Affinage

VTN

Vitronectin · UniProt P04004

Round 2 corrected
Length
478 aa
Mass
54.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
76 papers in source corpus 19 papers cited in narrative 19 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Vitronectin (VTN) is a multifunctional plasma and extracellular matrix glycoprotein that integrates cell adhesion, pericellular proteolysis, complement regulation, and immune modulation through distinct structural domains. Its N-terminal somatomedin B (SMB) domain serves as a high-affinity binding site for PAI-1, stabilizing PAI-1's active conformation; this site sterically overlaps with binding surfaces for αVβ3/αVβ5 integrins and uPAR, enabling PAI-1 to competitively block integrin- and uPAR-dependent cell adhesion and migration (PMID:12808446, PMID:8837777, PMID:8830783). The central RGD motif mediates canonical integrin-dependent cell attachment and is a substrate for proteolytic cleavage by granzyme B and MMP-2, which can induce anoikis or expose cryptic pro-adhesive fragments that promote metastatic adhesion (PMID:15843372, PMID:18340378). Beyond matrix functions, tumor-secreted VTN binds C1qbp on macrophages and suppresses phagocytosis through Shp1-mediated Syk dephosphorylation, acting as an anti-phagocytic signal that synergizes with CD47 blockade when depleted (PMID:38773982).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 8 steps
  1. 1985 High

    Molecular cloning resolved vitronectin's primary structure and established its domain architecture — the N-terminal somatomedin B domain, the RGD cell-attachment sequence, and the C-terminal heparin-binding domain — while simultaneously proving that S-protein (complement regulator) and serum spreading factor are the same polypeptide.

    Evidence cDNA cloning from human liver libraries, nucleotide sequencing, and immunological cross-reactivity assays

    PMID:2414098 PMID:3004934

    Open questions at the time
    • No receptor or binding-partner specificity defined at this stage
    • Three-dimensional structure of VTN domains not yet determined
  2. 1993 High

    Identification of αVβ5 as a second vitronectin receptor, and discovery that αVβ5 engages the heparin-binding domain through a divalent-cation-independent basic-sequence mechanism, established that VTN uses multiple integrin-binding modes beyond the RGD motif.

    Evidence Purification of αVβ5 from human placenta with ligand-binding assays; affinity chromatography with Tat-derived peptides and cation-chelation experiments

    PMID:1694173 PMID:7682219

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the αVβ5–heparin-binding domain interaction not resolved
    • Relative contributions of RGD versus heparin-binding domain engagement in vivo unknown
  3. 1996 High

    Functional studies revealed that PAI-1 and uPAR compete for an overlapping binding site on the SMB domain, and that PAI-1 binding — independent of its protease-inhibitory activity — blocks αVβ3-dependent cell migration and detaches uPAR-anchored cells, establishing VTN as a switchable adhesion platform.

    Evidence SMC migration assays with PAI-1 mutants; domain-swap mutagenesis and competitive binding with U937 cell detachment readout

    PMID:8830783 PMID:8837777

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-resolution mapping of the competitive binding interface not yet available
    • In vivo relevance of PAI-1/uPAR competition on VTN in wound healing or thrombosis not demonstrated
  4. 2003 High

    The 2.3 Å crystal structure of the SMB domain–PAI-1 complex provided the atomic explanation for how VTN stabilizes PAI-1's active conformation and why PAI-1 binding sterically excludes integrins and uPAR, unifying a decade of competitive-binding observations.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of the SMB–PAI-1 complex at 2.3 Å resolution

    PMID:12808446

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length VTN structure remains unsolved
    • Conformational changes in intact VTN upon PAI-1 engagement not resolved
  5. 2008 High

    Proteolytic processing of VTN by granzyme B and MMP-2 was shown to remodel the adhesion landscape: GrB cleaves after the RGD motif to induce anoikis, while MMP-2 generates fragments that expose cryptic αVβ3-binding sites promoting metastatic adhesion, demonstrating that VTN fragmentation is a biologically active event.

