Affinage

BRF1

Transcription factor IIIB 90 kDa subunit · UniProt Q92994

Length
677 aa
Mass
73.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
67 papers in source corpus 33 papers cited in narrative 33 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

BRF1 (TFIIIB90) is a TFIIB-related subunit of the RNA polymerase III transcription factor TFIIIB, essential for Pol III-dependent transcription of tRNA, 5S rRNA, and other small noncoding RNA genes bearing gene-internal promoters. Its modular architecture separates two core functions: the N-terminal TFIIB-homologous domain contacts multiple Pol III subunits within the active-site cleft to recruit the polymerase and promote transcription initiation, while the C-terminal domain anchors TBP and the Bdp1 subunit via a two-sided adhesive surface, with a principal Bdp1-binding segment (residues 470–495) engaging the Bdp1 SANT domain (PMID:9710642, PMID:16551611, PMID:19086269, PMID:24277937). BRF1 activity is regulated by multiple mechanisms including Maf1-mediated repression, RNF12-catalyzed K27/K33-linked polyubiquitination, retinoblastoma protein (Rb) binding, p53-dependent protein destabilization, and transcriptional control by c-Jun and ERα (PMID:17505538, PMID:30413534, PMID:11283026, PMID:28972307). Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in BRF1 cause cerebellar hypoplasia and intellectual disability through reduced Pol III transcription, and complete Brf1 knockout is embryonic lethal in mice (PMID:25561519, PMID:30858608).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1994 High

    Identifying Brf1 as a TFIIB-related factor that bridges TFIIIC and TBP established the first molecular framework for TFIIIB assembly at Pol III promoters.

    Evidence Protein interaction assays across yeast species mapping Brf1 N-terminal and C-terminal binding to TBP and TFIIIC 135-kDa subunit, plus Pol III C34 binding

    PMID:7995525

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural model of full-length Brf1
    • Mammalian orthologue not yet characterized
  2. 1996 High

    Demonstrating that human BRF1 (hBRF) is specifically required for gene-internal Pol III promoters but not the U6 TATA-box promoter revealed promoter-type-specific TFIIIB complexes.

    Evidence Immunodepletion of hBRF from transcription extracts followed by in vitro transcription reconstitution at VAI vs. U6 promoters

    PMID:8943358

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the U6-specific BRF factor unknown at this point
  3. 1998 High

    Dissecting Brf1 into separable assembly and transcription-directing modules — with the C-terminal segment driving TFIIIB assembly and the N-terminal TFIIB-homologous half directing transcription — resolved how a single factor performs dual functions.

    Evidence Reconstitution of functional TFIIIB from split Brf1 fragments, combined with photochemical DNA cross-linking and TBP surface mutagenesis across 91 mutants

    PMID:9488486 PMID:9710642

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-resolution structure of Brf1 within the preinitiation complex lacking
    • How Brf1 promotes promoter opening not resolved
  4. 2000 High

    Discovery that alternatively spliced human BRF1 and BRF2 serve non-redundant roles at gene-internal vs. gene-external Pol III promoters, and that Drosophila uses TRF1 instead of TBP as BRF's partner, established evolutionary diversity in TFIIIB composition.

    Evidence In vitro transcription reconstitution with immunopurified hBRF1/hBRF2 complexes at multiple promoters; Drosophila TRF1:BRF immunodepletion/reconstitution

    PMID:10850489 PMID:10921893

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for promoter-type selectivity unknown
    • Whether BRF1/BRF2 distinction is conserved across all vertebrates
  5. 2004 Medium

    Showing that Brf1 dissociates TBP dimers into DNA-binding-competent monomers revealed an upstream activation step in TFIIIB assembly not previously appreciated.

    Evidence In vitro TBP dimer dissociation assay with Brf1 domain deletions

    PMID:15190063

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological relevance of TBP dimer pool regulation not established in vivo
    • Single study without independent replication
  6. 2006 High

    Mapping the Brf1-Bdp1 interface to a 66-amino-acid C-terminal segment that forms a two-sided adhesive surface — one face for TBP, the other for the Bdp1 SANT domain — provided the first structural model of how TFIIIB subunits are organized, later confirmed by NMR.

