Affinage

CAST

DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA34 · UniProt O15446

Length
510 aa
Mass
55.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

The CAST symbol resolves in this corpus to multiple distinct proteins that share the acronym. The dominant entity is CAST/ERC1-family CAZ-associated structural protein, a ~120 kDa scaffold of the presynaptic cytomatrix at the active zone that organizes the neurotransmitter-release machinery (PMID:12163476). CAST directly binds the C-terminus of RIM1 and the central region of Bassoon, and through these contacts assembles a large complex that also incorporates Munc13-1 and Piccolo; microinjection of the RIM1- or Bassoon-binding fragments disrupts these interactions and impairs neurotransmitter release, establishing the scaffold as functionally required for transmission (PMID:14734538, PMID:19812333). It heterodimerizes with the paralog CAST2/ELKS and localizes to both conventional and ribbon synapses (PMID:14723704, PMID:16485285). Functionally, CAST regulates quantal size and endosomal synaptic-vesicle recycling, with knockout enlarging mEPSC amplitude and deepening synaptic depression (PMID:27422015), and CAST/ELKS together act as positive regulators of presynaptic growth that restrain active zone size and set presynaptic CaV2 channel levels during development (PMID:32304329). SAD-B kinase phosphorylates CAST at S45 in a firing-rate-dependent manner, and this modification serves as a brake on transmission by slowing readily-releasable-pool reloading (PMID:27626661). Distinct from this scaffold, the same symbol denotes calpastatin, the endogenous calpain inhibitor whose caspase- and calpain-mediated depletion drives cytoskeletal proteolysis and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease and excitotoxic models (PMID:19020018, PMID:29403356); a homozygous nonsense mutation (p.Glu182*) in calpastatin causes PLACK syndrome through loss of calpain-inhibitory activity (PMID:31392520). A third usage, CAST/hPAF49, identifies a human RNA polymerase I-specific subunit whose UBF interaction is required for activated rDNA transcription (PMID:16809778), and an early report assigned CAST to a CD3epsilon-associated TCR signaling role (PMID:10373416).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1999 Medium

    Established a CAST entity as a CD3epsilon-associated signal transducer within the preformed TCR complex, raising the question of how the membrane-proximal CD3epsilon module couples to downstream activation.

    Evidence Co-IP and in vitro binding with CD3epsilon, tyrosine-phosphorylation assay, dominant-negative constructs with NFAT reporter and IL-2 ELISA in T cells

    PMID:10373416

    Open questions at the time
    • This usage of CAST is not reconciled with the later scaffold and Pol I subunit identities
    • Direct enzymatic or adaptor activity in TCR signaling not defined
    • No structural data on the CD3epsilon interaction
  2. 2002 High

    Identified CAST as a presynaptic active-zone scaffold that directly binds RIM1 and bridges to Munc13-1 and Bassoon, answering how active-zone components are physically organized.

    Evidence Biochemical purification from rat brain, co-IP, direct binding assays, immunoelectron microscopy, transport-vesicle immunoisolation

    PMID:12163476

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional requirement for transmission not yet shown
    • Stoichiometry and higher-order assembly undefined
  3. 2004 High

    Mapped the binding domains within the CAST complex and showed the interactions are functionally required for release, moving from architecture to causal mechanism.

    Evidence Co-IP, domain mapping, microinjection of CAST fragments into SCG neurons with electrophysiology; subcellular fractionation and IEM for the CAST2/ELKS paralog

    PMID:14723704 PMID:14734538

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative contribution of each interaction to release kinetics unresolved
    • Hetero-oligomer stoichiometry of CAST1/CAST2 unknown
  4. 2006 High

    Extended CAST localization to ribbon and conventional synapses and resolved the convergence of five active-zone proteins on the Munc13-1 N-terminal node, clarifying the topology of the release scaffold.

    Evidence IEM in mouse retina; yeast two-hybrid, co-IP, domain mapping and neuronal functional assay for the Munc13-1 interaction node

    PMID:16485285 PMID:19812333

    Open questions at the time
    • Spatial assembly order at the active zone not directly visualized
    • Whether all five contacts are simultaneous or mutually exclusive unclear
  5. 2006 High

    Defined a CAST/hPAF49 entity as a Pol I-specific subunit whose UBF interaction is required for activated rDNA transcription, addressing how growth signals are relayed to ribosomal RNA synthesis.

