Affinage

ABCD2

ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member 2 · UniProt Q9UBJ2

Round 2 corrected
Length
740 aa
Mass
83.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
77 papers in source corpus 28 papers cited in narrative 28 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ABCD2 is a peroxisomal half-ABC transporter that imports very long-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acid CoA-esters—particularly C22:6 (DHA), C22:0, and monounsaturated VLCFA—into peroxisomes for β-oxidation, functioning as a homodimer or heterodimer with ABCD1 (PMID:21145416, PMID:21209459). ABCD2 is functionally redundant with ABCD1 for saturated VLCFA transport, as transgenic ABCD2 overexpression prevents VLCFA accumulation and neurodegeneration in Abcd1-knockout mice, while Abcd1/Abcd2 double knockout produces synergistically severe disease (PMID:15489218, PMID:25255441). Loss of ABCD2 alone causes late-onset cerebellar and sensory ataxia with Purkinje cell loss, VLCFA accumulation, and mitochondrial/ER/Golgi damage, and uniquely disrupts adrenal oxidative homeostasis and adipose monounsaturated VLCFA clearance (PMID:16223892, PMID:17260006, PMID:19556607). ABCD2 transcription is activated by SREBP via a promoter SRE element, by thyroid hormone receptors (TRα/TRβ) via an overlapping SRE/DR-4 motif, by β-catenin/TCF-4, and by AMPK α1-dependent signaling, while LXRα acts as a repressor competing at the same SRE/DR-4 site (PMID:12374760, PMID:18834645, PMID:16249184, PMID:23437103, PMID:26849413).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1997 Medium

    Cloning of ABCD2 established it as a peroxisomal half-ABC transporter paralog of ABCD1, raising the question of whether it could compensate for ABCD1 loss in X-ALD.

    Evidence cDNA cloning and sequence analysis showing 62.8% identity to ABCD1, tissue expression profiling

    PMID:9345306

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional activity demonstrated
    • Dimerization predicted but not tested
    • Peroxisomal localization not directly confirmed
  2. 1999 Medium

    Direct localization to peroxisomes and functional complementation of VLCFA oxidation in ABCD1-deficient cells demonstrated that ABCD2 could substitute for ABCD1, answering the functional redundancy question at the cellular level.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation, immunolocalization, and VLCFA oxidation rescue in X-ALD fibroblasts

    PMID:10329405

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrate specificity unknown
    • In vivo redundancy not tested
    • Single lab observation
  3. 2002 High

    Identification of a functional SRE in the ABCD2 promoter revealed that sterol depletion via SREBP activates ABCD2 transcription, providing the first defined transcriptional regulatory mechanism and a pharmacological route to upregulate ABCD2 in X-ALD cells.

    Evidence Reporter assays, site-directed mutagenesis, EMSA, and VLCFA reduction in X-ALD fibroblasts upon sterol depletion

    PMID:12374760

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether SREBP-mediated induction is sufficient in vivo to rescue disease unknown
    • Contribution of other transcription factors at overlapping elements not yet mapped
  4. 2003 High

    Discovery that thyroid hormone induces ABCD2 via TRβ binding to a promoter response element—with functional VLCFA normalization in ABCD1-deficient cells—established a second major transcriptional axis and raised the possibility of thyromimetic therapy.

    Evidence EMSA (RXR/TRβ binding), TRβ-knockout mice, cell-type specific induction in oligodendrocytes, β-oxidation assay in X-ALD fibroblasts

    PMID:12761339

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CNS-relevant cell types respond sufficiently in vivo unknown
    • TRα versus TRβ contributions not fully dissected
  5. 2004 High

    In vivo genetic epistasis using transgenic ABCD2 overexpression and Abcd1/Abcd2 double knockouts proved functional redundancy at the organismal level: ABCD2 prevented VLCFA accumulation and neurodegeneration, while combined loss accelerated disease with inflammation.

    Evidence Transgenic ABCD2 overexpression in Abcd1-KO mice; Abcd1/Abcd2 double KO with histopathology and VLCFA measurement

    PMID:15489218

    Open questions at the time
    • Degree of substrate overlap versus specificity not resolved
    • Mechanism of inflammatory exacerbation in double KO unclear
  6. 2005 High

    Characterization of Abcd2-knockout mice revealed a non-redundant role: ABCD2 loss alone causes late-onset cerebellar/sensory ataxia with Purkinje cell degeneration and organelle damage, while LXRα was identified as a repressor competing with SREBP at overlapping SRE/DR-4 promoter elements.

