Affinage

TBCC

Tubulin-specific chaperone C · UniProt Q15814

Round 2 corrected
Length
346 aa
Mass
39.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
120 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TBCC (tubulin-specific chaperone C / cofactor C) is a post-chaperonin factor that acts in a defined sequential pathway with cofactors A, B, D, and E to fold α- and β-tubulin monomers into polymerization-competent heterodimers (PMID:8706133, PMID:8567715). Together with cofactor D, TBCC stimulates tubulin GTPase activity through a conserved arginine-finger residue, and its N-terminal spectrin-like domain engages tubulin via a disordered, highly charged segment (PMID:11847227, PMID:22028797). TBCC localizes to the centrosome and the photoreceptor connecting cilium, and its depletion causes multipolar spindles and mitotic failure, while its overexpression shifts tubulin pools toward nonpolymerizable forms, reduces microtubule dynamicity, inhibits CDK4-dependent cell-cycle progression and autophagy, and delays xenograft tumor growth (PMID:22028797, PMID:20384997, PMID:31278033, PMID:12417528).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 7 steps
  1. 1996 High

    Establishing TBCC as an essential component of the post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway resolved how β-tubulin acquires its native conformation through an ordered cofactor cascade (A→D→E→C) downstream of the cytosolic chaperonin.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution of the complete β-tubulin folding pathway with purified cofactors; independently confirmed for both α- and β-tubulin

    PMID:8567715 PMID:8706133

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and transient complexes formed between TBCC and cofactors D/E during the release step were not resolved
    • Whether TBCC cycles catalytically or acts stoichiometrically in vivo was not determined
  2. 2002 High

    Demonstrating that TBCC stimulates tubulin GTPase activity via a conserved arginine finger, and that this residue is essential, established the catalytic mechanism by which TBCC triggers heterodimer release and revealed functional conservation from yeast to human.

    Evidence In vitro GTPase assay with purified TBCC and cofactor D; site-directed mutagenesis of the arginine finger; yeast complementation

    PMID:11847227

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-resolution structure of the TBCC–cofactor D–tubulin ternary complex remains unsolved
    • Contribution of GTP hydrolysis versus GTP-dependent conformational change to heterodimer commitment was not separated
  3. 2002 Medium

    Localization of TBCC to the photoreceptor connecting cilium placed it at a site of intense tubulin demand, suggesting a tissue-specific role distinct from its paralog RP2.

    Evidence Immunolocalization in human retinal sections; Western blot in RP2-patient lymphoblastoid cells

    PMID:12417528

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of TBCC loss specifically in photoreceptors has not been tested
    • Mechanism of TBCC targeting to the connecting cilium is unknown
  4. 2009 Medium

    Loss of the TBCC-family member Tbccd1/Asq2 in Chlamydomonas linked the TBCC protein family to centriole linkage and spindle orientation, broadening its role beyond tubulin folding to centrosome biology.

    Evidence Genetic mutant analysis in Chlamydomonas; electron microscopy of centriole structure; live-cell imaging of mitosis

    PMID:19631545

    Open questions at the time
    • Tbccd1 is a TBCC-family member, not TBCC itself; direct extrapolation to mammalian TBCC requires caution
    • Whether the centriole-linkage function depends on tubulin-folding activity or is a separable role is unresolved
  5. 2010 Medium

    TBCC overexpression in breast cancer cells demonstrated that TBCC levels control the balance between polymerizable and nonpolymerizable tubulin pools, directly affecting microtubule dynamics, mitotic progression, and xenograft tumor growth.

    Evidence Stable TBCC overexpression; tubulin fractionation; time-lapse microscopy; flow cytometry; mouse xenograft assays

    PMID:20384997

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether endogenous TBCC downregulation is a driver event in breast tumorigenesis or a bystander change is unknown
    • Loss-of-function data in the same system were not provided
  6. 2011 High

    The NMR structure of the TBCC N-terminal domain revealed a spectrin-like three-helix bundle with a disordered, charged N-terminal segment that mediates tubulin binding, and TBCC depletion established its requirement for bipolar spindle formation at the centrosome.

