Affinage

SUB1

Activated RNA polymerase II transcriptional coactivator p15 · UniProt P53999

Length
127 aa
Mass
14.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
75 papers in source corpus 29 papers cited in narrative 29 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SUB1 (yeast homolog of mammalian coactivator PC4) is a conserved single-stranded DNA-binding transcriptional coactivator that acts at multiple steps of the RNA polymerase II and III transcription cycle and additionally protects single-stranded DNA from damage (PMID:8617240, PMID:19204085, PMID:22055186). It was first identified genetically as a suppressor of TFIIB mutations that binds TFIIB directly and modulates TBP-TFIIB-promoter complex assembly during initiation (PMID:8617240), and it functionally couples initiation to downstream events through mutually exclusive interactions with the 3' end processing factor Pta1/CPF and influence over start-site selection (PMID:10511545, PMID:12704082). Sub1 is a component of the RNA Pol II preinitiation complex, localizing near the transcription bubble where it and RPA compete for the nontemplate single-strand (PMID:22055186), and it occupies promoters of roughly half the genome to act predominantly as a positive regulator of both Pol II and Pol III transcription, facilitating polymerase recruitment and stimulating Pol III initiation/reinitiation (PMID:19204085, PMID:19706510, PMID:26837954). During elongation it engages the RNAPII stalk (Rpb4/7) and the phosphatase Fcp1 through its C-terminal region to globally tune CTD phosphorylation by multiple CTD kinases and to set elongation rate, a function genetically and physically linked to Spt5 (PMID:20823273, PMID:22973055, PMID:27924005, PMID:36291192). Through its ssDNA- and G-quadruplex-binding activity, Sub1 protects DNA: it preferentially binds G4 DNA and cooperates with the Pif1 helicase to suppress G4-associated genome instability (PMID:25813861, PMID:28369605, PMID:37948114), shields transcribed ssDNA from oxidative and deaminase-induced damage (PMID:26708217, PMID:25941824), and the human protein binds and promotes repair of N2-alkyl-dG lesions (PMID:39101269). In mammalian disease contexts SUB1/PC4 drives oncogenic and inflammatory transcription programs—activating PLK1/C-MYC/BUB1B in prostate cancer (PMID:27270442), promoting colorectal cancer metastasis via UBR5-dependent UBXN1 degradation and NF-κB activation (PMID:38240906), mediating CK2-dependent IRF1 induction and M1 macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis (PMID:34378353), and undergoing phase separation to open chromatin and trans-activate Junb/Dock2 to drive pathogenic T cell motility (PMID:41371223)—and supports ALT cancer cell survival by relocating to stalled replication forks via its ssDNA-binding domain (PMID:39772744). A crystal structure of an ortholog bound to ssDNA shows a phosphate-bridged interface that rationalizes how phosphorylation modulates its DNA-binding mode (PMID:30561148).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 18 steps
  1. 1996 High

    Established Sub1's founding biochemical role by showing it acts in transcription initiation through TFIIB, answering how this factor enters the transcription cycle.

    Evidence Genetic suppressor screen of TFIIB mutants with in vitro TFIIB binding and in vivo activation assays in yeast

    PMID:8617240

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of TFIIB release during initiation not structurally resolved
    • Did not address post-initiation roles
  2. 1999 Medium

    Placed Sub1 in a functional network with TFIIB and Ssu72 governing transcription start-site accuracy.

    Evidence Allele-specific genetic interaction analysis with TFIIB (sua7) mutants in yeast

    PMID:10511545

    Open questions at the time
    • Genetic interactions do not define direct physical contacts
    • Molecular basis of start-site selection effect unresolved
  3. 2003 High

    Linked transcription initiation to 3' end processing by demonstrating Sub1 physically and functionally engages the CPF subunit Pta1.

    Evidence Co-purification, genetic suppression of pta1, and in vitro cleavage assay in yeast

    PMID:12704082

    Open questions at the time
    • How mutually exclusive Pta1 binding with Ssu72 is regulated unknown
  4. 2005 High

    Extended Sub1's role beyond initiation to elongation by showing it influences CTD-modifying enzymes and polymerase occupancy along gene bodies.

    Evidence ChIP across multiple genes, genetic interactions with KIN28/FCP1, Western blot in yeast

    PMID:15692559

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect effect on Fcp1 accumulation not separated
  5. 2009 High

    Defined Sub1 as a broad, promoter-associated facilitator of both Pol II and Pol III polymerase recruitment, including direct stimulation of Pol III initiation/reinitiation in a reconstituted system.

