Affinage

WNT6

Protein Wnt-6 · UniProt Q9Y6F9

Length
365 aa
Mass
39.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-11
64 papers in source corpus 28 papers cited in narrative 28 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

WNT6 is a secreted Wnt-family glycoprotein that acts as a context-dependent morphogen, activating canonical (β-catenin-dependent) signaling in most settings while engaging non-canonical pathways in others to govern cell fate, tissue patterning, and stem cell behavior (PMID:11350055, PMID:18160257, PMID:17685490). Through the canonical route, WNT6 binds FZD-family receptors (FZD7 in renal epithelium, FZD4 in diabetic centrosome amplification), inhibits GSK3β, drives nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, and elevates TCF/LEF-dependent transcription (PMID:27122540, PMID:31618077). This canonical axis underlies its developmental and regenerative roles: it specifies and epithelializes primitive endoderm via a β-catenin–Snail1 cascade (PMID:18160257), induces kidney tubulogenesis and acts upstream of Wnt4 (PMID:11948913), specifies endoderm in the sea urchin endomesoderm network (PMID:21750039), and directs mesenchymal stem cell fate by inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting osteoblastogenesis (PMID:21872687, PMID:31865202). In branched, β-catenin-independent modes, WNT6 signals through JNK to promote migration and odontogenic differentiation of dental cells (PMID:24935540), and in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages drives proliferation through a pertussis toxin-sensitive, ERK–c-Myc axis while promoting M2 polarization and ACC2-dependent triacylglycerol accumulation that supports bacterial survival (PMID:24123681, PMID:34255743). WNT6 is itself a transcriptional output of GATA6 and FOXA2 during endoderm formation, and of PLAGL2 and Cav1/β-catenin in cancer, where it promotes proliferation and chemoresistance (PMID:22607194, PMID:22370641, PMID:30535429). It also maintains stem cell niches, supporting uterine decidual stromal proliferation and Drosophila germline niche integrity (PMID:23175771, PMID:29361569), and its signaling is shaped by extracellular modulators including Sfrp2 and the heparan sulfate sulfatase Sulf1A (PMID:26071893, PMID:23772371).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 2001 Medium

    Established WNT6 as a secreted Wnt-family glycoprotein with the structural hallmarks of a canonical Wnt ligand and a genomic context implicating WNT-β-catenin-TCF signaling.

    Evidence Molecular cloning, sequence characterization, and Northern blot expression in colorectal cancer cells

    PMID:11350055

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional pathway assay in this study
    • Receptor and downstream effectors not identified
  2. 2002 High

    Placed Wnt6 in the developmental signaling hierarchy of kidney induction, showing it can substitute for Wnt4 and activate canonical signaling.

    Evidence In vitro kidney induction with Wnt6-expressing cells, rescue of Wnt4-mutant mesenchyme, Xenopus secondary axis assay

    PMID:11948913

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor identity not determined
    • Direct vs. indirect activation of Wnt4 not resolved
  3. 2007 High

    Defined the canonical mechanism for endoderm specification — β-catenin/Snail1 nuclear translocation and epithelialization — while revealing that in chick neural crest Wnt6 acts through a non-canonical, β-catenin-independent route.

    Evidence Wnt6 conditioned medium and GSK3 inhibition in F9 cells; gain/loss-of-function in chick embryos with pathway determination

    PMID:17685490 PMID:18160257

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of canonical vs. non-canonical pathway choice not defined
    • Receptor usage in each context unknown
  4. 2008 High

    Demonstrated that Wnt6/β-catenin restricts cardiomyogenesis by repressing cardiogenic transcription factors during organogenesis.

    Evidence Reciprocal morpholino knockdown and mRNA gain-of-function with GATA rescue in Xenopus

    PMID:18804460

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets of β-catenin in the heart field not mapped
  5. 2009 Medium

    Showed that canonical Wnt6-β-catenin signaling cooperates with a parallel Gα13-RhoA arm to coordinate gene expression and cytoarchitecture in endoderm differentiation.

