Affinage

TSPAN4

Tetraspanin-4 · UniProt O14817

Length
238 aa
Mass
26.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
74 papers in source corpus 11 papers cited in narrative 11 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TSPAN4 is a tetraspanin that organizes tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) and macrodomains (TEMAs) on the cell surface, serving as a critical scaffold for migrasome biogenesis, receptor regulation, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Palmitoylation of TSPAN4 at six juxtamembrane cysteines—written by DHHC6 and erased by PPT1—drives cholesterol-dependent clustering required for TEMA assembly and migrasome formation, while its large extracellular loop (EC2) confers membrane curvature sensitivity that concentrates TSPAN4 on retraction fibers (PMID:41984101, PMID:38562622). TSPAN4 physically interacts with EGFR in glioblastoma cells to stabilize the receptor and sustain MEK/ERK/STAT3/AKT signaling, associates with PD-L1 to promote its degradation and restrict immune checkpoint engagement, and binds tropomyosin-1 (TPM1) to regulate vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and neointimal formation (PMID:39108703, PMID:41525200, PMID:41004162). TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling upregulates TSPAN4 expression in retinal pigmented epithelium, linking TSPAN4-dependent migrasome production to proliferative vitreoretinopathy pathogenesis (PMID:36494806).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps
  1. 1997 Medium

    Establishing that TSPAN4 resides in multi-tetraspanin/integrin complexes answered the basic question of whether this orphan tetraspanin participates in the canonical tetraspanin web at the cell surface.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence co-localization in HT1080 cells

    PMID:9360996

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect interaction with integrins not resolved
    • Functional consequence of TSPAN4 inclusion in TEM complexes unknown
  2. 1999 Medium

    Selective detergent dissociation revealed that TSPAN4 associates with integrins indirectly through primary tetraspanins CD81/CD151, clarifying the hierarchical architecture of tetraspanin webs.

    Evidence Digitonin versus Brij 97/CHAPS immunoprecipitation across multiple cell lines

    PMID:10229664

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding partner within TEM hierarchy not identified
    • No structural data on TSPAN4–tetraspanin interfaces
  3. 2021 Medium

    Identification of the histamine H4 receptor as a TSPAN4 interactor extended TSPAN4's partner repertoire beyond the tetraspanin web to G protein-coupled receptors, though no signaling consequence was detected.

    Evidence Split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid, BRET, BiFC, and co-IP in transfected cells

    PMID:34439793

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of TSPAN4–H4R interaction remains undefined
    • Interaction demonstrated only in overexpression systems
  4. 2022 Medium

    Placing TSPAN4 downstream of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling and upstream of migrasome-dependent RPE migration and PVR pathogenesis established the first disease-relevant signaling axis for TSPAN4.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, ex vivo RPE eyecup model, in vivo experimental PVR model, pathway inhibition

    PMID:36494806

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which TSPAN4 expression drives migrasome biogenesis not defined
    • Contribution of other tetraspanins in RPE migrasomes not assessed
  5. 2024 Medium

    Demonstration that TSPAN4 stabilizes EGFR and sustains downstream MEK/ERK/STAT3/AKT signaling revealed a direct mechanism by which TSPAN4 promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, western blotting, in vitro and in vivo tumorigenicity assays in GBM cells

    PMID:39108703

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for TSPAN4–EGFR interaction unknown
    • Whether TSPAN4 prevents specific degradation routes of EGFR not tested
  6. 2024 Medium

    Biophysical reconstitution showed that the extracellular loop 2 (EC2) of TSPAN4 is necessary and sufficient for curvature sensing and curvature-induced lateral interactions, explaining how TSPAN4 concentrates on retraction fibers.

    Evidence Micropipette aspiration, optical tweezers, EC2 deletion mutants in giant plasma membrane vesicles

    PMID:38562622

    Open questions at the time
    • EC2 structural features responsible for curvature sensing not resolved at residue level
    • Whether other tetraspanins share this EC2-dependent curvature mechanism not tested
  7. 2025 Medium

    Discovery of the TSPAN4–TPM1 interaction and its role in VSMC phenotypic switching, validated by attenuated neointimal formation in TSPAN4-deficient mice, linked TSPAN4 to cytoskeletal regulation and vascular disease.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, EdU/Transwell assays, in vivo carotid artery ligation in TSPAN4-knockout mice

    PMID:41004162

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which TSPAN4 alters TPM1 expression and localization not elucidated
    • Upstream signals inducing TSPAN4 in VSMCs not defined
  8. 2026 High

    Identification of DHHC6 as the palmitoyl writer and PPT1 as the eraser for TSPAN4, combined with demonstration that palmitoylation drives cholesterol recruitment and TEMA assembly, provided a complete molecular logic for migrasome biogenesis—validated by dominant-negative effects on zebrafish left–right asymmetry.