    Evidence Genome-wide ChIP/ChIP-chip and in vitro reconstituted Pol III transcription with recombinant factors in yeast

    PMID:19204085 PMID:19706510

    Open questions at the time
    • Why Sub1 acts at Pol II/III but not Pol I genes unexplained
    • Mechanism of reinitiation stimulation not structurally defined
  6. 2011 High

    Positioned Sub1 within the PIC at the transcription bubble and revealed competition with RPA for the nontemplate single-strand, framing its ssDNA-protective function.

    Evidence Quantitative PIC proteomics, in vitro transcription bubble binding, ChIP and genetic epistasis in yeast

    PMID:22055186

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of Sub1/RPA competition for transcription output not fully defined
  7. 2010 High

    Showed Sub1 globally modulates CTD phosphorylation by acting in opposite directions on distinct CTD kinases, explaining its dual activating/repressive transcriptional effects.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assays, ChIP, and genetic interactions with all four CTD kinases in yeast

    PMID:20823273

    Open questions at the time
    • How Sub1 selectively redistributes kinases on chromatin mechanistically unresolved
  8. 2012 High

    Connected Sub1 to elongation-factor Spt5 and elongation rate control, integrating it into early elongation complexes.

    Evidence Genetic interactions, complex co-purification, ChIP and kinase assays in yeast

    PMID:22973055

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and timing of Sub1-Spt5 association not defined
  9. 2015 Medium

    Identified Sub1/PC4 as a preferential G-quadruplex binder and a direct DNA-protective factor against oxidative damage, expanding its role to genome maintenance.

    Evidence G4 bait pulldown with LC-MS/MS and ChIP; in vitro metal-ion oxidation protection and in vivo strand-break assays in yeast

    PMID:25813861 PMID:26708217

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether G4 binding and oxidative protection use the same surface unresolved
    • In vivo significance of direct DNA protection not quantified
  10. 2017 Medium

    Established Sub1 as a protector of transcription-associated single-stranded DNA and a suppressor of co-transcriptional G4 instability acting with Pif1.

    Evidence Whole-genome sequencing of deaminase mutation patterns and G4 recombination reporters with Pif1 genetic/physical interaction in yeast

    PMID:25941824 PMID:28369605

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic interplay between Sub1 binding and Pif1 resolution at G4 not biochemically detailed at this stage
  11. 2017 High

    Resolved how Sub1 mechanically influences the polymerase by mapping its physical contact to the Rpb4/7 stalk and Fcp1, linking these contacts to CTD phosphorylation, start-site selection and elongation rate.

    Evidence Co-IP, yeast two-hybrid, ChIP and clamp-domain genetic interactions in yeast

    PMID:27924005

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the Sub1-Rpb4/7 interaction not solved
  12. 2018 High

    Provided structural insight into how phosphorylation can modulate Sub1 ssDNA binding via a phosphate-bridged protein-DNA interface.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography (2.04 Å) and SAXS of the MoSub1 ortholog bound to ssDNA

    PMID:30561148

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct demonstration that physiological phosphorylation switches DNA-binding mode in cells absent
  13. 2022 Medium

    Dissected Sub1 domains to show elongation function maps to the C-terminal region independently of the ssDNA-binding domain, which instead governs promoter recruitment.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis, ChIP and in vivo transcription assays in yeast

    PMID:36291192

    Open questions at the time
    • C-terminal effector partners during elongation not identified
  14. 2023 Medium

    Reconstituted the Pif1-Sub1 G4 mechanism, showing Pif1 ATP-dependently remodels Sub1-bound G4 complexes.

    Evidence In vitro helicase/displacement assays with purified proteins

    PMID:37948114

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo coordination of Sub1 binding and Pif1 displacement timing unresolved
  15. 2024 High

    Demonstrated PC4/SUB1 directly recognizes and promotes repair of bulky N2-alkyl-dG DNA adducts in human cells, linking ssDNA/lesion binding to genome protection in mammals.

    Evidence Photo-crosslinking mass spectrometry, in vitro binding, and cell-based repair assays with SUB1 knockout

    PMID:39101269

    Open questions at the time
    • Repair pathway through which SUB1 channels lesions not defined
    • Whether lesion repair uses the transcriptional or G4-binding surface unclear
  16. 2024 High

    Defined a mammalian oncogenic mechanism in which SUB1 drives colorectal metastasis by stabilizing UBR5 to degrade UBXN1 and activate NF-κB.