    Evidence IP of Pol I complexes, tyrosine-phosphorylation analysis, in vitro transcription with antibody inhibition and recombinant competition, promoter binding

    PMID:16809778

    Open questions at the time
    • Relationship of this subunit to the presynaptic CAST scaffold not addressed
    • Kinase responsible for growth-regulated phosphorylation unidentified
  6. 2008 High

    Showed that calpastatin (CAST) is depleted by caspases and calpains in Alzheimer's disease and that its loss drives calpain-mediated cytoskeletal proteolysis and neuronal death, framing CAST as a protective brake on calpain activity.

    Evidence Western blot/IF in AD brain, kainic-acid mouse model with human CAST transgenic overexpression, shRNA knockdown, calpain activity assays

    PMID:19020018

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo rescue of behavioral or full pathology endpoints not established
    • Trigger ordering of CAST loss vs calpain activation not fully resolved
  7. 2016 High

    Resolved how CAST scaffold function is dynamically modulated and how its loss alters release, distinguishing phosphorylation-based gating from structural roles.

    Evidence In vitro SAD-B kinase assay with S45 mutants and electrophysiology; CAST KO mice with patch clamp, IEM, fractionation and Rab6 analysis; KSHV infection model linking CAST to ATG5/autophagy

    PMID:27422015 PMID:27626661 PMID:27715410

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking S45 phosphorylation to RRP reloading at molecular level unknown
    • Direct CAST-Rab6 connection in endosomal recycling not biochemically defined
    • CAST-to-ATG5 link is correlative without reconstitution
  8. 2018 Medium

    Identified Pin1 as a regulator of calpastatin expression and phosphorylation state, linking proline isomerization to the CAST/calpain2 excitotoxicity axis.

    Evidence Co-IP, docking simulation, Pin1 inhibitor (juglone), siRNA knockdown, necrosis assays in rat retinal model with ERG

    PMID:29403356

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct Pin1 isomerization site on CAST not mapped
    • Co-IP without reciprocal structural validation
    • Causal chain inferred pharmacologically
  9. 2019 Medium

    Demonstrated that loss-of-function CAST mutation causes a Mendelian skin disorder, establishing calpastatin's calpain-inhibitory activity as physiologically essential in epidermis.

    Evidence Whole exome sequencing, Sanger confirmation, qRT-PCR, immunoblot, and in vitro calpastatin activity assay in patient fibroblasts

    PMID:31392520

    Open questions at the time
    • Tissue-specific basis for skin phenotype not mechanistically explained
    • Single-family ascertainment limits genotype-phenotype breadth
  10. 2020 High

    Dissected the developmental scaffold role of CAST/ELKS at the calyx of Held, showing they promote terminal growth and restrain active zone size and CaV2 channel levels without being required for transmission per se.

    Evidence CAST KO + ELKS conditional KO mice, confocal morphometry, EM of active-zone ultrastructure, patch clamp for CaV2 currents and transmission

    PMID:32304329

    Open questions at the time
    • Compensatory mechanism preserving transmission unidentified
    • Direct molecular link between CAST and CaV2 channel recruitment unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Whether the presynaptic scaffold, calpastatin, the Pol I subunit, and the TCR-associated transducer represent distinct gene products or shared usage of one symbol is not reconciled within this corpus.
  • No single study links the scaffold and calpain-inhibitor functions to the same locus
  • Cross-tissue identity of CAST usages not experimentally bridged

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2 GO:0005634 nucleus 1 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 1
Pathway
R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 4 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 1
Partners
BASSOONELKSLNXMUNC13-1PICCOLOPIN1RIM1UBF
Complex memberships
Cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) complexRNA polymerase I