    Evidence Abcd2-KO mouse phenotyping with electron microscopy and VLCFA measurement; LXRα/β-KO mice, EMSA, and reporter assays for promoter regulation

    PMID:16223892 PMID:16249184

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of organelle cross-talk damage unknown
    • Relative in vivo contributions of SREBP versus LXR to tissue-specific expression not quantified
  7. 2008 High

    Defining the overlapping TRα/TRβ/SREBP interplay at the SRE/DR-4 element, combined with substrate profiling in knockout brain slices, established that ABCD2 has distinct preferred substrates (C22:0, monounsaturated VLCFA, DHA precursors) and that its transcriptional control integrates thyroid hormone and sterol signals at a single regulatory module.

    Evidence TRα-KO and TRβ-KO mice with EMSA and reporter assays; radiolabeled β-oxidation assays and fatty acid profiling in Abcd2-KO brain slices and primary neurons

    PMID:18834645 PMID:18854420

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transport assay with purified protein not performed
    • Whether TR-SREBP interaction is direct or mediated by cofactors unknown
  8. 2010 High

    Yeast reconstitution definitively demonstrated that ABCD2 homodimers transport CoA-esters with specificity for C22:0, C24:6, and especially DHA (C22:6), distinct from ABCD1's preference for C24:0/C26:0, while adipose tissue studies revealed ABCD2 as the dominant peroxisomal transporter opposing monounsaturated VLCFA accumulation in fat.

    Evidence Functional complementation in S. cerevisiae pxa1/pxa2Δ with radiolabeled substrates; Abcd2-KO mice with dietary erucic acid challenge and quantitative fatty acid profiling in adipose

    PMID:19556607 PMID:21145416

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural basis for substrate discrimination
    • Homodimer versus heterodimer substrate preferences not compared in the same system
  9. 2011 High

    Physical interaction between ABCD1 and ABCD2 was demonstrated by proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation, with a non-functional ABCD2 exerting a transdominant-negative effect on ABCD1, confirming heterodimer formation and its functional relevance.

    Evidence PLA, co-IP, inducible expression of WT versus mutant ABCD2-EGFP, fatty acid profiling, β-oxidation assays

    PMID:21209459

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and structural architecture of heterodimer unknown
    • Whether heterodimer has distinct substrate specificity from either homodimer not determined
  10. 2013 High

    Identification of β-catenin/TCF-4 as a direct transcriptional activator of ABCD2 via two promoter TCF-4 elements added a Wnt-responsive dimension to ABCD2 regulation, with functional VLCFA reduction upon ectopic β-catenin expression.

    Evidence ChIP confirming β-catenin binding, site-directed mutagenesis of TCF-4 elements, luciferase reporters, RT-PCR, VLCFA measurement

    PMID:23437103

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological context of Wnt-dependent ABCD2 regulation (which tissues, when) not established
    • Interplay with SREBP/LXR/TR at the same promoter region not tested
  11. 2016 Medium

    Metformin-induced ABCD2 upregulation was shown to require AMPKα1, as demonstrated by abrogation in AMPKα1-KO glial cells, establishing a metabolic-sensing kinase pathway for ABCD2 induction with potential therapeutic relevance for X-ALD.

    Evidence AMPKα1-KO mouse primary glial cells, metformin treatment in vitro and in vivo (Abcd1-KO mice), western blotting

    PMID:26849413

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct mechanism linking AMPKα1 to ABCD2 promoter (which transcription factor is the effector) unknown
    • Single lab; in vivo VLCFA reduction by metformin not demonstrated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • No high-resolution structure of ABCD2 exists, the molecular basis for its substrate selectivity over ABCD1 is structurally undefined, and the relative physiological contributions of ABCD2 homodimers versus ABCD1–ABCD2 heterodimers remain uncharacterized in vivo.
  • No cryo-EM or crystal structure of ABCD2
  • In vivo stoichiometry of homo- versus heterodimer pools in different tissues unknown
  • Whether ABCD2 transports substrates as CoA esters or free fatty acids in mammalian membranes not directly demonstrated with purified protein

