Affinage

CD24

Signal transducer CD24 · UniProt P25063

Length
80 aa
Mass
8.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 26 papers cited in narrative 26 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CD24 is a GPI-anchored cell-surface glycoprotein that functions as a context-dependent innate immune checkpoint and a pro-oncogenic signaling hub (PMID:19264983, PMID:31367043). As a regulator of innate immunity, CD24 binds the danger-associated molecular patterns HMGB1, HSP70, and HSP90 and engages the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 (human) or Siglec-G (mouse) to selectively dampen NF-κB-driven responses to tissue damage without affecting responses to pathogens (PMID:19264983); this same axis recruits SHP-1 to repress obesity-associated metaflammation through Siglec-E (PMID:35921817) and attenuates graft-versus-host disease via host Siglec-G engaging donor T-cell CD24 (PMID:24695850). On tumor cells, the CD24–Siglec-10 interaction transmits a 'don't eat me' signal that suppresses macrophage phagocytosis, and its genetic or antibody-mediated blockade restores phagocytosis and limits tumor growth (PMID:31367043); analogous CD24-dependent evasion of myeloid clearance drives JAK2V617F myelofibrosis and CLL-mediated CAR T-cell dysfunction (PMID:40373279, PMID:39042920). CD24 also acts as a positive driver of tumor proliferation, survival, invasion, and drug resistance, recruiting Src and β1-integrins into lipid rafts to enhance contractile force generation and invasion (PMID:22760497, PMID:21828044), stabilizing EGFR by blocking its RhoA-dependent internalization to sustain ERK/Akt signaling (PMID:26830684), activating ERK/p38 MAPK and STAT3 to promote proliferation and survival (PMID:19860845, PMID:24327257), and recruiting PTEN to lipid rafts to modulate AKT/mTOR-dependent autophagy and chemoresistance (PMID:29844385, PMID:32394616). Intracellularly, CD24 competitively disrupts the ARF–nucleophosmin interaction to lower ARF, raise MDM2, and inactivate p53/p21 (PMID:25600590). CD24 expression is transcriptionally controlled by androgen receptor, ERG, NFAT5, NPM/B23 (via Sp1), SOX2, and heparanase (PMID:21037089, PMID:23012401, PMID:33954835, PMID:33485866, PMID:31032901, PMID:37254618), and its surface display requires GPI-anchor attachment catalyzed by GPAA1 (PMID:38573857).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 2009 High

    Established CD24 as a selective innate immune checkpoint by showing it discriminates danger from pathogen signals, answering how the immune system avoids excessive inflammation to self-derived tissue damage.

    Evidence Co-IP with HMGB1/HSP70/HSP90, CD24-deficient mouse phenotype, and genetic epistasis with Siglec-G/10 in human and mouse systems

    PMID:19264983

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve whether the same axis operates in tumor immune evasion
    • Structural basis of CD24 glycan recognition by Siglec-10/G not defined
  2. 2011 Medium

    Defined a biophysical mechanism for CD24-driven invasion, showing CD24 organizes β1-integrins and force-generating machinery rather than acting only as a marker.

    Evidence Stable transfection/knockdown, Fourier transform traction microscopy, 3D ECM invasion assays, and Src/STAT3/ROCK/MLCK pharmacological inhibition

    PMID:21828044

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Direct CD24–β1-integrin association not biochemically resolved
  3. 2012 Medium

    Connected CD24 to canonical oncogenic kinase signaling by linking it to Src/FAK/STAT3 activation within lipid rafts.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, overexpression, reporter assays, lipid raft fractionation, and xenograft antibody treatment

    PMID:22760497

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which a GPI-anchored protein activates intracellular Src not fully resolved
    • Single lab
  4. 2015 High

    Revealed an unexpected intracellular role for CD24 in p53 control, showing it competitively disrupts the ARF–NPM interaction to inactivate p53 across mutational and viral oncogene contexts.

    Evidence shRNA silencing, targeted mutation, reciprocal Co-IP, competitive binding assays, and in vivo prostate cancer models

    PMID:25600590

    Open questions at the time
    • How a predominantly surface/GPI-anchored protein accesses nucleophosmin not mechanistically explained
    • Stoichiometry of CD24 competition with ARF unquantified
  5. 2016 Medium

    Showed CD24 stabilizes EGFR to sustain mitogenic signaling, answering how CD24 amplifies growth-factor responses.

