Affinage

Showing TCF3 — VDIR is a alias.

TCF3

Transcription factor 7-like 1 · UniProt Q9HCS4

Length
588 aa
Mass
62.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 41 papers cited in narrative 40 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TCF3 (E2A) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that binds E-box elements as homodimers or as heterodimers with partner bHLH proteins, and it operates as a context-dependent master regulator that acts as a transcriptional activator in lymphocyte development and as a repressor in stem cells and Wnt-responsive tissues (PMID:8001125, PMID:8001124, PMID:21685894, PMID:10594029). In B and T lineages, E2A directly opens chromatin and activates a lineage-specific gene program — Foxo1, Rag1/Rag2, Dntt, Irf4/Irf8, the immunoglobulin kappa locus, and the pre-TCRalpha promoter — frequently in collaboration with the bHLH proteins HEB and EBF (PMID:10435576, PMID:16428437, PMID:21972416, PMID:11490000, PMID:39179932), and its loss arrests B cell development before Ig DJ rearrangement (PMID:8001125, PMID:8001124). Beyond gene activation, E2A enforces cell-cycle control by transactivating the CDK inhibitor p21/CDKN1A through promoter E-boxes and by imposing the cell-cycle arrest checkpoint that precedes pre-TCR expression, while also promoting lymphocyte survival and T-lineage commitment by restraining Gata3 (PMID:9315646, PMID:14685278, PMID:23297135, PMID:17442955). E2A activity is gated post-translationally: Notch-driven MAP-kinase phosphorylation routes E47 to SCF(Skp2)/CHIP-Hsc70-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, p300/CBP/PCAF acetylation promotes nuclear retention and transcriptional activation, and hnRNP H/F-controlled alternative splicing partitions output between the E12 and E47 isoforms (PMID:14592976, PMID:15456869, PMID:12435739, PMID:30115631). In stem cells and embryonic patterning, TCF3 functions as a Groucho/TLE- and HDAC1-dependent repressor that maintains an undifferentiated state and represses Wnt targets; relief of this repression — by HIPK2-mediated phosphorylation that dissociates TCF3 from promoters, by corepressor displacement, or by replacement with activating TCF/LEF-beta-catenin complexes — is the operative output of Wnt signaling (PMID:11445543, PMID:17018284, PMID:20951344, PMID:21685894, PMID:22573616, PMID:21666599). TCF3 additionally tunes p53 target-gene selectivity and tonic B-cell-receptor signaling, linking it to cancer cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and lymphoma survival (PMID:23684607, PMID:34624079).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 37 steps
  1. 1994 High

    Established that E2A is a non-redundant master regulator of early B lymphopoiesis rather than one of many redundant bHLH factors, by showing its loss blocks B cell development before Ig rearrangement.

    Evidence Gene knockout in mice with flow cytometry and PCR of Ig rearrangements

    PMID:8001124 PMID:8001125

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve which direct target genes mediate the block
    • Did not address T-lineage or non-hematopoietic roles
  2. 1996 Medium

    Defined how E2A achieves DNA-binding specificity by showing it heterodimerizes with partner bHLH proteins (LYL1) to bind distinct preferred E-box sequences, explaining combinatorial target selection.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, co-IP, PCR site selection, EMSA in hematolymphoid cells

    PMID:8628307

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo functional consequence of LYL1-E2A complexes not established
    • Genome-wide occupancy of these complexes unknown
  3. 2000 Medium

    Showed at the structural level that the E2A basic region adopts partner-dependent conformations directing it to different E-box half-sites, providing a mechanism for combinatorial specificity.

    Evidence In vitro DNA binding with basic-region mutants and heterodimers (MyoD, Twist)

    PMID:10594029

    Open questions at the time
    • No in vivo validation
    • No crystal/structural model of the complex
  4. 1997 High

    Connected E2A to growth suppression by identifying p21/CDKN1A as a direct E-box target and showing Id1 antagonizes this, framing E2A as a cell-cycle brake.

    Evidence Luciferase reporters, promoter mutagenesis, endogenous p21 measurement in 293T cells

    PMID:9315646

    Open questions at the time
    • Done in 293T, not lymphocytes
    • Did not address other cell-cycle targets
  5. 1997 High

    Opened the post-translational regulation axis by demonstrating E2A is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway through UbcE2A binding a discrete region of E47.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, MG132 treatment, in vivo ubiquitination, antisense rescue

    PMID:9013644

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase identity not established here
    • Signal triggering degradation unknown at this point
  6. 2002 High

    Identified acetylation as an activating modification, showing p300/CBP/PCAF acetylate E2A to enhance transcription and nuclear retention, with genetic confirmation in B cell development.

    Evidence Gel filtration, co-IP, in vitro acetylation, reporter assay, p300 catalytic mutant, compound heterozygous mice

    PMID:12435739

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific acetylated residues and their individual contributions not fully mapped
    • Interplay with degradation not resolved
  7. 2003 High

    Defined the upstream signal for E2A degradation, showing Notch-driven MAPK phosphorylation of E47 enhances SCF(Skp2) recruitment for ubiquitination, linking lineage signaling to E2A turnover.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibitor, siRNA, dominant-negative/active kinase in B and T cells

    PMID:14592976

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphosite mapping incomplete
    • Quantitative contribution to lineage decisions in vivo not resolved
  8. 2004 High

    Completed the degradation machinery model by showing CHIP and Hsc70 form a phosphorylation-dependent pre-ubiquitination complex with E47 and Skp2 via the EHD2/EHD3 domains.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, co-IP, siRNA, ubiquitination assay

    PMID:15456869

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and ordering of complex assembly not determined
    • In vivo relevance to development not tested
  9. 1999 High

    Demonstrated E2A acts combinatorially with EBF to activate the B-lineage program (Pax5, Rag1/2, mb-1), establishing genetic collaboration rather than solo action.