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005215 transporter activity 5 GO:0008289 lipid binding 3 GO:0140657 ATP-dependent activity 2
Localization
GO:0005777 peroxisome 3
Pathway
R-HSA-382551 Transport of small molecules 4
Partners
ABCD1CTNNB1NR1H3PRKAA1SREBF1TCF7L2THRATHRB
Complex memberships
ABCD1–ABCD2 heterodimerABCD2 homodimer

Evidence

Reading pass · 28 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 ABCD2 (ALDRP) encodes a 740-amino-acid peroxisomal membrane protein that is a half-ABC transporter with 62.8% identity to ABCD1 (ALDP), predicted to form homodimers or heterodimers with other peroxisomal ABC transporters. mRNA is expressed predominantly in brain and heart. cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, tissue expression profiling Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 9345306
1999 Human ABCD2 (ALDRP) localizes exclusively to peroxisomes. The gene spans 33 kb on chromosome 12q12, consists of 10 exons, and its promoter contains a novel motif conserved among peroxisomal ABC transporters. ALDRP transfection into X-ALD cells complements the VLCFA oxidation defect. Subcellular fractionation, immunolocalization, genomic sequencing, functional complementation in ABCD1-deficient cells Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 10329405
2000 The ABCD2 promoter (1.3 kb of human and mouse 5'-upstream region) has functional promoter activity and is upregulated by 9-cis-retinoic acid and forskolin. No PPARα response element was detected in the promoter by transfection assays. Luciferase reporter assays, promoter deletion/transfection in cell lines Genomics Medium 11087670
2001 Fibrate induction of ABCD2 is PPARα-dependent in vivo (absent in PPARα-knockout mice), but no functional PPRE motif could be identified in the ABCD2 promoter by gel-shift assay and transfection of COS-7 cells, indicating a non-canonical PPARα-dependent regulatory mechanism. PPARα knockout mice treated with fenofibrate, gel-shift assay, promoter transfection in COS-7 cells European journal of biochemistry Medium 11422379
2002 ABCD2 is transcriptionally induced by sterol depletion via activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). A functional sterol regulatory element (SRE) was identified in the proximal ABCD2 promoter by reporter gene studies, site-directed mutagenesis, and gel-shift assays. ABCD2 induction by sterol depletion significantly reduced VLCFA accumulation in X-ALD fibroblasts. Real-time PCR, reporter gene assays, site-directed mutagenesis, gel-shift assay (EMSA), functional VLCFA measurement in patient fibroblasts Human molecular genetics High 12374760
2003 ABCD2 is induced by thyroid hormone (T3) via TRβ. The ABCD2 promoter contains a functional thyroid hormone response element that binds RXR/TRβ heterodimer, mediating T3 responsiveness. T3 induces ABCD2 in liver of normal rats but not TRβ-knockout mice, and in differentiated oligodendrocytes (CG4 cells) but not astrocytes. T3 induction in ABCD1-deficient fibroblasts normalized VLCFA β-oxidation. Gel-shift assay (RXR/TRβ binding), TRβ-knockout mice, liver induction in vivo, cell-type specific induction, β-oxidation assay in ABCD1-deficient fibroblasts Molecular pharmacology High 12761339
2004 ABCD2 functionally overlaps with ABCD1 in vivo: overexpression of ABCD2 in Abcd1-knockout mice prevents VLCFA accumulation and neurodegenerative pathology (axonal damage followed by myelin degeneration). Double Abcd1/Abcd2 knockout mice display earlier onset and more severe disease, including inflammatory reaction, demonstrating functional redundancy between the two transporters. Transgenic overexpression of ABCD2 in Abcd1-KO mice, Abcd1/Abcd2 double knockout generation, histopathology, VLCFA measurement Human molecular genetics High 15489218