    Evidence Constitutively active/dominant-negative constructs, ROCK inhibitor, β-catenin nuclear localization in F9 cells

    PMID:19767821

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct physical coupling between the two arms not established
    • Single cell-line system
  6. 2011 High

    Identified Wnt6 as the most potent endogenous β-catenin-dependent regulator of mesenchymal stem cell fate among related Wnts, and established its conserved canonical role in endoderm specification across deuterostomes.

    Evidence Reciprocal gain/loss-of-function with β-catenin epistasis in MSC lines; morpholino knockdown and canonical-component rescue in two sea urchin species

    PMID:21750039 PMID:21872687

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating MSC effects not identified
    • Downstream osteogenic/adipogenic targets not fully mapped
  7. 2012 High

    Identified upstream transcriptional regulators (GATA6, FOXA2) and an oncogenic regulatory loop (Cav1/β-catenin), defining how Wnt6 expression is controlled and linking it to chemoresistance.

    Evidence ChIP, promoter reporter assays, and overexpression in F9 cells; promoter ChIP and reciprocal knockdown/overexpression with drug-induced death assays in gastric cancer; Sulf1A neutralization in muscle satellite cells

    PMID:22370641 PMID:22607194 PMID:23772371

    Open questions at the time
    • Combinatorial regulation of the promoter not dissected
    • Sulf1A modulation mechanism (receptor vs. ligand level) not resolved
  8. 2013 High

    Established a β-catenin-independent macrophage function — ERK/c-Myc-driven proliferation and M2 polarization — distinct from Wnt6's canonical developmental roles, and a genetic requirement in uterine decidualization.

    Evidence Wnt6-deficient macrophages, pertussis toxin and ERK analysis, proliferation and cytokine assays; Wnt6-mutant mice with cell-cycle and cyclin B1 readout

    PMID:23175771 PMID:24123681

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor coupling to the pertussis-sensitive pathway not identified
    • How Wnt6 controls cyclin B1 mechanistically not defined
  9. 2014 Medium

    Confirmed direct activation of the JNK non-canonical pathway by WNT6, driving migration and odontogenic differentiation.

    Evidence WNT6 conditioned medium, JNK inhibitor SP600125, Western blot and functional migration/mineralization assays in dental pulp cells

    PMID:24935540

    Open questions at the time
    • Incomplete inhibition by SP600125 implies parallel pathways not identified
    • Receptor not defined
  10. 2015 Medium

    Demonstrated that the extracellular modulator Sfrp2 binds Wnt6 to switch signaling output from canonical (proliferation) toward non-canonical PCP/JNK (differentiation) in cardiac progenitors.

    Evidence Sfrp2-Wnt6 binding assay, pathway reporters, JNK analysis, and cardiac differentiation assays

    PMID:26071893

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of Sfrp2-Wnt6 binding not resolved
    • Single lab
  11. 2016 High

    Identified FZD7 as a WNT6 receptor in renal epithelium and showed WNT6 antagonizes TGF-β-driven dedifferentiation and NF-κB activation, defining a canonical pro-epithelial axis.

    Evidence Wnt6 overexpression, GSK3β phosphorylation, β-catenin/TCF reporter, 3D tubulogenesis, and TGF-β rescue in renal epithelial cells

    PMID:27122540

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether FZD7 is the receptor in other canonical contexts not tested
  12. 2018 High

    Extended Wnt6 stem-cell-niche function to the Drosophila germline and identified PLAGL2 as a tumor-promoting transcriptional activator of Wnt6 in colorectal cancer.

    Evidence Drosophila genetic loss-of-function with lineage and BMP reporter analysis; ChIP, reporter assay, knockdown, and xenograft in colorectal cancer cells

    PMID:29361569 PMID:30535429

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor in escort-cell niche signaling not defined
    • PLAGL2-Wnt6 axis not validated in primary patient tumors
  13. 2019 Medium

    Identified FZD4 as a second WNT6 receptor driving a β-catenin-ROCK1-14-3-3σ axis in centrosome amplification, and showed Wnt6 suppression promotes adipogenesis upstream of PPARγ.

    Evidence siRNA and neutralizing antibodies against Wnt6/FZD4, centrosome counting; RNA-seq and adipogenic assays with HBCD-induced Wnt6 suppression

    PMID:31618077 PMID:31865202

    Open questions at the time
    • Context determining FZD4 vs FZD7 usage unknown
    • Single lab for each finding
  14. 2020 Medium

    Provided in vivo evidence that Wnt6 can restore GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling and neurotrophic gene transcription in a Rett syndrome model.