    Evidence Compound heterozygous mouse genetics, expression analysis, transfection synergy

    PMID:10435576

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct co-binding at shared enhancers not shown here
    • Hierarchy between E2A and EBF unresolved
  10. 2001 Medium

    Extended E2A's direct activation program to T lymphopoiesis by showing E2A/HEB bind and activate the pTalpha promoter selectively in immature thymocytes.

    Evidence Promoter deletion, EMSA, overexpression, reporter assay in thymocytes

    PMID:11490000

    Open questions at the time
    • Reliance on reporter/overexpression rather than endogenous locus
    • Single lab
  11. 2001 High

    Revealed TCF3's separable Wnt-related biochemistry, showing it competes with axin/APC to stabilize beta-catenin and is phosphoregulated by CK1epsilon and GSK3.

    Evidence Xenopus extract biochemistry, beta-catenin degradation assays, peptide competition

    PMID:11524435

    Open questions at the time
    • Relationship to TCF3's transcriptional repressor role not unified here
    • Mammalian in vivo relevance untested
  12. 2001 High

    Established TCF3 as a beta-catenin-independent repressor maintaining skin stem cell identity, dependent on its DNA-binding and Groucho repressor domains.

    Evidence Transgenic domain-deletion overexpression in mouse skin, differentiation markers

    PMID:11445543

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct repressed target genes not enumerated
    • Mechanism of Groucho recruitment in skin not detailed
  13. 2002 High

    Showed E2A directly drives chromatin opening and germline transcription at the Igk locus, with IRF-4 required for recruitment, mechanistically linking E2A to V(D)J accessibility.

    Evidence Inducible E47 reconstitution in E2A-null pre-B cells, ChIP, recombination assay, IRF-4 knockdown

    PMID:16428437

    Open questions at the time
    • Chromatin-remodeling cofactors recruited by E2A not identified
    • Generality to other Ig loci not tested here
  14. 2004 High

    Defined E2A's checkpoint and survival functions, showing it enforces cell-cycle arrest at the pre-TCR checkpoint and supports B-lymphocyte survival.

    Evidence Conditional knockouts, cell-cycle analysis, epistasis, apoptosis assays

    PMID:14685278 PMID:15078898

    Open questions at the time
    • Survival function not fully mechanistically resolved (idx 16 Medium)
    • Direct anti-apoptotic targets not defined
  15. 2007 High

    Showed E2A and HEB act redundantly/jointly to enforce the thymic pre-TCR checkpoint and induce pre-Talpha, formalizing E protein dosage control of T-cell development.

    Evidence Double conditional knockout mice, cell-cycle and pre-Talpha analysis, IL-7 stimulation

    PMID:17442955

    Open questions at the time
    • Distinct vs shared targets of E2A and HEB not separated
    • Mechanism of IL-7-driven proliferation increase unclear
  16. 2006 Medium

    Implicated E2A in antibody diversification by showing it stimulates Ig hypermutation, inferring recruitment of AID to Ig loci.

    Evidence E2A inactivation and complementation in DT40 cells, hypermutation frequency assay

    PMID:16785535

    Open questions at the time
    • AID recruitment inferred, not directly demonstrated
    • Single chicken B-cell model
  17. 2006 High

    Showed Tcf3 reactivation in committed epidermal cells re-imposes an undifferentiated, Wnt-inhibited stem-cell-like program repressing all skin lineages, establishing it as a master stemness factor in skin.

    Evidence Inducible transgenic gain-of-function, expression profiling

    PMID:17018284

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect target separation incomplete
    • Corepressor dependence not dissected in this study
  18. 2010 High

    Identified the switch that derepresses TCF3 targets, showing Wnt recruits HIPK2 via beta-catenin to phosphorylate TCF3 and dissociate it from promoters during axis specification.

    Evidence Xenopus/mammalian phosphorylation assays, ChIP, phospho-resistant mutants, developmental readouts

    PMID:20951344

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphosites and their generality across loci not fully mapped
    • Conservation in mammalian stem cells not tested here
  19. 2011 High

    Reframed Wnt action in ESCs by showing relief of TCF3 repression — not TCF3-beta-catenin activation — is the necessary downstream effect for self-renewal.

    Evidence Tcf3 knockout, epistasis with Wnt3a/GSK3 inhibitor, ChIP at Oct4 sites

    PMID:21685894

    Open questions at the time
    • Full repressed target set not enumerated
    • Quantitative contribution of Tcf1 cooperation unresolved
  20. 2011 Medium

    Tied Tcf3 repression to chromatin state, showing its loss alters genome-wide histone marks and enhances reprogramming of somatic cells.

    Evidence Tcf3 knockout ESCs, ChIP for AcH3/H3K9me3, cell-fusion reprogramming assay

    PMID:21730189

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs secondary chromatin effects not separated
    • Enzymes mediating mark changes not identified
  21. 2011 Medium

    Resolved the corepressor logic of Tcf3 repression, showing direct cdx4 repression requires Groucho/TLE and HDAC1, and is relieved by corepressor displacement without DNA dissociation.

    Evidence ChIP, reporter assays, co-IP, in vivo zebrafish and mammalian cell perturbation

    PMID:21666599

    Open questions at the time
    • Generality of corepressor-displacement mechanism beyond cdx4 untested
    • Single lab/model
  22. 2011 High

    Identified Foxo1 as a direct E2A target at the earliest stage of B-cell specification, placing E2A atop the specification hierarchy with HEB.

    Evidence ChIP at FOXO1 locus, expression in E2A/HEB-deficient CLPs, compound knockouts

    PMID:21972416

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contributions of multiple enhancers not weighted
    • Downstream Foxo1 dependence not formally tested
  23. 2011 Medium

    Linked TCF3 to leukemic surface phenotype by showing genotype-dependent E2A binding controls CD38 transcription in CLL.

    Evidence ChIP, siRNA knockdown, flow cytometry in CLL cells

    PMID:21212793

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic basis for allele-specific binding not fully resolved
    • Single cell-type context
  24. 2012 High

    Distinguished beta-catenin-dependent from -independent TCF3 functions in vivo and defined an indirect Wnt activation route via TCF3 repression of Lef1.