    Evidence NMR solution structure; TBCC knockdown with spindle phenotype analysis; immunofluorescence centrosome localization

    PMID:22028797

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution structure of TBCC in complex with tubulin or cofactor D is still lacking
    • How TBCC is recruited to and retained at the centrosome is mechanistically uncharacterized
  7. 2019 Medium

    Identification of TBCC as a direct miR-1251-5p target in ovarian cancer linked TBCC loss to CDK4 upregulation, enhanced autophagy, and accelerated tumor growth, extending its functional reach beyond tubulin folding to cell-cycle and autophagy regulation.

    Evidence miRNA overexpression/inhibition and TBCC rescue; Western blot for CDK4, LC3B-II, p62; xenograft tumor models

    PMID:31278033

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether TBCC regulation of CDK4 and autophagy is mediated through tubulin pools or through a tubulin-independent mechanism is not determined
    • The miR-1251-5p–TBCC axis has been characterized by a single laboratory

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A high-resolution structure of the TBCC–cofactor D–tubulin ternary complex is needed to understand how GTPase stimulation and heterodimer release are coupled, and whether TBCC's centrosomal and cell-cycle functions are mechanistically separable from its tubulin-folding role remains an open question.
  • No cryo-EM or crystal structure of a mammalian TBCC–cofactor D–tubulin complex exists
  • Separation-of-function mutants distinguishing folding, GTPase, and centrosomal roles have not been generated
  • In vivo quantitative contribution of TBCC to total tubulin heterodimer flux is unmeasured

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3 GO:0044183 protein folding chaperone 2
Localization
GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 2 GO:0005929 cilium 1
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2
Partners
TBCDTBCETUBA1ATUBB