    Evidence Co-IP, RhoA pulldown, knockdown/overexpression, immunofluorescence trafficking, and wound-healing assays in gastric cancer cells

    PMID:26830684

    Open questions at the time
    • RhoA linkage to CD24 mechanistically indirect
    • Single lab and tumor type
  6. 2019 High

    Generalized the CD24–Siglec-10 axis into a therapeutically actionable macrophage 'don't eat me' checkpoint on tumor cells.

    Evidence CRISPR/genetic ablation, monoclonal antibody blockade, phagocytosis assays, and in vivo tumor growth/survival across multiple tumor types

    PMID:31367043

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define glycan determinants required for Siglec-10 engagement
    • Contribution relative to other phagocytosis checkpoints not delineated
  7. 2022 High

    Extended CD24–Siglec inhibitory signaling beyond cancer to metabolic disease, identifying Siglec-E and SHP-1 as the relevant effectors in metaflammation.

    Evidence Multiple single/combined Cd24 and Siglec mouse mutants, CD24Fc pharmacological rescue, SHP-1 recruitment analysis, and a human clinical cohort

    PMID:35921817

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell types responsible for Siglec-E-dependent suppression not fully assigned
    • Sialylation determinants on CD24 not mapped
  8. 2018 Medium

    Linked CD24 to chemoresistance through autophagy, showing CD24 raises PP2A and deactivates mTOR/AKT to enhance protective autophagy.

    Evidence Knockdown/overexpression, pharmacological and genetic autophagy inhibition, and mTOR/AKT pathway analysis in sorafenib-resistant HCC

    PMID:29844385

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which CD24 increases PP2A unknown
    • Single lab
  9. 2020 Medium

    Defined a lipid-raft-dependent CD24–PTEN module controlling AKT/mTORC1 and autophagy-mediated drug resistance.

    Evidence Overexpression/knockdown, lipid raft fractionation showing PTEN recruitment, and PTEN/AKT/mTORC1 pathway analysis in retinoblastoma cells

    PMID:32394616

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect CD24–PTEN association not established
    • Single lab and tumor type
  10. 2021 Medium

    Connected CD24 subcellular localization to phenotypic plasticity, showing cytosol-to-membrane translocation drives p38/Bcl-2-mediated drug-tolerant states.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation/immunofluorescence localization tracking and p38 inhibitor experiments in breast cancer cells

    PMID:34426608

    Open questions at the time
    • Trigger and machinery for translocation not identified
    • Single lab
  11. 2021 Medium

    Identified upstream transcriptional regulators (ERG, NPM/B23 via Sp1) controlling CD24 levels and immune evasion.

    Evidence ERG-inducible models and Sp1-site promoter mutagenesis with luciferase reporters, plus phagocytosis rescue assays

    PMID:33485866 PMID:33954835

    Open questions at the time
    • Interplay among the multiple regulators in vivo not integrated
    • Tissue specificity of each regulator not resolved
  12. 2024 High

    Pinpointed the biosynthetic requirement for CD24 surface display, identifying GPAA1-mediated GPI anchoring as a druggable node.

    Evidence Genome-wide CRISPR KO screen, GPAA1 ablation, bestatin drug-target binding, phagocytosis assays, and in vivo ovarian tumor growth

    PMID:38573857

    Open questions at the time
    • Selectivity of bestatin/GPAA1 inhibition for CD24 over other GPI-anchored proteins not defined
  13. 2025 High

    Demonstrated CD24-mediated evasion of myeloid clearance in non-solid disease, defining a GM-CSF–JAK2–STAT5–CD24 axis driving myelofibrosis.