2005 Abcd2-knockout mice develop late-onset cerebellar and sensory ataxia with loss of Purkinje cells and dorsal root ganglia degeneration, correlating with VLCFA accumulation in those cells. The underlying pathological mechanism involves mitochondrial, Golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum damage, demonstrating disturbed organelle cross-talk as a downstream consequence of ABCD2 loss. Abcd2-knockout mouse generation and characterization, histopathology, electron microscopy of organelles, VLCFA measurement Human molecular genetics High 16223892
2005 LXRα acts as a negative modulator of Abcd2 expression by competing with SREBP1c at overlapping SRE/DR-4 binding sites in the Abcd2 promoter. SREBP1c induces adipose Abcd2, while concurrent LXRα activation suppresses hepatic Abcd2. LXRα/β-deficient mice show greatly elevated Abcd2 induction, confirming LXRα as a repressor. EMSA with nuclear extracts, LXRα/β-knockout mice, fasting-refeeding and cholesterol loading paradigms, cell culture reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 16249184
2006 ABCD2 (ALDRP) expressed in Sf21 insect cells via baculovirus shows ATPase activity in membrane fractions and nucleotide-binding capacity. Unlike ABCD1 which binds both ADP and ATP, ABCD2 binds ADP but has negligible affinity for ATP, suggesting functional differences in nucleotide binding between the two paralogs. Baculovirus-mediated overexpression in Sf21 cells, ATPase activity assay, ATP/ADP-agarose binding, immunoelectron microscopy, subcellular fractionation Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Medium 16946495
2007 Loss of Abcd2 (not Abcd1) causes oxidative damage in the mouse adrenal gland: Abcd2 knockout mice show increased mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase immunoreactivity and spontaneous premature ceroid deposition (a marker of oxidative damage) predominantly in adrenal medullary cells, indicating a specific role for ABCD2 in limiting oxidative stress in adrenal tissue. Abcd1 and Abcd2 single/double knockout mice, immunohistochemistry for oxidative stress markers (MnSOD, ceroid), comparative genotype analysis Laboratory investigation Medium 17260006
2007 DHEA induces Abcd2 and Abcd3 expression in rodent liver in vivo and in primary rat hepatocytes in vitro, but this induction of Abcd2 is independent of PPARα (unlike Abcd3), revealing a PPARα-independent pathway for ABCD2 regulation. In vivo DHEA treatment, primary hepatocyte cultures, PPARα-knockout mice comparison, RT-PCR Biochimie Medium 17686565
2008 ABCD2 plays a role in degradation of long-chain saturated and omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids and in the synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Abcd2-knockout mouse brain slices show defective VLCFA β-oxidation ex vivo using radiolabeled hexacosanoic acid and DHA precursor, distinct from the substrate profile of Abcd1-knockout. Fatty acid profiling in knockout mouse organs and primary neurons, radiolabeled β-oxidation assay in brain slices, dietary challenge experiments American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism High 18854420
2008 TRα and TRβ bind the overlapping SRE/DR-4 motif in the ABCD2 promoter and differentially modulate SREBP1-dependent ABCD2 activation: unliganded TRβ (but not TRα) represses ABCD2 independently of DNA binding, while T3-dependent activation requires TRα and intact SRE/DR-4 motifs. EMSA with nuclear extracts supports direct TR-SREBP1 interaction at this element. EMSA, TRα and TRβ knockout mice, T3 manipulation (fasting/refeeding), reporter gene assays, RT-PCR in liver European journal of cell biology High 18834645
2008 Silencing of Abcd1 and Abcd2 by siRNA in mouse primary astrocytes causes VLCFA accumulation and induces an inflammatory response (iNOS, inflammatory cytokines) mediated by NF-κB, AP-1, and C/EBP transcription factors, establishing a direct link between peroxisomal VLCFA accumulation (mediated by ABCD2 deficiency) and neuroinflammatory signaling. siRNA knockdown of Abcd1/Abcd2 in primary astrocytes, VLCFA measurement, inflammatory marker expression, transcription factor activity assays Journal of lipid research Medium 18723473