    Evidence In vitro cleavage assays with defined sites, cell detachment and anoikis assays (GrB); MMP-2 siRNA/KO with peritoneal metastasis mouse model and integrin-blocking antibodies

    PMID:15843372 PMID:18340378

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise MMP-2 cleavage site(s) on VTN not mapped at single-residue resolution
    • Whether GrB cleavage of VTN occurs in immune-mediated tissue surveillance in vivo is unconfirmed
  6. 2021 Medium

    A VTN fragment (aa 381–397) was found to compete with TGF-β1 for αVβ6 integrin binding on fibroblast-like synoviocytes, revealing a mechanism by which VTN modulates TGF-β1 bioavailability beyond its classical adhesion roles.

    Evidence Competition binding assay between VTN peptide and αVβ6; TGF-β bioassay and α-SMA immunostaining in primary FLSs

    PMID:33526813

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether endogenous VTN fragments of this size are generated in vivo is not established
    • No structural data for VTN fragment–αVβ6 interaction
    • Relevance to arthritis or fibrosis pathology not validated in animal models
  7. 2024 High

    A genome-wide CRISPR screen identified VTN as a tumor-secreted anti-phagocytic signal: VTN binds C1qbp on macrophages, recruits Shp1 via FcγRIIIA/CD16, dephosphorylates Syk, and suppresses phagocytosis — defining a 'don't eat me' pathway parallel to the CD47–SIRPα axis.

    Evidence CRISPR screen, Co-IP/MS for VTN–C1qbp interaction, Shp1/Syk phosphorylation assays, syngeneic tumor models with combined VTN KD and anti-CD47

    PMID:38773982

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether C1qbp is the sole macrophage receptor for VTN's anti-phagocytic function is not resolved
    • Clinical relevance of VTN–C1qbp axis in human tumors not yet validated
    • Structural basis of VTN–C1qbp binding unknown
  8. 2025 Medium

    VTN was linked to trophoblast function through a HEY1/autophagy pathway and to pancreatic cancer suppression with immunotherapy synergy, expanding its roles to placental biology and tumor-immune regulation beyond adhesion.

    Evidence VTN overexpression/knockdown in trophoblast cells with HEY1 rescue and autophagy inhibitor experiments; syngeneic pancreatic cancer model with anti-PD1 treatment

    PMID:40433359 PMID:40516241

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism connecting extracellular VTN to intracellular HEY1/Notch signaling not defined
    • Tumor-suppressive versus pro-tumorigenic roles of VTN across cancer types remain contradictory and unresolved
    • Whether VTN's immunotherapy synergy operates through the C1qbp–Shp1 axis or a distinct mechanism is unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The full-length three-dimensional structure of VTN, the conformational switch between its monomeric plasma form and its multimeric ECM-deposited form, and the integration of its anti-phagocytic (C1qbp) and adhesion (integrin) functions in the tumor microenvironment remain major unresolved questions.
  • No full-length VTN crystal or cryo-EM structure exists
  • Monomer-to-multimer conversion mechanism not structurally characterized
  • Relative in vivo contributions of VTN's anti-phagocytic versus adhesion functions in tumor immune evasion undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 5 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 4 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 4
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0031012 extracellular matrix 4
Pathway
R-HSA-1474244 Extracellular matrix organization 4 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 4 R-HSA-109582 Hemostasis 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2
Partners
BPIFB1C1QBPFBLN2ITGAVITGB3ITGB5PLAURSERPINE1

