Affinage

TRIM31

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM31 · UniProt Q9BZY9

Length
425 aa
Mass
48.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 27 papers cited in narrative 27 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TRIM31 is an RBCC/RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that operates as a context-dependent regulator of innate immune signaling, mitochondrial homeostasis, and cell-growth pathways by assembling distinct polyubiquitin linkages on substrate-specific lysines (PMID:18773414, PMID:27929086, PMID:27992402). It autoubiquitylates in vitro, homo-oligomerizes, and partitions between the cytoplasm and mitochondria, where its ligase activity can be stimulated by the cofactor MAGEA1 (PMID:18773414, PMID:25590999). A central theme is reciprocal control of the NLRP3 inflammasome: TRIM31 binds NLRP3 and catalyzes K48-linked polyubiquitination driving proteasomal degradation, dampening inflammasome activation in vivo, with site-specific K48 marks at K192/K496 antagonized by competitive USP13 binding (PMID:27929086, PMID:32716108, PMID:41004574). Beyond NLRP3, TRIM31 builds K48-linked degradative chains on TSC1/TSC2 to activate mTORC1, on MAP3K7/TAK1, TIGAR, VDAC1, and LOX-1 (at K12, limiting oxLDL uptake and atherosclerosis), and on Rhbdf2 in hepatocytes (PMID:28967907, PMID:34584221, PMID:34218200, PMID:38918620, PMID:41410044, PMID:35217669). In parallel it deploys non-degradative linkages: K63-linked ubiquitination of MAVS at K10/K311/K461 to drive prion-like aggregation and antiviral RLR signaling, K63 chains on TRAF2 and YBX1 (K81, stabilizing) to sustain NF-κB and mRNA-stability programs, and K27-linked ubiquitination of SYK at K375/K517 to direct membrane translocation and antifungal immunity (PMID:27992402, PMID:29930725, PMID:40819060, PMID:34362877). TRIM31 also engages mitochondrial and autophagic biology directly, binding phosphatidylethanolamine in a palmitoylation-dependent manner to promote Atg5/Atg7-independent autolysosome formation against intracellular bacteria (PMID:27216961). In vivo loss-of-function models tie TRIM31 to protection against dopaminergic neurodegeneration, hypertensive nephropathy, NAFLD, and HSC exhaustion, while its own abundance is set by inducible transcription, alternative splicing, and proteasomal turnover (PMID:38918620, PMID:34584221, PMID:35217669, PMID:36632737, PMID:21231912).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 2008 Medium

    Established TRIM31 as a bona fide E3 ubiquitin ligase, answering whether the RBCC protein had intrinsic catalytic activity and where it acts.

    Evidence in vitro autoubiquitylation assay, subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy, colony-formation assay

    PMID:18773414

    Open questions at the time
    • No physiological substrate identified at this stage
    • Mechanism linking ligase activity to growth suppression unresolved
  2. 2009 Medium

    Identified a partner (p52-Shc) and a growth-suppressive role outside the RING domain, indicating TRIM31 functions partly through binding rather than degradation.

    Evidence Co-IP, domain mapping, pulse-chase stability, soft-agar growth assay

    PMID:19665990

    Open questions at the time
    • No ubiquitination of p52-Shc demonstrated
    • Mechanism of c-Src/Shc attenuation undefined
  3. 2011 Medium

    Showed TRIM31 abundance is itself controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system plus transcription and splicing, framing it as a tightly regulated node.

    Evidence proteasome inhibitor treatment and ubiquitylation assay in 293 and AsPC-1 cells

    PMID:21231912

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase responsible for TRIM31 turnover not identified
    • Physiological triggers of regulated turnover unknown
  4. 2015 Medium

    Revealed a cofactor mechanism: MAGEA1 binds the coiled-coil domain and stimulates TRIM31 ligase activity, suggesting regulated substrate-independent activation.

    Evidence yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, in vitro ligase assay +/- MAGEA1

    PMID:25590999

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrates of the MAGEA1-stimulated complex not defined
    • Role of proposed TRIM31-MAGEA1-NSE4 trimer untested in cells
  5. 2016 High

    Defined opposing innate-immune roles via linkage-specific ubiquitination: K48 degradation of NLRP3 to restrain inflammasomes, and K63 modification of MAVS to drive antiviral signaling.

    Evidence reciprocal Co-IP, linkage- and site-specific ubiquitination assays, MAVS aggregation assay, TRIM31-knockout mice in colitis/peritonitis and RNA virus models

    PMID:27929086 PMID:27992402

    Open questions at the time
    • What dictates K48 vs K63 linkage choice between substrates unresolved
    • Signals controlling mitochondrial recruitment incompletely defined
  6. 2016 High

    Demonstrated a ubiquitination-independent activity: palmitoylation-dependent phosphatidylethanolamine binding drives Atg5/Atg7-independent autolysosome formation against intracellular bacteria.

