Affinage

AGRP

Agouti-related protein · UniProt O00253

Round 2 corrected
Length
132 aa
Mass
14.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 46 papers cited in narrative 44 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

AGRP is a hypothalamic neuropeptide released from arcuate nucleus neurons that functions as a potent inverse agonist and antagonist of melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R, serving as a central orexigenic signal that drives feeding, modulates energy expenditure, and regulates glucose homeostasis (PMID:9311920, PMID:16820227, PMID:21364278). Its C-terminal inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) domain—the first identified in a mammalian protein—is sufficient for receptor binding, with the Arg-Phe-Phe triplet engaging MC4R extracellular loops 2/3, while AGRP additionally promotes β-arrestin-mediated MC3R/MC4R endocytosis to reduce cell-surface receptor availability (PMID:11747427, PMID:10318826, PMID:17041250). AgRP neuron activity is regulated by converging metabolic signals—leptin suppresses Agrp transcription via FoxO1–Stat3 opposition and TET3-mediated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine deposition at the Agrp promoter, ghrelin activates expression via GHSR–CaMK1D–CREB signaling, and fasting drives AMPK–PAK-dependent spinogenesis that increases excitatory synaptic input (PMID:16604086, PMID:36189793, PMID:37277610, PMID:27321921). Beyond feeding, AgRP neurons control energy expenditure via a dorsal raphe MC4R–serotonin circuit, hepatic autophagy via an NPY–PVH–corticosterone axis, and counter-regulatory glucagon secretion through Agpat5-dependent glucose sensing (PMID:34112797, PMID:37075752, PMID:36180454).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1997 High

    The identification of AGRP as an arcuate-restricted melanocortin receptor antagonist whose overexpression causes obesity established the gene as the hypothalamic counterpart of agouti signaling protein and a key mediator of leptin-regulated body weight.

    Evidence Recombinant protein pharmacology at MC3R/MC4R; transgenic overexpression in mice; in situ hybridization showing arcuate-specific expression elevated in ob/ob and db/db mice

    PMID:9119224 PMID:9311920 PMID:9354787

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous loss-of-function phenotype not yet tested
    • Mechanism of selectivity for MC3R/MC4R over MC1R/MC2R unknown
  2. 1999 High

    Determination of the disulfide connectivity, NMR structure, and minimal active domain revealed that AGRP's C-terminal cystine knot fold—the first mammalian ICK protein—presents an Arg-Phe-Phe pharmacophore that engages MC4R extracellular loops 2 and 3, explaining receptor subtype selectivity.

    Evidence Biochemical disulfide mapping; NMR structures of AGRP(87-132) and minimized 34-residue domain; chimeric MC4R/MC1R binding assays; synthetic mutagenesis

    PMID:10318826 PMID:10371151 PMID:11747427 PMID:12056887 PMID:9724530 PMID:9892020

    Open questions at the time
    • No high-resolution AGRP–MC4R co-structure
    • Role of the N-terminal pro-region in processing or signaling unclear
  3. 2001 High

    Demonstration that ghrelin activates arcuate NPY/AGRP neurons, and that antibody/antagonist blockade of AGRP abolishes ghrelin-induced feeding, placed AGRP downstream of the ghrelin–GHSR axis and upstream of MC4R in the orexigenic circuit.

    Evidence ICV ghrelin injection with Fos immunohistochemistry; antibody and antagonist blockade of NPY and AGRP in rats

    PMID:11196643

    Open questions at the time
    • Intracellular signaling cascade from GHSR to Agrp transcription not resolved
    • Relative contributions of AGRP vs NPY vs GABA not dissected
  4. 2006 High

    The discovery that AGRP is an inverse agonist (suppressing MC4R constitutive activity) and simultaneously an agonist of β-arrestin-mediated MC3R/MC4R endocytosis revealed dual mechanisms—active silencing and receptor removal—by which AGRP inhibits melanocortin signaling.

    Evidence Chimeric MC4R/MC1R mutagenesis with cAMP below-baseline readout; BRET for β-arrestin interaction; siRNA knockdown of β-arrestins with internalization assays

    PMID:16820227 PMID:17041250

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo contribution of endocytosis vs inverse agonism not separated
    • Kinetics of receptor recycling after AGRP-driven internalization unknown
  5. 2006 High

    Identification of FoxO1–Stat3 transcriptional opposition at the Agrp promoter provided the first molecular mechanism linking leptin receptor signaling to Agrp gene suppression, explaining how metabolic hormones regulate neuropeptide output at the transcriptional level.

    Evidence Adenoviral FoxO1 mutant delivery to arcuate nucleus; ChIP; promoter-reporter assays; in vivo food intake and gene expression

    PMID:16604086

    Open questions at the time
    • Chromatin remodeling cofactors at the Agrp locus incompletely characterized
    • How insulin signaling intersects FoxO1 at the Agrp promoter not fully resolved
  6. 2011 High

    Bidirectional chemogenetic manipulation proved that AgRP neuron activity is both necessary and sufficient for feeding, while circuit-specific ablation/rescue experiments identified GABAergic output to the parabrachial nucleus—not AGRP peptide—as the signal preventing acute starvation.

    Evidence DREADD activation/inhibition in AgRP-Cre mice; diphtheria toxin ablation with chronic intra-PBN bretazenil rescue; MC4R antagonist inefficacy

    PMID:21211531 PMID:21364278

    Open questions at the time
    • Temporal dynamics distinguishing GABA fast effects from AGRP peptide slow effects not fully delineated
  7. 2016 High

    Discovery that fasting activates AMPK in AgRP neurons, which phosphorylates PAK to drive spinogenesis, explained how metabolic state is translated into synaptic remodeling that increases excitatory input onto AgRP neurons.