    Evidence Co-IP, Lys11-linkage ubiquitination assays, knockdown, and in vivo xenograft metastasis model

    PMID:38240906

    Open questions at the time
    • How SUB1 increases UBR5 protein level mechanistically unresolved
    • Relationship to SUB1's transcriptional coactivator role unclear
  17. 2025 High

    Showed SUB1 acts in immune cells through phase separation and transcriptional activation—opening chromatin and driving Junb/Dock2 to control T cell motility and disease, and CK2-dependent IRF1 induction in macrophages.

    Evidence T cell- and myeloid-specific conditional knockout mice with EAE/atherosclerosis models, ATAC-seq, ChIP, phase-separation assays

    PMID:34378353 PMID:41371223

    Open questions at the time
    • Determinants of SUB1 condensate formation at specific loci undefined
    • Link between phase separation and CTD/elongation functions unexplored
  18. 2025 High

    Identified a synthetic vulnerability in ALT cancers where SUB1 is recruited to stalled forks/ALT telomeres via its ssDNA-binding domain, competing with RPA to manage replication stress.

    Evidence CRISPR fitness screens, siRNA, replication-stress assays, localization, and FANCM/RPA epistasis in human cells

    PMID:39772744

    Open questions at the time
    • How SUB1 protects forks mechanistically beyond ssDNA binding unresolved
    • Selectivity for ALT over telomerase-positive cells not fully explained