    Evidence JAK2V617F mouse models, CD24 knockout, chronic antibody blockade, and in vivo imaging/histology

    PMID:40373279

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the effector Siglec receptor mirrors the tumor Siglec-10 axis not specified here
    • Human MPN validation limited

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how CD24's glycosylation state quantitatively dictates Siglec receptor choice and downstream phosphatase selection (SHP-1 vs SHP-2) across immune, metabolic, and tumor contexts, and how its surface signaling is mechanistically coupled to its reported intracellular ARF/NPM and PTEN functions.
  • No structural model of CD24 glycan–Siglec recognition
  • Mechanism connecting GPI-anchored surface CD24 to intracellular p53 and PTEN regulation undefined
  • Rules governing tissue-specific Siglec partner selection unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 6 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 2
Partners
EGFRHMGB1ITGB1L1CAMNPM1SIGLEC10SIGLECESIGLECG
Complex memberships
lipid raft

Evidence

Reading pass · 26 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2009 CD24 associates with damage-associated molecular pattern molecules HMGB1, HSP70, and HSP90, negatively regulates their stimulatory activity, and inhibits NF-κB activation. This occurs through CD24 association with Siglec-10 (in humans) or Siglec-G (in mice), selectively suppressing innate immune responses to danger- but not pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Co-immunoprecipitation, CD24-deficient mouse model with defined phenotypic readout (susceptibility to DAMPs vs PAMPs), genetic epistasis Science High 19264983
2019 CD24 expressed on tumor cells interacts with the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 expressed by tumor-associated macrophages to suppress macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, functioning as an innate immune 'don't eat me' checkpoint. Genetic ablation of either CD24 or Siglec-10, or blockade of the CD24-Siglec-10 interaction with monoclonal antibodies, robustly augments phagocytosis of CD24-expressing human tumors and reduces tumor growth in vivo. Genetic ablation (CRISPR/knockout), monoclonal antibody blockade, phagocytosis assays, in vivo tumor growth and survival assays Nature High 31367043
2015 Intracellular CD24 competitively inhibits ARF binding to nucleophosmin (NPM), resulting in decreased ARF levels, increased MDM2, and decreased p53 and p21/CDKN1A. This mechanism enables functional inactivation of p53 by both somatic mutation and viral oncogenes (SV40 large T antigen, HPV16 E6). Targeted mutation and shRNA silencing of CD24 retard prostate cancer growth, progression, and metastasis. shRNA silencing, targeted mutation, co-immunoprecipitation, competitive binding assay, in vivo tumor growth assay Nature Communications High 25600590
2012 CD24 knockdown reduces STAT3 and FAK phosphorylation, and reduces Src phosphorylation. CD24 overexpression augments Src-Y416 phosphorylation, recruits Src into lipid rafts, and increases expression of STAT3-dependent target genes. Anti-CD24 antibody treatment reduces tumor growth and affects Src phosphorylation in vivo. siRNA knockdown, overexpression, reporter assays, lipid raft fractionation, xenograft tumor model, antibody treatment Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Medium 22760497
2011 CD24 expression promotes cancer cell invasion through increased generation and transmission of contractile forces. CD24 facilitates localization of β1-integrins in lipid rafts; knockdown of CD24 or β1-integrin reduces invasiveness. Inhibition of Src kinase or STAT3 strongly reduces invasiveness of CD24-high cells. Myosin light chain kinase inhibitor and Rho kinase inhibitor reduce CD24-dependent invasiveness. Stable transfection and knockdown, Fourier transform traction microscopy, 3D ECM invasion assays, pharmacological inhibitors The Journal of Biological Chemistry Medium 21828044
2016 CD24 associates with EGFR and supports EGF/EGFR signaling in gastric cancer cells. CD24 inhibits EGFR internalization and degradation in a RhoA-dependent manner, thereby stabilizing EGFR and sustaining downstream ERK and Akt phosphorylation upon EGF stimulation. Knockdown of CD24 decreases EGFR levels and cell migration. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, immunofluorescence, RhoA pulldown assay, Western blotting, wound healing assay Journal of Translational Medicine Medium 26830684
2009 CD24 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation via activation of ERK, Raf-1, and p38 MAPK. Suppression of ERK and p38 MAPK activity with specific inhibitors (U0126 and SB203580) abrogates CD24-induced proliferation in vitro. Overexpression, pharmacological inhibition, in vitro proliferation assays, in vivo tumorigenicity assay Cancer Science Medium 19860845