    Evidence Lentiviral Wnt6 delivery to amygdala, behavioral assays, Western blot, and BDNF/IGF-1 promoter reporters

    PMID:31974426

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs. indirect link between Wnt6 and MeCP2 SUMOylation not established
    • Single model and lab
  15. 2021 High

    Defined a metabolic effector role in tuberculosis — WNT6 induces ACC2 to drive triacylglycerol foam-cell formation supporting Mtb survival — and elaborated non-canonical (Rac1/Cdc42) niche control in Drosophila and a BMP4-cooperative role in endothelial differentiation.

    Evidence Wnt6-deficient macrophages, ACC2 inhibition, TAG/Mtb survival assays in vitro and in mice; Drosophila genetics with S2 cell pathway analysis; siRNA knockdown and recombinant WNT6 rescue in ES/PA6 co-culture

    PMID:33582096 PMID:34255743 PMID:34478025

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor coupling ACC2 induction not identified
    • Mechanism linking Rac1/Cdc42 downregulation to niche homeostasis incomplete
  16. 2022 Medium

    Confirmed canonical β-catenin-dependent mineralization in dental papilla cells and implicated WNT6 in ovarian cancer proliferation via both β-catenin and Notch1.

    Evidence Overexpression/knockdown, TOPflash reporter, XAV939 inhibition, and in vivo transplantation in dental cells; siWNT6 knockdown with proliferation/apoptosis assays in ovarian cancer cells

    PMID:35691114 PMID:36075327

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking WNT6 to Notch1 not established (single knockdown, no epistasis)
    • Direct vs indirect Notch1 regulation unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How WNT6 selects between canonical and non-canonical signaling outputs — through receptor/co-receptor combinations, extracellular modulators, and cell context — remains the central unresolved question.
  • No structural model of WNT6-receptor complexes
  • Determinants of pathway choice not defined
  • Full FZD receptor repertoire not mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2
Partners
FZD4FZD7SFRP2SULF1

