Affinage

ABCD2

ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member 2 · UniProt Q9UBJ2

Length
740 aa
Mass
83.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
45 papers in source corpus 22 papers cited in narrative 22 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ABCD2 (ALDRP) is a peroxisomal membrane ABC half-transporter that delivers very long-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids into peroxisomes for β-oxidation and functions in close partnership with its paralog ABCD1 (PMID:15489218, PMID:10329405). It localizes to peroxisomes and can act as a homodimer, and it also physically interacts with ABCD1 by co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation, such that an ATPase-dead ABCD2 mutant exerts a transdominant-negative effect on ABCD1 function (PMID:21209459, PMID:10329405). The two transporters have overlapping but distinct substrate preferences: ABCD2 preferentially supports β-oxidation of C22:0, monounsaturated VLCFAs (including erucic acid C22:1), and especially C22:6/DHA, whereas ABCD1 best handles C24:0 and C26:0 (PMID:21145416, PMID:18854420, PMID:19556607). This biochemistry underlies extensive in vivo redundancy — ABCD2 overexpression rescues VLCFA accumulation and neurodegeneration in Abcd1-null mice, single Abcd2 loss alone barely perturbs C26:0 β-oxidation, and only combined Abcd1/Abcd2 loss produces severe VLCFA accumulation, lipid inclusions, and disease, marking ABCD2 as a compensatory transporter and a therapeutic target for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (PMID:15489218, PMID:12374760, PMID:25255441, PMID:30769094). Loss of ABCD2 causes VLCFA accumulation accompanied by mitochondrial, Golgi, and ER damage, adrenal oxidative damage, late-onset cerebellar and sensory ataxia in mice, and a VLCFA-driven NF-κB/AP-1/C/EBP inflammatory response in glia (PMID:16223892, PMID:17260006, PMID:18723473). ABCD2 transcription is tightly and combinatorially regulated: it is induced by sterol depletion via an SRE bound by SREBP, negatively modulated by LXRα through overlapping SRE/DR-4 elements, activated by thyroid hormone through an RXR/TRβ-bound response element with differential TRα/TRβ control, induced indirectly via PPARα by fibrates, and driven by β-catenin/TCF-4 and by AMPKα1-dependent metformin signaling — and in several of these settings ABCD2 induction normalizes VLCFA β-oxidation in X-ALD cells (PMID:12374760, PMID:16249184, PMID:12761339, PMID:18834645, PMID:11422379, PMID:23437103, PMID:26849413).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1999 Medium

    Establishing where ABCD2 acts: the protein was shown to reside exclusively in peroxisomes, fixing its functional compartment for fatty acid metabolism.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence of human ALDRP, with gene structure mapping to 12q12

    PMID:10329405

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define substrate or transport activity
    • Membrane topology and dimerization state not addressed
  2. 2004 High

    Whether ABCD2 functionally overlaps with ABCD1 in vivo: ABCD2 overexpression rescued Abcd1-null pathology and double knockout aggravated disease, establishing genetic redundancy as the central feature of ABCD2 biology.

    Evidence Transgenic ABCD2 overexpression in Abcd1-/- mice and Abcd1/Abcd2 double-knockout phenotyping

    PMID:15489218

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve which specific substrates each transporter handles
    • Mechanism of compensation at the molecular level not defined
  3. 2005 High

    What ABCD2 loss does on its own: Abcd2-null mice developed late-onset ataxia, Purkinje cell and DRG loss with VLCFA accumulation, and damage to mitochondria, Golgi, and ER, revealing organelle cross-talk pathology.

    Evidence Abcd2-/- mouse histopathology and electron microscopy

    PMID:16223892

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal link between VLCFA accumulation and organelle damage not mechanistically dissected
    • Why phenotype is late-onset unexplained
  4. 2008 High

    Defining ABCD2's metabolic specialty: ex vivo brain-slice β-oxidation assays showed ABCD2 supports degradation of saturated/omega9-monounsaturated VLCFAs and DHA synthesis, sharpening its substrate profile.