2009 TRβ-selective thyromimetics (GC-1, CGS 23425) induce ABCD2 expression dose-dependently via the ABCD2 promoter thyroid hormone response element, and maintain prolonged induction (up to 10 days) in X-ALD fibroblasts compared to T3 alone, demonstrating that the TRβ pathway can be selectively targeted for sustained ABCD2 upregulation. Reporter gene assay, RT-qPCR in HepG2 cells and X-ALD fibroblasts, dose-response with selective TRβ agonists The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology Medium 19406244
2010 ABCD2 is highly abundant in adipose tissue (>50-fold higher than brain/adrenal) and is upregulated during adipogenesis. In Abcd2-knockout mice, adipose tissue accumulates 20:1 and 22:1 fatty acids, and dietary erucic acid (C22:1) accumulates in adipose in a gene-dosage-dependent manner, demonstrating that ABCD2 opposes accumulation of monounsaturated very-long-chain fatty acids in fat. Immunoblotting (quantitative), adipogenesis assay in D2-deficient MEFs, dietary erucic acid challenge with fatty acid profiling in knockout mice Journal of lipid research High 19556607
2010 Human ABCD1 and ABCD2 can both function as homodimers when expressed in pxa1/pxa2Δ yeast lacking peroxisomal fatty acid import. They have distinct substrate specificities: ABCD2 rescues β-oxidation best with C22:0, C24:6, and especially C22:6 (DHA), while ABCD1 rescues best with C24:0 and C26:0, demonstrating differential substrate specificity between the two paralogs. Functional complementation of S. cerevisiae pxa1/pxa2Δ mutant with human ABCD1 or ABCD2, β-oxidation assays with specific radiolabeled fatty acid substrates, growth assays on oleate Biochimica et biophysica acta High 21145416
2011 ABCD2 (ALDRP) physically interacts with ABCD1 (ALDP): proximity ligation assays and co-immunoprecipitation demonstrate a direct physical interaction. Expression of a non-functional ALDRP-EGFP fusion exerts a transdominant-negative effect on ABCD1 function. ABCD2 has redundant substrate activity for saturated VLCFA (C26:0, C24:0) and monounsaturated VLCFA, but a specific role in DHA (C22:6n-3) metabolism. Proximity ligation assay, co-immunoprecipitation, inducible dose-dependent expression of wild-type vs. mutant ALDRP-EGFP, fatty acid profiling in phospholipids, β-oxidation assays with C26:0, C24:0, and DHA The Journal of biological chemistry High 21209459
2013 ABCD2 is a direct transcriptional target of the β-catenin/TCF-4 (Wnt signaling) pathway. Two functional TCF-4 binding elements were identified in the ABCD2 promoter (positions -360 to -260); mutation of either or both reduced promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed direct β-catenin binding to the ABCD2 promoter. Ectopic β-catenin/TCF-4 expression increased ABCD2 mRNA and reduced VLCFA levels. In silico promoter analysis, luciferase reporter assays, site-directed mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), RT-PCR, VLCFA measurement PloS one High 23437103
2014 Abcd2 acts as a strong modifier of VLCFA metabolism in peritoneal macrophages: Abcd1/Abcd2 double-deficient macrophages accumulate VLCFA ~6-fold compared to wild-type (vs. ~2-fold for Abcd1-single deficiency), and show peroxisomal β-oxidation reduced to 29% of wild-type (vs. 62% for Abcd1-single deficiency). Single Abcd2 deficiency alone does not compromise β-oxidation of C26:0, demonstrating ABCD2 functions as a compensatory transporter for VLCFA import in macrophages. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from single and double knockout mice, GC-MS VLCFA quantification, peroxisomal β-oxidation assay, RT-PCR PloS one High 25255441