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 TBCC (cofactor C) is an essential post-chaperonin factor in the beta-tubulin folding pathway. After ATP-dependent interaction with the cytosolic chaperonin, folding intermediates interact sequentially with cofactors A, D, E, and C. Cofactor E binds the cofactor D–beta-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C (TBCC) then releases beta-tubulin polypeptides committed to the native state. The postchaperonin steps do not require ATP or GTP hydrolysis, though GTP plays a structural role. In vitro reconstitution of the complete beta-tubulin folding pathway using purified cofactors; biochemical cascade assembly assay Cell High 8706133
1996 TBCC (cofactor C) collaborates with cofactors A, B, D, and E as a post-chaperonin factor mediating the folding of both alpha- and beta-tubulin monomers into polymerization-competent heterodimers. In vitro chaperonin-mediated folding assay with purified cofactors; reconstitution experiments The Journal of cell biology High 8567715
2002 TBCC (cofactor C), together with cofactor D, stimulates the GTPase activity of native tubulin. A conserved arginine residue acts as an 'arginine finger' to trigger tubulin GTPase activity; mutation of this arginine abolishes the GTPase-stimulating function. TBCC partially complements deletion of its yeast homolog in vivo, demonstrating functional conservation. In vitro GTPase activity assay with purified TBCC and cofactor D; site-directed mutagenesis of conserved arginine; yeast complementation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 11847227
2002 TBCC (cofactor C) localizes predominantly to the photoreceptor connecting cilium in rod and cone photoreceptors of the human retina, in a cytoplasmic distribution distinct from the plasma membrane localization of its paralog RP2. Loss of RP2 does not affect TBCC expression levels in patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells. Immunolocalization in human retinal tissue sections; Western blot of patient-derived cell lines Human molecular genetics Medium 12417528
2010 Overexpression of TBCC in human breast cancer cells shifts tubulin fraction distribution toward higher nonpolymerizable tubulin content and lower polymerizable dimers and microtubules, reduces microtubule dynamicity, alters cell cycle distribution (more cells in G2-M, fewer in S-phase), slows mitotic progression, significantly delays in vivo xenograft tumor growth, and enhances sensitivity to antimicrotubule agents both in vitro and in vivo. Stable overexpression of TBCC in breast cancer cell lines; lysate fractionation for tubulin pools; time-lapse microscopy for microtubule dynamicity; flow cytometry for cell cycle; mouse xenograft tumor growth assay; in vitro and in vivo chemosensitivity assays BMC cancer Medium 20384997
2011 The NMR solution structure of the TBCC N-terminal domain reveals a spectrin-like fold composed of a left-handed 3-stranded alpha-helix bundle, with a flexible 30-residue N-terminal segment that is disordered in solution. This unstructured N-terminal region directly participates in the interaction with tubulin monomers, and the highly charged N-terminus together with residues from the three helices and loops is proposed to interact with the acidic hypervariable regions of tubulin. TBCC depletion causes multipolar spindles and mitotic failure, and TBCC is found at the centrosome and is required for bipolar spindle formation. NMR structure determination; TBCC knockdown with mitotic phenotype analysis; immunofluorescence localization to centrosome PloS one High 22028797
2009 ASQ2 in Chlamydomonas encodes Tbccd1, a conserved protein belonging to the TBCC protein family (including tubulin folding cochaperone and RP2). Loss of Tbccd1/Asq2 causes defects in mother-daughter centriole linkage, variable centriole numbers, centriole positioning defects, and mitotic spindle orientation errors. Cells lacking centrioles at both poles have improperly positioned spindles, indicating that centriole linkage mediated by Tbccd1 is required for correct spindle orientation. Genetic mutant analysis in Chlamydomonas; electron microscopy of centriole structure; live-cell imaging of mitosis; epistasis analysis of centriole number and spindle orientation Current biology : CB Medium 19631545
2019 TBCC is a direct target of miR-1251-5p in ovarian cancer cells. Exogenous overexpression of TBCC inhibits CDK4 and LC3B-II expression, promotes alpha/beta-tubulin expression, and suppresses p62 levels, thereby inhibiting cell cycle progression and autophagy (particularly under nutrient starvation). Re-introduction of miR-1251-5p into TBCC-overexpressing cells reverses these effects. In xenograft models, miR-1251-5p enhances tumor growth by downregulating TBCC, with corresponding upregulation of Ki67 and LC3B in tumor tissues. miRNA overexpression/inhibition; exogenous TBCC overexpression; Western blot for CDK4, LC3B-II, p62, alpha/beta-tubulin; cell proliferation and cell cycle assays; xenograft tumor growth in vivo Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy Medium 31278033
2015 Large-scale affinity-purification mass spectrometry (BioPlex) identified TBCC as part of the human interactome network in HEK293T cells, co-purifying with interaction partners consistent with its role in tubulin folding complexes. High-throughput affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) in HEK293T cells Cell Low 26186194