    Evidence Structure-informed mutagenesis and photochemical cross-linking (2006); NMR chemical shift perturbation mapping of Brf1 residues 470–495 on Bdp1 SANT domain (2008)

    PMID:16551611 PMID:19086269

    Open questions at the time
    • Full atomic structure of the ternary Brf1-TBP-Bdp1 complex on DNA not available
    • Whether Bdp1 binding induces conformational change in Brf1
  7. 2006 Medium

    Identification of TATA-box sequence selectivity imposed by Brf1 and Bdp1 entry into the TBP-DNA complex indicated that TFIIIB assembly reshapes promoter recognition beyond TBP's intrinsic specificity.

    Evidence SELEX with altered-specificity TBP mutant in reconstituted Brf1-Bdp1-TBP complex

    PMID:17028095

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which Brf1/Bdp1 impose downstream TATA-box selectivity not resolved
    • Single in vitro study
  8. 2013 High

    Site-specific photo-crosslinking placed the Brf1 N-terminal domain deep in the Pol III active-site cleft contacting multiple subunits in a TFIIB-like manner, while resolving a Pol III-specific contact between the cyclin repeat and C34, clarifying how Brf1 recruits Pol III.

    Evidence Site-specific incorporation of photo-crosslinker amino acids into Brf1, hydroxyl radical probing, cross-linking mass spectrometry in yeast

    PMID:24277937

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution cryo-EM or crystal structure of the complete Pol III preinitiation complex with Brf1 not yet available at this time
  9. 2001 Medium

    Revealing that p53-induced growth arrest destabilizes BRF1 protein provided the first mechanism linking tumor suppressor pathways to Pol III transcriptional control.

    Evidence p53-inducible cell line with in vitro transcription complementation and Western blot measurement of BRF1 protein stability

    PMID:11283026

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct ubiquitin ligase or proteasomal pathway for p53-mediated BRF1 degradation not identified
    • Single lab study
  10. 2007 Medium

    Demonstrating that Maf1 directly interacts with Brf1 and Brf2 to repress Pol III transcription established the mechanism by which the conserved Pol III repressor acts through TFIIIB.

    Evidence In vivo Pol III luciferase reporter assays with Maf1 overexpression targeting Brf1 and Brf2

    PMID:17505538

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding interface between Maf1 and Brf1 not mapped
    • No in vitro reconstitution of Maf1-mediated repression
  11. 2015 High

    Linking biallelic BRF1 missense mutations to cerebellar hypoplasia and intellectual disability — with mutations reducing tRNA gene occupancy and Pol III transcription in yeast and zebrafish — established BRF1 as a disease gene and showed that reduced Pol III output underlies the neurodevelopmental phenotype.

    Evidence Whole-exome sequencing of affected families, zebrafish CRISPR/morpholino models, yeast ChIP at tRNA genes, in vitro Pol III transcription with mutant proteins

    PMID:25561519

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-type-specific vulnerability of cerebellum to reduced Pol III output not mechanistically explained
    • Whether specific tRNA species are preferentially affected
  12. 2018 High

    Identification of RNF12 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes K27/K33-linked polyubiquitination of BRF1 provided a direct post-translational mechanism for negative regulation of Pol III transcription and cell proliferation.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro and in vivo ubiquitination assays with linkage-specific ubiquitin mutants, Pol III reporter and proliferation assays

    PMID:30413534

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ubiquitination leads to BRF1 degradation or non-degradative signaling not fully resolved
    • Upstream signals controlling RNF12-BRF1 axis unknown
  13. 2019 High

    Conditional knockout studies in mice established that Brf1 is essential for homeostasis of rapidly renewing tissues (intestine, liver) and for embryonic viability, with loss inducing apoptosis rather than quiescence.