    Evidence Radiolabeled β-oxidation in Abcd2-KO brain slices plus organ and neuronal fatty acid profiling

    PMID:18854420

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transport (versus β-oxidation) not measured
    • DHA synthesis role mechanistically indirect
  5. 2010 High

    Distinguishing ABCD2 from ABCD1 biochemically: a yeast complementation system showed ABCD2 preferentially rescues C22:0, C24:6, and C22:6 (DHA) while ABCD1 favors C24:0/C26:0, and both work as homodimers.

    Evidence Yeast pxa1/pxa2Δ complementation with human ABCD1/ABCD2 and radiolabeled β-oxidation assays

    PMID:21145416

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrate selectivity in a heterologous system may not fully reflect mammalian context
    • CoA-ester versus free fatty acid substrate not distinguished here
  6. 2011 High

    How ABCD2 and ABCD1 cooperate physically: reciprocal Co-IP and proximity ligation demonstrated direct interaction, and an ATPase-dead ABCD2 acted transdominant-negative on ABCD1, indicating heteromeric functional coupling.

    Evidence Proximity ligation, co-immunoprecipitation, and inducible WT/ATPase-dead ALDRP-EGFP with β-oxidation assays

    PMID:21209459

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of homodimer versus heterodimer in vivo unresolved
    • Structural basis of the interaction unknown
  7. 2014 High

    Quantifying the compensatory hierarchy: macrophage and CRISPR double-knockout studies showed single Abcd2 loss does not impair C26:0 β-oxidation while double loss collapses it, defining ABCD2 as a backup transporter unmasked only when ABCD1 is absent.

    Evidence Four-genotype peritoneal macrophage GC-MS/β-oxidation comparison and CRISPR double-KO in BV-2 microglia

    PMID:25255441 PMID:30769094

    Open questions at the time
    • Tissue-specific thresholds of compensation not mapped
    • Why redundancy is incomplete for certain substrates unexplained
  8. 2008 Medium

    Linking transport loss to disease pathology: ABCD2 loss drives adrenal oxidative damage, and VLCFA accumulation from Abcd1/Abcd2 silencing triggers an NF-κB/AP-1/C/EBP inflammatory program in glia, connecting lipid transport defects to neuroinflammation.

    Evidence Abcd2-KO adrenal MnSOD/ceroid immunohistochemistry and siRNA knockdown in primary astrocytes with cytokine readouts and monoenoic-fatty-acid rescue

    PMID:17260006 PMID:18723473

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling steps from VLCFA to transcription factor activation not defined
    • siRNA off-target effects not fully controlled
  9. 2008 High

    Mapping transcriptional control: ABCD2 was shown to be combinatorially regulated by SREBP (sterol depletion, activating), LXRα (repressing via overlapping SRE/DR-4), thyroid hormone via RXR/TRβ with differential TRα/TRβ roles, and PPARα-dependent fibrate induction — several inducers normalizing VLCFA in X-ALD cells, establishing pharmacological levers.

    Evidence Promoter EMSA, site-directed mutagenesis, reporter assays, and KO mice (PPARα, LXRα/β, TRα, TRβ) with VLCFA β-oxidation readouts in X-ALD fibroblasts

    PMID:11422379 PMID:12374760 PMID:12761339 PMID:16249184 PMID:18834645

    Open questions at the time
    • Indirect PPARα mechanism (no functional PPRE) unresolved
    • Integration of competing inputs at the SRE/DR-4 module in vivo not fully defined
  10. 2013 Medium

    Extending the regulatory network: β-catenin/TCF-4 and AMPKα1-dependent metformin signaling were identified as additional ABCD2 inducers, broadening the set of pathways exploitable to raise ABCD2 in X-ALD.