Evidence

Reading pass · 19 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1985 The complete amino acid sequence of human vitronectin was deduced from cDNA clones isolated from a human liver library. The sequence revealed that vitronectin contains the entire 44-amino acid somatomedin B (SMB) peptide at its N-terminus, three potential glycosylation sites, a C-terminal glycosaminoglycan-binding domain rich in basic residues, and an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence immediately after the SMB domain that constitutes the cell attachment site, showing functional similarity to fibronectin's cell attachment sequence. cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequencing, oligonucleotide probe screening of lambda gt11 library, cell attachment inhibition assays with synthetic RGD peptides The EMBO journal High 2414098
1985 S-protein (a complement regulatory protein) and vitronectin (serum spreading factor) were shown to be identical proteins by molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and immunological criteria. The single polypeptide chain of 459 amino acids (plus 19-residue leader peptide) encodes the SMB domain at its N-terminus, linking complement regulation, coagulation, and cell-substrate adhesion functions in one molecule. cDNA cloning from pEX expression library screened with monoclonal antibodies, sequence analysis, immunological cross-reactivity assays The EMBO journal High 3004934
1990 Integrin αvβ5 was purified from human placenta and identified as a vitronectin receptor that binds preferentially to vitronectin (over fibronectin, fibrinogen, or von Willebrand factor). The β5 subunit pairs with the αv subunit and is immunologically and structurally distinct from β3, with the ligand-binding site architecture differing from αvβ3. Immunodepletion of αvβ3 followed by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography, wheat germ lectin chromatography, Western blot, vitronectin-binding assays, peptide mapping, N-terminal amino acid sequencing The Journal of biological chemistry High 1694173
1993 The vitronectin-binding integrin αvβ5 was shown to bind to the basic heparin-binding domain of vitronectin (sequence KKQRFRHRNRKG) through a divalent cation-independent mechanism, distinct from RGD-mediated integrin binding. This defines an auxiliary integrin-binding specificity for basic amino acid sequences within vitronectin. Affinity chromatography with Tat-derived peptides, immunoprecipitation with anti-integrin antibodies, cell attachment inhibition assays, divalent cation chelation experiments The Journal of cell biology High 7682219
1996 Active PAI-1 blocks smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration by competing with integrin αVβ3 for an overlapping binding site on vitronectin, preventing αVβ3-dependent cell motility on the vitronectin matrix. This inhibitory effect is independent of PAI-1's protease inhibitor activity and requires high-affinity PAI-1 binding to vitronectin; formation of a PAI-1/plasminogen activator complex reduces PAI-1 affinity for vitronectin and restores migration. SMC migration assays on vitronectin substrates, blocking antibodies against αVβ3, PAI-1 mutants deficient in protease inhibition but retaining vitronectin binding, PAI-1/uPA complex formation assays Nature High 8837777
1996 uPAR and PAI-1 compete for binding to the same site within the N-terminal somatomedin B (SMB) domain of vitronectin. PAI-1 dissociates VN-bound uPAR and detaches cells from vitronectin substratum in a protease-inhibitor-independent manner, while uPA can rapidly reverse this PAI-1-mediated cell detachment. The uPAR-binding sequence was localized within the central region of the SMB domain. Domain swapping, site-directed mutagenesis of SMB domain, competitive binding assays, cell detachment assays with U937 cells on VN substrates The Journal of cell biology High 8830783
