanism to therapy: the journey of CD24 in cancer. Frontiers in immunology 16 38881902
2021 Translocation of intracellular CD24 constitutes a triggering event for drug resistance in breast cancer. Scientific reports 16 34426608
2018 Identification of CD24 as a marker for tumorigenesis of melanoma. OncoTargets and therapy 16 29928131
2016 CD24 is a genetic modifier for risk and progression of prostate cancer. Molecular carcinogenesis 16 27377469
2013 The immunohistochemical expression of CD24 and CD171 adhesion molecules in borderline ovarian tumors. Polish journal of pathology : official journal of the Polish Society of Pathologists 16 24166603
2022 Phenotypic and molecular states of IDH1 mutation-induced CD24-positive glioma stem-like cells. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 15 35398668
2021 ELF5 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells by regulating CD24. Molecular biology reports 15 34146197
2021 Knock-Down of CD24 in Astrocytes Aggravates Oxyhemoglobin-Induced Hippocampal Neuron Impairment. Neurochemical research 15 34665391
2020 The neural stem-cell marker CD24 is specifically upregulated in IDH-mutant glioma. Translational oncology 15 32622311
2019 The role of CD24 in multiple myeloma tumorigenicity and effects of the microenvironment on its expression. Oncotarget 15 31534632
2016 Characterization of the CD49f+/CD44+/CD24- single-cell derived stem cell population in basal-like DCIS cells. Oncotarget 15 27374087
2022 CD24 is a surrogate for 'immune-cold' phenotype in aggressive large B-cell lymphoma. The journal of pathology. Clinical research 14 35289116
2021 Nucleophosmin/B23 promotes endometrial cancer cell escape from macrophage phagocytosis by increasing CD24 expression. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 14 33954835
2019 Investigation of CD133 and CD24 as candidate azoospermia markers and their relationship with spermatogenesis defects. Gene 14 31054360
2016 CD90 and CD24 Co-Expression Is Associated with Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasias. PloS one 14 27332878
2010 CD24 Ala57Val gene polymorphism and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Tissue antigens 14 20230526
2023 Inhaled CD24-Enriched Exosomes (EXO-CD24) as a Novel Immune Modulator in Respiratory Disease. International journal of molecular sciences 13 38203250
2021 A pilot study on biological characteristics of human CD24(+) stem cells from the apical papilla. Journal of dental sciences 13 35028047
2018 Effect of curcumin on the cell surface markers CD44 and CD24 in breast cancer. Oncology reports 13 29693159
2015 Effects of paracrine factors on CD24 expression and neural differentiation of male germline stem cells. International journal of molecular medicine 13 25976705
2011 Investigation of CD24 and its expression in Iranian relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The International journal of neuroscience 13 21815873