    Evidence ChIP and TCF-4-element mutagenesis with VLCFA readout; AMPKα1-KO glial epistasis plus in vivo metformin in Abcd1-KO mice

    PMID:23437103 PMID:26849413

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct AMPK target element on ABCD2 promoter not identified
    • Cross-talk among these inducers untested
  11. 2014 Medium

    Tissue-specific biology: ABCD2 is highly enriched in adipose, opposes dietary erucic acid (C22:1) accumulation, and resides in a distinct ~200 nm microperoxisome subclass deficient in canonical peroxisomal markers yet enriched in ER/mitochondrial proteins, hinting at specialized organelle association.

    Evidence Dietary erucic acid challenge in D2-/- mice with fatty acid profiling; immunoisolation, proteomics, and EM of the ABCD2 compartment in adipose

    PMID:19556607 PMID:25446110

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional significance of the microperoxisome subclass unknown
    • Whether ER/mitochondrial protein co-isolation reflects true contact sites unproven
  12. 2006 Medium

    Probing nucleotide handling: recombinant ABCD2 bound ADP but scarcely ATP, contrasting with ABCD1 which bound both, raising questions about its catalytic cycle that remain unresolved.

    Evidence Baculovirus expression in Sf21 cells with ATP/ADP-agarose binding and membrane ATPase assays

    PMID:16946495

    Open questions at the time
    • Weak ATP binding may reflect non-native folding or missing membrane context
    • ATPase-coupled transport not directly reconstituted

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How ABCD2 couples ATP hydrolysis to fatty-acyl-CoA translocation across the peroxisomal membrane, and the structural basis for its substrate selectivity and ABCD1 heterodimerization, remain undefined.
  • No high-resolution structure
  • No purified-system transport assay defining the transported species
  • Stoichiometry and regulation of homo- versus heterodimers in vivo unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005215 transporter activity 4 GO:0008289 lipid binding 3 GO:0140657 ATP-dependent activity 1
Localization
GO:0005777 peroxisome 2
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 3
Partners
ABCD1