    Evidence lipid-binding pulldown, palmitoylation mutants, mitochondrial localization, bacterial invasion assay

    PMID:27216961

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular machinery of the noncanonical autolysosome pathway undefined
    • Relationship to TRIM31 E3 activity unclear
  7. 2017 Medium

    Extended K48-degradative function to growth control by targeting the TSC1-TSC2 complex, placing TRIM31 upstream of mTORC1 in cancer.

    Evidence Co-IP, K48 ubiquitination assay, gain/loss-of-function in HCC lines with mTORC1 readouts

    PMID:28967907

    Open questions at the time
    • Ubiquitination sites on TSC1/TSC2 not mapped
    • In vivo requirement not tested
  8. 2020 Medium

    Reported context-dependent TAK1 regulation, with TRIM31 activating TAK1/NF-kB and promoting apoptosis in septic myocardial dysfunction.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination assay, NF-kB readouts in cardiomyocytes and LPS-treated mice

    PMID:33016203

    Open questions at the time
    • Linkage type not specified
    • Apparent conflict with later K48-degradative TAK1 finding unresolved
  9. 2021 High

    Expanded the linkage repertoire and substrate set: K27 ubiquitination of SYK for antifungal immunity, K48 degradation of TAK1 in nephropathy and TIGAR in ischemia, and replicated NLRP3 control in RPE cells.

    Evidence site-specific ubiquitination assays with mutagenesis, subcellular fractionation, TRIM31-knockout/overexpression mice and disease models

    PMID:32716108 PMID:34218200 PMID:34362877 PMID:34584221

    Open questions at the time
    • How TRIM31 selects among K27/K48/K63 linkages per substrate unknown
    • Tissue determinants of opposing TAK1 outcomes undefined
  10. 2021 Medium

    Identified TRIM31 as a type III interferon-stimulated gene with antiviral activity against HBV via HBx ubiquitination, supported by a loss-of-function patient frameshift mutant.

    Evidence HBx ubiquitination assay, truncation-mutant analysis, IFN induction, TRIM31-TRIM5gamma-HBx Co-IP

    PMID:34863820

    Open questions at the time
    • Clinical significance of the patient mutation in a cohort untested
    • Mechanism of type-III-specific induction undefined
  11. 2022 Medium

    Placed TRIM31 within tissue-protective circuits: as a Cdx2-regulated suppressor of NLRP3 in intestine, an inhibitor of Rhbdf2 in NAFLD, and an activator of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling in liver fibrosis.

    Evidence conditional/tissue-specific knockout mice, Nrf2-KO epistasis, NLRP3-inhibitor rescue, NAFLD and CCl4 fibrosis models

    PMID:35217669 PMID:35240537 PMID:35985421

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Nrf2 activation not at the ubiquitination level resolved
    • Direct vs indirect Cdx2 regulation of TRIM31 promoter
  12. 2023 Medium

    Linked TRIM31 to hematopoietic and tumor-immune control through CDK8 degradation (HSC homeostasis), K63 MEF2C ubiquitination driving PD-L1, and autophagy/mitochondrial ROS control in gastritis.

    Evidence TRIM31-knockout mice with serial transplantation, site-specific K63 ubiquitination plus ChIP, autophagy-flux and ROS assays

    PMID:36597090 PMID:36632737 PMID:39810133

    Open questions at the time
    • CDK8 ubiquitination linkage and sites not mapped
    • Connection between autophagy regulation and direct substrates unclear
  13. 2024 High

    Established mitochondrial substrates underlying neuroprotection: K48 degradation of VDAC1 and ubiquitination of Drp1, with TRIM31 loss causing dopaminergic neurodegeneration.

    Evidence Co-IP, K48 ubiquitination assays, TRIM31-knockout and MPTP Parkinson's models, mitochondrial function readouts

    PMID:38918620 PMID:41609041

    Open questions at the time
    • Drp1 ubiquitination sites and linkage not mapped (Low-confidence)
    • Relative contribution of VDAC1 vs Drp1 to neurodegeneration unresolved
  14. 2025 High

    Resolved competitive regulation and non-degradative outputs: USP13 blocks TRIM31-mediated K48 NLRP3 ubiquitination at K192/K496, while TRIM31 stabilizes YBX1 via K63 chains and degrades LOX-1 (K12) and BBOX1, tying it to atherosclerosis and cancer.