    Evidence Tcf3-deltaN knock-in mouse ablating beta-catenin interaction, genetic and expression analysis

    PMID:22573616

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct Tcf3 targets beyond Lef1 not enumerated
    • Mechanism of stage-specific requirement unclear
  25. 2013 High

    Placed E2A in T-cell commitment by showing it limits Gata3 to enable lineage progression in DN2 thymocytes.

    Evidence E2A conditional knockout, Gata3 siRNA rescue, differentiation assays

    PMID:23297135

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect repression of Gata3 not established
    • Other commitment targets not addressed
  26. 2013 Medium

    Generalized E2A's cell-cycle role to cancer by showing it shapes p53 target-gene selectivity (activating p21, repressing PUMA).

    Evidence Genome-wide siRNA screen, expression, cell-cycle/apoptosis assays in multiple cancer lines

    PMID:23684607

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect regulation of PUMA not clarified
    • Mechanism of p53 cooperation unresolved
  27. 2013 Medium

    Extended TCF3's promoter-occupancy role to hormone signaling, showing constitutive TCF3 occupancy at Lhcgr is required for FSH-induced expression in granulosa cells.

    Evidence ChIP, dominant-negative TCF, reporter assay, microarray

    PMID:23754802

    Open questions at the time
    • Dominant-negative may affect multiple TCFs
    • Direct TCF3-specific requirement not isolated
  28. 2014 Medium

    Revealed a non-cell-autonomous, beta-catenin-independent role for Tcf3 in wound repair via Stat3-driven induction of secreted lipocalin-2.

    Evidence Overexpression, wound healing/conditioned-medium assays, lipocalin-2 neutralization, Stat3 epistasis

    PMID:24909826

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect lipocalin-2 regulation not resolved
    • In vivo wound contribution single-lab
  29. 2014 Medium

    Confirmed at the cellular level that Tcf3-expressing bulge cells are bona fide self-renewing multipotent stem cells across stratified epithelia.

    Evidence Tcf3-CreER knock-in lineage tracing

    PMID:25038042

    Open questions at the time
    • Descriptive lineage marking, not mechanistic
    • Single lab
  30. 2015 Medium

    Demonstrated the TCF3-to-TCF4 exchange paradigm at a Wnt target, showing TCF3 represses MYC until beta-catenin activation swaps in TCF4 to drive cell-cycle re-entry.

    Evidence ChIP, shRNA of TCF3/TCF4, reporters, GSK3beta inhibition, cell-cycle analysis in colorectal cells

    PMID:25659031

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinetics of factor exchange not resolved
    • Single cancer-cell context
  31. 2018 High

    Established splicing as a regulatory layer, showing hnRNP H/F control the E12/E47 isoform switch with isoform-specific functional outputs (E47 represses E-cadherin) tied to pluripotency.

    Evidence hnRNP H/F knockdown, isoform-specific assays, E-cadherin readout in hESCs

    PMID:30115631

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide isoform-specific target differences not mapped
    • Mechanism of E-cadherin repression specificity unclear
  32. 2020 High

    Defined distinct lineage-specific cis-elements through which E2A activates Rag genes, with E2A E-box binding essential for chromatin remodeling in T cells.

    Evidence Enhancer-deletion and binding-site point-mutant knock-in mice, chromatin conformation, expression

    PMID:32887843

    Open questions at the time
    • Cofactors mediating remodeling at R-TEn not identified
    • B-cell element mechanism less fully dissected
  33. 2021 Medium

    Extended E2A activator function to CD8 memory, showing it remodels enhancers of memory genes to bias memory precursor formation.

    Evidence scRNA-seq, GRN analysis, ATAC-seq, E2A ChIP/overexpression

    PMID:33859041

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct target enhancers driving phenotype not pinpointed
    • Loss-of-function complement not shown
  34. 2021 Medium

    Placed TCF3 downstream of epigenetic silencing in cancer, defining an EZH2/DNMT3B->TCF3->p21 tumor-suppressive axis in endometrial cancer.

    Evidence H3K27me3 ChIP, bisulfite sequencing, TCF3 reporter, inhibitors in CDX/PDX models

    PMID:34175897

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect TCF3 silencing contributions not weighted
    • Single-lab cancer context
  35. 2022 Medium

    Linked metabolic and proteostatic control to TCF3, showing SHMT2/mTOR inhibition triggers autophagic TCF3 degradation that collapses tonic BCR signaling essential for Burkitt lymphoma survival.

    Evidence CRISPR screen, SHMT2 knockdown, pharmacology, mTOR analysis, TCF3 protein measurement

    PMID:34624079

    Open questions at the time
    • Autophagy machinery selectivity for TCF3 not defined
    • How TCF3 controls tonic BCR mechanistically unresolved
  36. 2024 Medium

    Uncovered an Id2-LSD1 epigenetic axis acting on Tcf3, where Id2 disrupts a Tcf3-LSD1 complex to preserve H3K4me2 at Tcf3 E-boxes, controlling progenitor exhausted CD8 T cell generation.

    Evidence Co-IP, H3K4me2 ChIP, Id2 knockout, LSD1 inhibitor rescue, Id2 HLH mutant

    PMID:38287103

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct Tcf3-LSD1 contact interface not mapped
    • Generality beyond Slamf6 locus untested
  37. 2024 Medium

    Extended TCF3's developmental regulatory role to oogenesis, showing TCF3/TCF12 control enhancer-driven activation of oocyte genes and folliculogenesis.