2014 ABCD2 localizes to a distinct subclass of microperoxisomes (~200 nm) in mouse adipose tissue that lack classical peroxisome markers (catalase, PEX19, ABCD3). Immunoisolation and proteomic profiling of D2-containing organelles revealed associated proteins from peroxisome, ER, and mitochondria, suggesting physical association of this ABCD2-containing compartment with mitochondria and ER. Subcellular fractionation, electron microscopy, immunoisolation, proteomics/mass spectrometry, immunofluorescence with PEX19 and D2 antibodies Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 25446110
2014 LXR antagonists (GSK17, 22S-hydroxycholesterol) induce ABCD2 expression in human hepatoma cells and X-ALD fibroblasts, accompanied by decreased oxidative stress. In vivo, 22S-HC treatment of rats induces hepatic Abcd2. This confirms that LXR acts as a repressor of ABCD2 and that its antagonism can upregulate ABCD2 expression with functional consequences. Cell treatment with LXR antagonists/agonists, RT-PCR, oxidative stress assays, in vivo rat treatment, multiple tissue expression array Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 24239766
2014 ABCD2 modulates PPARα signaling: D2-deficient mice show altered gene expression clusters associated with lipid metabolism including PPARα signaling. Knockdown of D2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (which express high D2 levels) modifies genomic responses to fibrate treatment, though these effects are not sufficient to alter fibrate effects on diet-induced obesity phenotypes in vivo. D2-knockout mice with fenofibrate treatment, gene expression profiling, siRNA knockdown in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, dietary obesity model Molecular pharmacology Medium 25123288
2016 ABCD2 upregulation by metformin is dependent on AMPKα1: metformin activates AMPKα1 in X-ALD fibroblasts and induces ABCD2 protein levels in vitro and in vivo (brain and spinal cord of Abcd1-KO mice). Metformin-induced ABCD2 induction is abrogated in AMPKα1-KO mouse primary glial cells, establishing AMPKα1 as a required mediator of metformin-induced ABCD2 expression. Pharmacological AMPK activation, AMPKα1-knockout mouse glial cells, western blotting, in vivo metformin treatment, VLCFA measurement Journal of neurochemistry Medium 26849413
2018 ABCD2 knockdown in human OA chondrocytes causes VLCFA accumulation, apoptotic cell death, altered miRNA profiles, and decreased ACSL4 expression. The regulatory network ABCD2→miR-141→ACSL4 serves as a novel regulator of cartilage lipid homeostasis, and ACSL4 loss promotes MMP-13 expression and cartilage degradation. ABCD2 siRNA knockdown in human chondrocytes, VLCFA profiling, miRNA array, ACSL4 knockdown (in vitro and in vivo in mouse OA model), zebrafish morpholino knockdown of ACSL4 homolog Cell biochemistry and function Medium 30264402
2019 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated double knockout of Abcd1 and Abcd2 in BV-2 microglial cells results in VLCFA accumulation and lipid inclusions similar to brain macrophages of X-ALD patients. Single Abcd2 knockout alone does not cause VLCFA accumulation, while double deficiency markedly increases cholesterol and neutral lipids and alters expression of microglial function genes (Trem2), demonstrating functional redundancy in microglia. CRISPR/Cas9 double knockout in murine BV-2 microglia, electron microscopy, lipid profiling (cholesterol, neutral lipids, VLCFA), RT-PCR for microglial gene expression Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids Medium 30769094
2025 ABCD2 participates in an ABCD2/PEX2/ATGL axis regulating hepatocellular fatty acid metabolic reprogramming in MASLD. Gene overexpression validated that the herbal formula JTTZF downregulates peroxisomal ABCD2, and ABCD2 overexpression independently reduces lipid droplets and ROS in oleic/palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Multi-omics (transcriptomics, proteomics) in HFD mouse model, ABCD2 overexpression in HepG2 cells, ROS flow cytometry, DHE staining, western blotting, immunohistochemistry Phytomedicine Low 40674914