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the conserved ssDNA/G4-binding surface is partitioned across SUB1's transcriptional, DNA-protective, replication-fork, and phase-separation functions—and how phosphorylation switches between them in vivo—remains unresolved.
  • No unified structural model coupling DNA binding to transcription versus repair roles
  • Regulation of SUB1 condensate assembly at target loci undefined
  • Direct in-cell evidence linking phosphorylation to a DNA-binding-mode switch lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 6 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 5 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3
Localization
GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 4 GO:0005634 nucleus 4
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 5 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2
Partners
FCP1JUNBPIF1PTA1RPB4/7SPT5TFIIBUBR5
Complex memberships
RNA Pol II preinitiation complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 29 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 Yeast SUB1 was isolated as a suppressor of TFIIB mutations (E62G, R78H); SUB1 binds directly to TFIIB in vitro and specifically inhibits the formation of TBP-TFIIB-promoter complexes, suggesting a role in TFIIB release during transcription initiation. Genetic suppressor screen, in vitro binding assay (pulldown), in vivo transcriptional activation assay The EMBO journal High 8617240
1999 Allele-specific genetic interactions between ssu72 and sub1 with TFIIB (sua7) mutants demonstrate functional interactions among TFIIB, Ssu72, and Sub1 that influence the accuracy of transcription start site selection by RNA polymerase II. Error-prone PCR mutagenesis of TFIIB, genetic interaction analysis (synthetic lethality/suppression), allele-specificity tests Genetics Medium 10511545
2003 Sub1 physically interacts with the Pta1 subunit of CPF (cleavage/polyadenylation factor), and overexpression of SUB1 suppresses growth and processing defects of a pta1 mutation; physical interactions of Ssu72 and Sub1 with Pta1 are mutually exclusive, linking transcription initiation and 3' end processing machineries. Biochemical co-purification, genetic suppression (overexpression of SUB1 rescuing pta1 mutant), in vitro cleavage assay Genes & development High 12704082
2005 Sub1 and Rna15 (yeast CstF-64 homolog) are recruited to promoters and present along the length of several yeast genes; deletion of SUB1 causes decreased accumulation of Fcp1, altered RNAP II CTD phosphorylation, and decreased crosslinking of RNAP II to transcribed genes, indicating Sub1 facilitates elongation by influencing CTD-modifying enzymes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), allele-specific genetic interactions with KIN28 and FCP1, Western blot The EMBO journal High 15692559
2008 Sub1 functions as a transcriptional repressor at the IMD2 gene in yeast: deletion of SUB1 increases IMD2 expression, and Sub1 localizes to the IMD2 promoter region; the upstream region of the transcription start site is required for Sub1-mediated repression. ChIP, gene expression analysis (RT-PCR/Northern), genetic interaction with dst1 (TFIIS) Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms Medium 18823333
2009 Sub1 is present at the promoter of every constitutively transcribed RNAP II and RNAP III gene tested (but not RNAP I), and deletion of SUB1 reduces promoter-associated RNAP II or III levels without reducing TBP levels, indicating Sub1 facilitates polymerase recruitment at both RNAP II and RNAP III genes. ChIP, synthetic genetic array screen (SGA), genetic interactions with HOG pathway genes Molecular and cellular biology High 19204085
2009 Sub1 is present on Pol III-transcribed genes genome-wide, interacts with components of the Pol III transcription system, and stimulates the initiation and reinitiation steps in a system reconstituted with all recombinant factors; Sub1 is required for optimal Pol III gene transcription in exponentially growing cells. Genome-wide ChIP-chip, in vitro reconstituted transcription assay with recombinant factors, genetic analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 19706510
2010 Sub1 globally regulates RNA polymerase II CTD phosphorylation: SUB1 deletion increased CTD phosphorylation by Kin28, Bur1, and Ctk1 but decreased it by Srb10; ChIP showed SUB1 deletion decreased Srb10 chromatin association but increased Kin28 and Ctk1 chromatin association on active genes. In vitro kinase assays, ChIP, genetic interactions with all four CTD kinase genes Molecular and cellular biology High 20823273
2011 Sub1 (homolog of mammalian coactivator PC4) is a component of RNA polymerase II preinitiation complexes (PICs); Sub1 localizes near the transcription bubble in vitro and binds to promoters in vivo dependent upon PIC assembly; Sub1 and RPA compete for a common ssDNA binding site (nontemplate strand), with RPA increasing at active promoters when Sub1 is deleted or its ssDNA-binding is mutated. Quantitative proteomic analysis of RNApII PICs (mass spectrometry), in vitro transcription bubble binding, ChIP, genetic interactions Molecular cell High 22055186