2002 The PAI-1/vitronectin interaction maps to two binding regions: the primary high-affinity PAI-1 binding site resides within the N-terminal somatomedin B (SMB) domain of vitronectin, while at least one secondary low-affinity binding site exists in the C-terminal region of vitronectin involved in forming larger PAI-1/Vn complexes. On PAI-1, the region around α-helix E and α-helix F is important for vitronectin binding. Peptide competition assays, domain deletion mapping, mutagenesis studies reviewed across multiple experimental approaches Biological chemistry Medium 12437099
2003 The crystal structure (2.3 Å) of the somatomedin B (SMB) domain of vitronectin in complex with PAI-1 revealed the molecular basis of their interaction: vitronectin binding stabilizes the active conformation of PAI-1 by engaging its reactive center loop region. The PAI-1 binding site on the SMB domain sterically overlaps with the binding surfaces for αVβ3/αVβ5 integrins and uPAR, explaining how PAI-1 competitively blocks integrin- and uPAR-mediated cell adhesion and motility. X-ray crystallography at 2.3 Å resolution of SMB domain–PAI-1 complex Nature structural biology High 12808446
2004 Adhesion of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to vitronectin (and collagen I) promotes osteogenic differentiation, with cells on vitronectin showing the greatest induction of mineralized matrix, osteopontin, osteocalcin, collagen I, and alkaline phosphatase expression. hMSCs adhere to vitronectin through distinct integrin receptors compared to other ECM proteins, and ECM contact alone can be sufficient to induce osteogenic differentiation. Cell adhesion assays on purified ECM proteins, integrin-blocking antibodies, osteogenic differentiation marker assays (alkaline phosphatase, mineralization, immunostaining for osteopontin and osteocalcin) over 16-day time course Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology Medium 15123885
2005 Human granzyme B (GrB) efficiently cleaves vitronectin at a site after the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif within the integrin-binding region, disrupting the integrin–ECM interface. This GrB-mediated cleavage of vitronectin (along with fibronectin and laminin) causes detachment of endothelial cells and other cell types, induces anoikis in endothelial cells, and inhibits tumor cell spreading, migration, and invasion in vitro. In vitro cleavage assays with native and recombinant GrB, cell detachment assays, cell spreading/migration/invasion assays, identification of cleavage site by sequence analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 15843372
2008 MMP-2 secreted by ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells cleaves vitronectin (and fibronectin) into small fragments that enhance OvCa cell attachment to peritoneal surfaces. This cleavage exposes cryptic binding sites recognized by αVβ3 integrin on OvCa cells, promoting adhesion. MMP-2 inhibition in OvCa cells (but not in host cells) reduced peritoneal adhesion and tumor metastasis in vivo. siRNA knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of MMP-2, in vitro cleavage of ECM proteins, cell adhesion assays to ECM fragments, integrin-blocking antibodies, in vivo mouse peritoneal metastasis model with Mmp2-null mice The Journal of clinical investigation High 18340378
2017 BPIFB1 interacts with vitronectin (VTN) and reduces VTN expression and VTN–integrin αV complex formation in NPC cells, leading to inhibition of the FAK/Src/ERK signalling pathway downstream of VTN. BPIFB1 also attenuates VTN-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thereby inhibiting NPC cell migration, invasion, and lung metastasis. Co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry to identify BPIFB1-binding proteins, western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, in vitro migration/invasion assays, in vivo lung metastasis mouse model British journal of cancer High 29123267
2018 VTN promotes NPC cell radioresistance by inducing cell proliferation and survival, G2/M phase arrest, DNA repair, and activation of the ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 DNA damage response pathways, as well as anti-apoptotic effects after ionizing radiation. BPIFB1 (which binds VTN) inhibits this VTN-mediated radioresistance, improving NPC radiosensitivity. Colony formation and cell survival assays, cell cycle analysis, western blotting for ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 pathway components, apoptosis assays, overexpression and knockdown of VTN and BPIFB1 Cell death & disease Medium 29568064