    Evidence H3K27ac ChIP-seq in oocytes, TCF3 knockout, expression analysis

    PMID:38839978

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect target genes not separated
    • Single lab

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the activator versus repressor switch of TCF3 is selected at a given locus and cell state — integrating partner choice, isoform, acetylation/degradation, corepressor occupancy, and Wnt signaling into a predictive logic — remains unresolved.
  • No structural model of TCF3 at native chromatin with cofactors
  • Quantitative rules governing activator-to-repressor switching are undefined
  • Crosstalk between degradation, acetylation, and splicing inputs not integrated

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 6 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 6 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005654 nucleoplasm 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 6 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 5 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 5 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 3
Partners
BETA-CATENINCHIPEBF1HEBHIPK2LYL1P300SKP2
Complex memberships
E2A-HEB bHLH heterodimerSCF(Skp2)-CHIP-Hsc70 E2A pre-ubiquitination complexTcf3-Groucho/TLE-HDAC1 corepressor complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 40 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 E2A (TCF3) gene products (E12 and E47) are required for B cell formation; E2A-null mice completely lack mature B cells with a developmental block prior to immunoglobulin DJ rearrangement, demonstrating that E2A is a central regulator of early B cell differentiation. Gene targeting/knockout in mice, flow cytometry, PCR for Ig rearrangements Cell High 8001124 8001125
1997 E2A transcriptionally activates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21CIP1/WAF1 promoter through E-box elements (E1–E3) near the transcription start site, providing a mechanism for E2A-mediated growth suppression; Id1 overexpression inhibits p21 expression and accelerates cell growth. Luciferase reporter/cotransfection assays, promoter deletion/mutational analysis, endogenous p21 mRNA/protein quantification in 293T cells Molecular and cellular biology High 9315646
1993 E2A proteins (E12 and E47) are subunits of B-cell-specific E2-box DNA-binding complexes; both E2A and E2-2 polypeptides are present in immunoglobulin enhancer-binding complexes in pre-B cells, whereas mature B cells contain only E2A products. Monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitation, mobility shift assay Molecular and cellular biology High 8497267
2003 Notch signaling induces degradation of E2A proteins (E12 and E47) via MAP kinase (p42/p44)-dependent phosphorylation of E47, which enhances association with the SCF(Skp2) E3 ubiquitin ligase, leading to ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation; this pathway is active in B and T cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibitor treatment, siRNA knockdown, dominant-negative and activated kinase expression The EMBO journal High 14592976
2004 CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein) binds E47 through the E protein homology domains EHD2 and EHD3 and, together with Hsc70, forms a pre-ubiquitination complex with E47 and Skp2, facilitating E47 ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Yeast two-hybrid screen, co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, ubiquitination assay Molecular and cellular biology High 15456869
1997 E2A proteins (E12/E47) are degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; UbcE2A (a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) interacts specifically with a 54-amino acid region of E47 distinct from the HLH domain, and antisense UbcE2A reduces E12 degradation. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, proteasome inhibitor (MG132), in vivo ubiquitination, antisense RNA The Journal of biological chemistry High 9013644
2002 E2A co-elutes with histone acetyltransferases p300, CBP, and PCAF in pre-B cell nuclear extracts; these HATs acetylate E2A in vitro, enhance E2A-mediated transcription, and promote nuclear retention of E2A; genetic interaction between E2A and p300 heterozygosity impairs B cell development. Gel filtration, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro acetylation assay, transcription reporter assay, p300 catalytic mutant, compound heterozygous mouse crosses The Journal of biological chemistry High 12435739
2001 Tcf3 acts independently of its β-catenin-interacting domain to suppress epidermal terminal differentiation and promote outer root sheath/bulge stem cell identity in skin; these functions are dependent on Tcf3's DNA-binding and Groucho repressor-binding domains. Transgenic mouse overexpression with domain deletion constructs, keratinocyte differentiation markers Genes & development High 11445543
2006 Tcf3 governs stem cell features in skin; forced reactivation of Tcf3 in committed epidermal cells induces genes associated with an undifferentiated, Wnt-inhibited state and represses transcriptional regulators of all three skin differentiation lineages (epidermal, sebaceous, hair follicle). Inducible transgenic mouse system, gene expression profiling Cell High 17018284
2010 Wnt signaling stimulates TCF3 phosphorylation by recruiting HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2) to TCF3 via β-catenin; this phosphorylation causes TCF3 dissociation from target gene promoters, derepressing Wnt target genes during anteroposterior axis specification in Xenopus. Xenopus embryo and mammalian cell phosphorylation assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, phosphorylation-resistant TCF3 mutants, developmental gene expression readouts Developmental cell High 20951344
2001 Tcf3 can inhibit β-catenin turnover by competing with axin and APC for β-catenin binding; Tcf3 is phosphorylated by both GSK3 and CK1ε, with CK1ε phosphorylation stimulating Tcf3–β-catenin binding (reversed by GSK3), and Tcf3 synergizes with CK1ε to stabilize β-catenin. Xenopus embryo and extract biochemistry, β-catenin degradation assays, dominant-negative constructs, peptide competition The Journal of cell biology High 11524435