Evidence

Reading pass · 28 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 Human WNT6 encodes a 365-amino-acid secreted glycoprotein with an N-terminal signal peptide, WNT core domain, and RGD motif; WNT6 and WNT10A genes are clustered head-to-tail with <7 kb interval on chromosome 2q35, co-expressed in SW480 colorectal cancer cells, suggesting activation of WNT-β-catenin-TCF signaling. Molecular cloning, sequence characterization, Northern blot expression analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 11350055
2002 Wnt-6 expressed in the ureter bud induces kidney tubulogenesis in vitro; Wnt-6-expressing cells rescue tubulogenesis in Wnt-4 mutant embryo mesenchyme and activate Wnt-4 transcription, Pax2, Pax8, Sfrp2, and E-cadherin. Wnt-6 also induces a secondary axis in Xenopus embryos, consistent with canonical signaling. In vitro kidney induction assay with Wnt-6-expressing cell lines, rescue of Wnt-4 mutant mesenchyme, Xenopus secondary axis assay Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) High 11948913
2007 Wnt6 induces specification and epithelialization of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells to primitive endoderm via a canonical Wnt-β-catenin-Snail1 signaling cascade: β-catenin and Snail1 translocate to the nucleus, cytokeratin intermediate filaments appear, and GSK3 inhibition phenocopies Wnt6. PKA activation subsequently drives parietal endoderm EMT. Wnt6 conditioned medium treatment of F9 cells, LiCl (GSK3 inhibitor) treatment, immunofluorescence for β-catenin/Snail1 nuclear translocation, marker analysis Cellular signalling High 18160257
2007 In chick embryos, ectodermal Wnt6 is necessary for neural crest induction and acts through the non-canonical (not β-catenin-dependent) pathway; canonical Wnt signaling instead inhibited neural crest production in chick, indicating a mechanistic divergence between amniotes and anamniotes. Gain- and loss-of-function (ectopic expression, inhibition) in chick embryos; assessment of canonical vs. non-canonical Wnt pathway activity Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists Medium 17685490
2008 Xenopus Wnt6 is required during organogenesis (not gastrulation) to restrict heart muscle development: loss-of-function causes abnormally large myocardium; gain-of-function of Wnt6 or activated β-catenin restricts cardiomyogenesis by repressing cardiogenic transcription factors (e.g., GATA), upstream of downstream cardiomyogenic differentiation genes. Loss-of-function (morpholino knockdown) and gain-of-function (mRNA injection) in Xenopus; rescue by GATA reinstatement; expression analysis of cardiogenic markers Developmental biology High 18804460
2009 Coordinate Gα13-RhoA and Wnt6-β-catenin signaling is required for primitive endoderm differentiation in F9 cells: constitutively active Gα13(Q226L) or p115RhoGEF (but not RhoA(L63)) caused β-catenin nuclear translocation; canonical Wnt-β-catenin activation drives gene expression changes required for primitive endoderm, while Gα13 signaling to ERM proteins mediates cytoarchitectural changes. Transfection of constitutively active and dominant-negative constructs, ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, β-catenin nuclear localization assay, differentiation marker analysis Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire Medium 19767821
2011 Wnt6 (along with Wnt10a and Wnt10b) inhibits adipogenesis and stimulates osteoblastogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells through a β-catenin-dependent mechanism: β-catenin knockdown completely prevents these effects; among the three Wnts, endogenous Wnt6 knockdown produces the greatest increase in adipogenesis and impairment of osteoblastogenesis, identifying it as the most potent endogenous regulator of MSC fate among this group. Gain- and loss-of-function in ST2 cells and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes; β-catenin knockdown epistasis; differentiation assays Bone High 21872687
2011 In sea urchin, maternal Wnt6 is necessary and sufficient (combined with a localized vegetal cortex Dishevelled (Dsh) signal) for endoderm specification in the endomesoderm GRN: knockdown of Wnt6 causes loss of endoderm (but not mesoderm markers); adding Wnt6 to cortex-depleted eggs rescues endoderm; ectopic activation of β-catenin, dominant-negative GSK-3β, or Dsh also rescues, confirming canonical pathway involvement. Wnt6 morpholino knockdown, vegetal cortex ablation + Wnt6 rescue, ectopic activation of canonical Wnt components, two sea urchin species validation Development (Cambridge, England) High 21750039
2012 GATA6 and FOXA2 transcription factors directly regulate Wnt6 gene expression during extraembryonic endoderm formation: both bind the Wnt6 promoter (ChIP), overexpression of either is sufficient to induce Wnt6 expression and TCF-dependent transcription (primitive endoderm markers), and both transactivate a Wnt6 reporter construct. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), overexpression studies, Wnt6 promoter reporter assay, qPCR in F9 cells Stem cells and development High 22607194