    Evidence AgRP-specific AMPK manipulation; dendritic spine quantification; electrophysiology; AMPK substrate identification

    PMID:27321921

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PAK is the sole AMPK substrate for synaptogenesis not ruled out
    • Presynaptic identity of new excitatory inputs not defined
  8. 2019 High

    Selective deletion of Npy (but not Agrp or GABA machinery) from AgRP neurons abolished sustained optogenetically-evoked feeding, establishing NPY—acting via Y1R for feeding and Y2R for energy expenditure—as the neuropeptide sustaining the long-lasting hunger drive.

    Evidence Conditional deletion of Npy, Agrp, or GABA capacity in AgRP neurons; optogenetic stimulation; Y1R/Y2R agonist rescue

    PMID:31033437 PMID:35167990

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether AGRP peptide functions on longer timescales (days) not excluded
    • Circuit targets mediating Y2R energy expenditure effects incompletely mapped
  9. 2019 High

    Chemogenetic activation showed AgRP neurons rapidly shift whole-body substrate utilization toward carbohydrate oxidation and lipogenesis via fatty acid synthase, expanding their role beyond feeding to direct metabolic partitioning.

    Evidence Chemogenetic activation/ablation; indirect calorimetry; fatty acid synthase inhibitor pharmacology; pair-feeding

    PMID:30659173

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream neural pathways from AgRP neurons to peripheral lipogenic programs not traced
    • Whether this is mediated by AGRP, NPY, or GABA not dissected
  10. 2022 High

    TET3 was shown to dynamically produce 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at the Agrp promoter in response to leptin, recruiting a chromatin-modifying complex that represses Agrp transcription, providing a second epigenetic mechanism (complementing FoxO1-Stat3) for hormonal control of neuropeptide expression.

    Evidence CRISPR Tet3 KO in AgRP neurons; ChIP for TET3; 5hmC assay; chromatin complex analysis; metabolic phenotyping

    PMID:36189793

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the recruited chromatin-modifying complex incompletely defined
    • Relationship between TET3 and FoxO1 pathways not integrated
  11. 2022 High

    Agpat5 in AgRP neurons was identified as the lipid-metabolic sensor linking hypoglycemia to glucagon secretion: its inactivation increased fatty acid oxidation and ATP, preventing the ATP decline that normally triggers neuronal firing, and Cpt1a inhibition rescued this defect.

    Evidence AgRP-specific Agpat5 conditional KO; vagal nerve recording; glucagon measurement; metabolic flux; Cpt1a inhibitor rescue

    PMID:36180454

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Agpat5 directly senses glucose or lipid flux not resolved
    • Downstream autonomic pathways to pancreatic alpha cells not fully mapped
  12. 2023 High

    Multiple upstream activating pathways converging on AgRP neurons were mechanistically dissected: ghrelin signals through CaMK1D–CREB to drive AgRP/NPY expression in PVN projections, MC3R autocrine signaling is required for fasting/cold/ghrelin activation, asprosin acts via Ptprd to suppress SK3 K+ channels, and AgRP-to-PVH NPY controls hepatic autophagy through corticosterone.

    Evidence AgRP-specific conditional KOs of Camk1d, MC3R, SK3, and Ptprd; optogenetic/chemogenetic circuit manipulation; electrophysiology; hepatic autophagy assays

    PMID:36812308 PMID:37075752 PMID:37277610 PMID:37792535

    Open questions at the time
    • How these parallel input pathways are integrated within single AgRP neurons is unknown
    • Whether MC3R autocrine feedback involves AGRP peptide or other melanocortins not clarified
  13. 2024 Medium

    Iron-sensing via Tfrc and miR-33-dependent mitochondrial/fatty acid metabolism were identified as additional modulators of AgRP neuron activity and body weight, broadening the metabolic signals converging on these neurons.

    Evidence AgRP-specific Tfrc and miR-33 conditional KOs; electrophysiology; oxidative/ER stress markers; transcriptional profiling

    PMID:38459068 PMID:38460132

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological conditions under which iron or miR-33 become rate-limiting for AgRP activity not established
    • Both findings from single labs

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A high-resolution structure of the AGRP–MC4R complex remains unavailable, and how the multiple upstream signaling inputs (leptin, ghrelin, insulin, asprosin, iron, dopamine) are integrated at the single-neuron level to produce graded orexigenic output is unresolved.
  • No cryo-EM or crystal structure of AGRP bound to MC4R
  • Single-cell integration logic of parallel metabolic inputs unknown
  • In vivo contribution of AGRP inverse agonism vs β-arrestin-mediated endocytosis not separated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 4 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 2
Partners
ARRB1ARRB2CAMK1DFOXO1GHSRMC3RMC4RNPY