Evidence

Reading pass · 22 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2004 ABCD2 (ALDR) overexpression in Abcd1-knockout mice prevents both VLCFA accumulation and neurodegenerative features (axonal damage, myelin degeneration), demonstrating functional redundancy/overlap with ABCD1 in vivo. Double Abcd1/Abcd2 knockout mice show earlier onset and more severe disease including inflammatory signs, confirming overlapping in vivo function. Transgenic mouse overexpression of ABCD2 in Abcd1-/- background; double knockout mouse phenotypic analysis Human molecular genetics High 15489218
2010 ABCD2 and ABCD1 have distinct substrate specificities for peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation: ABCD2 preferentially rescues β-oxidation of C22:0, C24:6, and especially C22:6 (DHA), while ABCD1 best rescues C24:0 and C26:0, as shown in a yeast complementation system. Both can function as homodimers. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pxa1/pxa2Δ complementation with human ABCD1 or ABCD2; radiolabeled fatty acid β-oxidation assays Biochimica et biophysica acta High 21145416
2008 ABCD2 plays a specific role in degradation of long-chain saturated and omega9-monounsaturated fatty acids and in synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); defective VLCFA β-oxidation was demonstrated ex vivo in brain slices of Abcd2-knockout mice using radiolabeled hexacosanoic acid and DHA precursor. Abcd2-knockout mouse; fatty acid profiling in organs and primary neurons; radiolabeled β-oxidation assays in brain slices American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism High 18854420
2005 Abcd2-knockout mice develop late-onset cerebellar and sensory ataxia with loss of Purkinje cells and dorsal root ganglion degeneration correlated with VLCFA accumulation. Mitochondrial, Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum damage were identified as underlying pathological mechanisms, indicating disturbed organelle cross-talk. Abcd2-/- mouse generation and characterization; histopathology; electron microscopy of organelles Human molecular genetics High 16223892
2011 ABCD2 (ALDRP) physically interacts with ABCD1 (ALDP), demonstrated by proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation. A non-functional ALDRP-EGFP mutant exerts a transdominant-negative effect on ABCD1 function, mediated through this physical interaction. ABCD2 expression levels inversely correlate with saturated and monounsaturated VLCFA content and specifically supports DHA metabolism. Proximity ligation assay; co-immunoprecipitation; dose-dependent inducible expression of wild-type and ATPase-dead ALDRP-EGFP; fatty acid content analysis; β-oxidation assays for C26:0, C24:0, and C22:6 The Journal of biological chemistry High 21209459
2001 ABCD2 gene induction by fibrates is dependent on PPARα: fibrate treatment failed to induce ABCD2 in PPARα-/- knockout mice. However, a functional PPRE could not be identified in the ABCD2 promoter, suggesting an indirect PPARα-dependent mechanism. PPARα-/- knockout mice treated with fenofibrate; ABCD2 promoter cloning and analysis; gel-shift assay; COS-7 cell transfection reporter assay European journal of biochemistry Medium 11422379
2002 ABCD2 expression is induced by sterol depletion via activation of SREBP transcription factors. A functional sterol regulatory element (SRE) was identified in the proximal ABCD2 promoter. ABCD2 induction by sterol depletion significantly reduced VLCFA accumulation in X-ALD fibroblasts. Real-time PCR in human fibroblasts and monocytes; reporter gene studies; site-directed mutagenesis of SRE; gel shift assays; VLCFA measurement in X-ALD fibroblasts Human molecular genetics High 12374760