    Evidence Palmitoylation assays, DHHC6/PPT1 identification, palmitoylation-deficient mutagenesis, cholesterol recruitment and migrasome formation assays in cells and zebrafish embryos

    PMID:41984101

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and dynamics of palmitoylation cycling in vivo not determined
    • Whether all six cysteines contribute equally is unclear
  9. 2026 Medium

    Surface proximity proteomics identified TSPAN4 as a PD-L1-associated protein that promotes PD-L1 degradation; loss of TSPAN4 stabilizes PD-L1 and enhances immune checkpoint signaling, revealing a tumor-suppressive function through immune regulation.

    Evidence BioID/mass spectrometry, co-localization imaging, TSPAN4 knockdown, PD-L1 degradation and lateral mobility assays in melanoma cells

    PMID:41525200

    Open questions at the time
    • Degradation route (lysosomal vs proteasomal) driven by TSPAN4 not resolved
    • In vivo immune phenotype of TSPAN4 loss in tumor models not shown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A structural model of TSPAN4 in TEMA assemblies with cholesterol, and the relative contributions of palmitoylation versus EC2-mediated curvature sensing to migrasome formation in physiological contexts, remain unresolved.
  • No high-resolution structure of TSPAN4 or TSPAN4-containing TEMAs
  • Relative contribution of palmitoylation cycling versus EC2 curvature sensing to migrasome biogenesis not disentangled
  • In vivo immune consequences of TSPAN4–PD-L1 axis in tumor immunity not tested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2 GO:0008289 lipid binding 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1
Partners
CD274CD81CD9EGFRHRH4PPT1TPM1ZDHHC6
Complex memberships
Tetraspanin-enriched macrodomain (TEMA)Tetraspanin-enriched microdomain (TEM)