2012 WNT6 expression in gastric cancer cells is transcriptionally enhanced by caveolin-1 (Cav1) via β-catenin binding to the proximal WNT6 promoter (demonstrated by epirubicin treatment increasing WNT6 promoter activity); WNT6 promotes resistance to epirubicin/doxorubicin-induced apoptosis as shown by knockdown and overexpression experiments. Promoter activity assay, β-catenin ChIP on WNT6 promoter, WNT6 knockdown/overexpression, cell death assays Oncogene High 22370641
2013 Wnt6 in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages induces proliferation via a pertussis toxin-sensitive, ERK-mediated, β-catenin-independent induction of c-Myc; Wnt6 also drives macrophage polarization toward M2-like phenotype (induction of Arginase-1, downregulation of TNF-α) via TLR-MyD88-NF-κB-dependent induction mechanism in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Wnt6 conditioned medium, Wnt6-deficient macrophages, pertussis toxin inhibition, ERK pathway analysis, Ki-67/thymidine incorporation proliferation assay, cytokine measurement Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 24123681
2013 Wnt6 is essential for stromal cell proliferation during uterine decidualization in mice: Wnt6-deficient mice show impaired stromal cell proliferation but normal decidual polyploidization; loss of Wnt6 prolongs cell cycle length by downregulating cyclin B1 expression. Wnt6-mutant mice, primary stromal cell culture, cell cycle analysis, cyclin B1 expression measurement Biology of reproduction High 23175771
2014 WNT6 activates the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) non-canonical pathway in human dental pulp cells, promoting cell migration and differentiation (mineralization, odontogenic gene expression); JNK pathway inhibition (SP600125) reduces but does not completely abolish WNT6-induced migration and differentiation. WNT6 conditioned medium, JNK inhibitor SP600125, Western blot for JNK activation, RT-PCR for c-Jun, wound healing/transwell migration assays, ALP and alizarin red staining Journal of endodontics Medium 24935540
2015 Sfrp2 binds Wnt6 and inhibits the Wnt6 canonical signaling pathway in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), suppressing CPC proliferation; this inhibition of canonical Wnt6 signaling by Sfrp2 activates the non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway through JNK, inducing cardiac transcription factor expression and CPC differentiation. Sfrp2-Wnt6 binding assay, CPC treatment with Sfrp2, canonical/non-canonical pathway reporters, JNK pathway analysis, cardiac differentiation assays Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology Medium 26071893
2016 Wnt6 signals through the canonical pathway in renal epithelial cells via FZD7 receptor: Wnt6 increases phosphorylation of GSK3β (Ser9), causes nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, increases TCF/Lef transcriptional activity, induces de novo tubulogenesis in 3D culture, and rescues epithelial dedifferentiation induced by TGF-β. Wnt6 also inhibits TGF-β-mediated p65-NF-κB nuclear translocation. Wnt6 overexpression in renal epithelial cells, GSK3β phosphorylation assay, β-catenin nuclear localization, TCF/Lef reporter assay, 3D tubulogenesis culture, TGF-β rescue experiments, p65 NF-κB translocation assay American journal of physiology. Renal physiology High 27122540
2018 In Drosophila ovaries, Wnt6 ligand produced by cap cells is required to maintain anterior escort cells as a niche component: without Wnt6 signaling, anterior escort cells die, leading to loss of germline stem cells. Anterior escort cells promote DE-cadherin anchorage and transiently express the Dpp/BMP ligand to maintain full-strength BMP signaling in germline stem cells. Drosophila genetic manipulation (Wnt6 loss-of-function, hid-induced escort cell death), lineage analysis, in vivo imaging, BMP reporter assays Development (Cambridge, England) High 29361569
2018 PLAGL2 transcriptionally activates Wnt6 in colorectal cancer cells by directly binding to the Wnt6 promoter region, thereby activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promoting colorectal cancer proliferation. ChIP assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay, PLAGL2 knockdown in HCT116/SW480 cells, xenograft model Oncology reports Medium 30535429
2019 Secreted Wnt6 binds to FZD4 receptor to activate canonical β-catenin signaling, which is upstream of ROCK1 and 14-3-3σ, mediating diabetes-associated (high glucose/AGE-induced) centrosome amplification; siRNA against Wnt6 or FZD4, and antibodies against Wnt6 or FZD4, all attenuate centrosome amplification. siRNA knockdown of Wnt6/FZD4/β-catenin, neutralizing antibodies against Wnt6/FZD4, β-catenin nuclear translocation assay, centrosome counting American journal of physiology. Cell physiology Medium 31618077