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 120 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
1999 The EGF-CFC protein one-eyed pinhead is essential for nodal signaling. Cell 606 10199408
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2000 Loss-of-function mutations in the EGF-CFC gene CFC1 are associated with human left-right laterality defects. Nature genetics 255 11062482
1996 Pathway leading to correctly folded beta-tubulin. Cell 251 8706133
2003 The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature 242 14574404
1999 Conserved requirement for EGF-CFC genes in vertebrate left-right axis formation. Genes & development 212 10521397
2000 The EGF-CFC gene family in vertebrate development. Trends in genetics : TIG 174 10858660
2008 Systematic identification of mRNAs recruited to argonaute 2 by specific microRNAs and corresponding changes in transcript abundance. PloS one 148 18461144
2003 EGF-CFC proteins are essential coreceptors for the TGF-beta signals Vg1 and GDF1. Genes & development 146 12514096
1989 Detection of a human CFC with a high proliferative potential. Blood 142 2665850
2003 Antibody blockade of the Cripto CFC domain suppresses tumor cell growth in vivo. The Journal of clinical investigation 138 12925698
1990 Colony-forming cells with high proliferative potential (HPP-CFC). International journal of cell cloning 132 2189013
2011 Interactions of pathological hallmark proteins: tubulin polymerization promoting protein/p25, beta-amyloid, and alpha-synuclein. The Journal of biological chemistry 131 21832049
2000 The EGF-CFC family: novel epidermal growth factor-related proteins in development and cancer. Endocrine-related cancer 113 11174844
2002 Localization in the human retina of the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa protein RP2, its homologue cofactor C and the RP2 interacting protein Arl3. Human molecular genetics 106 12417528
1996 Chaperonin-mediated folding of actin and tubulin. The Journal of cell biology 106 8567715
2007 Molecular and clinical characterization of cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome: overlapping clinical manifestations with Costello syndrome. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 86 17366577
2002 A loss-of-function mutation in the CFC domain of TDGF1 is associated with human forebrain defects. Human genetics 85 12073012
2002 Functional overlap between retinitis pigmentosa 2 protein and the tubulin-specific chaperone cofactor C. The Journal of biological chemistry 83 11847227
1991 Effects of rrSCF on multiple cytokine responsive HPP-CFC generated from SCA+Lin- murine hematopoietic progenitors. Experimental hematology 81 1893977
2020 Interactome Mapping Provides a Network of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteins and Uncovers Widespread Protein Aggregation in Affected Brains. Cell reports 79 32814053
1983 The effects of 5-fluorouracil on hematopoiesis: studies of murine megakaryocyte-CFC, granulocyte-macrophage-CFC, and peripheral blood cell levels. Experimental hematology 71 6662215
2022 Scalable multiplex co-fractionation/mass spectrometry platform for accelerated protein interactome discovery. Nature communications 65 35831314
1983 Effects of human marrow stromal cells on proliferation by human granulocytic (GM-CFC), erythroid (BFU-E) and mixed (Mix-CFC) colony-forming cells. British journal of haematology 64 6600399
2001 Structure-function analysis of the EGF-CFC family member Cripto identifies residues essential for nodal signalling. Development (Cambridge, England) 55 11714675
1981 Existence of a pool of T-lymphocyte colony-forming cells (T-CFC) in human bone marrow and their place in the differentiation of the T-lymphocyte lineage. Blood 54 6975138
1981 Bone marrow fibroblastoid colony-forming cells (F-CFC) in aplastic anaemia: colony growth and stimulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC). British journal of haematology 51 7295589
2013 Dielectrophoretic isolation and detection of cfc-DNA nanoparticulate biomarkers and virus from blood. Electrophoresis 49 23436471
1988 CFC syndrome: a syndrome distinct from Noonan syndrome. Annales de genetique 49 3265306
2000 Subtractive hybridization identifies chick-cripto, a novel EGF-CFC ortholog expressed during gastrulation, neurulation and early cardiogenesis. Gene 48 11024280
1989 Further studies on the biological activities of the CFU-S inhibitory tetrapeptide AcSDKP. I. The precise point of the cell cycle sensitive to AcSDKP. Studies on the effect of AcSDKP on GM-CFC and on the possible involvement of T-lymphocytes in AcSDKP response. Experimental hematology 48 2583251
2004 Increased plasma levels of stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) enhance human thrombopoiesis and mobilize human colony-forming cells (CFC) in NOD/SCID mice. Experimental hematology 47 15003316