Evidence

Reading pass · 11 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 NAG-2 (TSPAN4) is present in TM4SF protein complexes with other tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, CD63) and integrins (alpha3beta1, alpha6beta1), co-immunoprecipitated in non-stringent detergent conditions, and co-localizes with CD81 on the cell surface of spread HT1080 cells. Monoclonal antibody generation, co-immunoprecipitation, two-color immunofluorescence, expression cloning The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 9360996
1999 Under digitonin conditions that disrupt most tetraspan-tetraspan and tetraspan-integrin associations, NAG-2 (TSPAN4) along with CD9, CD37, CD53, CD63, CD82, Co-029, and Talla-1 are dissociated from integrins, indicating NAG-2 interacts with integrins indirectly through CD81 or CD151 rather than directly. Immunoprecipitation under selective detergent conditions (digitonin vs. Brij 97/CHAPS), reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation across multiple cell lines The Biochemical journal Medium 10229664
2012 Expression of Tspan3, Tspan4, and Tspan7 in Xenopus laevis embryos is detected in migrating cranial neural crest cells, developing eye, brain, otic vesicles, and somites, suggesting a role in migration regulation during development. Quantitative real-time PCR, in situ hybridization during Xenopus laevis embryonic development Gene expression patterns : GEP Low 22940433
2021 TSPAN4 was identified as a novel interactor of the histamine H4 receptor (H4R); this interaction was confirmed by BRET, BiFC, and co-immunoprecipitation in transfected cells. Histamine stimulation reduced the TSPAN4-H4R interaction, but TSPAN4 did not affect H4R-mediated G protein signaling. Split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid (MYTH), bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), co-immunoprecipitation Biomolecules Medium 34439793
2022 TSPAN4 expression is upregulated by TGF-β1 via the Smad2/3 signaling pathway in retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells, leading to migrasome production. Migrasomes can be internalized by RPE cells and increase their migration and proliferation. TSPAN4-inhibited RPE cells have reduced ability to initiate experimental PVR. Ex vivo RPE eyecup model, in vitro cell culture, electron microscopy, siRNA knockdown, in vivo experimental PVR model, western blotting, signaling pathway inhibition Journal of nanobiotechnology Medium 36494806
2024 TSPAN4 physically interacts with EGFR in glioblastoma cells; TSPAN4 knockdown disrupts this interaction, destabilizes EGFR protein, and inactivates downstream MEK/ERK, STAT3, and AKT signaling pathways, inhibiting GBM cell proliferation and invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, western blotting, in vitro proliferation/invasion assays, in vivo tumorigenicity assays iScience Medium 39108703
2024 The extracellular loop 2 (EC2/LEL) of TSPAN4 governs its curvature sensitivity and curvature-induced lateral interactions; deletion of EC2 significantly reduces TSPAN4 enrichment in membrane tubes and impairs its interactions, demonstrating that EC2 regulates TSPAN4 affinity for curved membranes. Micropipette aspiration, confocal microscopy, optical tweezers, truncation mutants in giant plasma membrane vesicles Biophysical reports Medium 38562622
2025 TSPAN4 interacts with and influences the expression and localization of tropomyosin-1 (TPM1), affecting cytoskeletal organization and driving vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching from contractile to synthetic phenotype. TSPAN4 deficiency in mice attenuates neointimal formation after carotid artery ligation. Immunoprecipitation, western blot, EdU assay, Transwell assay, in vivo carotid artery ligation in TSPAN4-deficient mice Clinical science (London, England : 1979) Medium 41004162
2026 Palmitoylation of TSPAN4 at six juxtamembrane cysteines (written by DHHC6, erased by PPT1) is essential for TSPAN4 clustering, cholesterol recruitment, and assembly of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) into larger macrodomains (TEMAs) required for migrasome formation and stabilization. A palmitoylation-deficient TSPAN4 mutant acts dominantly negatively, suppressing migrasome formation in cells and disrupting left-right asymmetry and organ morphogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Palmitoylation assay, DHHC6/PPT1 identification, domain mutagenesis (palmitoylation-deficient mutant), cholesterol recruitment assay, migrasome formation assay in cultured cells and zebrafish embryos The Journal of cell biology High 41984101
2026 TSPAN4 physically associates with PD-L1 at the cell surface of melanoma cells (identified by proximity biotinylation/mass spectrometry, confirmed by co-localization on migrasomes and retraction fibers). TSPAN4 negatively regulates PD-L1 protein levels by enhancing its degradation and restricting lateral mobility; loss of TSPAN4 stabilizes PD-L1, promotes its interaction with CMTM6, and increases PD-L1 surface availability, enhancing PD-1-mediated immune checkpoint engagement. Cell surface proximity biotinylation (BioID) coupled with mass spectrometry, co-localization imaging, TSPAN4 knockdown, PD-L1 degradation assays, lateral mobility measurements, PD-1 binding assay Molecular oncology Medium 41525200
2024 In migrating macrophages, TSPAN4 is a component of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) on retraction fibers and migrasomes alongside CD11b and SCIMP; SCIMP expression modulates retraction fiber and migrasome formation, and transmembrane TNF is delivered via SNARE-mediated carriers to the surfaces of retraction fibers and migrasomes, enabling spatiotemporal cytokine secretion. In vitro macrophage migration models, zebrafish in vivo models, immunofluorescence, live imaging, SNARE pathway perturbation bioRxivpreprint Low bio_10.1101_2024.12.12.627632