2022 The CD24-Siglec-E axis (not other Siglecs) is a key suppressor of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Sialylation-dependent recognition of CD24 by Siglec-E induces SHP-1 recruitment and represses metaflammation. Inactivation of the CD24-Siglec-E pathway exacerbates, while CD24Fc treatment alleviates, diet-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and NASH. Multiple mouse strains with single/combined Cd24 or Siglec gene mutations, CD24Fc treatment, mechanistic studies showing SHP-1 recruitment Cell Metabolism High 35921817
2014 CD24 promotes gastric cancer cell survival and invasion via activation of STAT3. Knockdown of CD24 induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and inhibits STAT3 activation. CD24 also regulates E-cadherin, fibronectin, and vitamin D receptor expression. siRNA knockdown, in vitro apoptosis and invasion assays, in vivo tumor model, STAT3 pathway analysis Apoptosis Medium 24327257
2018 CD24 regulates sorafenib resistance by activating autophagy in HCC. CD24 overexpression increases PP2A protein production and induces deactivation of the mTOR/AKT pathway, which enhances autophagy. Depletion of CD24 or inhibition of autophagy (pharmacologically or by autophagy gene knockdown) restores sorafenib sensitivity. siRNA knockdown, overexpression, pharmacological autophagy inhibitors, essential autophagy gene knockdown, Western blotting for mTOR/AKT pathway Cell Death & Disease Medium 29844385
2020 CD24 recruits PTEN to the lipid raft domain and regulates the PTEN/AKT/mTORC1 pathway to activate autophagy, thereby impairing retinoblastoma cell sensitivity to vincristine. Lipid raft localization of CD24 was essential for this PTEN recruitment function. Overexpression, siRNA knockdown, lipid raft fractionation, pathway analysis (PTEN/AKT/mTORC1), cell viability assays Molecular Oncology Medium 32394616
2014 Siglec-G expression on host antigen-presenting cells negatively regulates graft-versus-host disease. The interaction between Siglec-G on host APCs and CD24 on donor T cells attenuates GVHD. Rescue experiments with CD24 fusion protein and Siglec-G/CD24 knockout chimeric animals demonstrated that enhancing the CD24-Siglec-G interaction mitigates GVHD. Knockout mouse models (Siglec-G and CD24 KO), chimeric animals, CD24 fusion protein rescue experiments, multiple clinically relevant murine GVHD models Blood High 24695850
2010 NFAT5 transcription factor binds to the CD24 promoter in response to hypertonicity, facilitating local chromatin derepression and enhancing CD24 mRNA and protein expression. CD24 is required to sustain T cell expansion under osmostress. NFAT5 knockout mice, ChIP (NFAT5 binding to Cd24 promoter), ex vivo T cell culture under hypernatremic conditions, chromatin accessibility assay Journal of Immunology Medium 21037089
2011 NDRG2 negatively regulates CD24 expression in HCC cells; NDRG2 upregulation decreases CD24 expression and reduces cell adhesion, migration, and invasion, while NDRG2 downregulation increases CD24 expression and promotes these processes. Adenoviral NDRG2 overexpression, siRNA knockdown, cell adhesion/migration/invasion assays, Western blotting BMC Cancer Medium 21676268
2012 CD24 expression in urothelial carcinoma is regulated by androgen receptor; androgen receptor knockdown suppresses CD24 expression and cell proliferation, androgen treatment increases CD24 promoter activity in an AR-dependent manner, and androgen deprivation reduces xenograft growth and CD24 expression, which is rescued by exogenous CD24 overexpression. AR knockdown, CD24 promoter activity assays, androgen treatment, xenograft mouse model with CD24 rescue Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Medium 23012401
2021 Nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM) induces CD24 expression in endometrial cancer cells via the Sp1 binding site in the CD24 promoter. NPM/B23 silencing reduces CD24 surface expression and enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; restoration of CD24 in NPM/B23-silenced cells inhibits phagocytosis, confirming that NPM drives immune evasion through CD24. siRNA knockdown, promoter assays with Sp1 site mutants, oligonucleotide microarray, phagocytosis assays Journal of Molecular Medicine Medium 33954835
2021 Translocation of CD24 from the cytosol to the cell membrane is a triggering event for phenotype change and drug resistance acquisition in breast cancer cells. Cytosolic-to-membrane translocation of CD24 correlates with strong and continuous p38 MAPK phosphorylation and subsequent Bcl-2 overexpression, enabling cells to enter slow cell cycle and survive drug stress. Subcellular fractionation/immunofluorescence tracking of CD24 localization, p38 MAPK inhibitor experiments, Western blotting, phenotype switching assays Scientific Reports Medium 34426608