2011 Tcf3 functions as a transcriptional repressor in ESCs; genetic ablation of Tcf3 replaces the requirement for exogenous Wnt3a or GSK3 inhibition for ESC self-renewal, demonstrating that relief of Tcf3-mediated repression (not Tcf3–β-catenin transcriptional activation) is the necessary downstream effect of Wnt signaling; Tcf3 and Tcf1 together recruit Wnt-stabilized β-catenin to Oct4 binding sites. Genetic knockout, gene expression analysis, ChIP, Wnt3a treatment, GSK3 inhibitor treatment Nature cell biology High 21685894
2012 Tcf3–β-catenin interaction is not required for gastrulation but is required for post-gastrulation development (limb, vascular, neural tube, eyelid); Tcf3 directly represses Lef1 transcription, and Wnt/β-catenin counteracts this repression, allowing Lef1–β-catenin complexes to activate target genes (indirect activation mechanism). Tcf3ΔN knock-in mouse (ablates β-catenin interaction), genetic analysis, gene expression Development High 22573616
1999 EBF and E2A synergistically activate transcription of B-cell-specific genes including Pax5, Rag1, Rag2, and mb-1; Ebf+/−E2a+/− compound heterozygous mice show a marked pro-B cell defect greater than either single heterozygote, demonstrating genetic collaboration in B lymphopoiesis. Compound heterozygous mouse genetics, gene expression analysis, transfection synergy assay Immunity High 10435576
2004 E2A is required for the complete cell-cycle arrest observed at the pre-TCR checkpoint; E2A-deficient thymocytes exhibit abnormal cell-cycle progression prior to pre-TCR expression, and E47 can act in concert with Bcl-2 to induce cell-cycle arrest in vitro. E2A conditional knockout, cell-cycle analysis, double-mutant epistasis (LAT, Lck, Fyn), in vitro cell-cycle arrest assay The EMBO journal High 14685278
2002 E2A directly activates chromatin modification and germ-line transcription at the immunoglobulin kappa locus in pre-B cells; E2A binds the κEi and κE3' enhancers, and induction of E47 in E2A-deficient pre-B cells rescues Igκ germ-line transcription, Jκ accessibility, and V(D)J recombination; IRF-4 is required for E2A recruitment to κE3'. E2A-deficient pre-B cells, inducible E47 reconstitution, chromatin immunoprecipitation, recombination assay, IRF-4 knockdown Molecular and cellular biology High 16428437
2004 E2A promotes survival of pre-B and mature B lymphocytes; conditional deletion of E2A in mature B cells causes rapid depletion within 24 h, and E2A/HEB double-deficient pre-B lines show dramatically enhanced apoptosis upon growth arrest. IFN-inducible Cre conditional knockout, adoptive transfer, apoptosis assay in double-deficient cell lines The Journal of experimental medicine Medium 15078898
2006 E2A expression stimulates immunoglobulin hypermutation in chicken DT40 B cells; E2A inactivation strongly reduces Ig L chain mutation rate without affecting AID expression, and re-expression of E12 or E47 complements the defect, suggesting E2A recruits AID to Ig loci. E2A gene inactivation in DT40 cells, Ig hypermutation frequency assay, cDNA complementation Journal of immunology Medium 16785535
2011 E2A binds enhancer elements across the FOXO1 locus to directly activate Foxo1 expression in common lymphoid progenitors; E2A and HEB jointly induce FOXO1 at the earliest stage of B-cell specification. ChIP (E2A binding to FOXO1 locus), gene expression in E2A- and HEB-deficient CLPs, compound knockout mice PNAS High 21972416
2020 E2A directly activates expression of Rag genes in T and B cells through distinct sets of cis-regulatory elements (R-TEn in T cells; R1B/R2B in B cells); E2A binding to the E-box in R-TEn is essential for chromatin remodeling and Rag expression in T cells. Transgenic mice with enhancer deletions, E2A binding-site point mutation knock-in mice, chromatin conformation analysis, gene expression Science immunology High 32887843
2001 E2A and HEB bind consecutive E-box elements in the pre-TCRα (pTα) promoter and directly activate pTα transcription; the specific E2A/HEB-DNA complex is observed exclusively in immature thymocytes and not in mature T cells. Promoter deletion analysis, EMSA, E2A/HEB overexpression, reporter assay in thymocytes Journal of immunology Medium 11490000
2018 Alternative splicing of TCF3 (E2A) controlled by hnRNP H/F produces E12 and E47 isoforms; high hnRNP H/F in hESCs promotes E12, while decreased hnRNP H/F during differentiation switches to E47; E47 represses E-cadherin expression, whereas E12 does not, linking TCF3 splicing to maintenance of hESC pluripotency. siRNA knockdown of hnRNP H/F, isoform-specific expression analysis, E-cadherin reporter/expression assay, hESC differentiation Genes & development High 30115631
2013 TCF3/E2A drives p21 (CDKN1A) expression while repressing PUMA (BBC3) across cancer cell types; TCF3/E2A depletion impairs cell-cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis upon p53 activation, placing TCF3/E2A as a pathway-specific coregulator of p53 target gene selectivity. Genome-wide genetic screen (siRNA), gene expression analysis, cell-cycle and apoptosis assays in multiple cancer cell lines Cell reports Medium 23684607
2014 Tcf3 promotes keratinocyte migration and skin wound healing non-cell-autonomously through upregulation of the secreted factor lipocalin-2; Stat3 acts as an upstream activator of Tcf3 in this wound-repair context, and Tcf3's promigration effects are independent of β-catenin binding. Tcf3 overexpression, wound healing assay, conditioned medium experiments, lipocalin-2 neutralization, Stat3 epistasis Nature communications Medium 24909826
2011 Tcf3 functions as a repressor of epigenome state in ES cells; Tcf3 deletion increases AcH3 and decreases H3K9me3 genome-wide, and Tcf3-null ES cells reprogram somatic neural precursor cells more efficiently upon cell fusion. Tcf3 knockout ES cells, chromatin immunoprecipitation for AcH3/H3K9me3, cell fusion reprogramming efficiency assay PNAS Medium 21730189