    Evidence competitive Co-IP, site-directed mutagenesis, mRNA-stability and ChIP assays, macrophage-specific Trim31 KO/OE plus Lox-1-/- and K12R rescue in vivo

    PMID:40651686 PMID:40819060 PMID:41004574 PMID:41410044

    Open questions at the time
    • BBOX1 targeting lacks site mapping (Low-confidence)
    • Generality of antagonist competition (USP13-type) across other substrates untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The central open question is the molecular rule by which TRIM31 selects K48 versus K63 versus K27 linkages and degradative versus signaling outcomes on different substrates within different tissues.
  • No structural model of TRIM31-substrate or TRIM31-E2 pairing
  • Determinants of cytoplasm vs mitochondria partitioning incompletely defined
  • No unifying biochemical reconstitution explaining linkage switching

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016874 ligase activity 7 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 5 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2 GO:0008289 lipid binding 1
Localization
GO:0005739 mitochondrion 4 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 2
Partners
MAP3K7MAVSNLRP3SYKTSC1TSC2USP13VDAC1

Evidence

Reading pass · 27 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2016 TRIM31 directly binds NLRP3 and promotes K48-linked polyubiquitination of NLRP3, leading to its proteasomal degradation, thereby attenuating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. TRIM31 deficiency enhances NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay (K48-specific), proteasome inhibition, TRIM31-deficient mice with alum-induced peritonitis and DSS-induced colitis models Nature communications High 27929086
2016 TRIM31 is recruited to mitochondria after viral infection, interacts with MAVS, and catalyzes K63-linked polyubiquitination at Lys10, Lys311, and Lys461 on MAVS. This modification promotes prion-like aggregate formation of MAVS, activating antiviral signaling. TRIM31-deficient mice are more susceptible to RNA virus infection. Co-immunoprecipitation, site-specific ubiquitination assay (K63-linked), MAVS aggregate assay, TRIM31-knockout mice infected with RNA virus, subcellular fractionation/mitochondrial localization Nature immunology High 27992402
2017 TRIM31 directly interacts with the TSC1-TSC2 complex and promotes K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of TSC1 and TSC2, leading to overactivation of the mTORC1 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay (K48-linked), gain- and loss-of-function assays in HCC cell lines, mTORC1 pathway readouts Oncogene Medium 28967907
2016 Human TRIM31 is an intestine-specific protein localized in mitochondria that directly interacts with phosphatidylethanolamine in a palmitoylation-dependent manner, promoting LPS-induced Atg5/Atg7-independent autolysosome formation and protecting against intracellular bacteria. Subcellular fractionation/confocal microscopy for mitochondrial localization, lipid-binding assay (phosphatidylethanolamine pulldown), palmitoylation mutants, TRIM31 depletion with bacterial invasion assay Nature communications High 27216961
2018 TRIM31 promotes K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF2, sustaining NF-κB activation and conferring gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, K63-specific ubiquitination assay, NF-κB luciferase reporter assay, in vitro and in vivo drug resistance assays Theranostics Medium 29930725
2021 TRIM31 interacts with and catalyzes K48-linked polyubiquitination at lysine 72 of MAP3K7 (TAK1), leading to its proteasomal degradation and negative regulation of TGF-β1-mediated Smad and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways in hypertensive nephropathy. Co-immunoprecipitation, site-specific ubiquitination assay (K48, K72 site), TRIM31-knockout and AAV-mediated overexpression mice with AngII-induced renal disease model Cell death and differentiation High 34584221
2021 TRIM31 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for TIGAR, interacting with it and promoting its K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thereby reducing pentose phosphate pathway flux and increasing ROS during cerebral ischemia. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibitor experiments, TIGAR knockdown rescue experiments in TRIM31-deficient neurons Redox biology Medium 34218200