2019 CD24 in granulosa cells is associated with hCG-induced upregulation of prostaglandin synthase genes (ARK1C1, PTGS2, PTGES, PLA2G4A) and prostaglandin transporters through supporting the EGFR-ERK1/2 pathway, mediating ovulation. The fraction of CD24+ cumulus GCs decreases in PCOS patients compared to controls. Single-cell RNA sequencing, hCG treatment of cultured GCs, functional pathway analysis of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling Cell Death & Disease Low 31624236
2006 Knockdown of CD24 in oral epithelial cells reduces E-cadherin expression and upregulates Snail, Twist, and TGF-β3. Anti-CD24 antibody stimulation induces upregulated E-cadherin and downregulated TGF-β3 expression, suggesting CD24 modulates epithelial differentiation gene programs. RNAi knockdown, anti-CD24 antibody stimulation, real-time RT-PCR Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Low 16930538
2025 In JAK2V617F MPN, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor drives JAK2-STAT5-dependent upregulation of CD24 on neutrophils, enabling them to evade efferocytosis (macrophage clearance). CD24-hi neutrophils invade megakaryocytes (emperipolesis) and increase active TGF-β, promoting myelofibrosis. Chronic CD24 antibody blockade or CD24 genetic loss restores neutrophil clearance, reduces emperipolesis and active TGF-β, and prevents myelofibrosis in mouse models. JAK2V617F mouse models, CD24 genetic knockout, chronic antibody blockade, mechanistic pathway analysis (GM-CSF-JAK2-STAT5-CD24), in vivo imaging and histology Blood High 40373279
2024 GPAA1 (GPI anchor attachment 1), identified in a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen, is required for CD24 cell surface expression; genetic ablation of GPAA1 abolishes CD24 surface expression and enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Bestatin (an aminopeptidase inhibitor) binds GPAA1, blocks GPI anchor attachment to CD24, reduces CD24 surface expression, and suppresses ovarian tumor growth. Genome-wide CRISPR KO screen, GPAA1 genetic ablation, bestatin drug treatment, phagocytosis assays, in vivo tumor growth Cell Reports High 38573857
2021 DNA promoter methylation and ERG regulate CD24 expression in prostate cancer. ERG overexpression via TMPRSS2:ERG fusion strongly induces CD24 mRNA and protein. Luciferase promoter assays with wild-type versus mutated ERG binding site in the CD24 promoter confirmed ERG-dependent transcriptional activation of CD24. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR, ERG-inducible cell model, luciferase promoter assays with ERG binding site mutation, immunohistochemistry The American Journal of Pathology Medium 33485866
2019 Heparanase consistently upregulates CD24 expression (including via a splice variant devoid of enzymatic activity), and CD24 overexpression stimulates glioma cell migration, invasion, colony formation, and tumor growth in mice. Anti-CD24 neutralizing antibody attenuates glioma tumor growth, and a similar effect is seen with anti-L1CAM antibody (a CD24 ligand), revealing a heparanase-CD24-L1CAM axis. Inducible (Tet-on) heparanase overexpression, gene array, CD24 overexpression, anti-CD24/anti-L1CAM neutralizing antibody treatment, in vivo tumor growth International Journal of Cancer Medium 31032901
2023 SOX2 transactivates CD24 expression in embryonal carcinoma cells, as demonstrated by luciferase reporter assays. Co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry identified direct CD24 interaction partners involved in cell adhesion, ATP binding, phosphoprotein binding, histone acetylation, and ubiquitination. Luciferase reporter assays, co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, N- and O-glycosylation analysis by enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry The FEBS Journal Medium 37254618
2019 Downregulation of CD24 in hippocampal neurons after traumatic brain injury significantly inhibits phosphorylation of SHP2 and reduces the number of DCX-positive newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus, impairing cognitive functions. CD24 expression is required to support post-traumatic neurogenesis via the SHP2 signaling pathway. RNA interference in vivo, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, Morris water maze behavioral testing The Journal of Surgical Research Low 31421380
2024 CLL cells suppress CAR T-cell function through CD24 (and CD52) expressed on CLL cells interacting with Siglec-10 on T cells. CD40 stimulation of CLL cells downregulates CD24 and CD52 expression, and blocking CD24 and/or CD52 markedly reduces CAR T-cell dysfunction upon coculture with resting CLL cells. Co-culture of CLL and T cells, CD40 stimulation, CD24/CD52 blocking antibodies, transcriptome profiling, kinase inhibition with dasatinib, flow cytometry Blood Advances Medium 39042920