2019 HBCD (hexabromocyclododecane) promotes adipogenesis by specifically inhibiting Wnt6 gene expression and suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway at an early stage of adipogenesis (upstream of PPARγ induction), without affecting mitotic clonal expansion or C/EBPβ. RNA sequencing, Wnt6 expression measurement, adipogenic differentiation assays in 3T3-L1 and HPA-V cells, in vivo mouse model The Science of the total environment Medium 31865202
2020 Wnt6 delivery to the amygdala of MeCP2 T158A (Rett syndrome model) mice ameliorates locomotor and social behavioral deficits; Wnt6 restores GSK-3β phosphorylation, β-catenin phosphorylation levels, and MeCP2 SUMOylation. Wnt6 increases BDNF and IGF-1 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Lentiviral Wnt6 delivery to amygdala, behavioral assays, Western blot for GSK-3β/β-catenin/MeCP2 SUMOylation, BDNF/IGF-1 promoter reporter assay in HEK293T cells Scientific reports Medium 31974426
2021 WNT6 promotes foam cell formation in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages by upregulating acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2), a key lipid metabolic gene, leading to increased intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) storage that supports Mtb survival; genetic or pharmacological loss of WNT6 or ACC2 reduces TAG levels and Mtb survival in macrophages. Wnt6-deficient macrophages, ACC2 pharmacological inhibition, TAG measurement, Mtb intracellular survival assay, ACC2 inhibitor + isoniazid combination in infected mice The Journal of clinical investigation High 34255743
2021 In Drosophila testis, Wnt6 is required for GSC differentiation and cyst stem cell (CySC) self-renewal; mechanistically, Wnt6 downregulates Arm (β-catenin), Rac1, and Cdc42 in S2 cells, and Rac1/Cdc42 act downstream of the non-canonical Wnt pathway to regulate stem cell niche homeostasis. Drosophila genetic manipulation, S2 cell knockdown/overexpression, Western blot for Arm/Rac1/Cdc42, phenotypic analysis of testis niche Experimental cell research Medium 33582096
2021 WNT6 promotes BMP4-driven endothelial differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells: silencing WNT6 in PA6/ES co-cultures partially impairs endothelial differentiation upon BMP4 stimulation, and this dysfunction is recovered by adding recombinant WNT6. Microarray gene expression, siRNA knockdown, recombinant WNT6 rescue, ES/PA6 co-culture endothelial differentiation assay Angiogenesis Medium 34478025
2022 WNT6 activates β-catenin signaling in human dental papilla cells via canonical pathway (β-catenin nuclear accumulation, LEF1 upregulation, enhanced TCF/β-catenin transcriptional activity); Wnt6-induced mineralization in vivo is blocked by the Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor XAV939, confirming pathway dependence. Wnt6 overexpression + knockdown, immunofluorescence for β-catenin, TOPflash/FOPflash reporter assay, ALP staining, Alizarin Red staining, subcutaneous transplantation, XAV939 inhibitor treatment Archives of oral biology Medium 35691114
2022 WNT6 knockdown in ovarian cancer cells inhibits proliferation, lamellipodia formation, causes cell cycle arrest, and promotes apoptosis; mechanistically, WNT6 knockdown reduces both β-catenin and Notch1 protein expression, implicating WNT6 in activation of both canonical Wnt and Notch1 pathways. siWNT6 knockdown in CAOV3/OVCAR3 cells, proliferation assay, cell cycle/apoptosis analysis, Western blot for β-catenin and Notch1 Gene Low 36075327
2012 Sulf1A (a heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase) is required for Wnt6-induced cellular hyper-elongation and inhibition of satellite cell proliferation in skeletal muscle myoblasts; neutralizing Sulf1A antibodies abolish both Wnt6-induced morphological and antiproliferative effects, indicating Sulf1A modulates Wnt6 signaling in muscle. Exogenous Wnt6 treatment of satellite cells on isolated fibers, Sulf1A neutralizing antibody treatment, morphological and proliferation assessment FEBS open bio Medium 23772371
2013 Drosophila Wnt6 knockout flies are viable with normal wing size and planar cell polarity, but specifically lack maxillary palps; Wnt6 is absent from hemipteran genomes that also lack maxillary palps, suggesting a conserved developmental requirement. Wnt6 knockout fly generation (CRISPR/genetic), phenotypic analysis of wing size, planar cell polarity, and maxillary palp BMC biology Medium 24090348
2023 CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) regulates osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through both p38 MAPK and Wnt6/β-catenin signaling pathways, as validated in vitro by demonstrating upregulation of Wnt6 expression and downstream β-catenin pathway activation upon CGRP stimulation. In vitro CGRP stimulation of rat BMMSCs, RNA sequencing of innervated vs. non-innervated bone grafts, osteogenic differentiation assays, Western blot for p38 MAPK and β-catenin Stem cells international Low 37621747