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 77 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2005 Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 681 15944327
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
1997 The T cell-directed CC chemokine TARC is a highly specific biological ligand for CC chemokine receptor 4. The Journal of biological chemistry 474 9169480
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2003 Many chemokines including CCL20/MIP-3alpha display antimicrobial activity. Journal of leukocyte biology 379 12949249
2008 CCL17 and CCL22 chemokines within tumor microenvironment are related to accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in gastric cancer. International journal of cancer 317 18224687
1998 Macrophage-derived chemokine is a functional ligand for the CC chemokine receptor 4. The Journal of biological chemistry 305 9430724
1996 Molecular cloning of a novel T cell-directed CC chemokine expressed in thymus by signal sequence trap using Epstein-Barr virus vector. The Journal of biological chemistry 267 8702936
2002 Increased CCR4 expression in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. The Journal of investigative dermatology 224 12485447
2007 Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is predominantly associated with innate immune genes. The Journal of infectious diseases 223 17703412
2006 Thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 and skin diseases. Journal of dermatological science 222 16859899
2004 Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and cutaneous T cell- attracting chemokine (CTACK) levels in allergic diseases: TARC and CTACK are disease-specific markers for atopic dermatitis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 212 14767451
2021 Lactate-induced M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages promotes the invasion of pituitary adenoma by secreting CCL17. Theranostics 166 33664865
2004 Functional overlap between ABCD1 (ALD) and ABCD2 (ALDR) transporters: a therapeutic target for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Human molecular genetics 162 15489218
2004 Both Th2 and Th1 chemokines (TARC/CCL17, MDC/CCL22, and Mig/CXCL9) are elevated in sera from patients with atopic dermatitis. Journal of dermatological science 156 15113590
2004 Selective induction of Th2-attracting chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 in human B cells by latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus. Journal of virology 149 14747532
2007 Down-regulation of E-cadherin in human bronchial epithelial cells leads to epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent Th2 cell-promoting activity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 146 17548604
2005 Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, macrophage-derived chemokine and eotaxin as markers of severity of atopic dermatitis. Allergy 138 15813816
2016 Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces CCL17 production via IRF4 to mediate inflammation. The Journal of clinical investigation 136 27525438
2000 Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 135 10737800
2014 Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine as a clinical biomarker in atopic dermatitis. The Journal of dermatology 125 24628072
1999 Genome duplications and other features in 12 Mb of DNA sequence from human chromosome 16p and 16q. Genomics 124 10493829
2017 Chemokine interactome mapping enables tailored intervention in acute and chronic inflammation. Science translational medicine 120 28381538
2004 Differential recognition and scavenging of native and truncated macrophage-derived chemokine (macrophage-derived chemokine/CC chemokine ligand 22) by the D6 decoy receptor. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 116 15067078
2010 Differential substrate specificities of human ABCD1 and ABCD2 in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. Biochimica et biophysica acta 109 21145416
2017 The C-C Chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 and Their Receptor CCR4 in CNS Autoimmunity. International journal of molecular sciences 106 29099057
2012 Phenotypic characterization of lung macrophages in asthmatic patients: overexpression of CCL17. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 103 22981793
2012 Serum CD163 and TARC as disease response biomarkers in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 94 23224400
2008 Serum levels of Th2 chemokines, CCL17, CCL22, and CCL27, were the important markers of severity in infantile atopic dermatitis. Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 93 18266834
1998 Identification of the CC chemokines TARC and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta as novel functional ligands for the CCR8 receptor. European journal of immunology 91 9521068
2008 A key role for the peroxisomal ABCD2 transporter in fatty acid homeostasis. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 87 18854420
2005 Inactivation of the peroxisomal ABCD2 transporter in the mouse leads to late-onset ataxia involving mitochondria, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum damage. Human molecular genetics 84 16223892
1997 cDNA cloning and mRNA expression of the human adrenoleukodystrophy related protein (ALDRP), a peroxisomal ABC transporter. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 74 9345306
2008 Silencing of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes sensitizes astrocytes for inflammation: implication for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Journal of lipid research 55 18723473
2001 Fibrate induction of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2): promoter analysis and role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARalpha. European journal of biochemistry 53 11422379
2002 Cholesterol regulates ABCD2 expression: implications for the therapy of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Human molecular genetics 44 12374760
2019 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes in BV-2 cells: novel microglial models for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids 39 30769094
2011 Substrate specificity overlap and interaction between adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) and adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein (ALDRP/ABCD2). The Journal of biological chemistry 37 21209459
2005 Liver X receptor alpha interferes with SREBP1c-mediated Abcd2 expression. Novel cross-talk in gene regulation. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 16249184