2011 Tcf3 directly represses cdx4 expression through binding multiple sites in the cdx4 regulatory region, requiring Groucho/TLE and HDAC1 as corepressors; the transcription factor E4f1 derepresses cdx4 by dissociating corepressors from Tcf3 (without displacing Tcf3 from DNA), and the E3 ligase Lnx2b counteracts E4f1 as a scaffold. ChIP, reporter assays, co-IP, dominant-negative and overexpression in zebrafish embryos and mammalian cells The EMBO journal Medium 21666599
1996 LYL1 forms heterodimeric complexes with E2A proteins (E12 and E47) via HLH motif interactions; endogenous LYL1–E2A complexes exist in hematolymphoid cells and bind a preferred DNA sequence (5'-AACAGATG(T/g)T-3') distinct from the muE2 site. Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro HLH interaction, immunoprecipitation, PCR-assisted site selection, EMSA Molecular and cellular biology Medium 8628307
2000 E2A basic region residues establish DNA sequence specificity for particular CAN NTG E-box sites through the conformation of the basic region–DNA interaction; the E2A basic region can be directed toward different half-sites depending on its heterodimerization partner (e.g., MyoD or Twist). In vitro DNA binding assays with basic region mutants, site selection, heterodimer formation Molecular and cellular biology Medium 10594029
2013 E2A transcription factors limit expression of Gata3 in DN2 thymocytes to enable T-lymphocyte commitment; genetic or siRNA-mediated reduction of Gata3 rescues T-cell differentiation in E2A-deficient DN2 cells, placing E2A upstream of Gata3 in the T-cell commitment pathway. E2A conditional knockout, siRNA of Gata3, flow cytometry, differentiation assays Blood High 23297135
2007 Simultaneous conditional deletion of E2A and HEB in developing thymocytes causes a severe developmental block before pre-TCR expression and dramatic reduction of Pre-Tα expression, with increased IL-7-driven proliferation; E2A and HEB together enforce cell-cycle arrest prior to pre-TCR expression. Double conditional knockout mice (Cre-mediated), cell-cycle analysis, IL-7 stimulation, pre-Tα expression analysis Journal of immunology High 17442955
2021 EZH2 epigenetically represses TCF3 expression (via H3K27 trimethylation), and DNMT3B independently methylates the TCF3 promoter to silence TCF3; TCF3 in turn directly activates CDKN1A (p21) transcription, establishing an EZH2/DNMT3B→TCF3→p21 axis in endometrial cancer. ChIP for H3K27me3, bisulfite sequencing of TCF3 promoter, TCF3 reporter assay, pharmacological inhibitors (GSK126, 5-Aza) in CDX and PDX models Cell death and differentiation Medium 34175897
2024 Id2 disrupts assembly of a Tcf3–LSD1 complex (via its HLH domain binding Tcf3), thereby preventing LSD1-mediated removal of H3K4me2 from Tcf3-occupied E-boxes in the Slamf6 promoter; this epigenetic mechanism regulates the generation of Slamf6+ progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP for H3K4me2, Id2 knockout, LSD1 inhibitor rescue, Id2 HLH domain mutant Cellular & molecular immunology Medium 38287103
2021 E2A directly regulates chromatin accessibility at enhancers of memory-related genes in CD8+ T cells; E2A overexpression increases the frequency of memory precursor effector cells and accelerates memory cell formation while decreasing short-lived effectors. Single-cell transcriptomics, gene regulatory network analysis, ATAC-seq, E2A ChIP/overexpression PNAS Medium 33859041
2014 E2A functions as a transcriptional activator predominantly by inducing open chromatin at target genes in pro-B, small pre-B, and immature B cells; acute protein degradation (dTAG) in vivo identifies E2A as required for Rag1, Rag2, Dntt, Irf4, and Irf8 activation as direct target genes. Auxin-inducible/dTAG acute protein degradation in mice, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq Nature immunology High 39179932
2022 SHMT2 inhibition reduces intracellular glycine/formate, inhibits mTOR, and triggers autophagic degradation of TCF3 in Burkitt lymphoma cells; loss of TCF3 collapses tonic BCR signaling, which TCF3 controls and which is essential for BL cell survival. CRISPR-Cas9 screen, SHMT2 knockdown, pharmacological inhibition, mTOR pathway analysis, TCF3 protein level measurement Blood Medium 34624079
2015 TCF3 binds the MYC 3' Wnt-responsive element (WRE) to repress MYC in colorectal cancer cells; Wnt/β-catenin activation (via GSK3β inhibition) causes exchange of TCF3 for TCF4/β-catenin complexes at this element, activating MYC expression as quiescent cells re-enter the cell cycle. ChIP, shRNA knockdown of TCF3, TCF4, reporter assays, GSK3β inhibitor treatment, cell-cycle analysis Cell cycle Medium 25659031
2013 TCF3 is constitutively associated with the Lhcgr promoter in granulosa cells, and dominant-negative TCF abolishes FSH-induced Lhcgr mRNA expression; PKA-phosphorylated β-catenin (Ser552/675) and SF1 occupy the Lhcgr promoter upon FSH treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, dominant-negative TCF adenovirus, Lhcgr-luciferase reporter assay, microarray Molecular endocrinology Medium 23754802
2011 E2A directly interacts with CD38 regulatory E-box sequences in CLL cells (demonstrated by ChIP); E2A silencing reduces surface CD38 levels, and E2A binding is stronger at the G allele of the CD38 C→G polymorphism, linking E2A genotype-dependently to CD38 transcription. ChIP, siRNA knockdown, flow cytometry for CD38 surface expression Leukemia Medium 21212793
2024 TCF3 and TCF12 are key regulators of folliculogenesis; motif analysis and loss-of-function studies in oocytes show that TCF3 deficiency impairs activation of key oocyte genes and folliculogenesis, identified through H3K27ac mapping of putative enhancers. H3K27ac ChIP-seq in oocytes, TCF3 knockout, gene expression analysis Nature cell biology Medium 38839978
2014 Tcf3-expressing cells in the hair follicle bulge are self-renewing multipotent stem cells in adult skin, as demonstrated by lineage tracing; Tcf3-expressing cells also mark persistent stem cells, transient progenitors, and actively differentiating cells in other stratified epithelia (paw skin, tongue, esophagus). Tcf3-CreER knock-in mouse, lineage tracing Development Medium 25038042