2005 LXRα acts as a negative modulator of Abcd2 expression through a novel mechanism involving overlapping SREBP1c and LXRα binding sites (SRE/DR-4) in the Abcd2 promoter. In liver, concurrent LXRα and SREBP1c activation suppresses Abcd2, while hepatic Abcd2 expression in LXRα,β-deficient mice is induced to levels vastly exceeding wild type. LXRα/β knockout mice; fasting-refeeding and cholesterol-loading paradigms; promoter EMSA with nuclear extracts; cell culture reporter assays with SREBP1c and LXR ligands The Journal of biological chemistry High 16249184
2003 ABCD2 is a direct transcriptional target of thyroid hormone (T3) signaling: its promoter contains a functional thyroid hormone response element that binds RXR/TRβ heterodimer. T3 treatment induces ABCD2 in rat liver in a TRβ-dependent manner (absent in TRβ-/- mice). In oligodendrocytes (differentiated CG4 cells) T3 induces ABCD2, and in X-ALD fibroblasts this induction correlates with normalization of VLCFA β-oxidation. TRβ-/- knockout mice treated with T3; gel-shift/EMSA for TRβ/RXR binding to promoter element; reporter assays in CG4 oligodendrocytes; VLCFA β-oxidation measurement in X-ALD fibroblasts Molecular pharmacology High 12761339
2008 TRα and TRβ differentially modulate SREBP1-activated ABCD2 expression at overlapping SRE/DR-4 promoter elements. Unliganded TRβ represses ABCD2 independently of DNA binding, while T3-dependent activation requires TRα and intact SRE/DR-4 motifs. In vivo, temporal repression of Abcd2 in adult liver is blunted in TRβ-deficient mice, and T3-state responses are abrogated in TRα-deficient mice. TRα-/- and TRβ-/- mouse models; EMSA with nuclear extracts; reporter assays; RT-PCR European journal of cell biology High 18834645
1999 Human ABCD2 (ALDRP) protein localizes exclusively to peroxisomes. The ALDR gene spans 33 kb on chromosome 12q12 and consists of 10 exons with a gene structure highly similar to the ALD gene. Subcellular fractionation; immunofluorescence microscopy; cDNA cloning and genomic sequencing Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 10329405
2006 Overexpressed ABCD2 (ALDRP) in Sf21 insect cells exhibits ADP-binding activity but scarcely binds ATP, in contrast to ABCD1 (ALDP) which binds both ADP and ATP. ATPase activity was detectable in membranes expressing ABCD1 but membranous components appear required for activity. Baculovirus expression in Sf21 insect cells; immunoelectron microscopy; ATP/ADP-agarose binding; ATPase activity assay in membrane fractions Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Medium 16946495
2007 Loss of Abcd2 (but not Abcd1) causes oxidative damage in the mouse adrenal gland, demonstrated by spontaneous and premature ceroid deposition (an end-product of oxidative damage) predominantly in adrenal medullary cells, and increased mitochondrial MnSOD immunoreactivity indicating oxidative stress. Abcd1-/- and Abcd2-/- knockout mice; immunohistochemistry for MnSOD and ceroid; histopathological analysis Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology Medium 17260006
2008 siRNA-mediated silencing of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes in primary mouse astrocytes causes VLCFA accumulation and induces an inflammatory response mediated by transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and C/EBP, establishing a direct mechanistic link between VLCFA accumulation and neuroinflammation. siRNA knockdown of Abcd1 and Abcd2 in primary mouse astrocytes; VLCFA measurement; inflammatory cytokine and iNOS expression; rescue with monoenoic fatty acids Journal of lipid research Medium 18723473