Evidence

Reading pass · 44 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 AGRP (then called ART) was identified as a hypothalamic neuropeptide structurally related to agouti protein, acting as a potent selective antagonist of melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R. Recombinant AGRP inhibited melanocortin receptor signaling, and ubiquitous overexpression in transgenic mice caused obesity without altering pigmentation, establishing AGRP as a downstream mediator of leptin signaling in body weight regulation. Recombinant protein pharmacology at cloned melanocortin receptors; transgenic mouse overexpression; in situ hybridization showing arcuate nucleus-restricted expression; expression elevated ~10-fold in ob/ob and db/db mice Science; Genes & development High 9119224 9311920
1997 Ubiquitous overexpression of the human AGRP cDNA in transgenic mice caused obesity, demonstrating that AGRP itself (not just agouti) promotes weight gain through a melanocortin receptor-dependent mechanism. Transgenic mouse overexpression of human AGRP cDNA Nature genetics High 9354787
1998 The C-terminal fragment AGRP(83-132) administered intracerebroventricularly increased food intake for up to 24 hours and blocked alpha-MSH-induced feeding reduction, demonstrating that the C-terminal domain is sufficient for MC3R/MC4R antagonism and long-lasting orexigenic activity in vivo. ICV injection in rats; in vitro cAMP inhibition assay at MC3R and MC4R Endocrinology High 9751529
1998 The disulfide bond structure of recombinant human AGRP was determined biochemically: five disulfide bonds were identified with connectivity C67-C82, C74-C88, C81-C99, C85-C109, C90-C97, homologous to omega-agatoxin IVB, establishing the cysteine-knot scaffold. Stepwise partial reduction with TCEP, alkylation with NEM or fluorescein-maleimide, peptide mapping, sequence analysis, and mass spectrometry Biochemistry High 9724530
1999 AGRP binds specifically to melanocortin receptors MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R but not MC1R or MC2R. The C-terminal domain AGRP(87-132) is equipotent to full-length AGRP for receptor binding and inhibition of alpha-MSH-stimulated cAMP. The RFF triplet (residues 111-113) and the loop defined by Cys-110 to Cys-117 are critical for receptor binding affinity and antagonism. Chemical protein synthesis of AGRP variants; radioiodinated [125I]AGRP(87-132) binding assays; competitive displacement with NDP-MSH; cAMP inhibition assays at cloned melanocortin receptors Molecular endocrinology; Biochemistry High 9892020 9893984
1999 Extracellular loops 2 and 3 (exoloops 2 and 3) of MC4R are critical determinants of AGRP binding specificity. Swapping exoloops 2 and 3 from MC4R into MC1R conferred AGRP binding to MC1R, while the reverse substitutions abolished AGRP binding at MC4R, without affecting alpha-MSH binding. Chimeric receptor constructs of MC1R and MC4R expressed in cells; AGRP(87-132) binding assays; cAMP inhibition assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 10318826
1999 NMR structure of minimized AGRP (MARP, 46 residues, C-terminal region) revealed three major loops with four of five disulfide bridges at the base; the fold lacks canonical secondary structure despite being well-defined, challenging earlier toxin-homology models based on cysteine spacing alone. 2D 1H NMR of chemically synthesized MARP FEBS letters High 10371151
2001 High-resolution NMR structure of AGRP(87-132) showed a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet with the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) fold — the first mammalian protein assigned to the ICK superfamily. The Arg-Phe-Phe triplet is presented by the hairpin turn for melanocortin receptor binding, and a second contact loop in the first 16 residues confers MC3R/MC4R selectivity distinct from agouti's MC1R preference. 1H NMR at 800 MHz of chemically synthesized AGRP(87-132) Biochemistry High 11747427
2001 Ghrelin stimulates feeding via activation of NPY/AGRP neurons in the hypothalamus. Intracerebroventricular ghrelin induced Fos expression in NPY and AGRP neurons; antibodies and antagonists against NPY and AGRP abolished ghrelin-induced feeding, demonstrating that AGRP signaling is required downstream of ghrelin for its orexigenic effect. ICV ghrelin injection in rats; Fos immunohistochemistry; ICV antibody and antagonist blockade; ghrelin receptor-deficient rats Nature High 11196643
2001 NMR structure and pharmacology of a designed 34-residue AGRP mini-protein (cystine knot only) confirmed that the cystine knot domain alone contains the melanocortin receptor contact points and is sufficient for antagonist activity with the same MC3R/MC4R selectivity profile as AGRP(87-132). NMR structure determination; binding and cAMP inhibition assays at MC3R and MC4R Biochemistry High 12056887
2002 RNA interference-mediated reduction (~50%) of hypothalamic AGRP mRNA and peptide increased metabolic rate and reduced body weight without changing food intake, demonstrating a role for AGRP in regulating energy expenditure independently of feeding behavior. RNAi in vivo in rat hypothalamus; AGRP peptide immunoreactivity; metabolic rate measurement BMC neuroscience Medium 12423556
2003 Zebrafish AGRP is a conserved ortholog (36-40% identity to human/mouse) expressed exclusively in the hypothalamus, and its transcript is significantly upregulated by fasting while POMC is unchanged, demonstrating conservation of the melanocortin system regulation by metabolic state in teleosts. cDNA cloning; RT-PCR; in situ hybridization; fasting experiments in adult zebrafish Endocrine Medium 14709799
2004 A 42.5-kb genomic region upstream of Agrp, containing three evolutionarily conserved regions between mouse and human, is necessary and sufficient for arcuate nucleus-specific and fasting-responsive Agrp expression, as tested with BAC reporter constructs in transgenic mice. BAC transgenic reporter mice with varying flanking sequence; in situ hybridization and reporter expression in transgenic lines Endocrinology Medium 15345681