    Evidence Tissue-specific conditional Brf1 knockout mice, embryonic lethality at blastocyst stage in constitutive knockouts, histology and apoptosis assays, rescue by BRF1 overexpression

    PMID:30858608

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether apoptosis results from specific tRNA depletion or global translational collapse not determined
    • BRF1 overexpression did not initiate tumorigenesis, but long-term oncogenic potential not excluded

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis for how BRF1 promotes promoter DNA opening during Pol III initiation, the cell-type-specific tRNA programs regulated by BRF1 that explain cerebellar vulnerability, and how the multiple regulatory inputs (Maf1, RNF12, Rb, p53, c-Jun, ERα) are integrated to calibrate Pol III output in different physiological states.
  • No high-resolution structure of complete human TFIIIB-Pol III preinitiation complex
  • Tissue-specific tRNA transcriptome controlled by BRF1 not profiled
  • Integration of multiple regulatory pathways converging on BRF1 not modeled

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140223 general transcription initiation factor activity 5 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 4
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 1
Partners
BDP1ESR1MAF1RB1RNF12RPC34TBP
Complex memberships
TFIIIB

Evidence

Reading pass · 33 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 BRF-1 contains two activation domains (N-terminal and C-terminal) that recruit mRNA decay enzymes involved in deadenylation, decapping, and both 3'-to-5' and 5'-to-3' exonucleolytic decay; the N-terminal activation domain functions as a binding platform for mRNA decay enzymes, linking ARE-containing mRNAs to the decay machinery. Co-immunoprecipitation, tethering assays with heterologous RNA-binding protein fusions, dominant-negative overexpression, in vivo mRNA decay assays Genes & development High 15687258
2007 TTP and BRF-1 deliver ARE-mRNAs to processing bodies (PBs) to promote translational silencing; TTP/BRF-1 can nucleate PB formation on untranslated mRNAs, and this occurs downstream of polysome release via their N- and C-terminal domains. siRNA depletion, dominant-negative mutants, tethering assays, fluorescence microscopy, cycloheximide polysome trapping Genes & development High 17369404
2002 BRF1 (butyrate response factor 1, ZFP36L1) is an essential regulator of ARE-dependent mRNA decay; zinc finger mutations abolish both ARE-binding activity and mRNA decay-promoting function. Functional retroviral cDNA library rescue of mRNA decay-deficient slowC cells, siRNA knockdown, transient transfection with zinc finger mutants, GFP-ARE reporter fluorescence assay The EMBO journal High 12198173
2004 BRF1 mRNA decay activity is antagonized by HuR in a functionally antagonistic manner; siRNA knockdown of BRF1 stabilizes ARE-mRNAs while knockdown of HuR destabilizes them, confirming BRF1 as a destabilizer and HuR as a stabilizer of ARE-mRNAs. siRNA knockdown of BRF1 and HuR in HT1080 cells stably expressing GFP-ARE reporter, fluorescence measurement Nucleic acids research Medium 14976220
2004 Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) phosphorylates BRF1 at serine 92 (S92), which does not impair ARE binding but induces complex formation with 14-3-3 scaffold protein, resulting in inactivation of BRF1 mRNA decay activity and stabilization of ARE-mRNAs. In vitro kinase assay with recombinant BRF1, in vitro mRNA decay assay, co-immunoprecipitation with 14-3-3, phospho-site mutagenesis, in vivo stabilization assays The EMBO journal High 15538381
2006 PKB phosphorylates BRF1 at a second regulatory site, Ser203, which cooperates with Ser92; phosphorylation at both sites is required for 14-3-3 binding, and 14-3-3 binding sequesters BRF1 through cytoplasmic relocalization, preventing mRNA decay activity and protecting BRF1 from proteasomal degradation. In vitro kinase assay, phospho-site mutagenesis (Ser→Ala), cell fractionation, proteasome inhibitor treatment, PKBα-/- cells, Co-immunoprecipitation with 14-3-3 Molecular and cellular biology High 17030608