2014 Abcd2 acts as a strong modifier of VLCFA metabolism in peritoneal macrophages: Abcd1/Abcd2 double-deficiency results in sixfold VLCFA (C26:0) accumulation and only 29% residual peroxisomal β-oxidation activity, compared to approximately twofold accumulation and 62% residual activity in Abcd1 single deficiency. Single Abcd2 deficiency alone did not compromise C26:0 β-oxidation, indicating Abcd2-mediated compensatory transport. Peritoneal macrophages from Abcd1-/-, Abcd2-/-, and Abcd1/Abcd2 double-knockout mice; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for VLCFA; radiolabeled β-oxidation assays PloS one High 25255441
2013 ABCD2 is a direct transcriptional target of the β-catenin/TCF-4 pathway: two functional TCF-4 binding elements in the ABCD2 proximal promoter were identified by site-directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation. β-catenin/TCF-4 overexpression increases ABCD2 mRNA and reduces VLCFA levels. Promoter-reporter assays; site-directed mutagenesis of TCF-4 binding elements; chromatin immunoprecipitation; RT-PCR in HCC cells and X-ALD fibroblasts; VLCFA measurement PloS one Medium 23437103
2016 Metformin-induced upregulation of ABCD2 in X-ALD fibroblasts and Abcd1-KO mouse brain/spinal cord is dependent on AMPKα1: ABCD2 induction by metformin was abolished in AMPKα1-KO primary mixed glial cells, placing ABCD2 downstream of the AMPK pathway. AMPKα1-KO mouse primary glial cells; X-ALD patient-derived fibroblasts; in vivo metformin treatment of Abcd1-KO mice; Western blot; VLCFA measurement Journal of neurochemistry Medium 26849413
2010 ABCD2 is highly expressed in adipose tissue (>50-fold over brain or adrenal) and opposes the accumulation of dietary erucic acid (C22:1): D2-/- mice challenged with erucic acid diet accumulate this lipid in adipose in a gene-dosage-dependent manner. ABCD2 is a SREBP target gene in adipocytes and is upregulated during adipogenesis. D2-/- knockout mice; dietary erucic acid challenge; fatty acid profiling; adipogenesis assays in mouse embryonic fibroblasts Journal of lipid research Medium 19556607
2014 In adipose tissue, ABCD2 localizes to a distinct subclass of peroxisomes (~200 nm microperoxisomes) that are deficient in canonical peroxisome markers (catalase, PEX19, ABCD3) and whose proteome includes proteins associated with ER and mitochondria, suggesting physical association of this peroxisome subclass with these organelles. Subcellular fractionation; immunoisolation; electron microscopy; proteomics (mass spectrometry) of ABCD2-containing compartment; immunofluorescence with PEX19 antibody Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 25446110
2000 The ABCD2 promoter (1.3 kb of human or mouse 5'-upstream region) has functional promoter activity inducible by 9-cis-retinoic acid and forskolin in transfection assays; no PPARα-mediated induction was detected in this system. Promoter cloning; luciferase reporter transfection in cell lines; treatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid, forskolin, and PPARα ligands Genomics Medium 11087670
2007 DHEA induces Abcd2 and Abcd3 (but not Abcd4) expression in rat hepatocytes and in vivo in rodent liver, but not in brain, testes, or adrenals. The induction mechanism for Abcd2 is independent of PPARα, in contrast to Abcd3. Primary rat hepatocyte cultures; in vivo DHEA treatment of rodents; RT-PCR; PPARα-knockout comparison Biochimie Medium 17686565
2019 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated combined knockout of Abcd1 and Abcd2 in BV-2 microglial cells results in VLCFA accumulation and formation of lipid inclusions similar to those in brain macrophages of X-ALD patients; single Abcd2 deficiency alone does not cause VLCFA accumulation, confirming functional redundancy. CRISPR/Cas9 double KO in BV-2 cells; electron microscopy; lipid analysis; cholesterol measurement Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids Medium 30769094