2007 Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome associated with muscular coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Journal of inherited metabolic disease 45 17703371
1983 Haemopoietic colony formation (BFU-E, GM-CFC) during the development of pure red cell hypoplasia induced in the cat by feline leukaemia virus. Leukemia research 42 6304428
2007 Leukemia in Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome: a patient with a germline mutation in BRAF proto-oncogene. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 40 17483702
1983 Effects of blood-free and protein-free perfusion on CFC in the isolated cat hindlimb. The American journal of physiology 39 6660311
2024 Fitusiran prophylaxis in people with hemophilia A or B who switched from prior BPA/CFC prophylaxis: the ATLAS-PPX trial. Blood 38 38452197
1986 Effect of ribonucleases on cell-mediated lympholysis reaction and on GM-CFC colonies in bone marrow culture. Natural immunity and cell growth regulation 38 3491300
2002 Role of the EGF-CFC gene cripto in cell differentiation and embryo development. Gene 37 11992720
2021 Integrative oncogene-dependency mapping identifies RIT1 vulnerabilities and synergies in lung cancer. Nature communications 36 34373451
2019 MicroRNA-1251-5p Promotes Carcinogenesis and Autophagy via Targeting the Tumor Suppressor TBCC in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 36 31278033
2001 Chick CFC controls Lefty1 expression in the embryonic midline and nodal expression in the lateral plate. Developmental biology 34 11397007
2010 Colony forming cell (CFC) assay for human hematopoietic cells. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 33 21252854
2003 FRL-1, a member of the EGF-CFC family, is essential for neural differentiation in Xenopus early development. Development (Cambridge, England) 33 12668622
1989 The development of spatial distributions of CFU-S and in-vitro CFC in femora of mice of different ages. British journal of haematology 33 2611133
2000 Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome phenotype in an individual with an interstitial deletion of 12q: identification of a candidate region for CFC syndrome. American journal of medical genetics 32 10925386
1997 A clinically suitable ex vivo expansion culture system for LTC-IC and CFC using stroma-conditioned medium. Experimental hematology 32 9257812
2002 Absence of PTPN11 mutations in 28 cases of cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome. Human genetics 31 12384786
1992 Dominant role of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in human hepatic microsomal oxidation of the CFC-substitute 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 31 1356728
2008 Clinical manifestations in patients with SOS1 mutations range from Noonan syndrome to CFC syndrome. Journal of human genetics 30 18651097
1991 Stromal cells in long-term cultures of liver, spleen, and bone marrow at different developmental ages have different capacities to maintain GM-CFC proliferation. Experimental hematology 30 1991493
1984 Dose- and time-related quantitative and qualitative alterations in the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cell (GM-CFC) compartment of dogs after total-body irradiation. Radiation research 29 6374743
2007 Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and low O(2) concentration (1%) synergize to improve the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (pre-CFC). Journal of cellular physiology 28 17311290
2003 PTPN11 mutations are not responsible for the Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 28 12529707
1982 Effects of cyclophosphamide on murine bone marrow and splenic megakaryocyte-CFC, granulocyte-macrophage-CFC, and peripheral blood cell levels. Journal of cellular physiology 28 7119022
2010 Functional redundancy of EGF-CFC genes in epiblast and extraembryonic patterning during early mouse embryogenesis. Developmental biology 27 20346354
2023 TRIM67 drives tumorigenesis in oligodendrogliomas through Rho GTPase-dependent membrane blebbing. Neuro-oncology 25 36215168
2009 ASQ2 encodes a TBCC-like protein required for mother-daughter centriole linkage and mitotic spindle orientation. Current biology : CB 25 19631545
2004 Xantivin suppresses the activity of EGF-CFC genes to regulate nodal signaling. The International journal of developmental biology 25 15300508
1996 Are cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome and Noonan syndrome distinct? A case of CFC offspring of a mother with Noonan syndrome. Clinical dysmorphology 25 8867661
2011 Germline mutation in BRAF codon 600 is compatible with human development: de novo p.V600G mutation identified in a patient with CFC syndrome. Clinical genetics 24 20735442