2008 MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) phosphorylates BRF1 at S54, S92, S203, and a C-terminal site, and phosphorylation at S54, S92, and S203 is required for MK2-mediated inhibition of BRF1 ARE-mRNA decay activity; this inhibition does not alter ARE binding or recruitment of mRNA decay enzymes. In vitro kinase assays with BRF1 fragments, MK2 co-expression with active/inactive mutants, phospho-site mutagenesis, mRNA decay assays, RNA binding assays RNA High 18326031
2016 cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) phosphorylates TIS11b/BRF1 at Ser-54 and Ser-334; phosphomimetic S334D mutation increases BRF1 half-life, enhances mRNA decay activity, and increases interaction with decapping coactivator Dcp1a, while preventing phosphorylation at S334 potentiates interaction with the Ccr4-Not deadenylase subunit Cnot1. Site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro kinase assays, specific phosphosite immunodetection, co-immunoprecipitation with Dcp1a and Cnot1, mRNA half-life assays Molecular biology of the cell High 27708140
1999 BRF1 (ZFP36L1, the ARE-binding family member) physically interacts with 14-3-3β and 14-3-3τ isoforms via yeast two-hybrid; BRF1 competitively interferes with 14-3-3 binding to cRaf-1 in a trihybrid system, with both full-length proteins required for the interaction. Yeast two-hybrid and trihybrid system, mutagenesis of 14-3-3 residue 187 DNA and cell biology Medium 10463061
2011 BRF1/TIS11b binds endogenous Dll4 mRNA and represses its expression by interfering with mRNA 3'-end processing/polyadenylation at an AUUUA motif in a weak noncanonical poly(A) signal, shifting the ratio of cleaved to read-through mRNA — a novel function distinct from mRNA stability regulation. RNA immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, poly(A) site analysis, mutation of poly(A) signal, quantitative RT-PCR, hypoxia treatment Molecular biology of the cell Medium 21832157
2014 BRF1 (Zfp36l1) operates downstream of FGF/ERK MAP kinase signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells to destabilize pluripotency mRNAs (e.g., Nanog), disrupting core pluripotency gene expression and attenuating self-renewal; ERK signaling up-regulates Brf1, and Brf1 preferentially regulates mesendoderm commitment. FGF/ERK signaling manipulation, Brf1 overexpression and knockdown in mESCs, mRNA half-life measurements of Nanog, differentiation assays with primitive streak markers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Medium 24733888
1994 Yeast BRF (Brf1), the TFIIB-related factor of TFIIIB, binds to the 135-kDa subunit of TFIIIC and to TBP; both the TFIIB-homologous N-terminal half and two conserved regions of the C-terminal half interact with TBP, and BRF (but not TFIIB) binds RNA Pol III subunit C34. Protein interaction assays between BRF fragments from S. cerevisiae, K. lactis, and C. albicans; binding to TFIIIC subunit; binding to TBP; defined region of C34 for interaction Genes & development High 7995525
1996 Human BRF1 (hBRF, 88 kDa) is a subunit of the 0.38M-TFIIIB complex with TBP; immunodepletion of hBRF severely debilitates transcription from the tRNA-type VAI promoter but does not affect transcription from the TATA box-containing human U6 promoter, demonstrating promoter-type-specific requirement. Protein purification, cDNA cloning, immunodepletion from transcription extract, in vitro transcription reconstitution Molecular and cellular biology High 8943358
1998 The principal TFIIIB assembly function of yeast Brf1 resides in a C-proximal segment (aa 435-545), while the principal transcription-directing function is in the N-proximal TFIIB-homologous half; split Brf1 fragments (1-282 and 284-596) can reconstitute fully functional TFIIIB-DNA complexes. In vitro reconstitution of TFIIIB from Brf1 fragments, in vitro transcription assays, photochemical DNA cross-linking footprinting, interaction assays with TBP mutants Molecular and cellular biology High 9710642
