| 2002 |
FEEL-1 (STAB1) functions as an endocytic receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGEs): CHO cells overexpressing FEEL-1 bound 125I-AGE-BSA with high affinity (Kd ~2.55 µg/ml) at 4°C, and at 37°C took up and degraded the ligand; binding was inhibited by polyanionic SR-A inhibitors (fucoidan, polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate) but not by native or oxidized LDL. |
Radioligand binding assay and uptake/degradation assay in CHO cells overexpressing FEEL-1; competitive inhibition with polyanionic ligands |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
12473645
|
| 2002 |
FEEL-1 (STAB1) is the major receptor for acetylated LDL (Ac-LDL) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as demonstrated by monoclonal antibody blocking; FEEL-1 and FEEL-2 expressed in CHO cells both bind DiI-Ac-LDL and Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria; inhibition of FEEL-1 with monoclonal antibody markedly reduced cell-cell interaction in the Matrigel tube formation assay, indicating a role in angiogenesis. |
Expression cloning; monoclonal antibody blocking of DiI-Ac-LDL uptake; transient overexpression in CHO cells; in vitro Matrigel tube formation assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
12077138
|
| 2003 |
CLEVER-1 (STAB1) on lymphatic endothelium mediates adhesion of head-and-neck cancer cell lines to lymphatic endothelium; adhesion of all tested cancer cell lines was dependent on both CLEVER-1 and mannose receptor, as shown by antibody blocking experiments. |
In vitro adhesion assays with antibody blocking of CLEVER-1 and mannose receptor on lymphatic endothelial cells |
Cancer research |
Medium |
12907648
|
| 2004 |
CLEVER-1 (STAB1) supports rolling and transmigration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) across vascular endothelium under physiological laminar shear stress, and also mediates transmigration of leukocytes through lymphatic endothelium under static conditions; CLEVER-1 is constitutively expressed on lymphatic vessels in skin and induced on vascular endothelium upon inflammation. |
Flow chamber assay under shear stress; transmigration assay through cultured lymphatic endothelium; immunofluorescence of tissue sections |
Blood |
High |
15297319
|
| 2004 |
Stabilin-1 (STAB1) is predominantly intracellular and cycles rapidly between the plasma membrane and EEA-1+ early endosomes; intracellular targeting is influenced by the transmembrane domain/cytoplasmic tail, which contains a putative dileucine (DXXLL) Golgi-to-endosomal sorting signal; the stabilin-1 Link domain does not bind hyaluronan or other glycosaminoglycans. |
Fluorescent antibody and Fl-Ac-LDL uptake assays; subcellular fractionation/immunofluorescence colocalization with EEA-1; stabilin-1/CD44 chimera expression in HeLa cells; hyaluronan binding assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
15345716
|
| 2009 |
Clever-1/Stabilin-1 mediates in vivo migration of T and B lymphocytes to draining lymph nodes via lymphatics; an adhesive epitope on Clever-1/Stabilin-1 responsible for the interaction between lymphocytes and lymphatic endothelium was identified; antibody blocking of Clever-1/Stabilin-1 inhibited peritonitis in mice by reducing granulocyte entrance by ~50% and nearly abolishing monocyte and lymphocyte migration into the inflamed peritoneum. |
In vivo lymphocyte migration models; antibody blocking in peritonitis mouse model; adoptive transfer experiments; epitope mapping |
European journal of immunology |
High |
19830743
|
| 2010 |
Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17), a phox-homology domain protein, directly interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of FEEL-1/stabilin-1 via the NPxF motif; SNX17 regulates FEEL-1/stabilin-1 trafficking and siRNA knockdown of SNX17 decreases total cellular FEEL-1/stabilin-1 expression and FEEL-1-mediated ligand uptake by enhancing protein degradation. |
Co-immunoprecipitation; cytoplasmic domain truncation and point-mutation constructs; siRNA knockdown; ligand uptake assay |
Biochimica et biophysica acta |
High |
20226821
|
| 2011 |
Stabilin-1/CLEVER-1 on human placental macrophages mediates scavenging of Ac-LDL and uptake of fluorescently labeled OVA; siRNA-mediated suppression of stabilin-1/CLEVER-1 alters the cytokine profile produced by placental macrophages; stabilin-1/CLEVER-1 on placental macrophages mediates their adhesion to placental vessels and supports transmigration through vascular endothelium. |
siRNA knockdown; fluorescent ligand uptake assay; cytokine profiling; transmigration assay; flow cytometry |
European journal of immunology |
Medium |
21480214
|
| 2014 |
Clever-1/Stabilin-1 deficiency (full knockout and macrophage- or endothelium-specific conditional knockouts) reduces primary and metastatic tumor growth in mice; Clever-1 mediates binding of immunosuppressive leukocytes to intratumoral blood vessels and facilitates tumor cell traffic via lymphatics; anti-Clever-1 antibody treatment inhibits tumor progression in wild-type mice. |
Full and conditional knockout mice (macrophage-specific, endothelium-specific); bone marrow chimeras; cell depletion experiments; anti-Clever-1 antibody therapy in B16 melanoma and EL-4 lymphoma models; flow cytometry of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes |
Clinical cancer research |
High |
25320356
|
| 2018 |
Clever-1-deficient macrophages show increased TNF-α synthesis; in co-culture, Clever-1-deficient monocytes/macrophages support higher IgM production by B cells in a TNF-α-dependent manner; macrophage-specific Clever-1 ablation results in elevated IgG levels and enhanced humoral immune responses in vivo. |