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 64 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2011 Wnt6, Wnt10a and Wnt10b inhibit adipogenesis and stimulate osteoblastogenesis through a β-catenin-dependent mechanism. Bone 359 21872687
2001 WNT10A and WNT6, clustered in human chromosome 2q35 region with head-to-tail manner, are strongly coexpressed in SW480 cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 153 11350055
2002 Wnt6 marks sites of epithelial transformations in the chick embryo. Mechanisms of development 80 12175501
2012 WNT6 is a novel target gene of caveolin-1 promoting chemoresistance to epirubicin in human gastric cancer cells. Oncogene 78 22370641
2002 Wnt-6 is expressed in the ureter bud and induces kidney tubule development in vitro. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 73 11948913
2013 Wnt6 is expressed in granulomatous lesions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice and is involved in macrophage differentiation and proliferation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 67 24123681
2013 Wnt6 is essential for stromal cell proliferation during decidualization in mice. Biology of reproduction 60 23175771
2011 Wnt6 activates endoderm in the sea urchin gene regulatory network. Development (Cambridge, England) 52 21750039
2018 Wnt6 maintains anterior escort cells as an integral component of the germline stem cell niche. Development (Cambridge, England) 49 29361569
2005 Ectodermal Wnt-6 promotes Myf5-dependent avian limb myogenesis. Developmental biology 46 16271265
2018 Overexpressed PLAGL2 transcriptionally activates Wnt6 and promotes cancer development in colorectal cancer. Oncology reports 44 30535429
2007 Wnt6 induces the specification and epithelialization of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells to primitive endoderm. Cellular signalling 41 18160257
2007 Wnt6 controls amniote neural crest induction through the non-canonical signaling pathway. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 37 17685490
2008 Wnt6 signaling regulates heart muscle development during organogenesis. Developmental biology 36 18804460
2006 Regulation of ectodermal Wnt6 expression by the neural tube is transduced by dermomyotomal Wnt11: a mechanism of dermomyotomal lip sustainment. Development (Cambridge, England) 34 16818447
2005 Identification and characterization of rat Wnt6 and Wnt10a genes in silico. International journal of molecular medicine 34 15702249
2009 Effect of Wnt6 on human dental papilla cells in vitro. Journal of endodontics 33 20113781
2015 Inhibition of Wnt6 by Sfrp2 regulates adult cardiac progenitor cell differentiation by differential modulation of Wnt pathways. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 32 26071893
2021 WNT6/ACC2-induced storage of triacylglycerols in macrophages is exploited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Journal of clinical investigation 30 34255743
2016 Wnt6 regulates epithelial cell differentiation and is dysregulated in renal fibrosis. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 27 27122540
2003 Spatial and temporal pattern of Wnt-6 expression during chick development. Anatomy and embryology 27 12695910
2012 GATA6 and FOXA2 regulate Wnt6 expression during extraembryonic endoderm formation. Stem cells and development 26 22607194
2020 Expression and Function of WNT6: From Development to Disease. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 24 33425886
2011 Polymorphisms in WNT6 and WNT10A and colorectal adenoma risk. Nutrition and cancer 23 21547848
2016 Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of Wnt4, Wnt5, Wnt6, Wnt7, Wnt10 and Wnt16 from Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & shellfish immunology 22 27153750
2008 Wnt6 expression in epidermis and epithelial tissues during Xenopus organogenesis. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 22 18224714
2013 Wnt6 is required for maxillary palp formation in Drosophila. BMC biology 21 24090348
2013 Cloning and expression analysis of Wnt6 and Hox6 during intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 21 24301793
2020 Restoring Wnt6 signaling ameliorates behavioral deficits in MeCP2 T158A mouse model of Rett syndrome. Scientific reports 20 31974426
2018 Wnt6 contributes tumorigenesis and development of colon cancer via its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell-cycle and migration. Oncology letters 20 29963191
2019 Exposure to HBCD promotes adipogenesis both in vitro and in vivo by interfering with Wnt6 expression. The Science of the total environment 19 31865202
2010 Ectodermal Wnt6 is an early negative regulator of limb chondrogenesis in the chicken embryo. BMC developmental biology 18 20334703
2014 WNT6 promotes the migration and differentiation of human dental pulp cells partly through c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway. Journal of endodontics 17 24935540
2012 Follicle characteristics and follicle developmental related Wnt6 polymorphism in Chinese indigenous Wanxi-white goose. Molecular biology reports 17 22714925
2021 Wnt6 plays a complex role in maintaining human limbal stem/progenitor cells. Scientific reports 16 34686698