1998 Yeast Brf binds a positively charged epitope on the top surface of TBP (residues including R231, R235, R239, etc.), distinct from the TFIIB binding site; Pol II and Pol III TAFs interact with overlapping surfaces of TBP. TBP surface mutant analysis (91 mutants), gel-shift complex formation with purified Brf and B", in vitro yeast U6 snRNA transcription assay Molecular and cellular biology High 9488486
2000 In Drosophila, TRF1 (TBP-related factor 1) rather than TBP partners with BRF to form a complex required for RNA Pol III transcription of tRNA, 5S, and U6 RNA genes; TRF1:BRF complex is required to reconstitute transcription from immunodepleted extracts. Immunoprecipitation, in vitro transcription from immunodepleted extracts supplemented with recombinant proteins, colocalization at polytene chromosome pol III gene sites Cell High 10850489
2000 Alternatively spliced human BRF variants have distinct promoter specificities: hBRF1 functions at gene-internal Pol III promoters (5S, VA1, 7SL, EBER2) while hBRF2 is required at the gene-external human U6 promoter, showing that different TFIIIB complexes function at structurally distinct promoters. cDNA isolation, immunopurification of hBRF complexes with TBP, in vitro transcription reconstitution at different promoters The EMBO journal High 10921893
2007 Human Maf1 represses RNA Pol III transcription through direct interaction with TFIIIB components Brf1 and Brf2, as shown by in vivo Pol III transcription assays. RNA pol III luciferase reporter assay, in vivo repression assay through Brf1 and Brf2 International journal of biological sciences Medium 17505538
2013 Site-specific cross-linking mapping of yeast Brf1 in the Pol III preinitiation complex reveals: the N-terminal domain contacts multiple Pol III subunits in the active-site cleft (TFIIB-like pattern) plus the Pol III-specific C34 subunit via the cyclin repeat subdomain; the C-terminal domain contains extensive binding sites for TBP and Bdp1. Site-specific incorporation of non-natural amino acid photo-crosslinker into Brf1, site-directed hydroxyl radical probing, cross-linking mass spectrometry Molecular and cellular biology High 24277937
2006 The principal Brf1-Bdp1 interaction site maps to a 66-amino acid segment of the Brf1 C-terminal domain that forms a two-sided adhesive surface; one side interfaces with TBP and the other anchors Bdp1 binding; the interacting Bdp1 domain includes its 66-amino acid SANT domain. Structure-informed site-directed mutagenesis, photochemical protein-DNA cross-linking, deletion analysis of Brf1 and Bdp1 fragments The Journal of biological chemistry High 16551611
2008 NMR mapping of the Brf1-Bdp1 interaction reveals that the principal anchorage site of Brf1 (residues 470-495) binds to a convex surface of the Bdp1 SANT domain (helix 1 and helix 3). NMR chemical shift perturbation mapping of minimal functional segments of Brf1 and Bdp1, NMR-derived structural model Biochemistry High 19086269
2015 Disease-causing BRF1 missense mutations reduce Brf1 occupancy at tRNA target genes in S. cerevisiae, impair cell growth, and reduce Pol III-related transcription activity in vitro, demonstrating that BRF1 mutations causing cerebellar hypoplasia and intellectual disability act by reducing Pol III transcription activity. Whole-exome sequencing, zebrafish brf1 CRISPR deletion and morpholino knockdown, in vivo complementation with candidate mutations, ChIP at tRNA genes in yeast, in vitro Pol III transcription assay, yeast growth assay Genome research High 25561519
2018 RNF12, a RING domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase, physically interacts with BRF1 and catalyzes Lys27- and Lys33-linked polyubiquitination of BRF1, negatively regulating Pol III-dependent transcription and cell proliferation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay in cells and in vitro, linkage-specific ubiquitin mutants, Pol III transcription reporter assay, cell proliferation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 30413534
2010 Ethanol induces RNA Pol III-dependent transcription by upregulating TFIIIB components Brf1 and TBP through a JNK1-dependent pathway; c-Jun mediates this regulation and is directly recruited to Brf1 and TBP gene promoters as well as tRNA gene promoters upon ethanol treatment. Cell treatment with ethanol in HepG2 and primary mouse hepatocytes, ChIP for c-Jun at Brf1/TBP promoters and tRNA genes, JNK1 inhibition, transgenic HCV NS5A mice, in vivo alcohol feeding The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 21106530