2021 TRIM31 facilitates K27-linked polyubiquitination of SYK at Lys375 and Lys517, promoting SYK plasma membrane translocation and interaction with C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), while preventing interaction with phosphatase SHP-1, thus activating antifungal immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation, site-specific K27 ubiquitination assay, subcellular fractionation, receptor co-localization, SHP-1 interaction assays, TRIM31-knockout mice with Candida albicans infection Signal transduction and targeted therapy High 34362877
2022 TRIM31 directly binds to Rhbdf2 and facilitates its proteasomal degradation via ubiquitination, acting as an endogenous inhibitor of Rhbdf2 signaling in hepatocytes. Hepatocyte-specific TRIM31 ablation exacerbates NAFLD phenotypes. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination/degradation assay, hepatocyte-specific knockout mice (TRIM31Hep-cKO), transgenic overexpression and ex vivo gene therapy in NAFLD mouse models Nature communications High 35217669
2008 TRIM31 is an RBCC protein with in vitro autoubiquitylating (E3 ligase) activity, undergoes homo-oligomerization, and localizes primarily to the cytoplasm with a fraction associated with mitochondria. TRIM31 overexpression suppresses colony formation, indicating a negative role in cell proliferation. In vitro ubiquitylation assay, subcellular fractionation, confocal microscopy, siRNA knockdown, colony formation assay Journal of cellular biochemistry Medium 18773414
2011 TRIM31 is subject to polyubiquitylation followed by proteasomal degradation, establishing that the ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates endogenous TRIM31 protein abundance. The intracellular level of TRIM31 is also controlled by inducible transcription and alternative splicing. Exogenous expression in 293 cells and endogenous detection in AsPC-1 cells; proteasome inhibitor treatment, ubiquitylation assay Cell biology international Medium 21231912
2015 TRIM31 interacts with MAGEA1 via its coiled-coil domain (binding both WH/A and WH/B motifs of MAGEA1). MAGEA1 stimulates TRIM31 E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity. TRIM31 also directly binds NSE4, suggesting the existence of a TRIM31-MAGEA1-NSE4 trimeric complex. Yeast two-hybrid screen, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro E3 ligase activity assay with and without MAGEA1 Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Medium 25590999
2009 TRIM31 interacts with p52(Shc) via a region outside the RING domain. Overexpression of TRIM31 does not affect p52(Shc) stability but suppresses anchorage-independent cell growth induced by active c-Src, suggesting TRIM31 attenuates c-Src/Shc signaling. Co-immunoprecipitation, binding domain mapping, pulse-chase stability analysis, soft agar anchorage-independent growth assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 19665990
2020 TRIM31 interacts with and ubiquitinates TAK1 (MAP3K7), resulting in TAK1 activation and subsequent induction of NF-κB signaling, promoting apoptosis in LPS-induced sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction model. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, NF-κB signaling readouts, TRIM31 knockdown/overexpression in cardiomyocytes and LPS-treated mice Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Medium 33016203
2024 TRIM31 interacts with VDAC1 and promotes its K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. TRIM31 deficiency in mice leads to age-associated motor defects and dopaminergic neurodegeneration, and TRIM31-/- mice show aggravated MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Co-immunoprecipitation, K48 ubiquitination assay, TRIM31-knockout mice (spontaneous and MPTP model), proteasome inhibitor experiments Cell death and differentiation High 38918620
2023 TRIM31 promotes K63-linked polyubiquitination of MEF2C at Lys25, which increases MEF2C recruitment to the PD-L1 promoter and drives PD-L1 gene transcription in NSCLC cells stimulated with IL-17. Co-immunoprecipitation, site-specific K63 ubiquitination assay with mutagenesis, ChIP, luciferase reporter assay, isograft tumor model BMC cancer Medium 39810133
2021 TRIM31 interacts with NLRP3 and promotes K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of NLRP3 in retinal pigment epithelial cells, suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression and ubiquitination assay in ARPE-19 cells, NLRP3 inhibitor rescue Cell biology international Medium 32716108
2022 The transcription factor Cdx2 transcriptionally regulates TRIM31 expression; loss of Cdx2 leads to decreased TRIM31 and elevated NLRP3 levels in mouse colon, revealing a Cdx2-TRIM31-NLRP3 signaling axis in intestinal homeostasis. Conditional Cdx2 knockout mice, TRIM31 and NLRP3 expression analysis, NLRP3 inhibitor rescue experiments The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 35985421