2005 Leptin and insulin directly inhibit AGRP peptide release from perifused rat hypothalamus in vitro: both leptin (10nM-100nM) and insulin (100nM) significantly decreased depolarization-stimulated AGRP release. Fasting decreased the gamma3-MSH/AGRP release ratio, indicating a shift toward net melanocortin receptor inhibition. Perifused rat hypothalamic slice preparation; radioimmunoassay of AGRP and gamma3-MSH peptide release Brain research Medium 15680952
2006 FoxO1 mediates leptin-regulated Agrp transcription by opposing Stat3 action. A constitutively nuclear FoxO1 in the arcuate nucleus abolished leptin's ability to suppress Agrp expression and food intake. FoxO1 and Stat3 exert opposing actions at Agrp and Pomc promoters through coactivator-corepressor exchange: FoxO1 promotes coactivator recruitment at Agrp and corepressor recruitment at Pomc. Adenoviral delivery of FoxO1 mutants to arcuate nucleus; chromatin immunoprecipitation; promoter-reporter assays; in vivo feeding and gene expression studies Nature medicine High 16604086
2006 AGRP acts as an inverse agonist at MC4R: it reduces basal cAMP production below constitutive activity. The N-terminus and distal C-terminus of MC4R are required for AGRP inverse agonism. Residues D90 in TM2 and D298 in TM7 of MC4R are essential for both NDP-MSH activation and AGRP inverse agonism. Chimeric MC4R/MC1R receptors; site-directed mutagenesis (D90A, D298A); cAMP assays in transfected cells Regulatory peptides High 16820227
2006 AGRP induces beta-arrestin-mediated endocytosis of MC3R and MC4R as an agonist of the endocytosis pathway, despite being an inverse agonist of G protein signaling. AGRP promotes interaction of both MCRs with beta-arrestins (shown by BRET), and beta-arrestin knockdown reduces AGRP-promoted endocytosis. This mechanism reduces MCR cell-surface availability. BRET assay for beta-arrestin/receptor interaction; siRNA knockdown of beta-arrestins; receptor internalization assays in HEK293 and hypothalamic neuronal cells The Journal of biological chemistry High 17041250
2010 Sirt1 promotes AgRP neuronal activity and connectivity. Pharmacological inhibition of brain Sirt1 decreased AgRP neuronal activity and inhibitory synaptic inputs to POMC neurons. Selective knockout of Sirt1 in AgRP neurons reduced electrophysiological responses to ghrelin, decreased food intake, lean mass, fat mass and body weight. The effect required appropriate mitochondrial redox adaptation via UCP2. Pharmacological Sirt1 inhibition (EX-527) i.p. and i.c.v.; Cre-Lox conditional knockout of Sirt1 in AgRP neurons; electrophysiology; synaptic quantification The Journal of neuroscience High 20810901
2011 Chemogenetic (DREADD) activation of AgRP neurons rapidly and dramatically induced feeding, reduced energy expenditure, and increased fat stores; inhibition of AgRP neurons in hungry mice reduced food intake. AgRP neuron activity is both necessary and sufficient for feeding behavior. DREADD (hM3Dq/hM4Di) chemogenetics in AgRP-Cre mice; food intake, energy expenditure, and body composition measurements The Journal of clinical investigation High 21364278
2011 GABAergic output from AgRP neurons to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is the critical mechanism preventing anorexia after AgRP neuron ablation. Chronic delivery of bretazenil (GABA-A partial agonist) to the PBN restored feeding after AgRP neuron ablation, whereas chronic MC4R antagonism was inadequate, demonstrating that AgRP neurons prevent anorexia primarily via GABA, not AgRP peptide, signaling. Diphtheria toxin ablation of AgRP neurons; chronic intra-PBN cannula delivery of bretazenil or MC4R antagonist; body weight and feeding measurements European journal of pharmacology High 21211531
2012 NMDA receptors (NMDARs) on AgRP neurons are required for fasting-induced activation. Deletion of NMDARs from AgRP neurons reduced body weight, fat, and food intake and abolished fasting-induced increases in c-Fos, Agrp/Npy mRNA, AMPA-mediated EPSCs, and neuronal firing. Fasting increased dendritic spines specifically on AgRP (not POMC) neurons, indicating fasting-induced synaptogenesis dependent on NMDARs. AgRP- and POMC-specific NMDAR conditional knockout mice; electrophysiology; c-Fos immunohistochemistry; dendritic spine quantification; qPCR Neuron High 22325203
2012 AgRP neurons are hypophysiotropic in teleosts, projecting directly to the pituitary to regulate multiple pituitary hormones. AgRP-mediated MC4R suppression is essential for early larval growth in teleosts, revealing a fundamental difference in central melanocortin neuroendocrine function between teleosts and mammals. Larval teleost neuroanatomy; genetic manipulation of MC4R signaling; growth phenotype analysis Cell metabolism Medium 22245570
2013 AgRP neuron-specific ghrelin receptor (GHSR) re-expression in otherwise GHSR-null mice fully restored the lowering of blood glucose during caloric restriction via glucagon rises and hepatic gluconeogenesis induction, but only partially restored ghrelin-stimulated feeding, demonstrating that GHSR in AgRP neurons is sufficient for ghrelin's glucoregulatory effects but not solely responsible for orexigenic effects. Tamoxifen-inducible AgRP-CreERT2 transgenic GHSR re-expression in GHSR-null mice; food intake, blood glucose, glucagon, and hepatic gluconeogenesis measurements Molecular metabolism High 24567905
2016 AMPK in AgRP neurons phosphorylates p21-activated kinase (PAK) to drive fasting-induced spinogenesis and increased excitatory synaptic activity. Fasting increases AMPK activity in AgRP neurons; AMPK activity in AgRP neurons is necessary and sufficient for fasting-induced spine formation. PAK is identified as the direct AMPK phosphorylation target mediating this synaptic plasticity. Neuron-specific AMPK activity measurement and manipulation; AgRP-specific conditional kinase knockdown/activation; dendritic spine quantification; electrophysiology; AMPK substrate identification Neuron High 27321921