2017 BRF1 interacts with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the nucleus; ERα mediates BRF1 expression, and BRF1 and ERα synergistically regulate Pol III gene transcription; inhibition of ERα by siRNA or tamoxifen reduces cellular BRF1 levels and Pol III gene expression. Co-immunoprecipitation, colocalization by immunofluorescence, ChIP, siRNA knockdown of ERα, tamoxifen treatment, colony formation assay Molecular oncology Medium 28972307
2005 A Brf1-TBP triple fusion protein (TBP core placed between N- and C-proximal domains of Brf1) effectively replaces both Brf1 and TBP in Pol III transcription in vitro and in vivo, and can recruit Pol III for TATA box-directed transcription in the absence of Bdp1, demonstrating the modular architecture of Brf1. In vitro transcription reconstitution, chemical nuclease footprinting of TFIIIB-DNA complexes, in vivo yeast complementation, linear and supercoiled DNA transcription assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences High 16227432
2004 Yeast Brf1 induces dissociation of TBP dimers into monomers competent for DNA binding; this requires both the high-affinity TBP-binding C-terminal domain and the TFIIB homology domain of Brf1, acting in concert. In vitro TBP dimer dissociation assay, Brf1 domain deletion and mutagenesis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 15190063
2000 Yeast TFIIIB Brf and TBP subunits are sufficient to direct Ty3 retrotransposon integration at the SNR6 transcription initiation site in vitro, in the absence of TFIIIC or the B" subunit of TFIIIB. In vitro integration assay with recombinant Brf and TBP at the SNR6 U6 gene, omission of TFIIIC The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 10882723
2007 Vaccinia virus infection induces complex formation between hypophosphorylated Rb and Brf1, sequestering Rb and blocking its repression of E2F1 transactivation, thereby altering cell cycle progression. Co-immunoprecipitation of Rb-Brf1 complex, Western blot for hypo/hyperphosphorylated Rb, enforced exogenous Rb expression rescue, E2F1 transactivation assay Cellular microbiology Medium 17877750
2019 Conditional deletion of Brf1 (Pol III transcription factor) in adult intestine and liver induces apoptosis and is incompatible with organ homeostasis; complete Brf1 knockout causes embryonic lethality at blastocyst stage; BRF1 overexpression rescues deletion phenotypes but does not initiate tumorigenesis. Conditional knockout mouse models (intestine, liver, pancreas), heterozygous Brf1 mice, embryonic lethality characterization, histology, apoptosis assays, BRF1 overexpression rescue Cell death and differentiation High 30858608
2018 The TFIIE-related Rpc82 subunit of Pol III interacts with Brf1 within the preinitiation complex through a structurally disordered insertion in its WH3 domain; Rpc82 also contacts upstream DNA and the protrusion and wall domains of the Pol III cleft. Site-specific photo-crosslinking analysis, hydroxyl radical probing, yeast genetic growth assays, in vitro transcription Nucleic acids research High 29177422
2001 TAF3B2 (hBRF1) is the target of repression in p53-mediated cell cycle arrest; TAF3B2 protein stability is markedly reduced in extracts from cell cycle-arrested cells, providing a mechanism by which Pol III transcriptional capacity is reduced during growth arrest. p53-inducible cell line, in vitro transcription complementation assays, Western blot for TAF3B2 protein levels in arrested vs. proliferating cells The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11283026
2006 Entry of Brf1 and Bdp1 into the TBP-DNA complex imposes a strict sequence preference for the downstream half of the TATA box (selecting TGTAAATA, matching the SNR6 TATA box), indicating that Brf1 and Bdp1 alter the structure or dynamics of the TBP-DNA complex. Altered specificity TBP mutant (TBPm3), iterative in vitro selection assay (SELEX) with Brf1 and Bdp1 Nucleic acids research Medium 17028095