2020 Eif2s3y regulates the proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells via Wnt6/<beta>-catenin signaling pathway. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 14 32621839
2020 Long non-coding RNA366.2 controls endometrial epithelial cell proliferation and migration by upregulating WNT6 as a ceRNA of miR-1576 in sheep uterus. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms 14 32679187
2017 Wnt6 influences the viability of mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells via the β-catenin pathway. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 14 29285061
2015 Increased WNT6 expression in tumor cells predicts unfavorable survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 14 26617869
2022 LncRNA PVT1 Regulates miR-1207-5p to Affect Colon Cancer Proliferation and Migration via the Wnt6/β-catenin2 Pathway. Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers 13 35763386
2012 Role of Sulf1A in Wnt1- and Wnt6-induced growth regulation and myoblast hyper-elongation. FEBS open bio 13 23772371
2009 Coordinate Galpha13 and Wnt6-beta-catenin signaling in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells is required for primitive endoderm differentiation. Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire 11 19767821
2022 Wnt4, Wnt6 and β-catenin expression in human placental tissue - is there a link with first trimester miscarriage? Results from a pilot study. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 10 35300692
2019 Secreted Wnt6 mediates diabetes-associated centrosome amplification via its receptor FZD4. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 10 31618077
2018 Non-canonical WNT6/WNT10A signal factor expression in EBV+ post-transplant smooth muscle tumors. Clinical sarcoma research 10 29881541
2022 Elevated trophoblastic Siglec6 contributes to the impairment of vascular endothelial cell functions by downregulating Wnt6/β-catenin signaling in preeclampsia. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 9 36113626
2023 The investigation of WNT6 and WNT10A single nucleotide polymorphisms as potential biomarkers for dental pulp calcification in orthodontic patients. PloS one 8 37566620
2015 Novel missense mutation in WNT6 in 100 couples with unexplained recurrent miscarriage. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 8 25750203
2023 Identification of Functional Modules and Key Pathways Associated with Innervation in Graft Bone-CGRP Regulates the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via p38 MAPK and Wnt6/β-Catenin. Stem cells international 7 37621747
2021 Roles of WNT6 in Sheep Endometrial Epithelial Cell Cycle Progression and Uterine Glands Organogenesis. Veterinary sciences 7 34941843
2020 MiR-566 protects the malignant progression of breast cancer by negatively regulating WNT6. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 7 32572884
2019 High WNT6 expression indicates unfavorable survival outcome for patients with colorectal liver metastasis after liver resection. Journal of Cancer 7 31258769
2017 Correlation study of DNA methylation of WNT6 gene with osteosarcoma in children. Oncology letters 7 28693164
2022 WNT6 participates in the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer by upregulating/activating the typical Wnt pathway and Notch1 signaling pathway. Gene 6 36075327
2021 Wnt6 regulates the homeostasis of the stem cell niche via Rac1-and Cdc42-mediated noncanonical Wnt signalling pathways in Drosophila testis. Experimental cell research 6 33582096
2021 Role of TGFβ1 and WNT6 in FGF2 and BMP4-driven endothelial differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Angiogenesis 6 34478025
2025 Clofazimine enhances anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma by inhibiting Wnt6 signaling and modulating the tumor immune microenvironment. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 4 40053076
2022 The glycoprotein Wnt6 regulates human dental papilla cells differentiation by canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Archives of oral biology 4 35691114
2024 Emerging roles and biomarker potential of WNT6 in human cancers. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 3 39529066
2015 [EFFECT OF WNT6 IN PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND MIGRATION OF BONE MARROW MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS]. Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery 2 26455179
2025 Wnt6 and Wnt10 regulate spot marking formation in Bombyx mori larvae. Insect science 1 40717501
2024 The expression pattern of Wnt6, Wnt10A, and HOXA13 during regenerating tails of Gekko Japonicus. Gene expression patterns : GEP 1 39128795
2026 Ectopic Wnt6 expression induces twin-spot markings in the epidermis of the silkworm Bombyx mori - Potential molecular target to discover evolutionary mechanisms of adaptive body coloration in insects. The FEBS journal 0 41928441
2025 WNT6 promotes choriocarcinoma progression by driving proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Discover oncology 0 41258626

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