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 E2A proteins are required for proper B cell development and initiation of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Cell 633 8001125
1994 The helix-loop-helix gene E2A is required for B cell formation. Cell 559 8001124
2001 Tcf3 and Lef1 regulate lineage differentiation of multipotent stem cells in skin. Genes & development 442 11445543
2010 Hypoxia inhibits senescence and maintains mesenchymal stem cell properties through down-regulation of E2A-p21 by HIF-TWIST. Blood 307 20952688
1997 Regulation of the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 by E2A and Id proteins. Molecular and cellular biology 285 9315646
2011 Opposing effects of Tcf3 and Tcf1 control Wnt stimulation of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Nature cell biology 252 21685894
1999 Coordinate regulation of B cell differentiation by the transcription factors EBF and E2A. Immunity 250 10435576
2006 Tcf3 governs stem cell features and represses cell fate determination in skin. Cell 246 17018284
1997 High incidence of T-cell tumors in E2A-null mice and E2A/Id1 double-knockout mice. Molecular and cellular biology 202 9372963
2000 SCL and LMO1 alter thymocyte differentiation: inhibition of E2A-HEB function and pre-T alpha chain expression. Nature immunology 184 11248806
1993 Chimeric homeobox gene E2A-PBX1 induces proliferation, apoptosis, and malignant lymphomas in transgenic mice. Cell 183 8104101
1997 Meis1 and pKnox1 bind DNA cooperatively with Pbx1 utilizing an interaction surface disrupted in oncoprotein E2a-Pbx1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 167 9405651
1991 Differential expression of the LYL, SCL and E2A helix-loop-helix genes within the hemopoietic system. Oncogene 158 2000219
1983 Rubella virus contains one capsid protein and three envelope glycoproteins, E1, E2a, and E2b. Journal of virology 158 6854740
2003 Notch-induced E2A ubiquitination and degradation are controlled by MAP kinase activities. The EMBO journal 152 14592976
1993 E2A and E2-2 are subunits of B-cell-specific E2-box DNA-binding proteins. Molecular and cellular biology 143 8497267
1995 Both Pbx1 and E2A-Pbx1 bind the DNA motif ATCAATCAA cooperatively with the products of multiple murine Hox genes, some of which are themselves oncogenes. Molecular and cellular biology 136 7791786
2010 Regulation of TCF3 by Wnt-dependent phosphorylation during vertebrate axis specification. Developmental cell 133 20951344
2001 Physiological regulation of [beta]-catenin stability by Tcf3 and CK1epsilon. The Journal of cell biology 126 11524435
2004 Long-term cultured E2A-deficient hematopoietic progenitor cells are pluripotent. Immunity 117 15030778
2016 Id2 reinforces TH1 differentiation and inhibits E2A to repress TFH differentiation. Nature immunology 99 27213691
2000 E2A proteins: essential regulators at multiple stages of B-cell development. Immunological reviews 99 10933599
1993 Localization of E2A mRNA expression in developing and adult rat tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 8356060
2007 E2A and HEB are required to block thymocyte proliferation prior to pre-TCR expression. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 94 17442955
2003 E2A proteins enforce a proliferation checkpoint in developing thymocytes. The EMBO journal 94 14685278
2012 Function of Wnt/β-catenin in counteracting Tcf3 repression through the Tcf3-β-catenin interaction. Development (Cambridge, England) 91 22573616
1998 Functional replacement of the mouse E2A gene with a human HEB cDNA. Molecular and cellular biology 88 9584174
1997 E2a-Pbx1 induces aberrant expression of tissue-specific and developmentally regulated genes when expressed in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Molecular and cellular biology 88 9032278
1999 Ectopic expression of E47 or E12 promotes the death of E2A-deficient lymphomas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 9927682
2019 Complementary Activity of ETV5, RBPJ, and TCF3 Drives Formative Transition from Naive Pluripotency. Cell stem cell 85 31031137
2002 Early B-cell factor, E2A, and Pax-5 cooperate to activate the early B cell-specific mb-1 promoter. Molecular and cellular biology 82 12446773
2004 Receptor editing and marginal zone B cell development are regulated by the helix-loop-helix protein, E2A. The Journal of experimental medicine 74 15078898
2002 Gradient of E2A activity in B-cell development. Molecular and cellular biology 72 11784864
2014 Tcf3 promotes cell migration and wound repair through regulation of lipocalin 2. Nature communications 68 24909826
2014 A meta-analysis of Hodgkin lymphoma reveals 19p13.3 TCF3 as a novel susceptibility locus. Nature communications 66 24920014
2011 The transcription factors E2A and HEB act in concert to induce the expression of FOXO1 in the common lymphoid progenitor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 65 21972416
2013 Lhcgr expression in granulosa cells: roles for PKA-phosphorylated β-catenin, TCF3, and FOXO1. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 64 23754802
1995 Coordinate expression and developmental role of Id2 protein and TAL1/E2A heterodimer in erythroid progenitor differentiation. Blood 64 7540882
2002 Regulation of E2A activities by histone acetyltransferases in B lymphocyte development. The Journal of biological chemistry 63 12435739
2018 TCF3 alternative splicing controlled by hnRNP H/F regulates E-cadherin expression and hESC pluripotency. Genes & development 62 30115631
2013 A genetic screen identifies TCF3/E2A and TRIAP1 as pathway-specific regulators of the cellular response to p53 activation. Cell reports 60 23684607
2019 HN1L-mediated transcriptional axis AP-2γ/METTL13/TCF3-ZEB1 drives tumor growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell death and differentiation 59 30778199
2014 Tcf3 represses Wnt-β-catenin signaling and maintains neural stem cell population during neocortical development. PloS one 56 24832538
2004 Notch-induced E2A degradation requires CHIP and Hsc70 as novel facilitators of ubiquitination. Molecular and cellular biology 56 15456869
1997 Degradation of E2A proteins through a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, UbcE2A. The Journal of biological chemistry 56 9013644
2000 Establishment of distinct MyoD, E2A, and twist DNA binding specificities by different basic region-DNA conformations. Molecular and cellular biology 55 10594029
2013 E2A transcription factors limit expression of Gata3 to facilitate T lymphocyte lineage commitment. Blood 53 23297135
2006 E2A and IRF-4/Pip promote chromatin modification and transcription of the immunoglobulin kappa locus in pre-B cells. Molecular and cellular biology 53 16428437
2011 T-cell factor 3 (Tcf3) deletion increases somatic cell reprogramming by inducing epigenome modifications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 50 21730189
1996 Helix-loop-helix proteins LYL1 and E2a form heterodimeric complexes with distinctive DNA-binding properties in hematolymphoid cells. Molecular and cellular biology 50 8628307