Stab1 knockout mice; macrophage-specific conditional knockout; ELISA for antibody levels and cytokines; B cell–macrophage co-culture; TNF-α depletion experiments |
Frontiers in immunology |
Medium |
30349531
|
| 2019 |
Genetic deficiency of macrophage Clever-1 impairs solid tumor growth by converting macrophages from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory, thereby activating endogenous antitumor CD8+ T cells; therapeutic blockade of Clever-1 has comparable effects and synergizes with anti-PD-1 in aggressive tumors. |
Conditional Clever-1 knockout; bone marrow chimeras; cell depletion experiments; anti-Clever-1 immunotherapy alone and combined with anti-PD-1 in multiple mouse cancer models; flow cytometry |
Clinical cancer research |
High |
30755440
|
| 2019 |
Clever-1 controls CD8+ T cell and B220+ B cell homing to the spleen specifically via vessels in the red pulp; absence of Clever-1 leads to downregulation of the B cell attractant chemokine CXCL13 on spleen endothelium, contributing to reduced B cell trafficking into the spleen. |
Ex vivo adhesion assays in mice and humans; genetic ablation of Clever-1 in mice; CXCL13 expression analysis on spleen endothelium; adoptive transfer / homing assays |
Science immunology |
Medium |
30926591
|
| 2021 |
Anti-Clever-1 antibody FP-1305 (bexmarilimab) impairs multiprotein vacuolar ATPase-mediated endosomal acidification in primary human macrophages (identified by pull-down interactome assays) and improves the ability of macrophages to activate CD8+ T cells; in patients, FP-1305 suppresses nuclear lipid signaling and induces a proinflammatory phenotypic switch in blood monocytes. |
Antibody pull-down assays in primary human macrophages; mass cytometry; RNA sequencing; cytokine profiling; clinical trial patient samples (n=30) |
Clinical cancer research |
Medium |
34078651
|
| 2021 |
Clever-1 on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) promotes immunosuppression towards migrating dendritic cells; Clever-1 knockout impairs DC entrance into afferent lymphatics and reduces DC trafficking to draining lymph nodes; LECs in Clever-1 KO lymph nodes display a less tolerogenic phenotype with increased MHC II on DCs, enabling stronger OVA-specific T cell proliferative responses despite fewer DCs reaching the node. |
Clever-1 knockout mice; adoptive DC transfer experiments; flow cytometry; MHC II expression analysis; antigen-specific T cell proliferation assay |
Frontiers in immunology |
Medium |
33746947
|
| 2023 |
Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in STAB1 are associated with inherited hyperferritinemia without iron overload in humans; immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry confirmed absent or markedly reduced stabilin-1 protein in liver samples, monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages of affected individuals, implicating stabilin-1 in ferritin metabolism. |
Whole-exome sequencing with homozygosity mapping; immunohistochemistry of liver biopsies; flow cytometry of monocytes and macrophages |
American journal of human genetics |
Medium |
37490907
|
| 2025 |
Secreted Clever-1 (sClever-1) is released from macrophages by IFNγ/LPS-induced serine protease-dependent cleavage; recombinant sClever-1 binds selectively to activated T cells via mannose-6-phosphate-mediated interaction with IGF2R, impairing TCR signaling and Th1 expansion; sClever-1 is also associated with macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles and contributes to T cell tolerance and reduced anti-PD-1 efficacy. |
TRFIA-based ELISA of plasma samples; recombinant protein production and biophysical characterization; flow cytometry; Western blotting; T cell activation assays; Jurkat reporter systems; extracellular vesicle isolation; pulldown assays with mass spectrometry; serine protease inhibitor studies; patient-derived tumor explants |
Theranostics |
High |
40756372
|
| 2025 |
STAB1 knockdown in AML cell lines (HEL and NB4) suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis through downregulation of the IKK/NF-κB pathway; conditioned medium from STAB1-knockdown AML cells reduces M2 polarization of co-cultured macrophages; in vivo STAB1 silencing prolongs survival and reduces AML aggressiveness in xenograft models. |
siRNA/shRNA knockdown in AML cell lines; cell proliferation and apoptosis assays; NF-κB pathway activity assays; macrophage co-culture with conditioned medium; xenograft mouse models |
Cancer science |
Medium |
40083109
|
| 2025 |
HNF4A transcriptionally regulates NCOA2 by binding its promoter; NCOA2 interacts with glucocorticoid receptor (GR); STAB1 is identified as a downstream target gene of the HNF4A/NCOA2/GR transcriptional axis, with STAB1 expression required for IL-4-induced M2 macrophage polarization in the context of sepsis-associated lung injury. |
Adenovirus-mediated HNF4A overexpression in mouse sepsis model (cecal ligation and puncture); ChIP/promoter binding assay for HNF4A-NCOA2; co-immunoprecipitation for NCOA2-GR; transcriptome sequencing; in vitro IL-4-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophage polarization with STAB1 inhibition |
Cell death & disease |
Medium |
39979267
|
| 2025 |
CLEVER-1 blockade (bexmarilimab) reprograms tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype in gastric cancer by suppressing PPARγ-driven lipid metabolism and enhancing antigen presentation and inflammatory cytokine secretion; CLEVER-1 blockade synergizes with anti-PD-1 in ex vivo gastric cancer models. |
Flow cytometry; transcriptomic analysis of reprogrammed TAMs; ex vivo gastric cancer tumor models with bexmarilimab ± anti-PD-1; PPARγ pathway analysis |
Journal for immunotherapy of cancer |
Medium |
40404204
|