2025 TRIM31 promotes K48-linked ubiquitination of LOX-1 at lysine 12, facilitating LOX-1 proteasomal degradation in macrophages. This reduces oxidized LDL uptake and foam cell formation, limiting atherosclerotic plaque formation. The atheroprotective effect of TRIM31 is abolished in Lox-1-/- or K12R-LOX-1 rescue models. Co-immunoprecipitation, proteomic/immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, site-directed mutagenesis (K12R), K48-specific ubiquitination assay, macrophage-specific Trim31 KO and OE mice, Lox-1-/- and K12R rescue experiments in vivo Circulation High 41410044
2023 TRIM31 regulates HSC homeostasis by promoting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CDK8; TRIM31 deficiency leads to CDK8 accumulation, which induces transcriptional expression of PBX1 and cyclin D1, promoting HSPC proliferation and HSC exhaustion. TRIM31-knockout mice, serial competitive transplantation, Western blot for CDK8/PBX1/cyclin D1, 5-FU stress model Haematologica Medium 36632737
2021 TRIM31 promotes HBx ubiquitination and degradation; a patient-derived frameshift mutation in TRIM31 (truncated at 768 bp) abolishes this activity and blocks inhibition of HBV replication. TRIM31 was identified as a type III interferon-stimulated gene (not type I or II) required for anti-HBV innate immunity. Ubiquitination assay for HBx, truncation mutant analysis, interferon stimulation experiments, TRIM31-TRIM5γ-HBx co-immunoprecipitation Virus research Medium 34863820
2025 TRIM31 interacts with YBX1 and catalyzes K63-linked polyubiquitination at Lys81 of YBX1, leading to stabilization (not degradation) of YBX1 protein. Stabilized YBX1 enhances mRNA stability of EREG, GAS6, and MAFG. NF-κB p65 activates TRIM31 transcription, and TRIM31 in turn facilitates p65 nuclear entry, creating a positive feedback loop. Co-immunoprecipitation, K63 ubiquitination assay with site mutagenesis (K81), mRNA stability assay, ChIP for p65 on TRIM31 promoter, p65 nuclear translocation assay Cell death & disease Medium 40819060
2025 USP13 competes with TRIM31 to interact with NLRP3, preventing TRIM31-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination of NLRP3 at K192 and K496 sites. USP13 thereby stabilizes NLRP3 protein and promotes inflammasome assembly, independently of USP13 deubiquitinase activity. Co-immunoprecipitation, competitive binding assay (USP13 vs TRIM31 for NLRP3), site-specific ubiquitination assay, USP13-deficient macrophages, mouse peritonitis model Science advances High 41004574
2024 TRIM31 interacts with Drp1 and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation via the proteasome pathway, improving mitochondrial function in a Parkinson's disease model. TRIM31 knockdown partially attenuates lutein's protective effects on Drp1 ubiquitination. Ubiquitination assay, Western blot for Drp1 protein levels, TRIM31 overexpression and knockdown in SH-SY5Y cells and MPTP mouse model, mitochondrial function readouts (ROS, membrane potential, ATP) Journal of integrative neuroscience Low 41609041
2022 In hepatocytes, TRIM31 activates Nrf2 signaling; hepatocyte-specific TRIM31 knockout mice show impaired Nrf2 activation and increased hepatic oxidative stress, and the anti-fibrotic effects of mulberrin are dependent on the TRIM31/Nrf2 axis. Hepatocyte-specific TRIM31 knockout mice (TRIM31Hep-cKO), Nrf2-KO primary hepatocytes, CCl4 liver fibrosis model, oxidative stress measurement Redox biology Medium 35240537
2023 TRIM31 negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in H. pylori-associated gastritis by reducing mitochondrial ROS and maintaining autophagy flux; TRIM31-deficient gastric epithelial cells show impaired lysosomal cathepsin B and D expression and disrupted autophagic flux upon H. pylori infection. TRIM31 knockdown in GES-1 cells, flow cytometry for mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS, mCherry-EGFP-LC3 autophagy flux assay, lysosomal acidification and cathepsin expression analysis, chronic Hp mouse infection model Cell communication and signaling Medium 36597090
2025 TRIM31 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of BBOX1 (gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase) in esophageal cancer cells, enhancing their proliferation, migration, and invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, loss-of-function assays in Eca109 cells and in vivo xenograft Cellular signalling Low 40651686