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2019 CD24 signalling through macrophage Siglec-10 is a target for cancer immunotherapy. Nature 1117 31367043
2009 CD24 and Siglec-10 selectively repress tissue damage-induced immune responses. Science (New York, N.Y.) 672 19264983
2012 Significance of CD44 and CD24 as cancer stem cell markers: an enduring ambiguity. Clinical & developmental immunology 401 22693526
2004 Tumour biological aspects of CD24, a mucin-like adhesion molecule. Journal of molecular histology 261 15339045
2020 Novel insights into the function of CD24: A driving force in cancer. International journal of cancer 168 32790899
2018 iNOS promotes CD24+CD133+ liver cancer stem cell phenotype through a TACE/ADAM17-dependent Notch signaling pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 136 30297396
2018 CD24 regulates sorafenib resistance via activating autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell death & disease 115 29844385
2018 Overview of CD24 as a new molecular marker in ovarian cancer. Journal of cellular physiology 102 30317611
2003 CD24 is a genetic modifier for risk and progression of multiple sclerosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96 14657362
2005 CD24 and human carcinoma: tumor biological aspects. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 92 16507407
2009 CD24 overexpression in cancer development and progression: a meta-analysis. Oncology reports 90 19787233
2019 CD24hiCD38hi and CD24hiCD27+ Human Regulatory B Cells Display Common and Distinct Functional Characteristics. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 88 31511354
2012 CD24 expression is important in male urothelial tumorigenesis and metastasis in mice and is androgen regulated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 23012401
2014 Siglec-G-CD24 axis controls the severity of graft-versus-host disease in mice. Blood 82 24695850
2011 NDRG2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma adhesion, migration and invasion by regulating CD24 expression. BMC cancer 79 21676268
2020 Regeneration of pulpo-dentinal-like complex by a group of unique multipotent CD24a+ stem cells. Science advances 78 32284993
2012 CD24 controls Src/STAT3 activity in human tumors. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 74 22760497
2022 CD24: A Novel Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Journal of personalized medicine 72 36013184
2015 CD24 tracks divergent pluripotent states in mouse and human cells. Nature communications 71 26076835
2015 Intracellular CD24 disrupts the ARF-NPM interaction and enables mutational and viral oncogene-mediated p53 inactivation. Nature communications 60 25600590
2011 Contractile forces contribute to increased glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptor CD24-facilitated cancer cell invasion. The Journal of biological chemistry 58 21828044
2009 CD24-dependent MAPK pathway activation is required for colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Cancer science 58 19860845
2022 Adult human kidney organoids originate from CD24+ cells and represent an advanced model for adult polycystic kidney disease. Nature genetics 57 36303074
2016 CD24 associates with EGFR and supports EGF/EGFR signaling via RhoA in gastric cancer cells. Journal of translational medicine 56 26830684
2022 CD24-Siglec axis is an innate immune checkpoint against metaflammation and metabolic disorder. Cell metabolism 55 35921817
1994 Mapping of CD24 and homologous sequences to multiple chromosomal loci. Genomics 54 7959762
2016 The CD24 surface antigen in neural development and disease. Neurobiology of disease 50 27993646
2012 CD24 expression as a marker for predicting clinical outcome in human gliomas. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 50 22500096
2023 Targeting CD24 as a novel immunotherapy for solid cancers. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 48 37919766
2017 Expression of CD24 and B7-H3 in breast cancer and the clinical significance. Oncology letters 46 29344150
2014 Hypoxia-mediated CD24 expression is correlated with gastric cancer aggressiveness by promoting cell migration and invasion. Cancer science 45 25174257
2010 NFAT5 regulates T lymphocyte homeostasis and CD24-dependent T cell expansion under pathologic hypernatremia. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 45 21037089
2008 The novel oncogene CD24 and its arising role in the carcinogenesis of the GI tract: from research to therapy. Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology 43 19072375