2020 The transcription factor E2A activates multiple enhancers that drive Rag expression in developing T and B cells. Science immunology 49 32887843
2007 Molecular cytogenetic characterization of TCF3 (E2A)/19p13.3 rearrangements in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 49 17311319
2006 E2A expression stimulates Ig hypermutation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 49 16785535
2016 Idelalisib sensitivity and mechanisms of disease progression in relapsed TCF3-PBX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 47 27461063
2019 The Leukemogenic TCF3-HLF Complex Rewires Enhancers Driving Cellular Identity and Self-Renewal Conferring EP300 Vulnerability. Cancer cell 46 31735627
2012 Increased expression of bHLH transcription factor E2A (TCF3) in prostate cancer promotes proliferation and confers resistance to doxorubicin induced apoptosis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 45 22564737
2007 E2A proteins: regulators of cell phenotype in normal physiology and disease. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 44 17604208
2024 Mapping putative enhancers in mouse oocytes and early embryos reveals TCF3/12 as key folliculogenesis regulators. Nature cell biology 43 38839978
2017 Relevance of ID3-TCF3-CCND3 pathway mutations in pediatric aggressive B-cell lymphoma treated according to the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster protocols. Haematologica 42 28209658
2015 A dynamic exchange of TCF3 and TCF4 transcription factors controls MYC expression in colorectal cancer cells. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 42 25659031
1998 Restricted expression of E2A protein in primary human tissues correlates with proliferation and differentiation. The American journal of pathology 42 9665477
2022 SHMT2 inhibition disrupts the TCF3 transcriptional survival program in Burkitt lymphoma. Blood 41 34624079
2021 TCF3 is epigenetically silenced by EZH2 and DNMT3B and functions as a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer. Cell death and differentiation 41 34175897
2001 E2A and HEB activate the pre-TCR alpha promoter during immature T cell development. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 41 11490000
2004 Snail regulates p21(WAF/CIP1) expression in cooperation with E2A and Twist. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 39 15555546
2001 The E2A-HLF oncoprotein activates Groucho-related genes and suppresses Runx1. Molecular and cellular biology 38 11486032
2020 E2A-PBX1 functions as a coactivator for RUNX1 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 35 32276273
2003 E2A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in human leukemia. Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library 35 12700034
2005 B cells, E2A, and aging. Immunological reviews 34 15882343
2011 E2A is a transcriptional regulator of CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 33 21212793
2010 The E2A-HLF oncogenic fusion protein acts through Lmo2 and Bcl-2 to immortalize hematopoietic progenitors. Leukemia 33 21072044
2002 Regulation of early lymphocyte development by E2A family proteins. Seminars in immunology 33 12457613
2021 Decreased expression of ATF3, orchestrated by β-catenin/TCF3, miR-17-5p and HOXA11-AS, promoted gastric cancer progression via increased β-catenin and CEMIP. Experimental & molecular medicine 32 34728784
1999 Expression of E2A-HLF chimeric protein induced T-cell apoptosis, B-cell maturation arrest, and development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 32 10216071
2021 E2A-regulated epigenetic landscape promotes memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 31 33859041
2016 E2A-PBX1 Remodels Oncogenic Signaling Networks in B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoid Leukemia. Cancer research 31 27758892
2016 MicroRNA-506-3p regulates neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation through targeting TCF3. Gene 30 27538704
1997 Cell transformation mediated by homodimeric E2A-HLF transcription factors. Molecular and cellular biology 30 9032268
2024 Id2 epigenetically controls CD8+ T-cell exhaustion by disrupting the assembly of the Tcf3-LSD1 complex. Cellular & molecular immunology 29 38287103
2018 SETDB2 Links E2A-PBX1 to Cell-Cycle Dysregulation in Acute Leukemia through CDKN2C Repression. Cell reports 29 29694893
2006 E2A promotes the survival of precursor and mature B lymphocytes. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 29 16888011
2014 Direct and indirect targets of the E2A-PBX1 leukemia-specific fusion protein. PloS one 28 24503810
2001 E2A-HLF usurps control of evolutionarily conserved survival pathways. Oncogene 28 11607821
2014 Id2 represses E2A-mediated activation of IL-10 expression in T cells. Blood 26 24723679
2012 Tcf3 and cell cycle factors contribute to butyrate resistance in colorectal cancer cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 26 23063976
2022 Transcription factors TEAD2 and E2A globally repress acetyl-CoA synthesis to promote tumorigenesis. Molecular cell 25 36400009
2021 Mediator subunit MED1 is required for E2A-PBX1-mediated oncogenic transcription and leukemic cell growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 25 33542097
2014 Tcf3 expression marks both stem and progenitor cells in multiple epithelia. Development (Cambridge, England) 25 25038042
2021 E2A Modulates Stemness, Metastasis, and Therapeutic Resistance of Breast Cancer. Cancer research 24 34145034
2019 HLH-2/E2A Expression Links Stochastic and Deterministic Elements of a Cell Fate Decision during C. elegans Gonadogenesis. Current biology : CB 24 31402303
1993 Cell-specific expression of helix-loop-helix transcription factors encoded by the E2A gene. Nucleic acids research 24 8479911
2013 Differential involvement of E2A-corepressor interactions in distinct leukemogenic pathways. Nucleic acids research 23 24064250
2001 A Cre-expressing cell line and an E1/E2a double-deleted virus for preparation of helper-dependent adenovirus vector. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 23 11319924
2020 Redox-mediated regulation of aging and healthspan by an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor HLH-2/Tcf3/E2A. Redox biology 22 32203922
2017 Depletion of Tcf3 and Lef1 maintains mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Biology open 22 28288968
2011 Modulation of Tcf3 repressor complex composition regulates cdx4 expression in zebrafish. The EMBO journal 22 21666599
2024 Transcriptional function of E2A, Ebf1, Pax5, Ikaros and Aiolos analyzed by in vivo acute protein degradation in early B cell development. Nature immunology 21 39179932
2018 DDN-AS1-miR-15a/16-TCF3 feedback loop regulates tumor progression in cervical cancer. Journal of cellular biochemistry 21 30582201
2020 TCF3-activated FAM201A enhances cell proliferation and invasion via miR-186-5p/TNKS1BP1 axis in triple-negative breast cancer. Bioorganic chemistry 20 33011533
1995 B cell differentiation: role of E2A and Pax5/BSAP transcription factors. Oncogene 20 7630627

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