2019 miR-30c regulates vitronectin (VN) protein levels in smooth muscle cells via targeting PAI-1: miR-30c reduces PAI-1 expression (validated by luciferase assay demonstrating direct 3'UTR targeting), and reduced PAI-1 leads to decreased VN levels, revealing a miR-30c → PAI-1 → VN regulatory axis relevant to coronary disease. miRNA transfection, luciferase reporter assays for PAI-1 3'UTR targeting, qRT-PCR, western blotting, ELISA for VN and PAI-1 in plasma, in vitro SMC assays Life sciences Medium 31760103
2021 A vitronectin fragment (VTN amino acids 381–397) competes with TGF-β1 for binding to αVβ6 integrin on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). By interacting with αVβ6 on FLS surfaces, this VTN fragment prevents αVβ6-mediated TGF-β1 activation and increases α-SMA expression, revealing that VTN can modulate TGF-β1 bioavailability through integrin competition. Competition binding assay between VTN fragment and αVβ6, flow cytometry and western blot for αVβ6 on primary FLSs, immunohistochemistry of synovial tissue, TGF-β bioassay, α-SMA immunostaining Experimental & molecular medicine Medium 33526813
2022 FBLN2 (fibulin-2) binds directly to VTN (vitronectin) and negatively regulates its expression in lung fibroblasts. FBLN2 knockdown increases VTN expression, which activates FAK signaling and promotes TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation, migration, MMP2/MMP9 upregulation, and fibrotic marker expression (α-SMA, collagen I, fibronectin); VTN overexpression partially rescues the anti-fibrotic effect of FBLN2 knockdown. Protein co-immunoprecipitation (confirmed FBLN2-VTN interaction), STRING database prediction, western blotting, siRNA knockdown and overexpression, wound-healing assay, CCK-8, immunofluorescence for α-SMA Tissue & cell Medium 36608640
2024 Tumor cell-secreted vitronectin (Vtn) binds to complement C1Q binding protein (C1qbp) on the surface of tumor-associated macrophages. This Vtn–C1qbp interaction inhibits macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells and shifts macrophages toward an M2-like subtype by facilitating FcγRIIIA/CD16-induced Shp1 recruitment, which reduces Syk phosphorylation, thereby suppressing pro-phagocytic signaling. Vtn knockdown combined with anti-CD47 antibody synergistically enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Genome-wide CRISPR screen for anti-phagocytic genes, cell-to-cell interaction database analysis, siRNA knockdown, flow cytometry for phagocytosis and macrophage polarization, RNA sequencing, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, immunofluorescence, syngeneic mouse tumor models Theranostics High 38773982
2025 VTN overexpression in pancreatic cancer cells suppresses proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro, and inhibits tumor growth in a syngeneic mouse model, acting as a tumor suppressor. VTN expression is linked to immune regulatory pathways, and VTN overexpression synergizes with anti-PD1 therapy to enhance antitumor efficacy in vivo. VTN knockdown and overexpression in pancreatic cancer cell lines, proliferation/invasion/migration assays, syngeneic mouse subcutaneous tumor model with anti-PD1 treatment, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, immune pathway analysis Frontiers in immunology Medium 40433359
2025 Insufficient VTN expression in trophoblast cells impairs migration, invasion, and endothelial-like tube formation via the HEY1/autophagy pathway. VTN overexpression upregulates HEY1 (a Notch signaling downstream target), while VTN knockdown increases LC3II expression indicating enhanced autophagy; HEY1 overexpression alleviates autophagy induced by VTN knockdown, and autophagy inhibition with 3-MA partially restores trophoblast function suppressed by VTN knockdown. Functional assays in HTR8/SVneo cells, HUVECs, and primary EVTs; VTN overexpression/knockdown; transcriptome sequencing; LC3II western blotting for autophagy; 3-MA autophagy inhibitor; HEY1 overexpression rescue experiments Placenta Medium 40516241