2012 Sub1 genetically interacts with the elongation factor Spt5 gene; Sub1 influences Spt5 phosphorylation of the RNAPII CTD by kinase Bur1; Sub1 and Spt5 co-purify in the same complex during early transcription elongation; Sub1 influences Spt5-Rpb1 interaction and transcription elongation rate of constitutive and inducible genes. Genetic interaction analysis, co-purification (complex isolation), ChIP, in vitro kinase assay Molecular biology of the cell High 22973055
2013 SUB1 is required for NHEJ repair of DSBs in plasmid DNA but NOT in chromosomal DNA in yeast, demonstrating a differential requirement for Sub1 in these two NHEJ pathways. NHEJ assay (plasmid re-circularization and chromosomal HO/I-SceI break repair), deletion mutant analysis PloS one Medium 23554872
2014 Sub1 and Maf1 exert opposite effects on RNA polymerase III transcription and on yeast chronological lifespan; cells lacking Sub1 show a delay in re-proliferation and transcriptional reactivation after quiescence, and Sub1 loss causes premature death dependent on Ras/PKA and Tor1/Sch9 signalling pathways. Chronological lifespan assay, gene expression analysis, genetic interactions with signaling pathway mutants PloS one Medium 25531541
2015 Yeast Sub1 and human PC4 preferentially bind to G-quadruplex (G4) DNA over other DNA structures, as identified by G-quadruplex bait pulldown and quantitative LC-MS/MS proteomics, and confirmed by ChIP showing in vivo G4 binding. G-quadruplex bait pulldown, quantitative LC-MS/MS, ChIP Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) Medium 25813861
2015 Sub1 protects DNA from oxidative damage in vivo and in vitro: SUB1 mRNA is induced by oxidative stress, sub1Δ mutants show increased chromosomal DNA strand breaks after peroxide treatment, and purified Sub1 protein directly protects DNA from oxidative damage in a metal ion catalyzed oxidation assay. In vitro DNA protection assay (metal ion catalyzed oxidation), in vivo comet assay/strand break analysis, RT-PCR for stress induction Molecular and cellular biochemistry Medium 26708217
2016 SUB1 knockdown in prostate cancer cells results in reduced cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro and tumor growth/metastasis in vivo; ChIP revealed that SUB1 binds to the promoter regions of oncogenes PLK1, C-MYC, and BUB1B and regulates their expression; SUB1 downregulates CDKN1B expression. siRNA knockdown, in vitro invasion/migration assays, in vivo xenograft model, ChIP, gene expression analysis Oncogene Medium 27270442
2016 Sub1 binds to promoters of approximately half the yeast genome (by ChIP-Seq); sub1Δ mutant RNA-Seq shows the majority of genes have no change in expression, but of those that do change, most show decreased expression, consistent with Sub1 acting as a positive transcriptional regulator; Sub1 deletion increases basal expression of pheromone-inducible genes including FUS1 and IMD2. ChIP-Seq (first reported for Sub1), RNA-Seq of sub1Δ mutant, FACS-based barcode sequencing screen G3 (Bethesda, Md.) Medium 26837954
2017 Sub1 physically interacts with the RNAPII stalk domain (Rpb4/7 heterodimer), likely through its C-terminal region, and associates with the phosphatase Fcp1; a complete CTD is necessary for Sub1 association with chromatin and RNAPII; Sub1-Rpb4/7-Fcp1 interaction modulates CTD phosphorylation; Sub1 interaction with Rpb4/7 also influences transcription start site selection and elongation rate via the clamp domain. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), ChIP, genetic interaction analysis (clamp domain mutants), yeast two-hybrid Nucleic acids research High 27924005
2017 Sub1 disruption in yeast leads to genome-wide redistribution of APOBEC-induced clustered mutations; inactivation of Sub1 strongly reduces deaminase-induced mutation frequency at CAN1 but does not decrease total SNV load; mutations redistribute toward transcription initiation regions, implicating Sub1 in protection of ssDNA during transcription from deaminase activity. Whole-genome sequencing of drug-resistant mutants, genetic deletion of SUB1, mutation frequency assay PLoS genetics Medium 25941824
2017 Sub1 and its human homolog PC4 suppress G4 DNA-associated genome instability at co-transcriptionally formed G4 structures; Sub1 interacts specifically with co-transcriptionally formed G4 DNA in vivo; Sub1 physically and genetically interacts with the G4-resolving helicase Pif1, suggesting a cooperative mechanism in G4 suppression. Reporter assay for G4-induced recombination in yeast, ChIP, genetic interaction analysis, G4 ligand sensitivity assay Nucleic acids research Medium 28369605