2011 CNS imaging is a key diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with CFC syndrome: two cases and literature review. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 24 21337689
2010 Tubulin binding cofactor C (TBCC) suppresses tumor growth and enhances chemosensitivity in human breast cancer cells. BMC cancer 22 20384997
2005 XCR2, one of three Xenopus EGF-CFC genes, has a distinct role in the regulation of left-right patterning. Development (Cambridge, England) 22 16339189
1993 Long-term generation of colony-forming cells (CFC) from CD34+ human umbilical cord blood cells. Leukemia & lymphoma 22 7505149
1986 Acute and long-term alterations in the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cell (GM-CFC) compartment of dogs after partial-body irradiation: irradiation of the upper body with a single myeloablative dose. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 22 3721936
1980 A characterization of T lymphocyte colony-forming cells (TL-CFC) in human bone marrow. Clinical and experimental immunology 20 6969159
1978 Detection of in vitro macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) in mouse bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood. Journal of cellular physiology 18 730771
1992 Lithium stimulation of HPP-CFC and stromal growth factor production in murine Dexter culture. Journal of cellular physiology 16 1572902
2006 Mutations in the EGF-CFC gene cryptic are an infrequent cause of congenital heart disease. Pediatric cardiology 15 17072672
1994 Stable integration of retrovirally transduced genes into human umbilical cord blood high-proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) as assessed after multiple HPP-CFC colony replatings in vitro. Blood cells 15 7749119
1991 Defluorination of the CFC-substitute 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: comparison in human, rat and rabbit hepatic microsomes. Toxicology letters 15 1755039
1983 Mononuclear cell (MNC) collection by continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC). Journal of clinical apheresis 15 6546058
2022 A Novel Localization in Human Large Extracellular Vesicles for the EGF-CFC Founder Member CRIPTO and Its Biological and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers 14 35954365
2009 Structural insights into the interaction between the Cripto CFC domain and the ALK4 receptor. Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society 14 19035567
1993 Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome in a child carrying an inherited inversion of chromosome 7. American journal of medical genetics 14 8135275
2011 Molecular evolution of the EGF-CFC protein family. Gene 13 21640172
2005 Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC) with congenital peripheral neuropathy and nonorganic malnutrition: an autopsy study. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 13 16007634
2003 The CRIPTO/FRL-1/CRYPTIC (CFC) domain of human Cripto. Functional and structural insights through disulfide structure analysis. European journal of biochemistry 13 12919325
1994 Mechanistic insights aid the search for CFC substitutes: risk assessment of HCFC-123 as an example. Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 13 8029495
1994 Identification of a murine high-proliferative-potential colony-forming cell (HPP-CFC) capable of producing a number of megakaryocytes and replating for secondary HPP-CFCs in culture. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 12 8145010
2014 Is diagnosing cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome still a challenge? Delineation of the phenotype in 15 Polish patients with proven mutations, including novel mutations in the BRAF1 gene. European journal of medical genetics 11 25463315
2013 A novel SOS1 mutation in Costello/CFC syndrome affects signaling in both RAS and PI3K pathways. Journal of receptor and signal transduction research 11 23528009
2006 Solution structure of mouse Cripto CFC domain and its inactive variant Trp107Ala. Journal of medicinal chemistry 11 17125258
1994 Allergic contact dermatitis from ethyl chloride and sensitization to dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12). Contact dermatitis 11 7924293
1987 Interleukin 2 responsiveness of immature T-cell colony-forming cells (T-CFC) from patients with acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias. Cellular immunology 11 3105894
1985 Cell kinetics of GM-CFC in the steady state. Experimental hematology 11 3996490
2022 TRABID targets DDB2 for deubiquitination to promote proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 9 35944360
2006 Chemical synthesis of mouse cripto CFC variants. Proteins 9 16752415