2017 Insulin receptor signaling in AgRP neurons controls hepatic glucose production but not adipose tissue lipolysis. AgRP-specific insulin receptor knockout mice showed impaired suppression of hepatic glucose output by insulin, while adipose tissue lipolysis was unaltered, establishing a specific role for insulin signaling in AgRP neurons in glucose (but not lipid) homeostasis. AgRP-specific insulin receptor knockout mice; hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps; hepatic glucose production measurement; lipolysis assays Diabetes High 28385803
2017 FOXO1 in AgRP neurons controls food intake and glucose homeostasis via Gpr17, a G protein-coupled receptor. AgRP neuron-specific Gpr17 knockout mice phenocopied AgRP neuron-specific FOXO1 knockout: reduced food intake, increased energy expenditure, increased satiety, leanness, and increased CNS sensitivity to insulin and leptin. AgRP-specific Gpr17 conditional knockout mice; food intake, body composition, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity measurements Diabetes High 26180086
2018 Transcription factors Dlx1/2 and Otp coordinately specify AgRP neuron identity: Dlx1/2-deficient mice show loss of GHRH neurons and an increase of AgRP neurons; Dlx1/2 directly binds and represses the Otp gene, and Otp is required for AgRP neuron generation. Thus, the Dlx1/2-Otp axis synchronously specifies and segregates GHRH and AgRP neuronal identities. Conditional Dlx1/2 knockout mice; Otp knockout mice; chromatin immunoprecipitation for Dlx1/2 binding at Otp locus; cell counting by immunofluorescence; growth and metabolic phenotype analysis Nature communications High 29795232
2019 NPY signaling is uniquely required for the long-lasting (sustained) hunger drive produced by AgRP neuron stimulation. Selective deletion of Npy (but not Agrp or GABA signaling) from AgRP neurons abolished optogenetically-stimulated feeding when using brief stimulation paradigms mimicking natural regulation; this was rescued by NPY re-expression specifically in AgRP neurons. Conditional deletion of Npy, Agrp, or GABA signaling capacity in AgRP neurons; optogenetic stimulation; rescue by Cre-dependent Npy re-expression eLife High 31033437
2019 Activation of AgRP neurons rapidly shifts whole-body substrate utilization toward carbohydrate and away from fat oxidation, even without caloric intake. This is coupled to increased lipogenesis, and inhibition of fatty acid synthase blunted these effects. Ablation of AgRP neurons impaired fat mass accumulation, establishing AgRP neurons as regulators of substrate utilization and adiposity. Chemogenetic activation/ablation of AgRP neurons; indirect calorimetry (respiratory quotient); fatty acid synthase inhibitor pharmacology; pair-feeding experiments; body composition analysis Nature communications High 30659173
2019 DNA methylation by Dnmt3a in AgRP neurons is required for normal epigenetic development and neuron-specific gene expression. Dnmt3a deletion in AgRP neurons caused a sedentary phenotype with reduced voluntary exercise and increased adiposity. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing revealed promoter hypomethylation and increased expression of Bmp7 in AgRP neurons, implicating aberrant TGF-β signaling. AgRP-specific Dnmt3a conditional knockout; whole-genome bisulfite sequencing; transcriptional profiling; voluntary wheel running measurement; body composition Nature communications High 31792207
2020 Central α-klotho suppresses NPY/AgRP neuron activity via FGFR1/PI3K signaling. ICV α-klotho enhanced inhibitory postsynaptic currents onto AgRP neurons (patch clamp), induced phosphorylation of AKT, ERK, and FOXO1, and blunted AgRP gene transcription. FGFR1 inhibition abolished all downstream effects of α-klotho on AgRP neurons. ICV α-klotho administration; ex vivo patch clamp electrophysiology; immunohistochemistry; phosphorylation assays in GT1-7 hypothalamic cells; FGFR1/PI3K inhibitor pharmacology; glucose tolerance and body weight measurements Diabetes Medium 32332158
2021 AgRP neurons triggered a feed-forward astrocyte-mediated auto-excitatory loop: activated AgRP neurons release GABA, which evokes mitochondrial adaptations in neighboring astrocytes and increased glial ensheathing of AgRP perikarya. Astrocytes then produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which directly activates AgRP neurons via EP2 receptors, amplifying their own excitability. Chemogenetic and food deprivation/ghrelin activation of AgRP neurons; astrocyte mitochondrial imaging; GABA manipulation; PGE2 measurement; EP2 receptor pharmacology; microglial/astrocyte morphological analysis The Journal of clinical investigation High 33848272
2021 A subgroup of AgRP neurons projecting non-collaterally to MC4R-expressing neurons in the dorsal lateral dorsal raphe nucleus (dlDRN) controls energy expenditure independently of feeding. MC4R-dlDRN neurons integrate presynaptic AgRP signaling to modulate downstream serotonergic neurons, and this circuit bidirectionally regulates body weight through sympathetic outflow reprogramming mitochondrial bioenergetics in brown and beige fat. Circuit-specific genetic manipulation; fiber photometry; electrophysiology; optogenetics; MC4R-dlDRN conditional knockouts; BAT metabolic assays Nature communications High 34112797
2021 Cold-responsive neurons in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) make excitatory synapses onto ARCAgRP neurons. Inhibition of either ARCAgRP neurons or ARC-projecting mPOA neurons attenuated cold-evoked feeding, while activation of the mPOA-to-ARC projection increased food intake, identifying an mPOA→AgRP circuit for cold-evoked feeding. In vivo calcium imaging; optogenetics; circuit tracing; chemogenetics; cold exposure experiments with food intake measurement Cell reports Medium 34380037