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 76 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell 2861 17081983
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2014 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 977 25416956
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2004 The human plasma proteome: a nonredundant list developed by combination of four separate sources. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 658 14718574
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
1996 The serpin PAI-1 inhibits cell migration by blocking integrin alpha V beta 3 binding to vitronectin. Nature 589 8837777
1999 Role of alphavbeta3 integrin in the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. The EMBO journal 533 10022831
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
1996 Is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 the molecular switch that governs urokinase receptor-mediated cell adhesion and release? The Journal of cell biology 397 8830783
1985 Complete amino acid sequence of human vitronectin deduced from cDNA. Similarity of cell attachment sites in vitronectin and fibronectin. The EMBO journal 390 2414098
2005 Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. Journal of proteome research 350 16335952
1993 The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, a growth factor for AIDS Kaposi sarcoma and cytokine-activated vascular cells, induces adhesion of the same cell types by using integrin receptors recognizing the RGD amino acid sequence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 331 7690138
2004 Adhesion to Vitronectin and Collagen I Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 303 15123885
2008 The initial steps of ovarian cancer cell metastasis are mediated by MMP-2 cleavage of vitronectin and fibronectin. The Journal of clinical investigation 297 18340378
2020 The gluconeogenic enzyme PCK1 phosphorylates INSIG1/2 for lipogenesis. Nature 292 32322062
1993 A novel integrin specificity exemplified by binding of the alpha v beta 5 integrin to the basic domain of the HIV Tat protein and vitronectin. The Journal of cell biology 252 7682219
2009 Proteomic analysis of human parotid gland exosomes by multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). Journal of proteome research 237 19199708
2010 Proteomics characterization of extracellular space components in the human aorta. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 231 20551380
1994 Role of the integrin alpha v beta 6 in cell attachment to fibronectin. Heterologous expression of intact and secreted forms of the receptor. The Journal of biological chemistry 228 8120056
1990 Purification and functional characterization of integrin alpha v beta 5. An adhesion receptor for vitronectin. The Journal of biological chemistry 225 1694173
1985 Molecular cloning of S-protein, a link between complement, coagulation and cell-substrate adhesion. The EMBO journal 224 3004934
2005 Extracellular matrix remodeling by human granzyme B via cleavage of vitronectin, fibronectin, and laminin. The Journal of biological chemistry 216 15843372
2003 How vitronectin binds PAI-1 to modulate fibrinolysis and cell migration. Nature structural biology 213 12808446
2016 An organelle-specific protein landscape identifies novel diseases and molecular mechanisms. Nature communications 211 27173435
2015 ∆F508 CFTR interactome remodelling promotes rescue of cystic fibrosis. Nature 209 26618866
2009 Cooperation between integrin alphavbeta3 and VEGFR2 in angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 207 19267251
2019 A Dual-Functional Conductive Framework Embedded with TiN-VN Heterostructures for Highly Efficient Polysulfide and Lithium Regulation toward Stable Li-S Full Batteries. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 148 31830338
2015 Discovery and development of Galeterone (TOK-001 or VN/124-1) for the treatment of all stages of prostate cancer. Journal of medicinal chemistry 148 25591066
1985 Diversity in the germline antibody repertoire. Molecular evolution of the T15 VN gene family. The Journal of experimental medicine 85 2999288
2017 BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) inhibits migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by interacting with VTN and VIM. British journal of cancer 79 29123267
2018 BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) inhibits radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by inhibiting VTN expression. Cell death & disease 67 29568064
2011 Synthesis and biological evaluations of putative metabolically stable analogs of VN/124-1 (TOK-001): head to head anti-tumor efficacy evaluation of VN/124-1 (TOK-001) and abiraterone in LAPC-4 human prostate cancer xenograft model. Steroids 53 21729712
2008 17alpha-Hydroxylase/17,20 lyase inhibitor VN/124-1 inhibits growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via induction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Molecular cancer therapeutics 53 18790763
2008 Synergistic effect of a novel antiandrogen, VN/124-1, and signal transduction inhibitors in prostate cancer progression to hormone independence in vitro. Molecular cancer therapeutics 50 18202015
2012 Decolorization and biodegradation of reactive sulfonated azo dyes by a newly isolated Brevibacterium sp. strain VN-15. SpringerPlus 40 23396675
2021 Modulation of αVβ6 integrin in osteoarthritis-related synovitis and the interaction with VTN(381-397 a.a.) competing for TGF-β1 activation. Experimental & molecular medicine 33 33526813
1999 Evidence for alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrin-like vitronectin (VN) receptors in Candida albicans and their involvement in yeast cell adhesion to VN. The Journal of infectious diseases 32 10353874
2002 Interaction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) with vitronectin (Vn): mapping the binding sites on PAI-1 and Vn. Biological chemistry 31 12437099
2006 Effects of novel retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (VN/14-1) on letrozole-insensitive breast cancer cells. Cancer research 25 17145897