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 CAST (CAZ-associated structural protein) is a ~120 kDa presynaptic cytomatrix protein that directly binds RIM1 and indirectly binds Munc13-1 through RIM1, forming a ternary complex; Bassoon also associates with this complex. CAST localizes at the cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) of conventional synapses in mouse brain and is partly co-transported with Bassoon and RIM1 on the same vesicles during synapse formation. Biochemical purification from rat brain, co-immunoprecipitation, direct binding assays, immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, immunoisolation of transport vesicles The Journal of cell biology High 12163476
2004 CAST forms a large molecular complex in brain with RIM1, Munc13-1, Bassoon, and Piccolo. RIM1 binds directly to the C-terminus of CAST and Bassoon binds to the central region of CAST, forming a ternary complex; Piccolo also binds the Bassoon-binding region of CAST. Microinjection of the RIM1-binding or Bassoon-binding regions of CAST into cultured superior cervical ganglion neurons impairs synaptic transmission, demonstrating that CAST-RIM1 and CAST-Bassoon interactions are required for neurotransmitter release. Co-immunoprecipitation from brain lysates, direct binding assays with recombinant proteins, domain-mapping, microinjection of peptide fragments into cultured neurons with electrophysiological readout The Journal of cell biology High 14734538
2004 CAST2 (rat orthologue of human ELKS/Rab6IP2/ERC1) is a structural paralogue of CAST1 that directly binds RIM1 and forms a hetero-oligomer with CAST1; CAST2 localizes to the presynaptic active zone vicinity in mouse brain and co-localizes with Bassoon at hippocampal synapses. Subcellular fractionation, co-immunoprecipitation, direct binding assays, immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy in primary neurons and mouse brain Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms High 14723704
2006 CAST and ELKS are components of both conventional and ribbon synapses in mouse retina, localizing at the base of synaptic ribbons presynaptically (CAST) or around ribbons (ELKS), as well as at the presynaptic membrane of GABAergic and glycinergic conventional synapses; both co-localize with Bassoon and RIM. Immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy in mouse retina The Journal of comparative neurology Medium 16485285
2007 CAST directly associates with Ligand-of-Numb Protein X (LNX) both in vivo and in vitro; the interaction requires the C-terminus of CAST and the second PDZ domain of LNX. Exogenously expressed LNX partially co-localizes with endogenous CAST at axonal varicosities of hippocampal neurons. Yeast two-hybrid screening, in vivo co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro binding assay, co-localization in heterologous expression system and primary hippocampal neurons Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 17257582
2008 Calpastatin (CAST) is markedly depleted from Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons via cleavage by caspase-1, caspase-3, and calpains. Initial CAST depletion along dendrites coincides with calpain II and ERK1/2 activation, tau cleavage by caspase-3, and tau/neurofilament hyperphosphorylation. In mice, CAST depletion after intrahippocampal kainic acid causes cytoskeletal proteolysis and neuronal death that are substantially reduced in mice overexpressing human CAST. shRNA-mediated CAST reduction in neuronal cells causes calpain-mediated death at sublethal calcium injury levels. Western blot and immunofluorescence in AD brain tissue, mouse kainic acid model with CAST transgenic overexpression, shRNA knockdown in neuronal cell lines, calpain activity assays The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience High 19020018
2009 Five active zone proteins converge on an interaction node centered on the N-terminal region of Munc13-1: the zinc-finger domain of RIM1, the C-terminal region of Bassoon, a segment of CAST1/ELKS2, and the third coiled-coil domain (CC3) of Aczonin/Piccolo or Bassoon all interact with Munc13-1's N-terminal region. Recombinant Aczonin-CC3 expressed in neurons targets to synapses and suppresses vesicle turnover. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, recombinant protein binding assays, domain mapping, expression of GFP-fusion in cultured neurons with functional assay The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience High 19812333
1999 CAST (CD3epsilon-associated signal transducer, later identified as RNA Pol I subunit) specifically interacts in vivo and in vitro with CD3epsilon (but not CD3zeta or FcRgamma) via a unique membrane-proximal region of CD3epsilon. CAST undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation upon TCR stimulation. Dominant-negative CAST constructs (minimum CD3epsilon-binding domain or tyrosine mutant) suppress NFAT activation and IL-2 production, placing CAST as a component of the preformed TCR complex that transduces activation signals via the CD3epsilon module. Co-immunoprecipitation in vivo and in vitro binding assay, tyrosine phosphorylation assay, overexpression of dominant-negative constructs with NFAT luciferase reporter and IL-2 ELISA The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 10373416