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2016 The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by promoting proteasomal degradation of NLRP3. Nature communications 372 27929086
2016 The ubiquitin E3 ligase TRIM31 promotes aggregation and activation of the signaling adaptor MAVS through Lys63-linked polyubiquitination. Nature immunology 286 27992402
2018 Flavin-Based Electron Bifurcation, Ferredoxin, Flavodoxin, and Anaerobic Respiration With Protons (Ech) or NAD+ (Rnf) as Electron Acceptors: A Historical Review. Frontiers in microbiology 225 29593673
2013 The ferredoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase (Rnf) from the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii requires Na+ and is reversibly coupled to the membrane potential. The Journal of biological chemistry 118 24045950
2017 TRIM31 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes disease progression by inducing ubiquitination of TSC1-TSC2 complex. Oncogene 93 28967907
2016 TRIM31 promotes Atg5/Atg7-independent autophagy in intestinal cells. Nature communications 89 27216961
2018 Oncogenic TRIM31 confers gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer via activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Theranostics 88 29930725
2018 The Rnf Complex Is an Energy-Coupled Transhydrogenase Essential To Reversibly Link Cellular NADH and Ferredoxin Pools in the Acetogen Acetobacterium woodii. Journal of bacteriology 86 30126940
2008 Discovery of a ferredoxin:NAD+-oxidoreductase (Rnf) in Acetobacterium woodii: a novel potential coupling site in acetogens. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 85 18378592
2022 Mulberrin confers protection against hepatic fibrosis by Trim31/Nrf2 signaling. Redox biology 69 35240537
2016 Downregulation of Foxo3 and TRIM31 by miR-551b in side population promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance of ovarian cancer. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 66 27743201
2012 Molecular insights into the function of RING finger (RNF)-containing proteins hRNF8 and hRNF168 in Ubc13/Mms2-dependent ubiquitylation. The Journal of biological chemistry 64 22589545
2023 The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis by regulating ROS and autophagy. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 63 36597090
2015 The Complete Genome Sequence of Clostridium aceticum: a Missing Link between Rnf- and Cytochrome-Containing Autotrophic Acetogens. mBio 63 26350967
2009 Genetic, immunological and biochemical evidence for a Rnf complex in the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii. Environmental microbiology 60 19222539
2020 The Rnf complex is a Na+ coupled respiratory enzyme in a fermenting bacterium, Thermotoga maritima. Communications biology 58 32770029
2021 The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 plays a critical role in hypertensive nephropathy by promoting proteasomal degradation of MAP3K7 in the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Cell death and differentiation 57 34584221
2007 Dissection of the caffeate respiratory chain in the acetogen Acetobacterium woodii: identification of an Rnf-type NADH dehydrogenase as a potential coupling site. Journal of bacteriology 57 17873051
2008 Covalent binding of flavins to RnfG and RnfD in the Rnf complex from Vibrio cholerae. Biochemistry 54 18831535
1998 Overexpression in Escherichia coli of the rnf genes from Rhodobacter capsulatus--characterization of two membrane-bound iron-sulfur proteins. European journal of biochemistry 51 9492268
2021 The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 is involved in cerebral ischemic injury by promoting degradation of TIGAR. Redox biology 48 34218200
2018 TRIM31 regulates chronic inflammation via NF-κB signal pathway to promote invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer. American journal of translational research 48 29736218
2008 Characterization of TRIM31, upregulated in gastric adenocarcinoma, as a novel RBCC protein. Journal of cellular biochemistry 46 18773414
2018 Knockdown of TRIM31 suppresses proliferation and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells by down-regulating MMP2/9 through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 44 29864908
2000 Enhanced nitrogenase activity in strains of Rhodobacter capsulatus that overexpress the rnf genes. Journal of bacteriology 43 10671439
2012 Multifarious beneficial traits and plant growth promoting potential of Serratia marcescens KiSII and Enterobacter sp. RNF 267 isolated from the rhizosphere of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.). World journal of microbiology & biotechnology 42 22948479
2004 The LIM domain protein UNC-95 is required for the assembly of muscle attachment structures and is regulated by the RING finger protein RNF-5 in C. elegans. The Journal of cell biology 41 15210732
2022 The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Trim31 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting Rhbdf2 in mouse hepatocytes. Nature communications 40 35217669
2015 The melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGEA1) protein stimulates the E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity of TRIM31 within a TRIM31-MAGEA1-NSE4 complex. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 40 25590999
2014 TRIM31 is downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and serves as a potential tumor suppressor. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 39 24566900
2010 RNF-121 is an endoplasmic reticulum-membrane E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the regulation of beta-integrin. Molecular biology of the cell 38 20357004