2010 Evaluation of the cellular immune responses induced by a non-adjuvanted inactivated whole virus A/H5N1/VN/1203 pandemic influenza vaccine in humans. Vaccine 23 21055500
2019 Circulating miR-30c as a predictive biomarker of type 2 diabetes mellitus with coronary heart disease by regulating PAI-1/VN interactions. Life sciences 22 31760103
2005 Route to GaN and VN assisted by carbothermal reduction process. Journal of the American Chemical Society 19 16277512
2022 Knockdown of FBLN2 suppresses TGF-β1-induced MRC-5 cell migration and fibrosis by downregulating VTN. Tissue & cell 17 36608640
2016 About the pathophysiology of acute unilateral vestibular deficit - vestibular neuritis (VN) or peripheral vestibulopathy (PVP)? Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation 17 27392835
2024 Hollow Mo/MoSVn Nanoreactors with Tunable Built-in Electric Fields for Sustainable Hydrogen Production. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 16 39648536
2023 Electronic Modulation Induced by Ni-VN Heterojunction Reinforces Electrolytic Hydrogen Evolution Coupled with Biomass Upgrade. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 16 37231554
2012 Autophagy inhibition synergistically enhances anticancer efficacy of RAMBA, VN/12-1 in SKBR-3 cells, and tumor xenografts. Molecular cancer therapeutics 16 22334589
2008 MS-275 synergistically enhances the growth inhibitory effects of RAMBA VN/66-1 in hormone-insensitive PC-3 prostate cancer cells and tumours. British journal of cancer 16 18349838
1997 A survey for antibodies to equine arteritis virus in donkeys, mules and zebra using virus neutralisation (VN) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Equine veterinary journal 15 9031862
2025 Covalent Coupling-Regulated rGO/VN Nanocomposite Enabling Nitrogen Defects to Remarkably Boost the Peroxidase-Like Catalytic Efficiency for the Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Assay of Uric Acid. Analytical chemistry 13 40059305
2018 Template-Free Preparation of 3D Porous Co-Doped VN Nanosheet-Assembled Microflowers with Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Activity. ACS applied materials & interfaces 13 29561584
2024 Targeting tumor cell-to-macrophage communication by blocking Vtn-C1qbp interaction inhibits tumor progression via enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. Theranostics 12 38773982
2022 A sodiophilic VN interlayer stabilizing a Na metal anode. Nanoscale horizons 9 35678312
2005 Vibrational and electronic structure of the dinuclear bis(mu-nitrido) vanadium(v) complex [V(N{N"}2)(mu-N)]2: spectroscopic properties of the M2(mu-N)2 diamond core. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003) 9 15739007
2024 Vitex Negundo-Fe3O4-CuO green nanocatalyst (VN-Fe3O4-CuO): synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole derivatives via the cyclization of isoniazid with pyrazole and their antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and molecular docking studies. RSC advances 7 38173593
2001 Pharmacokinetic profile of 3beta-hydroxy-17-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (VN/87-1), a potent androgen synthesis inhibitor, in mice. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 7 11595504
2023 Dual interfaces and confinements on Fe2N@Fe3O4/VN heterojunction toward high-efficient lithium storage. Journal of colloid and interface science 6 37441972
2014 VN/14-1 induces ER stress and autophagy in HP-LTLC human breast cancer cells and has excellent oral pharmacokinetic profile in female Sprague Dawley rats. European journal of pharmacology 6 24726842
2004 Quantification of a novel retinoic acid metabolism inhibitor, 4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)retinoic acid (VN/14-1RA) and other retinoids in rat plasma by liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 6 15380716
2001 Homozygous VN (677C to T) and d/D (2756G to A) variants in the methylenetetrahydrofolate and methionine synthase genes in a case of hyperhomocysteinemia with stroke at young age. Experimental & molecular medicine 6 11460881
2025 Mechanisms and engineering of a miniature type V-N CRISPR-Cas12 effector enzyme. Nature communications 3 40595633
2025 Reversing VTN deficiency inhibits the progression of pancreatic cancer and enhances sensitivity to anti-PD1 immunotherapy. Frontiers in immunology 2 40433359
2025 VN-EGNN: E(3)- and SE(3)-Equivariant Graph Neural Networks with Virtual Nodes Enhance Protein Binding Site Identification. Journal of cheminformatics 2 41398608
2014 Structure of the cyclic peptide [W8S]contryphan Vn: effect of the tryptophan/serine substitution on trans-cis proline isomerization. Amino acids 2 25261131
2011 Anti-tumor effects of a novel retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent VN/14-1 in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary carcinoma model and its effects on the uterus. Breast cancer research and treatment 2 21842418
2025 VN Thin Films via MOCVD Using a New Vanadium Precursor: Linking Growth Chemistry to Functional Surface Properties. Small methods 1 41414688
2024 Hericium VN, an undescribed compound isolated from Hericium erinaceus and its cytotoxic activity on human brain astrocytoma. Journal of Asian natural products research 1 38572975
2025 Establishing g-C3N4-Vn/FeIn2S4 heterostructure for in-situ H2O2 generation and activation to degrade tetracycline in photo-Fenton process under visible light. Environmental research 0 40258463
2025 Vp1 protein peptide molecule and LAAO in liver cancer gene therapy: VN-NsLAAO fusion protein regulates mir-149-RAS liver cancer cell proliferation pathway. International journal of biological macromolecules 0 40451362
2025 Insufficient expression of VTN promotes the development of early-onset severe preeclampsia through the HEY1/autophagy signaling pathway. Placenta 0 40516241
2025 Cognitive reserve in subjective cognitive decline with worry: DMN-VN connectivity supports episodic memory under structural vulnerability. BMC geriatrics 0 40604471
2023 Directly Sputtered Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoworms Decorated with Binder-less VN and W2N Nanoarrays for Bendable Large-Scale Asymmetric Supercapacitor. ACS applied materials & interfaces 0 37922146