2006 CAST/hPAF49 is a human RNA polymerase I (Pol I)-specific subunit that undergoes growth-regulated tyrosine phosphorylation specifically in initiation-competent Pol Ibeta complexes. CAST/hPAF49 interacts with the activator UBF and weakly with SL1 at the rDNA promoter. CAST/hPAF49-specific antibodies and excess CAST/hPAF49 protein inhibit UBF-activated (but not basal) Pol I transcription and disrupt UBF–CAST/hPAF49 interaction, indicating that this Pol I-specific subunit interaction with UBF is required for transcriptional activation. Immunoprecipitation of Pol I complexes, tyrosine phosphorylation assay, in vitro transcription with antibody inhibition and recombinant protein competition, promoter binding assays Molecular and cellular biology High 16809778
2016 Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) reduces CAST (calpastatin) expression in THP-1 monocytoid cells and primary monocytes, and this reduction of CAST consequently decreases ATG5 expression and inhibits autophagy, thereby impairing monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells. This places CAST upstream of ATG5 in the autophagy pathway exploited by KSHV for immune evasion. Western blot for CAST and ATG5 protein levels in KSHV-infected cells, autophagy flux assays, monocyte differentiation assays Autophagy Medium 27715410
2016 SAD-B kinase phosphorylates the N-terminal serine 45 (S45) of CAST at the presynaptic active zone; phosphorylation of S45 increases with higher firing rates. A phosphomimetic CAST (S45D) mimics CAST deletion by enhancing short-term synaptic depression (STD) through delayed reloading of the readily releasable pool (RRP). A phosphonegative CAST (S45A) inhibits STD and accelerates RRP reloading. Thus, SAD-B/CAST-S45 phosphorylation acts as a molecular brake on synaptic transmission by controlling RRP size. In vitro kinase assay (SAD-B phosphorylating CAST S45), phosphomimetic and phosphonegative CAST mutant expression in neurons, electrophysiology (patch clamp) for RRP and STD measurements, firing-rate-dependent phosphorylation assays Cell reports High 27626661
2016 CAST knockout mice show increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic response (mEPSC) amplitude in CA1 hippocampus and larger synaptic depression after prolonged activation. The enlarged quantal size is attributable to selective impairment of synaptic vesicle trafficking via the endosome (likely mediated by Rab6) in presynaptic terminals, indicating that CAST regulates both quantal size and endosomal vesicle recycling. CAST knockout mouse, whole-cell patch clamp in hippocampal slices (mEPSC and synaptic depression recordings), immunoelectron microscopy, subcellular fractionation, Rab6 pathway analysis The European journal of neuroscience High 27422015
2018 Pin1 (peptidyl-prolyl isomerase) binds CAST (calpastatin) as shown by co-IP and computer simulation; Pin1 regulates CAST expression and phosphorylation state. Inhibition of Pin1 with juglone reduces glutamate-induced calpain2 activation and neuronal necrosis in retinal neurons via the CAST/calpain2 pathway. siRNA knockdown confirmed the Pin1-CAST/calpain2 signaling pathway in glutamate excitotoxicity in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation, computer docking simulation, Western blot with Pin1 inhibitor (juglone), siRNA knockdown, PI staining and LDH assay for necrosis, flow cytometry, in vivo rat retinal model, flash ERG Frontiers in cellular neuroscience Medium 29403356
2019 A homozygous nonsense mutation (c.544G>T, p.Glu182*) in CAST (calpastatin) causes PLACK syndrome (peeling skin, leukonychia, acral punctate keratoses, cheilitis and knuckle pads). Real-time qRT-PCR and immunoblot showed reduced calpastatin expression in skin fibroblasts from affected individuals. In vitro calpastatin activity assays confirmed decreased inhibitory activity, establishing that loss of calpastatin function underlies this skin disorder. Whole exome sequencing, Sanger confirmation, qRT-PCR, immunoblot, in vitro calpastatin activity assay in patient fibroblasts Cell and tissue research Medium 31392520
2020 Combined deletion of CAST and ELKS at the calyx of Held results in reduced presynaptic terminal surface area and volume, increased active zone size, and reduction of all CaV2 channel subtype currents correlating with fewer presynaptic CaV2 channel numbers. These morphological and channel-level changes do not impair synaptic transmission or plasticity, indicating that CAST/ELKS are positive regulators of presynaptic growth and suppressors of active zone expansion and CaV2 channel levels during development, with developmental compensation preserving transmission. CAST knockout and ELKS conditional knockout mice, confocal morphological analysis, electron microscopy of active zone ultrastructure, patch clamp electrophysiology for CaV2 currents and synaptic transmission at calyx of Held The Journal of physiology High 32304329