2003 Thyroid hormone induction of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2). Molecular pharmacology 34 12761339
2007 The role of peroxisomal ABC transporters in the mouse adrenal gland: the loss of Abcd2 (ALDR), Not Abcd1 (ALD), causes oxidative damage. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 32 17260006
2009 Induction of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2) by thyromimetics. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 29 19406244
2010 ABCD2 is abundant in adipose tissue and opposes the accumulation of dietary erucic acid (C22:1) in fat. Journal of lipid research 27 19556607
2010 Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 genes in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) based on comprehensive resequencing and association studies with ALD phenotypes. Neurogenetics 27 20661612
2008 Distinct modulatory roles for thyroid hormone receptors TRalpha and TRbeta in SREBP1-activated ABCD2 expression. European journal of cell biology 23 18834645
2014 Abcd2 is a strong modifier of the metabolic impairments in peritoneal macrophages of ABCD1-deficient mice. PloS one 21 25255441
2008 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy phenotype is independent of ABCD2 genotype. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 21 18834860
2011 Clinical predictive value of the ABCD2 score for early risk of stroke in patients who have had transient ischaemic attack and who present to an Australian tertiary hospital. The Medical journal of Australia 20 21299488
2013 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induces adrenoleukodystrophy (Abcd2) gene in human X-ALD fibroblasts and inhibits the proinflammatory response in Abcd1/2 silenced mouse primary astrocytes. Biochimica et biophysica acta 19 23318275
2009 D-dimer, magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted imaging, and ABCD2 score for transient ischemic attack risk stratification. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 19 19717021
2000 Characterization of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related (ALDR, ABCD2) gene promoter: inductibility by retinoic acid and forskolin. Genomics 19 11087670
2016 Metformin-induced mitochondrial function and ABCD2 up-regulation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy involves AMP-activated protein kinase. Journal of neurochemistry 18 26849413
1999 Full length cDNA cloning, promoter sequence, and genomic organization of the human adrenoleukodystrophy related (ALDR) gene functionally redundant to the gene responsible for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 17 10329405
2015 Regulation Mechanism of the ald Gene Encoding Alanine Dehydrogenase in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by the Lrp/AsnC Family Regulator AldR. Journal of bacteriology 16 26195594
2001 Rat adrenoleukodystrophy-related (ALDR) gene: full-length cDNA sequence and new insight in expression. Biochimica et biophysica acta 16 11342107
2014 ALDR enhanced endothelial injury in hyperuricemia screened using SILAC. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 15 24556878
2018 Suppression of ABCD2 dysregulates lipid metabolism via dysregulation of miR-141:ACSL4 in human osteoarthritis. Cell biochemistry and function 14 30264402
2016 Crystal Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv AldR (Rv2779c), a Regulator of the ald Gene: DNA BINDING AND IDENTIFICATION OF SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS. The Journal of biological chemistry 14 27006398
2014 LXR antagonists induce ABCD2 expression. Biochimica et biophysica acta 13 24239766
2014 Regulation of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2): focus on oxysterols and LXR antagonists. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 13 24480443
2013 Regulation of the ald gene encoding alanine dehydrogenase by AldR in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Journal of bacteriology 13 23749971
2013 ABCD2 is a direct target of β-catenin and TCF-4: implications for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy therapy. PloS one 11 23437103
1998 Exon organisation of the mouse gene encoding the Adrenoleukodystrophy related protein (ALDRP). European journal of human genetics : EJHG 10 9887385
2015 Whole exome sequencing analysis of ABCC8 and ABCD2 genes associating with clinical course of breast carcinoma. Physiological research 9 26681085
2007 Dehydroepiandrosterone up-regulates the Adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2) independently of PPARalpha in rodents. Biochimie 9 17686565
2017 Flow Cytometric Analysis of the Expression Pattern of Peroxisomal Proteins, Abcd1, Abcd2, and Abcd3 in BV-2 Murine Microglial Cells. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 8 28409470
2006 ATP-binding and -hydrolysis activities of ALDP (ABCD1) and ALDRP (ABCD2), human peroxisomal ABC proteins, overexpressed in Sf21 cells. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 8 16946495
2022 Synthetic role of miR-200b-3p, ABCD2 score, and carotid ultrasound in the prediction of cerebral infarction in patients with transient ischemic attack. Brain and behavior 7 35261213
2014 ABCD2 alters peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling in vitro, but does not impair responses to fenofibrate therapy in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Molecular pharmacology 7 25123288
2012 Varying uses of the ABCD2 scoring system in primary and secondary care: a qualitative study. BMJ open 6 23194953
2025 Jiangtang Tiaozhi formula ameliorates MASLD by regulating liver ABCD2/PEX2/ATGL axis-mediated fatty acid metabolic reprogramming. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 5 40674914
2014 Evaluation of retinoids for induction of the redundant gene ABCD2 as an alternative treatment option in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. PloS one 5 25079382
2014 ABCD2 identifies a subclass of peroxisomes in mouse adipose tissue. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 5 25446110
2022 Value of Serum Adiponectin Combined with ABCD2 in Predicting Cerebral Infarction Among Patients with Acute Isolated Vertigo. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 3 35937714
2023 Taxol‑resistant breast cancer cell‑derived exosome‑delivered miR‑187‑5p regulates the growth of breast cancer cells via ABCD2 and Wnt/β‑catenin signaling. Oncology letters 2 36844629