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 74 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 Selective enrichment of tetraspan proteins on the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and on exosomes secreted by human B-lymphocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry 996 9685355
1996 CD9, CD63, CD81, and CD82 are components of a surface tetraspan network connected to HLA-DR and VLA integrins. European journal of immunology 327 8921952
1998 Regulation of endothelial cell motility by complexes of tetraspan molecules CD81/TAPA-1 and CD151/PETA-3 with alpha3 beta1 integrin localized at endothelial lateral junctions. The Journal of cell biology 227 9566977
1999 Selective tetraspan-integrin complexes (CD81/alpha4beta1, CD151/alpha3beta1, CD151/alpha6beta1) under conditions disrupting tetraspan interactions. The Biochemical journal 185 10229664
2000 The tetraspan molecule CD151, a novel constituent of hemidesmosomes, associates with the integrin alpha6beta4 and may regulate the spatial organization of hemidesmosomes. The Journal of cell biology 183 10811835
1996 Supramolecular complexes of MHC class I, MHC class II, CD20, and tetraspan molecules (CD53, CD81, and CD82) at the surface of a B cell line JY. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 177 8816400
2001 Tetraspan microdomains distinct from lipid rafts enrich select peptide-MHC class II complexes. Nature immunology 170 11743588
1998 The tetraspan protein CD82 is a resident of MHC class II compartments where it associates with HLA-DR, -DM, and -DO molecules. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 129 9759843
2019 The macrophage tetraspan MS4A4A enhances dectin-1-dependent NK cell-mediated resistance to metastasis. Nature immunology 115 31263276
2002 Clustering of MHC-peptide complexes prior to their engagement in the immunological synapse: lipid raft and tetraspan microdomains. Immunological reviews 103 12445271
1995 Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a novel platelet-endothelial cell tetra-span antigen, PETA-3. Blood 90 7632941
1997 NAG-2, a novel transmembrane-4 superfamily (TM4SF) protein that complexes with integrins and other TM4SF proteins. The Journal of biological chemistry 85 9360996
2002 The tetraspan protein epithelial membrane protein-2 interacts with beta1 integrins and regulates adhesion. The Journal of biological chemistry 69 12189152
1997 CD9, a tetraspan transmembrane protein, renders cells susceptible to canine distemper virus. Journal of virology 68 8985321
1999 Rho-dependent regulation of cell spreading by the tetraspan membrane protein Gas3/PMP22. Molecular biology of the cell 64 10397775
2001 Mutations of peripheral myelin protein 22 result in defective trafficking through mechanisms which may be common to diseases involving tetraspan membrane proteins. Biochemistry 58 11583144
2022 TSPAN4-positive migrasome derived from retinal pigmented epithelium cells contributes to the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Journal of nanobiotechnology 57 36494806
1995 A tetraspan membrane glycoprotein produced in the human intestinal epithelium and liver that can regulate cell density-dependent proliferation. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 7665614
2008 Cooperation between integrin alpha5 and tetraspan TM4SF5 regulates VEGF-mediated angiogenic activity. Blood 56 19036703
2015 Interaction of tetraspan(in) TM4SF5 with CD44 promotes self-renewal and circulating capacities of hepatocarcinoma cells. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 55 25627085
2002 Tetraspan vesicle membrane proteins: synthesis, subcellular localization, and functional properties. International review of cytology 50 11893164
2004 The tetraspan protein EMP2 modulates the surface expression of caveolins and glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-linked proteins. Molecular biology of the cell 49 14978215
2000 Antibodies to CD9, a tetraspan transmembrane protein, inhibit canine distemper virus-induced cell-cell fusion but not virus-cell fusion. Journal of virology 48 10906209
2000 Function of tetraspan proteins in the myelin sheath. Current opinion in neurobiology 47 11084316
2006 Knockdown of the tetraspan protein epithelial membrane protein-2 inhibits implantation in the mouse. Developmental biology 44 16487956
2012 Tetraspan TM4SF5-dependent direct activation of FAK and metastatic potential of hepatocarcinoma cells. Journal of cell science 43 23077174
2003 The tetraspan protein EMP2 increases surface expression of class I major histocompatibility complex proteins and susceptibility to CTL-mediated cell death. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 40 12763482
1996 Association of the tetraspan protein CD9 with integrins on the surface of S-16 Schwann cells. Journal of neurochemistry 39 8931484
1995 Platelet activation induced by a murine monoclonal antibody directed against a novel tetra-span antigen. British journal of haematology 38 7772522
2023 TSPAN4 and migrasomes in atherosclerosis regression correlated to myocardial infarction and pan-cancer progression. Cell adhesion & migration 36 36513632
1997 An antibody to the tetraspan membrane protein CD9 promotes neurite formation in a partially alpha3beta1 integrin-dependent manner. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 36 9092597
2019 Circular RNA circ-TSPAN4 promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis by upregulating ZEB1 via sponging miR-665. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine 34 31573758
2007 The tetraspan protein EMP2 regulates expression of caveolin-1. The Journal of biological chemistry 34 17609206
1999 A novel rat tetraspan protein in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Journal of neurochemistry 34 10582623
2013 Reversible folding of human peripheral myelin protein 22, a tetraspan membrane protein. Biochemistry 33 23639031
2003 Alterations in the Arf6-regulated plasma membrane endosomal recycling pathway in cells overexpressing the tetraspan protein Gas3/PMP22. Journal of cell science 31 12584243