2022 TET3 controls feeding and stress responses in AgRP neurons by regulating DNA demethylation at the Agrp promoter in response to leptin. CRISPR-mediated Tet3 ablation in AgRP neurons caused hyperphagia, obesity, and diabetes with upregulation of Agrp, Npy, and Slc32a1 (vesicular GABA transporter). Leptin dynamically recruits TET3 to the Agrp promoter to produce 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, recruiting a chromatin-modifying complex for transcription inhibition. CRISPR Tet3 knockout in AgRP neurons; ChIP for TET3 at Agrp promoter; 5hmC modification assay; chromatin complex analysis; food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance, and behavior measurements The Journal of clinical investigation High 36189793
2022 NPY released from AGRP neurons controls feeding via Y1 receptors and controls energy expenditure and locomotion via Y2 receptors. Conditional knockout of Npy only in AGRP neurons increased feeding and raised respiratory quotient (rescued by Y1R agonist), while reducing energy expenditure and locomotion (rescued by Y2R agonist), dissecting the pathway-specific functions of NPY from AGRP neurons. Conditional Agrp-cre;Npy-lox knockout mice; DREADD chemogenetics; selective Y1R/Y2R agonist rescue experiments; metabolic phenotyping Molecular metabolism High 35167990
2022 Food-evoked dopamine release in the arcuate nucleus acts via dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1) expressed on AgRP/NPY neurons to promote feeding. High-fat diet delivery after food deprivation acutely induced dopamine release in the ARC; AgRP-specific Drd1 knockout mice showed attenuated foraging and refeeding of HFD, positioning Drd1 signaling in AgRP neurons as integrator of hedonic and homeostatic feeding circuits. In vivo dopamine measurement in ARC; AgRP-specific Drd1 conditional knockout; chemogenetic stimulation of Drd1/AgRP co-expressing neurons; foraging and feeding behavior tests Cell reports Medium 36450244
2022 Lipid biosynthesis enzyme Agpat5 in AgRP neurons is required for hypoglycemia sensing and glucagon secretion. Agpat5 inactivation in AgRP neurons led to increased fatty acid oxidation and ATP production, impairing the fall in intracellular ATP that normally triggers neuronal firing in response to low glucose. Suppressing Cpt1a-dependent mitochondrial fatty acid import restored hypoglycemia sensing. AgRP-specific Agpat5 conditional knockout mice; vagal nerve activity recording; glucagon secretion measurement; metabolic flux assays; Cpt1a inhibitor pharmacological rescue Nature communications High 36180454
2023 CaMK1D in AgRP neurons mediates ghrelin-dependent food intake via phosphorylation of CREB and CREB-dependent expression of AgRP/NPY neuropeptides in projections to the PVN. Global or AgRP-specific Camk1d knockout mice are resistant to ghrelin, gain less weight, and are protected against HFD-induced obesity. Global and AgRP-specific Camk1d conditional knockout mice; ghrelin challenge; CREB phosphorylation assays; AgRP/NPY neuropeptide quantification in PVN projections; HFD feeding experiments Nature metabolism High 37277610
2023 MC3R expression within AgRP neurons is required for normal fasting-, cold-, and ghrelin-induced activation of AgRP neurons. MC3R knockout mice and conditional AgRP-specific MC3R knockout mice show defective AgRP neuron activation under energy deficit, while food-induced inhibition of AgRP neurons remains normal. MC3R global and AgRP-specific conditional knockout mice; c-Fos induction after fasting, cold, and ghrelin; calcium imaging Cell reports High 37792535
2023 AgRP neurons relay control of liver autophagy during energy deprivation via NPY release in the PVH: NPY inhibits NPY1R-expressing PVH neurons, disinhibiting PVHCRH neurons that raise circulating corticosterone, which activates hepatic glucocorticoid receptors to induce autophagy and ketogenesis. Optogenetic/chemogenetic AgRP neuron activation induces hepatic autophagy and phosphorylation of autophagy regulators; inhibiting AgRP neurons during fasting abrogates hepatic autophagy. Optogenetics and chemogenetics; AgRP neuron-specific ablation; NPY1R pharmacology; corticosterone measurement; hepatic glucocorticoid receptor knockdown; autophagy and phosphorylation assays Cell metabolism High 37075752
2023 Asprosin activates AgRP neurons via binding to Ptprd (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor δ), which reduces SK3 channel (small-conductance calcium-activated K+ channel) current in AgRP neurons. AgRP-specific SK3 deletion blocked asprosin-induced AgRP activation and overeating; Ptprd deletion or knockdown abolished asprosin's effects on SK current and neuronal activity, identifying an asprosin-Ptprd-SK3 intracellular mechanism. AgRP-specific SK3 conditional knockout; electrophysiology (SK current measurements); Ptprd genetic manipulation; asprosin deficiency models; chemogenetic and pharmacological approaches Science advances High 36812308
2024 miR-33 regulates AgRP neuron activity and hunger. Loss of miR-33 increases feeding and causes obesity through dysregulation of multiple miR-33 target genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in AgRP neurons. Conditional miR-33 knockout mice with AgRP neuron specificity; transcriptional profiling; metabolic phenotyping; miR-33 target gene analysis Nature communications Medium 38459068
2024 Iron overload in AgRP neurons mediated by transferrin receptor 1 (Tfrc) promotes AgRP neuron hyperactivity, overeating, and adiposity via iron-induced oxidative stress, ER stress, NFκB signaling, and SOCS3 upregulation that impairs insulin and leptin sensitivity. Central deferoxamine or AgRP-specific Tfrc deletion reduced AgRP neuron activity and ameliorated diet-induced obesity. AgRP-specific Tfrc conditional knockout; central deferoxamine pharmacology; electrophysiology; oxidative stress and ER stress markers; insulin/leptin sensitivity assays; body composition measurement Cell reports Medium 38460132