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2000 Integrin signalling: a new Cas(t) of characters enters the stage. Trends in cell biology 258 10675905
2002 Cast: a novel protein of the cytomatrix at the active zone of synapses that forms a ternary complex with RIM1 and munc13-1. The Journal of cell biology 239 12163476
1996 Directing alternative splicing: cast and scenarios. Trends in genetics : TIG 185 8973158
2009 Receptor for AGE (RAGE) and its ligands-cast into leading roles in diabetes and the inflammatory response. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 183 19189073
2021 Quantitative evaluation of chromosomal rearrangements in gene-edited human stem cells by CAST-Seq. Cell stem cell 173 33626327
1992 Pathobiology of cast nephropathy from human Bence Jones proteins. The Journal of clinical investigation 161 1737851
2004 Physical and functional interaction of the active zone proteins, CAST, RIM1, and Bassoon, in neurotransmitter release. The Journal of cell biology 159 14734538
2001 Chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation: the cast (in order of appearance). Oncogene 157 11420714
2003 Delayed graft function and cast nephropathy associated with tacrolimus plus rapamycin use. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 121 12660339
2022 Disentangling the relative importance of T cell responses in COVID-19: leading actors or supporting cast? Nature reviews. Immunology 112 35484322
2004 Surface properties and biocompatibility of solvent-cast poly[-caprolactone] films. Biomaterials 95 15120520
2005 ELKS, a protein structurally related to the active zone-associated protein CAST, is expressed in pancreatic beta cells and functions in insulin exocytosis: interaction of ELKS with exocytotic machinery analyzed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Molecular biology of the cell 91 15888548
2008 Marked calpastatin (CAST) depletion in Alzheimer's disease accelerates cytoskeleton disruption and neurodegeneration: neuroprotection by CAST overexpression. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 90 19020018
2021 Excellent Specific Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Anisotropic Freeze-Cast Native and Carbonized Bacterial Cellulose-Alginate Foams. Advanced functional materials 83 37476032
2004 NF-kappaB signaling in lymphocytes: a new cast of characters. Journal of cell science 81 14657271
2015 Robust Axonal Regeneration Occurs in the Injured CAST/Ei Mouse CNS. Neuron 79 26004914
2012 Lethal monkeypox virus infection of CAST/EiJ mice is associated with a deficient gamma interferon response. Journal of virology 77 22696658
2009 A protein interaction node at the neurotransmitter release site: domains of Aczonin/Piccolo, Bassoon, CAST, and rim converge on the N-terminal domain of Munc13-1. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 77 19812333
2011 Cancer stromal targeting (CAST) therapy. Advanced drug delivery reviews 74 22212902
2020 Clinicopathologic predictors of renal outcomes in light chain cast nephropathy: a multicenter retrospective study. Blood 72 32160635
2004 CAST2: identification and characterization of a protein structurally related to the presynaptic cytomatrix protein CAST. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 71 14723704
2017 Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Cast Neutrophil Extracellular Traps against the Abortive Parasite Neospora caninum. Frontiers in immunology 69 28611772
2007 In HIV-1 pathogenesis the die is cast during primary infection. AIDS (London, England) 68 17148962
2010 CAST and ELKS proteins: structural and functional determinants of the presynaptic active zone. Journal of biochemistry 64 20581014
2011 Assessment of DNA damage in coal open-cast mining workers using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay. The Science of the total environment 58 21215992
2016 The cast of clasts: catabolism and vascular invasion during bone growth, repair, and disease by osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and septoclasts. Connective tissue research 57 26818783
2015 Dogs cast NETs too: Canine neutrophil extracellular traps in health and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 47 26574161
2005 Rapamycin worsens renal function and intratubular cast formation in protein overload nephropathy. Kidney international 45 16316336
2011 Investigation on CAST, CAPN1 and CAPN3 porcine gene polymorphisms and expression in relation to post-mortem calpain activity in muscle and meat quality. Meat science 44 21450414
2003 Quantitative trait loci that determine lipoprotein cholesterol levels in DBA/2J and CAST/Ei inbred mice. Journal of lipid research 44 12588951
2010 Impact of viral-mediated IGF-I gene transfer on skeletal muscle following cast immobilization. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 43 20739512
1999 CAST, a novel CD3epsilon-binding protein transducing activation signal for interleukin-2 production in T cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 43 10373416
2016 Paraprotein-Related Kidney Disease: Evaluation and Treatment of Myeloma Cast Nephropathy. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 42 27526708