2006 Synaptic tetraspan vesicle membrane proteins are conserved but not needed for synaptogenesis and neuronal function in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 29 16698939
2005 Myelin tetraspan family proteins but no non-tetraspan family proteins are present in the ascidian (Ciona intestinalis) genome. The Biological bulletin 28 16110093
1997 Ligation of CD53/OX44, a tetraspan antigen, induces homotypic adhesion mediated by specific cell-cell interactions. Cellular immunology 26 9225004
2000 Tetraspan myelin protein PMP22 and demyelinating peripheral neuropathies: new facts and hypotheses. Glia 25 10625337
2023 The tetraspan LHFPL5 is critical to establish maximal force sensitivity of the mechanotransduction channel of cochlear hair cells. Cell reports 23 36917610
2021 Glycosylation limits forward trafficking of the tetraspan membrane protein PMP22. The Journal of biological chemistry 21 33933451
2008 Expression of tetraspan protein CD63 activates protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) and enhances the PTK-induced inhibition of ROMK channels. The Journal of biological chemistry 21 18211905
1999 CD82 (KAI1), a member of the tetraspan family, is expressed on early haemopoietic progenitor cells and up-regulated in distinct human leukaemias. British journal of haematology 21 10583248
2012 Human tetraspanin transmembrane 4 superfamily member 4 or intestinal and liver tetraspan membrane protein is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and accelerates tumor cell growth. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 20 22236579
2009 CUTI-1: A novel tetraspan protein involved in C. elegans CUTicle formation and epithelial integrity. PloS one 18 19357781
2002 Transient activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity by ligation of the tetraspan CD53 antigen in different cell types. European journal of biochemistry 18 11846804
1998 CD63, a member of tetraspan transmembrane protein family, induces cellular spreading by reaction with monoclonal antibody on substrata. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 9618300
2007 Tetraspan proteins: regulators of renal structure and function. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 17 17565278
2001 Tetraspan protein CD151: a common target of mood stabilizing drugs? Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 17 11682256
2024 TSPAN4 influences glioblastoma progression through regulating EGFR stability. iScience 15 39108703
2022 Coordinated regulation of TORC2 signaling by MCC/eisosome-associated proteins, Pil1 and tetraspan membrane proteins during the stress response. Molecular microbiology 15 35383382
2012 Expression of the tetraspanin family members Tspan3, Tspan4, Tspan5 and Tspan7 during Xenopus laevis embryonic development. Gene expression patterns : GEP 14 22940433
2009 The tetraspan protein Dni1p is required for correct membrane organization and cell wall remodelling during mating in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Molecular microbiology 13 19627505
2021 N-terminus-independent activation of c-Src via binding to a tetraspan(in) TM4SF5 in hepatocellular carcinoma is abolished by the TM4SF5 C-terminal peptide application. Theranostics 12 34335982
2018 Wnt Secretion Is Regulated by the Tetraspan Protein HIC-1 through Its Interaction with Neurabin/NAB-1. Cell reports 12 30428353
2015 Tetraspan cargo adaptors usher GPI-anchored proteins into multivesicular bodies. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 12 26505929
2024 Migrasome regulator TSPAN4 shapes the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment in pan-cancer. Frontiers in immunology 10 39723210
2021 Identification of TSPAN4 as Novel Histamine H4 Receptor Interactor. Biomolecules 8 34439793
2010 Generation of anti-NAG-2 mAb from patients' memory B cells: implications for a novel therapeutic strategy in systemic sclerosis. International immunology 8 20207716
2004 Tetraspan and beta-1 integrins expression pattern of the epithelial lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and its sensitivity to divalent cations. Cytometry. Part B, Clinical cytometry 8 15221867
1997 Chromosomal localization of the human urothelial "tetraspan" gene, UPK1B, to 3q13.3-q21 and detection of a TaqI polymorphism. Genomics 7 9073521
2025 TSPAN4+ fibroblasts coordinate metastatic niche assembly through migrasome-driven metabolic reprogramming and stromal-immune crosstalk in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Frontiers in immunology 6 40443671
2015 Regulation of FAK Activity by Tetraspan Proteins: Potential Clinical Implications in Cancer. Critical reviews in oncogenesis 5 27279237
2023 Tetraspan MS4A6D is a coreceptor of MHC class II antigen (MHC-II) that promotes macrophages-derived inflammation. Molecular immunology 4 37429063
2011 Rewiring integrin-mediated signaling and cellular response with the peripheral myelin protein 22 and epithelial membrane protein 2 components of the tetraspan web. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 4 21421883
2016 Characterization of the Tetraspan Junctional Complex (4JC) superfamily. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes 3 27916633
2025 TSPAN4 controls vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and intimal hyperplasia by targeting TPM1-regulated cytoskeletal organization. Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 1 41004162
2024 Extracellular domain 2 of TSPAN4 governs its functions. Biophysical reports 1 38562622
2024 Exploring TSPAN4 promoter methylation as a diagnostic biomarker for tuberculosis. Frontiers in genetics 1 38680421
2026 Cell surface interactome analysis identifies TSPAN4 as a negative regulator of PD-L1 in melanoma. Molecular oncology 0 41525200
2026 Dynamic crosstalk between Tspan4+ macrophage subsets and MSCs via migrasomes orchestrates fracture repair. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 0 41584843
2026 Tspan4+ fibroblasts facilitate the development of NECSO in myocardial ischemia reperfusion through migrasomes-mediated Tnf-α autocrine and cardiomyocytes aldosterone generation. Biochemical pharmacology 0 41887336
2026 Palmitoylation of Tspan4 is essential for migrasome formation. The Journal of cell biology 0 41984101