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 2747 11196643
1997 Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science (New York, N.Y.) 1516 9311920
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2011 Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice. The Journal of clinical investigation 1262 21364278
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
1997 Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice. Genes & development 549 9119224
1998 DNA chips: state-of-the art. Nature biotechnology 484 9447591
1998 A C-terminal fragment of Agouti-related protein increases feeding and antagonizes the effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in vivo. Endocrinology 474 9751529
2007 Human biomonitoring: state of the art. International journal of hygiene and environmental health 458 17376741
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2006 Forkhead protein FoxO1 mediates Agrp-dependent effects of leptin on food intake. Nature medicine 360 16604086
2012 Leptin and insulin pathways in POMC and AgRP neurons that modulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis. EMBO reports 322 23146889
1997 Overexpression of Agrt leads to obesity in transgenic mice. Nature genetics 320 9354787
2003 Sperm preparation for ART. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 314 14617368
2012 Fasting activation of AgRP neurons requires NMDA receptors and involves spinogenesis and increased excitatory tone. Neuron 255 22325203
2011 DNA origami: the art of folding DNA. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 230 22162047
2018 Therapeutic Oligonucleotides: State of the Art. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology 227 30285540
1999 Thymoma: state of the art. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 226 10561285
2013 Arcuate AgRP neurons mediate orexigenic and glucoregulatory actions of ghrelin. Molecular metabolism 198 24567905
2009 Hormone and glucose signalling in POMC and AgRP neurons. The Journal of physiology 195 19770186
2010 Agrp neurons mediate Sirt1's action on the melanocortin system and energy balance: roles for Sirt1 in neuronal firing and synaptic plasticity. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 181 20810901
1999 Characterization of Agouti-related protein binding to melanocortin receptors. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 175 9892020
2001 The NPY/AgRP neuron and energy homeostasis. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 169 11840217
2001 Leptin regulation of Agrp and Npy mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. Journal of neuroendocrinology 167 11737554
2021 Treatments for NAFLD: State of Art. International journal of molecular sciences 164 33652942
2007 Mastocytosis: state of the art. Pathobiology : journal of immunopathology, molecular and cellular biology 153 17587883
2001 Mutational analysis of melanocortin-4 receptor, agouti-related protein, and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone genes in severely obese children. The Journal of pediatrics 145 11487744
2002 Reducing hypothalamic AGRP by RNA interference increases metabolic rate and decreases body weight without influencing food intake. BMC neuroscience 128 12423556
2013 Proteomic analysis of podocyte exosome-enriched fraction from normal human urine. Journal of proteomics 126 23376485
2001 Association between an agouti-related protein gene polymorphism and anorexia nervosa. Molecular psychiatry 126 11326303
2019 Association of four imprinting disorders and ART. Clinical epigenetics 115 30732658
2019 Sustained NPY signaling enables AgRP neurons to drive feeding. eLife 107 31033437
2011 GABAergic signaling by AgRP neurons prevents anorexia via a melanocortin-independent mechanism. European journal of pharmacology 105 21211531
2003 Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is conserved and regulated by metabolic state in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Endocrine 105 14709799
1999 Molecular interaction of Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein with human melanocortin receptors. Biochemistry 95 9893984
1998 Chromosome painting: a useful art. Human molecular genetics 95 9735383
2002 Hypothalamic NPY, AGRP, and POMC mRNA responses to leptin and refeeding in mice. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 94 12376393
2010 Herpesviruses and immunity: the art of evasion. Veterinary microbiology 90 20303681
2007 Family trios analysis of common polymorphisms in the obestatin/ghrelin, BDNF and AGRP genes in patients with Anorexia nervosa: association with subtype, body-mass index, severity and age of onset. Psychoneuroendocrinology 89 17197106
2019 Regulation of substrate utilization and adiposity by Agrp neurons. Nature communications 87 30659173
2017 Insulin Receptor Signaling in POMC, but Not AgRP, Neurons Controls Adipose Tissue Insulin Action. Diabetes 86 28385803
2005 Melanocortin-4 receptor gene and physical activity in the Québec Family Study. International journal of obesity (2005) 85 15597110
2012 AgRP and POMC neurons are hypophysiotropic and coordinately regulate multiple endocrine axes in a larval teleost. Cell metabolism 80 22245570
2001 Plasma levels of agouti-related protein are increased in obese men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 80 11344185
2010 MDC1: The art of keeping things in focus. Chromosoma 78 20224865
2018 Cellular and synaptic reorganization of arcuate NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons after exercise. Molecular metabolism 74 30292523
2016 A Postsynaptic AMPK→p21-Activated Kinase Pathway Drives Fasting-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in AgRP Neurons. Neuron 73 27321921
2013 Allopregnanolone: state of the art. Progress in neurobiology 73 24121112
2001 High-resolution NMR structure of the chemically-synthesized melanocortin receptor binding domain AGRP(87-132) of the agouti-related protein. Biochemistry 73 11747427
2013 Red cell investigations: art and artefacts. Blood reviews 71 23425684
2021 State-of-the-Art Biocatalysis. ACS central science 69 34345663
2002 Design, pharmacology, and NMR structure of a minimized cystine knot with agouti-related protein activity. Biochemistry 69 12056887
1999 NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. FEBS letters 69 10371151
1998 Determination of disulfide structure in agouti-related protein (AGRP) by stepwise reduction and alkylation. Biochemistry 68 9724530
2013 Genetic association analysis of 30 genes related to obesity in a European American population. International journal of obesity (2005) 67 23900445
2005 Effects of fasting, leptin, and insulin on AGRP and POMC peptide release in the hypothalamus. Brain research 66 15680952
2002 A polymorphism in the human agouti-related protein is associated with late-onset obesity. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 66 12213871
2006 The natural inverse agonist agouti-related protein induces arrestin-mediated endocytosis of melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 17041250
2019 Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. Nature 64 31827284
2008 A common variant in DRD3 receptor is associated with autism spectrum disorder. Biological psychiatry 64 19058789
2010 Association study of 182 candidate genes in anorexia nervosa. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 62 20468064
2019 Seeds and the Art of Genome Maintenance. Frontiers in plant science 61 31214224
2017 Ongoing HIV Replication During ART Reconsidered. Open forum infectious diseases 61 30310821
1999 The role of agouti-related protein in regulating body weight. Molecular medicine today 61 10366820
2021 Hunger-promoting AgRP neurons trigger an astrocyte-mediated feed-forward autoactivation loop in mice. The Journal of clinical investigation 57 33848272