2023 Parthenolide alleviates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via MAPK/TRIM31/NLRP3 signaling to ameliorate cognitive disorder. International immunopharmacology 37 37182449
2020 TRIM31 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis of retinal pigment epithelial cells through ubiquitination of NLRP3. Cell biology international 35 32716108
2011 The cellular level of TRIM31, an RBCC protein overexpressed in gastric cancer, is regulated by multiple mechanisms including the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Cell biology international 31 21231912
2014 The energy-conserving electron transfer system used by Desulfovibrio alaskensis strain G20 during pyruvate fermentation involves reduction of endogenously formed fumarate and cytoplasmic and membrane-bound complexes, Hdr-Flox and Rnf. Environmental microbiology 30 24447568
2021 Dysregulation of Rnf 213 gene contributes to T cell response via antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. Journal of cellular physiology 29 33973242
1998 The rnf gene products in rhodobacter capsulatus play an essential role in nitrogen fixation during anaerobic DMSO-dependent growth in the dark. Archives of microbiology 29 9560429
2021 TRIM31 facilitates K27-linked polyubiquitination of SYK to regulate antifungal immunity. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 28 34362877
2020 MicroRNA‑29c‑3p acts as a tumor suppressor gene and inhibits tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting TRIM31. Oncology reports 27 32020206
2020 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma MHC region deep sequencing identifies HLA and novel non-HLA TRIM31 and TRIM39 loci. Communications biology 26 33311639
2015 Complete topology of the RNF complex from Vibrio cholerae. Biochemistry 26 25831459
2014 Characterization of the RnfB and RnfG subunits of the Rnf complex from the archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans. PloS one 26 24836163
2022 Purification and structural characterization of the Na+-translocating ferredoxin: NAD+ reductase (Rnf) complex of Clostridium tetanomorphum. Nature communications 25 36274063
2024 E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 alleviates dopaminergic neurodegeneration by promoting proteasomal degradation of VDAC1 in Parkinson's Disease model. Cell death and differentiation 24 38918620
2018 TRIM31 Deficiency Is Associated with Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Disrupted Gut Microbiota in Mice. Frontiers in physiology 23 29497383
2011 A novel regulatory role of the Rnf complex of Azoarcus sp. strain BH72. Molecular microbiology 22 22188282
2020 TRIM31 promotes acute myeloid leukemia progression and sensitivity to daunorubicin through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Bioscience reports 21 32232394
2019 TRIM31 promotes proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma cells through Akt signaling pathway. Neoplasma 21 31129970
2023 The oxidoreductase activity of Rnf balances redox cofactors during fermentation of glucose to propionate in Prevotella. Scientific reports 20 37777597
2022 The transcription factor Cdx2 regulates inflammasome activity through expression of the NLRP3 suppressor TRIM31 to maintain intestinal homeostasis. The Journal of biological chemistry 20 35985421
2010 The ATXN1 and TRIM31 genes are related to intelligence in an ADHD background: evidence from a large collaborative study totaling 4,963 subjects. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 20 21302343
2022 Rnf and Fix Have Specific Roles during Aerobic Nitrogen Fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii. Applied and environmental microbiology 19 36000884
2020 TRIM31 enhances chemoresistance in glioblastoma through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 18 32765650
2020 Revealing formate production from carbon monoxide in wild type and mutants of Rnf- and Ech-containing acetogens, Acetobacterium woodii and Thermoanaerobacter kivui. Microbial biotechnology 18 32959527
2025 Molecular principles of redox-coupled sodium pumping of the ancient Rnf machinery. Nature communications 17 40055346
2022 TRIM31: A molecule with a dual role in cancer. Frontiers in oncology 17 36620540
2010 Molting-specific downregulation of C. elegans body-wall muscle attachment sites: the role of RNF-5 E3 ligase. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 17 20385102
2024 E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31: A potential therapeutic target. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 16 38850648
2023 The respiratory enzyme complex Rnf is vital for metabolic adaptation and virulence in Fusobacterium nucleatum. mBio 16 38059640
2020 TRIM31 promotes apoptosis via TAK1-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 16 33016203
2019 TRIM31 promotes glioma proliferation and invasion through activating NF-κB pathway. OncoTargets and therapy 16 30988633
2001 Mmip-2/Rnf-17 enhances c-Myc function and regulates some target genes in common with glucocorticoid hormones. Oncogene 16 11420703
2023 Nickel chloride promotes lung cancer invasion and metastasis by up-regulating the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 through the IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis. Life sciences 14 37734436
2020 The Rnf complex from the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii: Purification and characterization of RnfC and RnfB. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Bioenergetics 14 32663477
2022 CircNFIX knockdown inhibited AML tumorigenicity by the miR-876-3p/TRIM31 axis. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 13 36094501
2023 Rnf-213 Knockout Induces Pericyte Reduction and Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment in Mouse. Molecular neurobiology 12 37438553