2000 The frequency and proliferative potential of megakaryocytic colony-forming cells (Meg-CFC) in cord blood, cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood and bone marrow, and their correlation with total CFC numbers: implications for the quantitation of Meg-CFC to predict platelet engraftment following cord blood transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation 9 10828861
1987 Regrowth of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) in suspension cultures of bone marrow depleted of GM-CFC with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC). European journal of haematology 9 3666100
1979 Methylcellulose culture of human granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC *): results of bone marrow and blood cultures for normal subjects. Nouvelle revue francaise d'hematologie 9 545313
2011 The solution structure of the N-terminal domain of human tubulin binding cofactor C reveals a platform for tubulin interaction. PloS one 8 22028797
1999 A simple, one-step clonal assay allows the sequential detection of committed (CFU-GM-like) progenitors and several subsets of primitive (HPP-CFC) murine progenitors. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 8 10437985
2017 Impaired Osteogenesis of Disease-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from a CFC Syndrome Patient. International journal of molecular sciences 7 29194391
2023 Radiotherapy versus low-dose tamoxifen following breast-conserving surgery for low-risk and estrogen receptor-positive breast ductal carcinoma in situ: an international open-label randomized non-inferiority trial (TBCC-ARO DCIS Trial). BMC cancer 6 37710198
2014 Quantification of T cell Antigen-specific Memory Responses in Rhesus Macaques, Using Cytokine Flow Cytometry (CFC, also Known as ICS and ICCS): Analysis of Flow Data. Bio-protocol 6 28280751
2002 High-dose hydroxyurea plus G-CSF mobilize BCR-ABL-negative progenitor cells (CFC, LTC-IC) into the blood of newly diagnosed CML patients at any time of hematopoietic regeneration. Journal of hematotherapy & stem cell research 6 11983100
1984 Ontogeny of the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cell (GM-CFC) pools in the beagle. Journal of embryology and experimental morphology 6 6747533
2005 Modulation of TGF-beta signaling by EGF-CFC proteins. Experimental cell research 5 16137677
2003 Absence of 12q21.2q22 deletions and subtelomeric rearrangements in cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome patients. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 5 12749059
1997 IL-6 interferes with stimulation of HPP-CFC and large CFU-Mk in conjunction with cytokine combinations from primitive murine marrow cells. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 5 9402656
1992 Differences in radiation response between cells in S-phase and non-S-phase cells of the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GM-CFC) compartment. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 5 1587755
1981 Abnormal adherent cell function in aplastic anaemia demonstrated using levamisole in cultures for T lymphocyte colony-forming cells (TL-CFC). Clinical and experimental immunology 5 6973426
2020 Intramuscular Injection of Combined Calf Blood Compound (CFC) and Homeopathic Drug Tr14 Accelerates Muscle Regeneration In Vivo. International journal of molecular sciences 4 32204424
2015 Enhanced SMAD1 Signaling Contributes to Impairments of Early Development in CFC-iPSCs. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 4 25639853
2001 Hemopoiesis-stimulating action of adamantylamide dipeptide: kinetics of increase of GM-CFC in femur and co-stimulating activity of serum, role of bone marrow stromal cells. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 4 11792010
1993 The generation of colony-forming cells (CFC) and the expansion of hematopoiesis in cultures of human cord blood cells is dependent on the presence of stem cell factor (SCF). Cytotechnology 4 7686025
1992 Predictive value of flow cytometric analyses of blast cells in assessing the phenotype of the leukemia colony-forming cell (L-CFC) population in acute myeloid leukemia. Bone marrow transplantation 4 1422480
2023 A Small Change With a Twist Ending: A Single Residue in EGF-CFC Drives Bilaterian Asymmetry. Molecular biology and evolution 3 36537201
2023 Neuronal IGF-1 overexpression restores hippocampal newborn cell survival and recent CFC memory consolidation in Cav1.3 knock-out mice. Brain research 3 38097125
2021 Investigating the role of EGF-CFC gene family in recurrent pregnancy loss through bioinformatics and molecular approaches. Systems biology in reproductive medicine 3 34498535
1990 Kinetic studies of pyruvate kinase during in vitro differentiation of GM-CFC haemopoietic precursor and bone marrow cells in mice. Bioscience reports 3 2357482
1988 The T-lymphocyte colony-forming cell (T-CFC): in vitro studies of progenitors and progeny. Clinical and experimental immunology 3 3261661