2011 Expression of CD44, CD24 and ESA in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines varies with local microenvironment. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT 42 21813394
2015 CD44v3+/CD24- cells possess cancer stem cell-like properties in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. International journal of oncology 39 26647656
2018 CD24 and Fc fusion protein protects SIVmac239-infected Chinese rhesus macaque against progression to AIDS. Antiviral research 38 29983395
2023 Engineering nanoparticles boost TNBC therapy by CD24 blockade and mitochondrial dynamics regulation. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 37 36736908
2010 CD24 is upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease and stimulates cell motility and colony formation. Inflammatory bowel diseases 37 19998456
2010 CD24 and galectin-1 expressions in gastric adenocarcinoma and clinicopathologic significance. Pathology oncology research : POR 37 20177845
1995 Expression of a B-cell marker, CD24, on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. International journal of cancer 37 7829271
2022 Treatment with soluble CD24 attenuates COVID-19-associated systemic immunopathology. Journal of hematology & oncology 36 35012610
2017 Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates ovarian cancer invasion and migration via adhesion molecule CD24. Journal of Cancer 36 28382140
2023 Dual blockade of CD47 and CD24 signaling using a novel bispecific antibody fusion protein enhances macrophage immunotherapy. Molecular therapy oncolytics 34 38046893
2020 The CD24+ cell subset promotes invasion and metastasis in human osteosarcoma. EBioMedicine 34 31901872
2019 Heparanase promotes glioma progression via enhancing CD24 expression. International journal of cancer 34 31032901
2015 CD24 promotes HCC progression via triggering Notch-related EMT and modulation of tumor microenvironment. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 33 26608371
2014 CD24 mediates gastric carcinogenesis and promotes gastric cancer progression via STAT3 activation. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 33 24327257
2008 Association of CD24 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. The Journal of rheumatology 31 18381780
2020 CD24 blunts the sensitivity of retinoblastoma to vincristine by modulating autophagy. Molecular oncology 30 32394616
2020 CD24, A Review of its Role in Tumor Diagnosis, Progression and Therapy. Current gene therapy 30 32576128
2017 Downregulation of CD24 suppresses bone metastasis of lung cancer. Cancer science 30 29095550
2022 CD24 Is a Potential Immunotherapeutic Target for Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Biomedicines 29 35625912
2015 CD24(+) cells fuel rapid tumor growth and display high metastatic capacity. Breast cancer research : BCR 28 26040280
2021 Association of human breast cancer CD44-/CD24- cells with delayed distant metastasis. eLife 27 34318746
2018 CD44+/CD24+-Expressing Cervical Cancer Cells and Radioresistant Cervical Cancer Cells Exhibit Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation 27 30317240
2016 Analysis of the structure, evolution, and expression of CD24, an important regulator of cell fate. Gene 27 27259665
2023 CD24-Siglec interactions in inflammatory diseases. Frontiers in immunology 26 37228622
2019 Expression of CD24 in plasma, exosome and ovarian tissue samples of serous ovarian cancer patients. Journal of biotechnology 26 30959137
2022 ZBTB28 inhibits breast cancer by activating IFNAR and dual blocking CD24 and CD47 to enhance macrophages phagocytosis. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 25 35048182
2019 CD24: a marker of granulosa cell subpopulation and a mediator of ovulation. Cell death & disease 25 31624236
2006 Regulation of E-cadherin and TGF-beta3 expression by CD24 in cultured oral epithelial cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 16930538
2015 Expression of CD24, a Stem Cell Marker, in Pancreatic and Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors. American journal of clinical pathology 22 26386086
2015 CD24 promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells in vitro. Oncology reports 22 26707501
1998 CD24 expression on human keratinocytes. Experimental dermatology 22 9758414
2023 The biological roles of CD24 in ovarian cancer: old story, but new tales. Frontiers in immunology 21 37359556
2016 Clinicopathological analysis of CD44 and CD24 expression in invasive breast cancer. Oncology letters 20 27698848
2012 The expression of Psoriasin (S100A7) and CD24 is linked and related to the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. PloS one 20 23300877