2014 Imprinting methylation errors in ART. Reproductive medicine and biology 57 25298744
2023 Nutrient-sensing AgRP neurons relay control of liver autophagy during energy deprivation. Cell metabolism 55 37075752
2023 Agrp-negative arcuate NPY neurons drive feeding under positive energy balance via altering leptin responsiveness in POMC neurons. Cell metabolism 54 37201523
2004 Circulating melanin-concentrating hormone, agouti-related protein, and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels in relation to body composition: alterations in response to food deprivation and recombinant human leptin administration. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 54 15546902
2019 The BBSome in POMC and AgRP Neurons Is Necessary for Body Weight Regulation and Sorting of Metabolic Receptors. Diabetes 53 31127052
2014 MYC and the art of microRNA maintenance. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 53 24737842
1999 Contribution of melanocortin receptor exoloops to Agouti-related protein binding. The Journal of biological chemistry 53 10318826
2012 The neuroendocrine circuitry controlled by POMC, MSH, and AGRP. Handbook of experimental pharmacology 52 22249810
2017 The interaction of MC3R and MC4R with MRAP2, ACTH, α-MSH and AgRP in chickens. The Journal of endocrinology 48 28512117
2018 Dlx1/2 and Otp coordinate the production of hypothalamic GHRH- and AgRP-neurons. Nature communications 46 29795232
2015 Gpr17 in AgRP Neurons Regulates Feeding and Sensitivity to Insulin and Leptin. Diabetes 43 26180086
2006 AgRP in energy balance: Will the real AgRP please stand up? Cell metabolism 43 16459309
2023 AgRP neurons are not indispensable for body weight maintenance in adult mice. Cell reports 41 37422762
2021 Deciphering an AgRP-serotoninergic neural circuit in distinct control of energy metabolism from feeding. Nature communications 41 34112797
2012 microRNAs: the art of silencing in the ear. EMBO molecular medicine 40 22745034
2012 TXNIP in Agrp neurons regulates adiposity, energy expenditure, and central leptin sensitivity. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 39 22815502
2006 Polymorphisms in the NPY and AGRP genes and body fatness in Dutch adults. International journal of obesity (2005) 38 16568137
2021 An mPOA-ARCAgRP pathway modulates cold-evoked eating behavior. Cell reports 36 34380037
2013 Characterization, tissue distribution and regulation of agouti-related protein (AgRP) in a cyprinid fish (Schizothorax prenanti). Gene 35 23774689
2004 Transcriptional regulation of agouti-related protein (Agrp) in transgenic mice. Endocrinology 35 15345681
2015 Geminiviruses for biotechnology: the art of parasite taming. The New phytologist 33 26214399
2019 DNA methylation in AgRP neurons regulates voluntary exercise behavior in mice. Nature communications 32 31792207
2020 The Art of Mast Cell Adhesion. Cells 29 33322506
2021 Representations of uncertainty: where art thou? Current opinion in behavioral sciences 27 34026948
2018 Control of Energy Expenditure by AgRP Neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus: Neurocircuitry, Signaling Pathways, and Angiotensin. Current hypertension reports 27 29556733
2022 NPY derived from AGRP neurons controls feeding via Y1 and energy expenditure and food foraging behaviour via Y2 signalling. Molecular metabolism 26 35167990
2024 LncRNAs: the art of being influential without protein. Trends in plant science 25 38368122
2023 Asprosin promotes feeding through SK channel-dependent activation of AgRP neurons. Science advances 25 36812308
2022 Food-induced dopamine signaling in AgRP neurons promotes feeding. Cell reports 25 36450244
2019 Activation of Agrp neurons modulates memory-related cognitive processes in mice. Pharmacological research 24 30610962
2007 Hypothalamic and hindbrain NPY, AGRP and NE increase consummatory feeding responses. Physiology & behavior 24 17289093
2022 State-of-the-art therapies for Rett syndrome. Developmental medicine and child neurology 23 36056801
2020 Orexin neurons and inhibitory Agrp→orexin circuits guide spatial exploration in mice. The Journal of physiology 23 32667686
2016 Lipopolysacharide Rapidly and Completely Suppresses AgRP Neuron-Mediated Food Intake in Male Mice. Endocrinology 23 27111742
2022 TET3 epigenetically controls feeding and stress response behaviors via AGRP neurons. The Journal of clinical investigation 22 36189793
2002 Thyroid status regulates CART but not AgRP mRNA levels in the rat hypothalamus. Neuroreport 22 12395121
2024 microRNA-33 controls hunger signaling in hypothalamic AgRP neurons. Nature communications 21 38459068
2024 Iron overload in hypothalamic AgRP neurons contributes to obesity and related metabolic disorders. Cell reports 21 38460132
2020 Central α-Klotho Suppresses NPY/AgRP Neuron Activity and Regulates Metabolism in Mice. Diabetes 21 32332158
2015 Review: Influence of ART on HIV genetics. Current opinion in HIV and AIDS 21 25389802
2014 Centrosomes and the art of mitotic spindle maintenance. International review of cell and molecular biology 21 25376493
2006 Molecular basis of melanocortin-4 receptor for AGRP inverse agonism. Regulatory peptides 21 16820227
2002 Preservation of fertility in nature and ART. Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 21 11869181
2023 Microglia shape AgRP neuron postnatal development via regulating perineuronal net plasticity. Molecular psychiatry 20 38001338
2020 Hypothalamic agrp and pomc mRNA Responses to Gastrointestinal Fullness and Fasting in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.). Frontiers in physiology 20 32116771
2017 Heparin Increases Food Intake through AgRP Neurons. Cell reports 19 28877477
2023 CaMK1D signalling in AgRP neurons promotes ghrelin-mediated food intake. Nature metabolism 18 37277610
2002 Safeguarding ART. Nature cell biology 18 12479610
2023 Growth hormone receptor (GHR) in AgRP neurons regulates thermogenesis in a sex-specific manner. GeroScience 17 36633824
2017 PDK1-FoxO1 pathway in AgRP neurons of arcuate nucleus promotes bone formation via GHRH-GH-IGF1 axis. Molecular metabolism 17 28462077
2013 Identification and preparation of sperm for ART. The Urologic clinics of North America 17 24286775
2016 Nano-ART and NeuroAIDS. Drug delivery and translational research 16 27137528
2015 Art on the Nanoscale and Beyond. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 16 26671704
2012 Identification of distant Agouti-like sequences and re-evaluation of the evolutionary history of the Agouti-related peptide (AgRP). PloS one 16 22815886
2024 Sucrose overconsumption impairs AgRP neuron dynamics and promotes palatable food intake. Cell reports 15 38224492
2023 Pseudogenes in Cancer: State of the Art. Cancers 15 37627052
2023 Melanocortin-3 receptor expression in AgRP neurons is required for normal activation of the neurons in response to energy deficiency. Cell reports 15 37792535
2022 Lipid biosynthesis enzyme Agpat5 in AgRP-neurons is required for insulin-induced hypoglycemia sensing and glucagon secretion. Nature communications 15 36180454
2017 hCG Triggering in ART: An Evolutionary Concept. International journal of molecular sciences 15 28513550
2017 Mechanisms for AgRP neuron-mediated regulation of appetitive behaviors in rodents. Physiology & behavior 15 29031550
2005 Current trends in the structure-activity relationship studies of the endogenous agouti-related protein (AGRP) melanocortin receptor antagonist. Medicinal research reviews 15 16044415
2020 Central Regulation of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Is Mediated by AgRP Neurons. Diabetes 14 33115827
2000 Appearance, cosmetics, and body art in adolescents. Dermatologic clinics 14 11059375