2015 Deletion of SUB1 significantly increased sporulation efficiency in yeast; SUB1 transcript and protein levels are downregulated during sporulation; Sub1 associates with chromatin at middle sporulation gene loci in a temporal pattern inversely correlated with their expression; SUB1 genetically interacts with HOS2 (component of Set3 repressor complex), suggesting Sub1 functions with this complex to repress sporulation genes. Sporulation efficiency assay, RT-qPCR, Western blot, ChIP, genetic interaction (sub1Δ × hos2Δ), complementation with human PC4 PloS one Medium 26147804
2022 The Role of Sub1 in transcription elongation depends on its C-terminal (CT) region and is independent of the ssDNA-binding domain (ssDBD); specific residues in the ssDBD are required for DNA interaction in vivo and Sub1 recruitment to promoters, while the CT region is required for transcription elongation by RNAPII. Site-directed mutagenesis, ChIP, genetic analysis, in vivo transcription assays Cells Medium 36291192
2018 Crystal structure of MoSub1 (Sub1/PC4 ortholog from rice blast fungus) complexed with ssDNA reveals that a phosphate ion at the protein-DNA interface bridges Lys84 of the protein and two nucleotides, altering the DNA binding mode (L mode vs. straight mode), providing structural insight into how phosphorylation modulates Sub1 ssDNA binding. X-ray crystallography (2.04 Å resolution), SAXS analysis Proteins High 30561148
2021 In macrophages, SUB1 mediates pro-atherogenic TLR2/TLR4 signaling effects; myeloid-specific Sub1 knockout reduces atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice; SUB1 activates Irf1 transcription in a casein kinase 2 (Ck2)-dependent manner; Sub1-knockout macrophages show decreased Irf1 expression and enhanced M2 polarization; artificial Irf1 overexpression in Sub1-knockout macrophages restores M1 skewing. Myeloid-specific conditional knockout in ApoE-/- mice, bone marrow transplantation, promoter analysis, Irf1 overexpression rescue experiment, macrophage polarization assays Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) High 34378353
2024 SUB1 (human PC4) directly binds to N2-alkyl-dG DNA lesions and promotes their repair in human cells; SUB1 binds preferentially to both cis and trans diastereomers of N2-BPDE-dG over unmodified dG; genetic ablation of SUB1 confers diminished repair of both N2-BPDE-dG diastereomers; SUB1 depletion sensitizes cells to BPDE. Photo-crosslinking coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics, in vitro DNA binding assays, cell-based repair assays with SUB1 knockout Journal of the American Chemical Society High 39101269
2024 SUB1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by activating NF-κB signaling: SUB1 interacts with and increases the protein level of E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5, which mediates Lys11-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of NF-κB negative regulator UBXN1, thereby activating NF-κB and its transcriptional targets CXCL1 and CXCL3. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay (Lys11 linkage-specific), siRNA knockdown, in vivo xenograft metastasis model, gene expression analysis Science China. Life sciences High 38240906
2025 SUB1 expression is induced by the TCR-IRF4 transcription factor axis in CD4+ T cells; SUB1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation to form condensates that open chromatin at Junb and Dock2 loci; SUB1 directly trans-activates Junb transcription and partners with JUNB to amplify Dock2 transcription; conditional T cell-specific Sub1 deletion reduces DOCK2 expression, inhibits Rac-dependent actin polymerization and T cell motility, and prevents onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Conditional T cell-specific knockout mouse model, ATAC-seq, ChIP, phase separation assay, T cell motility assay, EAE induction model Immunity High 41371223
2025 SUB1 depletion increases replication stress at ALT telomeres, profoundly impairing ALT cancer cell growth without impacting telomerase-positive cells; during replication stress, SUB1 is recruited to stalled forks and ALT telomeres via its ssDNA-binding domain; RPA depletion potentiates SUB1 recruitment, suggesting competition for ssDNA; SUB1 depletion combined with FANCM depletion or RS-inducing drugs triggers replication catastrophe in ALT cells. CRISPR fitness screens, siRNA knockdown, replication stress assays, immunofluorescence/localization at stalled forks, genetic epistasis with FANCM and RPA Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 39772744
2016 Osmostress transcription factor Hot1 physically associates with Sub1 and recruits it (along with elongation complex Spt4/5) to the promoter/5'-coding region of osmostress genes under hyperosmotic stress conditions. Co-immunoprecipitation (physical interaction), ChIP, genetic interaction analysis The Biochemical journal Medium 27480106
2023 Pif1 helicase physically interacts with Sub1 and catalyzes ATP-dependent disruption of Sub1-bound G4 DNA structures, remodeling Sub1-G4 protein-nucleic acid complexes. In vitro helicase/displacement assay, protein-protein interaction assay, ATPase-dependent mechanism analysis Biochemistry Medium 37948114