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 67 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 Recruitment and activation of mRNA decay enzymes by two ARE-mediated decay activation domains in the proteins TTP and BRF-1. Genes & development 410 15687258
2007 TTP and BRF proteins nucleate processing body formation to silence mRNAs with AU-rich elements. Genes & development 200 17369404
2002 Functional cloning of BRF1, a regulator of ARE-dependent mRNA turnover. The EMBO journal 183 12198173
2004 Roles of AUF1 isoforms, HuR and BRF1 in ARE-dependent mRNA turnover studied by RNA interference. Nucleic acids research 159 14976220
2011 The roles of TTP and BRF proteins in regulated mRNA decay. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA 132 21278925
2004 The ARE-dependent mRNA-destabilizing activity of BRF1 is regulated by protein kinase B. The EMBO journal 125 15538381
1994 Conserved functional domains of the RNA polymerase III general transcription factor BRF. Genes & development 114 7995525
2015 BRF1 mutations alter RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription and cause neurodevelopmental anomalies. Genome research 93 25561519
2000 A TRF1:BRF complex directs Drosophila RNA polymerase III transcription. Cell 86 10850489
2006 BRF1 protein turnover and mRNA decay activity are regulated by protein kinase B at the same phosphorylation sites. Molecular and cellular biology 79 17030608
2008 The AU-rich element mRNA decay-promoting activity of BRF1 is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 72 18326031
1996 RNA polymerase III transcription from the human U6 and adenovirus type 2 VAI promoters has different requirements for human BRF, a subunit of human TFIIIB. Molecular and cellular biology 67 8943358
2000 The Brf and TATA-binding protein subunits of the RNA polymerase III transcription factor IIIB mediate position-specific integration of the gypsy-like element, Ty3. The Journal of biological chemistry 64 10882723
1998 Functional and structural organization of Brf, the TFIIB-related component of the RNA polymerase III transcription initiation complex. Molecular and cellular biology 58 9710642
2007 Human Maf1 negatively regulates RNA polymerase III transcription via the TFIIB family members Brf1 and Brf2. International journal of biological sciences 54 17505538
1997 Domains of the Brf component of RNA polymerase III transcription factor IIIB (TFIIIB): functions in assembly of TFIIIB-DNA complexes and recruitment of RNA polymerase to the promoter. Molecular and cellular biology 47 9271407
1998 Polymerase (Pol) III TATA box-binding protein (TBP)-associated factor Brf binds to a surface on TBP also required for activated Pol II transcription. Molecular and cellular biology 45 9488486
1996 Cloning and functional characterization of the gene encoding the TFIIIB90 subunit of RNA polymerase III transcription factor TFIIIB. The Journal of biological chemistry 45 8662956
2006 Novel TRF1/BRF target genes revealed by genome-wide analysis of Drosophila Pol III transcription. The EMBO journal 38 17170711
2017 Role of Brf1 interaction with ERα, and significance of its overexpression, in human breast cancer. Molecular oncology 37 28972307
2016 The significance of Brf1 overexpression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 33 26701855
2010 Alcohol induces RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription through c-Jun by co-regulating TATA-binding protein (TBP) and Brf1 expression. The Journal of biological chemistry 33 21106530
2017 Association Between Germline Mutations in BRF1, a Subunit of the RNA Polymerase III Transcription Complex, and Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 31 28912018
2013 Mapping the protein interaction network for TFIIB-related factor Brf1 in the RNA polymerase III preinitiation complex. Molecular and cellular biology 29 24277937
2005 Reconfiguring the connectivity of a multiprotein complex: fusions of yeast TATA-binding protein with Brf1, and the function of transcription factor IIIB. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 29 16227432
2000 Alternatively spliced hBRF variants function at different RNA polymerase III promoters. The EMBO journal 27 10921893
2016 BRF1 mutations in a family with growth failure, markedly delayed bone age, and central nervous system anomalies. Clinical genetics 26 27748960
2008 Differential expression of the TFIIIB subunits Brf1 and Brf2 in cancer cells. BMC molecular biology 25 18700021
1997 Apolipoprotein B gene regulatory factor-2 (BRF-2) is structurally and immunologically highly related to hepatitis B virus X associated protein-1 (XAP-1). Biochemistry 25 9020796
2014 Brf1 posttranscriptionally regulates pluripotency and differentiation responses downstream of Erk MAP kinase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 24733888
2018 BRF1 ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation through autophagy crosstalking with MAPK/ERK signaling. Genes & diseases 21 30320187
2007 Vaccinia virus-mediated cell cycle alteration involves inactivation of tumour suppressors associated with Brf1 and TBP. Cellular microbiology 21 17877750
2006 Mapping the principal interaction site of the Brf1 and Bdp1 subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFIIIB. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 16551611