2024 From mechanism to therapy: the journey of CD24 in cancer. Frontiers in immunology 19 38881902
2023 CD24 blockade as a novel strategy for cancer treatment. International immunopharmacology 19 37379708
2019 Expression of CD133 and CD24 and their different phenotypes in urinary bladder carcinoma. Cancer management and research 19 31213893
2009 Enhanced CD24 expression in endometrial carcinoma and its expression pattern in normal and hyperplastic endometrium. Histology and histopathology 19 19130400
2021 Quiescence, Stemness and Adipogenic Differentiation Capacity in Human DLK1-/CD34+/CD24+ Adipose Stem/Progenitor Cells. Cells 18 33498986
2019 Peripheral CD19+CD24highCD38high B-regulatory cells in lung transplant recipients. Transplant immunology 18 31526864
2021 Translocation of intracellular CD24 constitutes a triggering event for drug resistance in breast cancer. Scientific reports 17 34426608
2019 Inhibition of Elevated Hippocampal CD24 Reduces Neurogenesis in Mice With Traumatic Brain Injury. The Journal of surgical research 17 31421380
2018 Identification of CD24 as a marker for tumorigenesis of melanoma. OncoTargets and therapy 17 29928131
2012 CD24, COX-2, and p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer and its clinical significance. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition) 17 22652675
2010 NDRG2 expression regulates CD24 and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP 17 21338239
2025 Defective neutrophil clearance in JAK2V617F myeloproliferative neoplasms drives myelofibrosis via immune checkpoint CD24. Blood 16 40373279
2024 Checkpoint CD24 function on tumor and immunotherapy. Frontiers in immunology 16 38487533
2021 Knock-Down of CD24 in Astrocytes Aggravates Oxyhemoglobin-Induced Hippocampal Neuron Impairment. Neurochemical research 16 34665391
2020 A CD24-p53 axis contributes to African American prostate cancer disparities. The Prostate 16 32168400
2016 CD24 is a genetic modifier for risk and progression of prostate cancer. Molecular carcinogenesis 16 27377469
2013 The immunohistochemical expression of CD24 and CD171 adhesion molecules in borderline ovarian tumors. Polish journal of pathology : official journal of the Polish Society of Pathologists 16 24166603
2024 T-cell dysfunction in CLL is mediated through expression of Siglec-10 ligands CD24 and CD52 on CLL cells. Blood advances 15 39042920
2023 CD24 targeting with NK-CAR immunotherapy in testis, prostate, renal and (luminal-type) bladder cancer and identification of direct CD24 interaction partners. The FEBS journal 15 37254618
2022 Phenotypic and molecular states of IDH1 mutation-induced CD24-positive glioma stem-like cells. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 15 35398668
2020 The neural stem-cell marker CD24 is specifically upregulated in IDH-mutant glioma. Translational oncology 15 32622311
2019 Investigation of CD133 and CD24 as candidate azoospermia markers and their relationship with spermatogenesis defects. Gene 15 31054360
2019 The role of CD24 in multiple myeloma tumorigenicity and effects of the microenvironment on its expression. Oncotarget 15 31534632
2016 Characterization of the CD49f+/CD44+/CD24- single-cell derived stem cell population in basal-like DCIS cells. Oncotarget 15 27374087
2024 Targeting the GPI transamidase subunit GPAA1 abrogates the CD24 immune checkpoint in ovarian cancer. Cell reports 14 38573857
2022 CD24 is a surrogate for 'immune-cold' phenotype in aggressive large B-cell lymphoma. The journal of pathology. Clinical research 14 35289116
2021 Nucleophosmin/B23 promotes endometrial cancer cell escape from macrophage phagocytosis by increasing CD24 expression. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 14 33954835
2016 CD90 and CD24 Co-Expression Is Associated with Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasias. PloS one 14 27332878
2024 Unravelling CD24-Siglec-10 pathway: Cancer immunotherapy from basic science to clinical studies. Immunology 13 39129256
2023 Emerging Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Cancer Cells: CD24 and CD200. International journal of molecular sciences 13 37894750
2023 Inhaled CD24-Enriched Exosomes (EXO-CD24) as a Novel Immune Modulator in Respiratory Disease. International journal of molecular sciences 13 38203250
2022 CD24 blockade promotes anti-tumor immunity in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral diseases 13 36056698
2021 DNA Promoter Methylation and ERG Regulate the Expression of CD24 in Prostate Cancer. The American journal of pathology 13 33485866

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