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 45 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2004 Functional overlap between ABCD1 (ALD) and ABCD2 (ALDR) transporters: a therapeutic target for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Human molecular genetics 163 15489218
2010 Differential substrate specificities of human ABCD1 and ABCD2 in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. Biochimica et biophysica acta 109 21145416
2008 A key role for the peroxisomal ABCD2 transporter in fatty acid homeostasis. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 88 18854420
2005 Inactivation of the peroxisomal ABCD2 transporter in the mouse leads to late-onset ataxia involving mitochondria, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum damage. Human molecular genetics 84 16223892
2008 Silencing of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes sensitizes astrocytes for inflammation: implication for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Journal of lipid research 55 18723473
2001 Fibrate induction of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2): promoter analysis and role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARalpha. European journal of biochemistry 53 11422379
2002 Cholesterol regulates ABCD2 expression: implications for the therapy of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Human molecular genetics 44 12374760
2019 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes in BV-2 cells: novel microglial models for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids 39 30769094
2011 Substrate specificity overlap and interaction between adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) and adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein (ALDRP/ABCD2). The Journal of biological chemistry 37 21209459
2005 Liver X receptor alpha interferes with SREBP1c-mediated Abcd2 expression. Novel cross-talk in gene regulation. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 16249184
2003 Thyroid hormone induction of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2). Molecular pharmacology 34 12761339
2007 The role of peroxisomal ABC transporters in the mouse adrenal gland: the loss of Abcd2 (ALDR), Not Abcd1 (ALD), causes oxidative damage. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 33 17260006
2009 Induction of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2) by thyromimetics. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 29 19406244
2010 Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 genes in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) based on comprehensive resequencing and association studies with ALD phenotypes. Neurogenetics 28 20661612
2010 ABCD2 is abundant in adipose tissue and opposes the accumulation of dietary erucic acid (C22:1) in fat. Journal of lipid research 27 19556607
2008 Distinct modulatory roles for thyroid hormone receptors TRalpha and TRbeta in SREBP1-activated ABCD2 expression. European journal of cell biology 23 18834645
2014 Abcd2 is a strong modifier of the metabolic impairments in peritoneal macrophages of ABCD1-deficient mice. PloS one 21 25255441
2008 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy phenotype is independent of ABCD2 genotype. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 21 18834860
2011 Clinical predictive value of the ABCD2 score for early risk of stroke in patients who have had transient ischaemic attack and who present to an Australian tertiary hospital. The Medical journal of Australia 20 21299488
2016 Metformin-induced mitochondrial function and ABCD2 up-regulation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy involves AMP-activated protein kinase. Journal of neurochemistry 19 26849413
2013 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induces adrenoleukodystrophy (Abcd2) gene in human X-ALD fibroblasts and inhibits the proinflammatory response in Abcd1/2 silenced mouse primary astrocytes. Biochimica et biophysica acta 19 23318275
2009 D-dimer, magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted imaging, and ABCD2 score for transient ischemic attack risk stratification. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 19 19717021
2000 Characterization of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related (ALDR, ABCD2) gene promoter: inductibility by retinoic acid and forskolin. Genomics 19 11087670
1999 Full length cDNA cloning, promoter sequence, and genomic organization of the human adrenoleukodystrophy related (ALDR) gene functionally redundant to the gene responsible for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 17 10329405
2015 Regulation Mechanism of the ald Gene Encoding Alanine Dehydrogenase in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the Lrp/AsnC Family Regulator AldR. Journal of bacteriology 16 26195594
2001 Rat adrenoleukodystrophy-related (ALDR) gene: full-length cDNA sequence and new insight in expression. Biochimica et biophysica acta 16 11342107
2014 ALDR enhanced endothelial injury in hyperuricemia screened using SILAC. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 15 24556878
2018 Suppression of ABCD2 dysregulates lipid metabolism via dysregulation of miR-141:ACSL4 in human osteoarthritis. Cell biochemistry and function 14 30264402
2016 Crystal Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv AldR (Rv2779c), a Regulator of the ald Gene: DNA BINDING AND IDENTIFICATION OF SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS. The Journal of biological chemistry 14 27006398
2014 LXR antagonists induce ABCD2 expression. Biochimica et biophysica acta 13 24239766
2014 Regulation of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2): focus on oxysterols and LXR antagonists. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 13 24480443
2013 Regulation of the ald gene encoding alanine dehydrogenase by AldR in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Journal of bacteriology 13 23749971
2013 ABCD2 is a direct target of β-catenin and TCF-4: implications for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy therapy. PloS one 11 23437103
2015 Whole exome sequencing analysis of ABCC8 and ABCD2 genes associating with clinical course of breast carcinoma. Physiological research 9 26681085
2007 Dehydroepiandrosterone up-regulates the Adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2) independently of PPARalpha in rodents. Biochimie 9 17686565
2017 Flow Cytometric Analysis of the Expression Pattern of Peroxisomal Proteins, Abcd1, Abcd2, and Abcd3 in BV-2 Murine Microglial Cells. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 8 28409470
2006 ATP-binding and -hydrolysis activities of ALDP (ABCD1) and ALDRP (ABCD2), human peroxisomal ABC proteins, overexpressed in Sf21 cells. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 8 16946495
2025 Jiangtang Tiaozhi formula ameliorates MASLD by regulating liver ABCD2/PEX2/ATGL axis-mediated fatty acid metabolic reprogramming. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 7 40674914
2022 Synthetic role of miR-200b-3p, ABCD2 score, and carotid ultrasound in the prediction of cerebral infarction in patients with transient ischemic attack. Brain and behavior 7 35261213
2014 ABCD2 alters peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling in vitro, but does not impair responses to fenofibrate therapy in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Molecular pharmacology 7 25123288
2014 Evaluation of retinoids for induction of the redundant gene ABCD2 as an alternative treatment option in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. PloS one 6 25079382
2012 Varying uses of the ABCD2 scoring system in primary and secondary care: a qualitative study. BMJ open 6 23194953
2014 ABCD2 identifies a subclass of peroxisomes in mouse adipose tissue. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 5 25446110
2022 Value of Serum Adiponectin Combined with ABCD2 in Predicting Cerebral Infarction Among Patients with Acute Isolated Vertigo. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 3 35937714
2023 Taxol‑resistant breast cancer cell‑derived exosome‑delivered miR‑187‑5p regulates the growth of breast cancer cells via ABCD2 and Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. Oncology letters 2 36844629

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for ABCD2? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.