2003 The Brf1 and Bdp1 subunits of transcription factor TFIIIB bind to overlapping sites in the tetratricopeptide repeats of Tfc4. The Journal of biological chemistry 17 12930823
2016 The cAMP pathway regulates mRNA decay through phosphorylation of the RNA-binding protein TIS11b/BRF1. Molecular biology of the cell 16 27708140
2011 A novel function of Tis11b/BRF1 as a regulator of Dll4 mRNA 3'-end processing. Molecular biology of the cell 15 21832157
1995 The human immediate early gene BRF1 maps to chromosome 14q22-q24. Genomics 15 8595910
2015 BRF1, a subunit of RNA polymerase III transcription factor TFIIIB, is essential for cell growth of Trypanosoma brucei. Parasitology 14 26337955
2006 Interactions of Brf1 peptides with the tetratricopeptide repeat-containing subunit of TFIIIC inhibit and promote preinitiation complex assembly. Molecular and cellular biology 14 16880507
2020 The transcription factor Sp1 modulates RNA polymerase III gene transcription by controlling BRF1 and GTF3C2 expression in human cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 13 32115405
2019 Targeting AU-rich element-mediated mRNA decay with a truncated active form of the zinc-finger protein TIS11b/BRF1 impairs major hallmarks of mammary tumorigenesis. Oncogene 13 30914800
2002 A gain-of-function mutation in the second tetratricopeptide repeat of TFIIIC131 relieves autoinhibition of Brf1 binding. Molecular and cellular biology 12 12167707
2019 Brf1 loss and not overexpression disrupts tissues homeostasis in the intestine, liver and pancreas. Cell death and differentiation 10 30858608
2019 Alcohol Intake and Abnormal Expression of Brf1 in Breast Cancer. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 10 31781337
2018 RNF12 catalyzes BRF1 ubiquitination and regulates RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription. The Journal of biological chemistry 10 30413534
2001 A role for TAF3B2 in the repression of human RNA polymerase III transcription in nonproliferating cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 10 11283026
2020 Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Mediates Alcohol-Upregulated Transcription of Brf1 and tRNA Genes to Cause Phenotypic Alteration. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 9 32685086
2018 The TFIIE-related Rpc82 subunit of RNA polymerase III interacts with the TFIIB-related transcription factor Brf1 and the polymerase cleft for transcription initiation. Nucleic acids research 9 29177422
2008 Structural characterization of the interaction between TFIIIB components Bdp1 and Brf1. Biochemistry 8 19086269
1999 The product of the primary response gene BRF1 inhibits the interaction between 14-3-3 proteins and cRaf-1 in the yeast trihybrid system. DNA and cell biology 8 10463061
1992 Transcriptional regulation of the apolipoprotein B100 gene: purification and characterization of trans-acting factor BRF-2. Molecular and cellular biology 8 1620125
2021 Participation of TFIIIB Subunit Brf1 in Transcription Regulation in the Human Pathogen Leishmania major. Genes 7 33669344
2020 The significance of Runx2 mediating alcohol-induced Brf1 expression and RNA Pol III gene transcription. Chemico-biological interactions 7 32198086
2020 Expanding the phenotype of cerebellar-facial-dental syndrome: Two siblings with a novel variant in BRF1. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 7 32896090
1998 Identification of a putative BRF homologue in the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans. DNA sequence : the journal of DNA sequencing and mapping 6 9773276
2020 BRF Negatively Regulates Thermotolerance Defect of fes1a in Arabidopsis. Frontiers in plant science 5 32210987
2019 Double mutation of BRF1 and BRF2 leads to sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 5 31277948
2004 Inhibition of TATA binding protein dimerization by RNA polymerase III transcription initiation factor Brf1. The Journal of biological chemistry 5 15190063
1997 Analysis of a 17.9 kb region from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII reveals the presence of eight open reading frames, including BRF1 (TFIIIB70) and GCN5 genes. Yeast (Chichester, England) 5 9133742
2021 Exploring the Role and Mechanism of pAMPKα-Mediated Dysregulation of Brf1 and RNA Pol III Genes. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 4 33995823
2021 ROS Signaling-Mediated Novel Biological Targets: Brf1 and RNA Pol III Genes. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 3 34646425
2006 The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase III recruitment factor subunits Brf1 and Bdp1 impose a strict sequence preference for the downstream half of the TATA box. Nucleic acids research 3 17028095
2003 Cloning of a putative Bombyx mori TFIIB-related factor (BRF). Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 2 14518004
2024 Identification of novel variants in BRF1 gene from patient with developmental delay, hearing abnormality, and nervous system anomalies. International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience 1 39005000
2024 BRF1 promotes the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in pulpitis by inducing autophagy. Heliyon 1 39229529
2024 Downregulation of Brf1 Induces Liver Failure and Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Promoting Apoptosis. Journal of Cancer 1 39308682
2024 Retracted: ROS Signaling-Mediated Novel Biological Targets: Brf1 and RNA Pol III Genes. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 0 38234569