2015 Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases: a full cast of critical actors in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular research 42 25750190
2008 Prion proteostasis: Hsp104 meets its supporting cast. Prion 42 19242125
2006 Active zone protein CAST is a component of conventional and ribbon synapses in mouse retina. The Journal of comparative neurology 40 16485285
2018 Myeloma light chain cast nephropathy, a review. Journal of nephrology 39 29730782
2009 Use of checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization to evaluate the internal contamination of dental implants and comparison of bacterial leakage with cast or pre-machined abutments. Clinical oral implants research 39 19250244
2001 Role of polymeric Tamm-Horsfall protein in cast formation: oligosaccharide and tubular fluid ions. Kidney international 39 11231348
2006 RNA polymerase I-specific subunit CAST/hPAF49 has a role in the activation of transcription by upstream binding factor. Molecular and cellular biology 35 16809778
2022 Pollen-pistil interactions: It takes two to tangle but a molecular cast of many to deliver. Current opinion in plant biology 33 36029655
2016 KSHV reduces autophagy in THP-1 cells and in differentiating monocytes by decreasing CAST/calpastatin and ATG5 expression. Autophagy 33 27715410
2013 An association between the calpastatin (CAST) gene and keratoconus. Cornea 33 23449483
1988 Myeloma cast nephropathy: immunohistochemical and lectin studies. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 33 2467287
2004 Osteoblast responses to tape-cast and sintered bioactive glass ceramics. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 32 15162403
2011 Somatic gonadal cells: the supporting cast for the germline. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 31 21735540
2006 ELKS, a protein structurally related to the active zone protein CAST, is involved in Ca2+-dependent exocytosis from PC12 cells. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 31 16716196
2018 Pin1 Promotes Regulated Necrosis Induced by Glutamate in Rat Retinal Neurons via CAST/Calpain2 Pathway. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 29 29403356
2016 Polymorphisms in metabolism and repair genes affects DNA damage caused by open-cast coal mining exposure. Mutation research. Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis 29 27637484
2015 Competitive allele-specific TaqMan PCR (Cast-PCR) is a sensitive, specific and fast method for BRAF V600 mutation detection in Melanoma patients. Scientific reports 29 26690267
2006 Players in the PARP-1 cell-death pathway: JNK1 joins the cast. Trends in biochemical sciences 29 16679020
2003 The cast of molecular characters in Parkinson's disease: felons, conspirators, and suspects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 29 12846976
2018 Oxidative Stress Contributes to Fracture/Cast-Induced Inflammation and Pain in a Rat Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. The journal of pain 28 29715519
2023 T-CAST: An optimized CAST-Seq pipeline for TALEN confirms superior safety and efficacy of obligate-heterodimeric scaffolds. Frontiers in genome editing 27 36890979
2013 Immobilization-induced hypersensitivity associated with spinal cord sensitization during cast immobilization and after cast removal in rats. The journal of physiological sciences : JPS 27 23818166
2013 CAST-ChIP maps cell-type-specific chromatin states in the Drosophila central nervous system. Cell reports 27 24095734
2010 Association of SNPs on CAPN1 and CAST genes with tenderness in Nellore cattle. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 27 20662159
2007 Properties of cast films from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and soy protein isolates. A comparative study. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 27 17696443
2022 Bile Cast Nephropathy: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 26 35505725
2023 T cells: an emerging cast of roles in bipolar disorder. Translational psychiatry 25 37156764
2019 Plant-Derived Nanocellulose as Structural and Mechanical Reinforcement of Freeze-Cast Chitosan Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 25 31454234
2015 Functional studies cast light on receptor states. Trends in pharmacological sciences 25 26123416
2019 Cast immobilization of hindlimb upregulates sarcolipin expression in atrophied skeletal muscles and increases thermogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 24 31433681
2010 Management options for cast nephropathy in multiple myeloma. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 24 20827195
2020 Presynaptic development is controlled by the core active zone proteins CAST/ELKS. The Journal of physiology 22 32304329
2020 An Eclectic Cast of Cellular Actors Orchestrates Innate Immune Responses in the Mechanisms Driving Obesity and Metabolic Perturbation. Circulation research 22 32437306
2005 Multiple genetic loci from CAST/EiJ chromosome 1 affect vBMD either positively or negatively in a C57BL/6J background. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 21 16355278
1986 The biocompatibility of solution cast and acetone-extracted cast Biomer. Journal of biomedical materials research 21 3722215