2022 Exosomal microRNA-551b-3p from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells inhibits breast cancer progression via regulating TRIM31/Akt signaling. Human cell 12 35941326
2021 Type-III interferon stimulated gene TRIM31 mutation in an HBV patient blocks its ability in promoting HBx degradation. Virus research 12 34863820
2020 Inactivation of the Caenorhabditis elegans RNF-5 E3 ligase promotes IRE-1-independent ER functions. Autophagy 12 32981418
2019 Knockdown Of TRIM31 Enhances Colorectal Cancer Radiosensitivity By Inducing DNA Damage And Activating Apoptosis. OncoTargets and therapy 12 31632068
2009 TRIM31 interacts with p52(Shc) and inhibits Src-induced anchorage-independent growth. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 12 19665990
2024 Modified Danzhi XiaoyaoSan inhibits neuroinflammation via regulating TRIM31/NLRP3 inflammasome in the treatment of CUMS depression. Experimental gerontology 11 38729250
2020 Homologous production, one-step purification, and proof of Na+ transport by the Rnf complex from Acetobacterium woodii, a model for acetogenic conversion of C1 substrates to biofuels. Biotechnology for biofuels 11 33342435
2013 C. elegans ring finger protein RNF-113 is involved in interstrand DNA crosslink repair and interacts with a RAD51C homolog. PloS one 11 23555887
2025 TRIM31 triggers colorectal carcinogenesis and progression by maintaining YBX1 protein stability through ubiquitination modification. Cell death & disease 10 40819060
2024 Trim31 deficiency exacerbates airway inflammation in asthma by enhancing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. International immunopharmacology 10 38981220
2021 The flavin transferase ApbE flavinylates the ferredoxin:NAD+-oxidoreductase Rnf required for N2 fixation in Azotobacter vinelandii. FEMS microbiology letters 10 34610116
2016 De Novo Development of Moyamoya Disease in an Adult Female with a Genetic Variant of the RNF-213 Gene: Case Report. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 10 27789153
2001 Role for draTG and rnf genes in reduction of 2,4-dinitrophenol by Rhodobacter capsulatus. Journal of bacteriology 10 11160111
2023 The E3 ligase TRIM31 regulates hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis and MLL-AF9 leukemia. Haematologica 8 36632737
2015 Complete Genome Sequence of Rnf- and Cytochrome-Containing Autotrophic Acetogen Clostridium aceticum DSM 1496. Genome announcements 8 26184942
2024 Inhibition of Immunoproteasome Attenuates NLRP3 Inflammasome Response by Regulating E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM31. Cells 7 38667290
2022 Cynapanoside A exerts protective effects against obesity-induced diabetic nephropathy through ameliorating TRIM31-mediated inflammation, lipid synthesis and fibrosis. International immunopharmacology 7 36375322
2020 Ethnic variation and the relevance of homozygous RNF 213 p.R4810.K variant in the phenotype of Indian Moya moya disease. PloS one 7 33370357
2016 The role of Rnf in ion gradient formation in Desulfovibrio alaskensis. PeerJ 7 27114876
2024 Britannilactone 1-O-acetate induced ubiquitination of NLRP3 inflammasome through TRIM31 as a protective mechanism against reflux esophagitis-induced esophageal injury. Chinese medicine 5 39215331
2025 USP13 stabilizes NLRP3 to facilitate inflammasome activation by preventing TRIM31-mediated NLRP3 ubiquitination and degradation. Science advances 4 41004574
2024 An investigation of the molecular characterization of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family and primary validation of TRIM31 in gastric cancer. Human genomics 4 38978046
2024 FGF21 upregulation by hepatitis C virus via the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway: implications for interferon signaling suppression and TRIM31-mediated TSC degradation. Frontiers in microbiology 4 39211324
2022 Functions of RNF Family in the Tumor Microenvironment and Drugs Prediction in Grade II/III Gliomas. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 4 35223862
2025 Inactivation of the Fusobacterium nucleatum Rnf complex reduces FadA-mediated amyloid formation and tumor development. mBio 3 40401912
2024 Loss of Trim31 Worsens Cardiac Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Heart Failure by Enhancing the Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Inflammation 3 39673012
2023 TRIM31 promotes the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma through upregulating AKT phosphorylation and subsequent cellular glycolysis. Neoplasma 3 37498068
2019 Combinatorial assembly of ferredoxin-linked modules in Escherichia coli yields a testing platform for Rnf-complexes. Biotechnology and bioengineering 3 31161644
2025 IL-17 triggers PD-L1 gene transcription in NSCLC cells via TRIM31-dependent MEF2C K63-linked polyubiquitination. BMC cancer 2 39810133
2025 The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM31 enhances the progression of esophageal cancer through the ubiquitination of BBOX1. Cellular signalling 2 40651686
2026 Lutein Attenuates Parkinson's Disease Progression by Regulating Mitochondrial Function via the TRIM31/Drp1 Signaling Pathway. Journal of integrative neuroscience 1 41609041
2025 Tenuigenin targets Trim31 and NF-κB pathway to protect dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 1 41099845
2025 Macrophage-Specific E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM31 Reduces Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation by Targeting LOX-1. Circulation 1 41410044
2021 [Effect of TRIM31 Gene Silencing on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of U266 Cells and Its Mechanism]. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi 1 34105476

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