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 75 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2008 Development of submergence-tolerant rice cultivars: the Sub1 locus and beyond. Annals of botany 175 18974101
2003 Functional interactions between the transcription and mRNA 3' end processing machineries mediated by Ssu72 and Sub1. Genes & development 125 12704082
1996 Yeast SUB1 is a suppressor of TFIIB mutations and has homology to the human co-activator PC4. The EMBO journal 101 8617240
2011 Sub1 and RPA associate with RNA polymerase II at different stages of transcription. Molecular cell 81 22055186
2011 Global identification of multiple substrates for Plasmodium falciparum SUB1, an essential malarial processing protease. Infection and immunity 77 21220481
2005 The transcriptional coactivator PC4/Sub1 has multiple functions in RNA polymerase II transcription. The EMBO journal 76 15692559
1999 Mutational analysis of yeast TFIIB. A functional relationship between Ssu72 and Sub1/Tsp1 defined by allele-specific interactions with TFIIB. Genetics 76 10511545
2016 MicroRNA-101 regulated transcriptional modulator SUB1 plays a role in prostate cancer. Oncogene 58 27270442
2010 Sub1/PC4 a chromatin associated protein with multiple functions in transcription. RNA biology 56 20305379
2000 A high-resolution linkage map of the vicinity of the rice submergence tolerance locus Sub1. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 52 10852491
2020 Enzymatic Degradation of p-Nitrophenyl Esters, Polyethylene Terephthalate, Cutin, and Suberin by Sub1, a Suberinase Encoded by the Plant Pathogen Streptomyces scabies. Microbes and environments 51 32101840
2017 Yeast Sub1 and human PC4 are G-quadruplex binding proteins that suppress genome instability at co-transcriptionally formed G4 DNA. Nucleic acids research 47 28369605
2015 Disruption of Transcriptional Coactivator Sub1 Leads to Genome-Wide Re-distribution of Clustered Mutations Induced by APOBEC in Active Yeast Genes. PLoS genetics 45 25941824
2012 Plasmodium subtilisin-like protease 1 (SUB1): insights into the active-site structure, specificity and function of a pan-malaria drug target. International journal for parasitology 44 22543039
2009 Genome-wide location analysis reveals a role for Sub1 in RNA polymerase III transcription. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44 19706510
2023 MoS2 nanopore identifies single amino acids with sub-1 Dalton resolution. Nature communications 43 37210427
2015 Core clock, SUB1, and ABAR genes mediate flooding and drought responses via alternative splicing in soybean. Journal of experimental botany 40 26314767
2015 Yeast transcription co-activator Sub1 and its human homolog PC4 preferentially bind to G-quadruplex DNA. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 39 25813861
2014 Physiological basis of tolerance to complete submergence in rice involves genetic factors in addition to the SUB1 gene. AoB PLANTS 37 25281725
2009 Sub1 functions in osmoregulation and in transcription by both RNA polymerases II and III. Molecular and cellular biology 36 19204085
2008 Evolutionary analysis of the Sub1 gene cluster that confers submergence tolerance to domesticated rice. Annals of botany 35 18824474
2017 Sub1/PC4, a multifaceted factor: from transcription to genome stability. Current genetics 33 28567479
2023 Monodispersed Sub-1 nm Inorganic Cluster Chains in Polymers for Solid Electrolytes with Enhanced Li-Ion Transport. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 32 37632842
2019 Weak electric-field detection with sub-1 Hz resolution at radio frequencies using a Rydberg atom-based mixer. Applied physics letters 32 39440106
2019 Sub1 Rice: Engineering Rice for Climate Change. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 28 31182543
2012 Sub1 associates with Spt5 and influences RNA polymerase II transcription elongation rate. Molecular biology of the cell 25 22973055
2021 Peptidic boronic acids are potent cell-permeable inhibitors of the malaria parasite egress serine protease SUB1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 33975947
2017 SUB1 has photoreceptor dependent and independent functions in sexual development and secondary metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. Molecular microbiology 23 28925526
2010 Sub1 globally regulates RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphorylation. Molecular and cellular biology 23 20823273
2013 In Silico screening on the three-dimensional model of the Plasmodium vivax SUB1 protease leads to the validation of a novel anti-parasite compound. The Journal of biological chemistry 22 23653352
2016 In silico study of subtilisin-like protease 1 (SUB1) from different Plasmodium species in complex with peptidyl-difluorostatones and characterization of potent pan-SUB1 inhibitors. Journal of molecular graphics & modelling 21 26826801
2021 The Transcription Factor SUB1 Is a Master Regulator of the Macrophage TLR Response in Atherosclerosis. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 20 34378353
2024 Sub-1 nm Materials Chemistry: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of the American Chemical Society 19 39312400
2022 G-quadruplex inducer/stabilizer pyridostatin targets SUB1 to promote cytotoxicity of a transplatinum complex. Nucleic acids research 19 35258624
2011 Computational reverse-engineering of a spider-venom derived peptide active against Plasmodium falciparum SUB1. PloS one 19 21818266
2008 Transcriptional repression of the IMD2 gene mediated by the transcriptional co-activator Sub1. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 19 18823333
2021 ARID1B/SUB1-activated lncRNA HOXA-AS2 drives the malignant behaviour of hepatoblastoma through regulation of HOXA3. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 18 33683826
2017 Sub1 contacts the RNA polymerase II stalk to modulate mRNA synthesis. Nucleic acids research 18 27924005