2016 SAD-B Phosphorylation of CAST Controls Active Zone Vesicle Recycling for Synaptic Depression. Cell reports 19 27626661
2013 Sensory hyperinnervation and increase in NGF, TRPV1 and P2X3 expression in the epidermis following cast immobilization in rats. European journal of pain (London, England) 18 24154957
2012 PRKAG3 and CAST genetic polymorphisms and quality traits of dry-cured hams--III. Associations in Slovenian dry-cured ham Kraški pršut and their dependence on processing. Meat science 18 22770931
2022 Wear Resistance and Biocompatibility of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated with CAST and SLM Techniques. Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 17 35591597
2013 A new single nucleotide polymorphism in the calpastatin (CAST) gene associated with beef tenderness. Meat science 17 24200570
2019 The influence of polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing and DNA repair genes in DNA damage, telomere length and global DNA methylation evaluated in open-cast coal mining workers. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 16 31787382
2016 The active zone protein CAST regulates synaptic vesicle recycling and quantal size in the mouse hippocampus. The European journal of neuroscience 16 27422015
2013 Are the B cells cast with the leading part in the Sjogren's syndrome scenario? Oral diseases 16 23837848
2008 Investigating the genetic basis of pork tenderness: genomic analysis of porcine CAST. Animal genetics 16 18717668
2007 The active zone protein CAST directly associates with Ligand-of-Numb protein X. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 16 17257582
2023 CRISPR-Cas12a test strip (CRISPR/CAST) package: In-situ detection of Brucella from infected livestock. BMC veterinary research 15 37833763
2017 CAST/EiJ and C57BL/6J Mice Differ in Their Oral and Postoral Attraction to Glucose and Fructose. Chemical senses 14 28158517
2015 Clinical pathway for early discharge after complete primary repair of exstrophy and epispadias by using a spica cast. Journal of pediatric urology 14 25982019
2013 CAST: functional scaffold for the integrity of the presynaptic active zone. Neuroscience research 14 23517713
2017 CAST: Its molecular structure and phosphorylation-dependent regulation of presynaptic plasticity. Neuroscience research 13 29275163
2024 Genome editing using CRISPR, CAST, and Fanzor systems. Molecules and cells 11 38909984
2022 In vitro and in vivo assessment of squeeze-cast Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn alloys for biomedical applications. Acta biomaterialia 11 35914693
2019 One week, but not 12 hours, of cast immobilization alters promotor DNA methylation patterns in the nNOS gene in mouse skeletal muscle. The Journal of physiology 11 31490543
2005 Quality control: another player joins the ERAD cast. Current biology : CB 11 16332527
2025 Integration of therapeutic cargo into the human genome with programmable type V-K CAST. Nature communications 10 40082411
2022 Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CAPN, CAST, LEP, GH, and IGF-1 genes with growth parameters and ultrasound characteristics of the Longissimus dorsi muscle in Colombian hair sheep. Tropical animal health and production 10 35088174
2021 Fibrin airway cast obstruction: Experience, classification, and treatment guideline from Denver. Pediatric pulmonology 10 34713989
2019 A novel homozygous nonsense mutation in CAST associated with PLACK syndrome. Cell and tissue research 10 31392520
2014 Treatment of acute kidney injury with cast nephropathy. Clinical nephrology 10 24725380
2012 Association of CAST gene polymorphisms with carcass and meat quality traits in Yanbian cattle of China. Molecular biology reports 10 23086304
2009 The expression of genes PKM2 and CAST in the muscle tissue of pigs differentiated by glycolytic potential and drip loss, with reference to the genetic group. Meat science 10 20374765
2023 Effects of the Expressions and Variants of the CAST Gene on the Fatty Acid Composition of the Longissimus Thoracis Muscle of Grazing Sonid Sheep. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 9 36670735
2020 In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility Studies of a Cast and Coated Titanium Alloy. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 9 32727093
2012 Distinct phase relationships between suprachiasmatic molecular rhythms, cerebral cortex molecular rhythms, and behavioral rhythms in early runner (CAST/EiJ) and nocturnal (C57BL/6J) mice. Sleep 9 23024437
2012 Pathotyping and clinical manifestations of biliary cast syndrome in patients after an orthotopic liver transplant. Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation 9 23190361
2025 MPXV infection activates cGAS-STING signaling and IFN-I treatment reduces pathogenicity of mpox in CAST/EiJ mice and rhesus macaques. Cell reports. Medicine 8 40398389
2024 Gene‒Environment Interaction Between CAST Gene and Eye-Rubbing in the Chinese Keratoconus Cohort Study: A Case-Only Study. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 8 39186261

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for CAST? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

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