2013 Differential requirement for SUB1 in chromosomal and plasmid double-strand DNA break repair. PloS one 18 23554872
2019 Introgression of Sub1 (SUB1) QTL in mega rice cultivars increases ethylene production to the detriment of grain- filling under stagnant flooding. Scientific reports 17 31811177
2015 The Sub1 nuclear protein protects DNA from oxidative damage. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 17 26708217
2021 Rice with SUB1 QTL possesses greater initial leaf gas film thickness leading to delayed perception of submergence stress. Annals of botany 15 32939540
2022 Subtilisin-like Serine Protease 1 (SUB1) as an Emerging Antimalarial Drug Target: Current Achievements in Inhibitor Discovery. Journal of medicinal chemistry 13 36137276
2019 Cryptosporidium parvum Subtilisin-Like Serine Protease (SUB1) Is Crucial for Parasite Egress from Host Cells. Infection and immunity 11 30782859
2014 Sub1 and Maf1, two effectors of RNA polymerase III, are involved in the yeast quiescence cycle. PloS one 11 25531541
2012 Comparison of phenotypic versus marker-assisted background selection for the SUB1 QTL during backcrossing in rice. Breeding science 11 23226081
2022 Sub-1.5 nm-gapped heterodimeric plasmonic nanomolecules. Chemical science 10 35655881
2022 Recent progress of sub-1 nm nanomaterials: synthesis, polymer-analogue properties and applications in redox catalysis. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 10 36156040
2011 Identification of Toxoplasma gondii SUB1 antigen as a marker for acute infection by use of an innovative evaluation method. Journal of clinical microbiology 9 21543561
2024 SUB1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by activating NF-κB signaling via UBR5-mediated ubiquitination of UBXN1. Science China. Life sciences 8 38240906
2024 HMGB3 and SUB1 Bind to and Facilitate the Repair of N2-Alkylguanine Lesions in DNA. Journal of the American Chemical Society 8 39101269
2023 Pif1 Helicase Mediates Remodeling of Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes by Promoting Dissociation of Sub1 from G-Quadruplex DNA and Cdc13 from G-Rich Single-Stranded DNA. Biochemistry 7 37948114
2020 A malaria parasite subtilisin propeptide-like protein is a potent inhibitor of the egress protease SUB1. The Biochemical journal 7 31942933
2024 The malaria parasite egress protease SUB1 is activated through precise, plasmepsin X-mediated cleavage of the SUB1 prodomain. Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects 6 38969256
2023 Highly-Efficient and Robust Zn Anodes Enabled by Sub-1-µm Zincophilic CrN Coatings. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 6 38018307
2020 Alteration in plant spacing improves submergence tolerance in Sub1 and non-Sub1 rice (cv. IR64) by better light interception and effective carbohydrate utilisation under stress. Functional plant biology : FPB 6 32553088
2016 Barcode Sequencing Screen Identifies SUB1 as a Regulator of Yeast Pheromone Inducible Genes. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 6 26837954
2024 Prodomain-driven enzyme dimerization: a pH-dependent autoinhibition mechanism that controls Plasmodium Sub1 activity before merozoite egress. mBio 5 38386597
2024 Sub1 QTL confers submergence tolerance in rice through nitro-oxidative regulation and phytohormonal signaling. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 5 38714133
2021 CircVCAN/SUB1 up-regulates MYC/HSP90β to enhance the proliferation and migration of glioma cells. Brain research bulletin 5 34534637
2018 The effect of phosphate ion on the ssDNA binding mode of MoSub1, a Sub1/PC4 homolog from rice blast fungus. Proteins 5 30561148
2025 The single-stranded DNA-binding factor SUB1/PC4 alleviates replication stress at telomeres and is a vulnerability of ALT cancer cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 4 39772744
2016 Hot1 factor recruits co-activator Sub1 and elongation complex Spt4/5 to osmostress genes. The Biochemical journal 4 27480106
2012 Sub-1.5-cycle pulses from a single filament. Optics express 4 23188372
2023 3D structures of the Plasmodium vivax subtilisin-like drug target SUB1 reveal conformational changes to accommodate a substrate-derived α-ketoamide inhibitor. Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology 3 37428845
2021 The Effect of Water Level in Rice Cropping System on Phosphorus Uptake Activity of Pup1 in a Pup1+Sub1 Breeding Line. Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 3 34451568
2015 SUB1 Plays a Negative Role during Starvation Induced Sporulation Program in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PloS one 3 26147804
2023 Introgression of SUB1 aggravates the susceptibility of the popular rice cultivars Swarna and Savitri to stagnant flooding. Scientific reports 2 37270542
2025 Single Precursor-Derived Sub-1 nm MoCo Bimetallic Particles Decorated on Phosphide-Carbon Nitride Framework for Sustainable Hydrogen Generation. ACS applied materials & interfaces 1 39779368
2025 Towards Improved Peptidic α-Ketoamide Inhibitors of the Plasmodial Subtilisin-Like SUB1: Exploration of N-Terminal Extensions and Cyclic Constraints. ChemMedChem 1 39832214
2022 The Role of S. cerevisiae Sub1/PC4 in Transcription Elongation Depends on the C-Terminal Region and Is Independent of the ssDNA Binding Domain. Cells 1 36291192
2026 Machine Learning-Assisted Screening of High-Entropy Sub-1 nm Nanowires for Ultrasound-Augmented Pancatalytic Tumor Therapy. Journal of the American Chemical Society 0 41693267
2026 Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly Identifies RIRE2 and CACTA Transposable Elements at the Sub1 Locus in Submergence-Tolerant Rice Varieties. Rice (New York, N.Y.) 0 42118510
2025 The transcriptome landscape of Kumrogarh, a unique rice landrace showing the simultaneous presence of Sub1 and SK loci for submergence tolerance. 3 Biotech 0 40191457
2025 The TCR-SUB1-DOCK2 axis promotes autoimmunity by driving pathogenic CD4+ T cell tissue infiltration. Immunity 0 41371223

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