Affinage

SOX21

Transcription factor SOX-21 · UniProt Q9Y651

Length
276 aa
Mass
28.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
52 papers in source corpus 19 papers cited in narrative 19 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SOX21 is an HMG-box transcription factor that functions principally as a transcriptional repressor to control the balance between progenitor maintenance and differentiation across neural, epithelial, and stem cell lineages. It counteracts SoxB1 (Sox1/2/3) activity in neural progenitors—where it is itself transcriptionally induced by Sox2 and proneural bHLH factors—to promote neuronal differentiation by directly repressing the Notch effector Hes5 and modulating progenitor-to-neuron transitions in the hippocampus and developing nervous system (PMID:15995704, PMID:22956844, PMID:22902753). Beyond neural tissues, SOX21 regulates hair shaft cuticle keratin gene expression, ameloblast differentiation (via Anapc10), airway progenitor fate by antagonizing SOX2-driven differentiation programs, and acts as a tumor suppressor in glioblastoma by epigenetically repressing AP-1-targeted chromatin and in gastric cancer by repressing CKS2 (PMID:19470461, PMID:32674056, PMID:34286693, PMID:41620461, PMID:40676553). SOX21 forms physical complexes with Sox2, its activity is concentration-dependent, and its own expression is subject to bivalent chromatin regulation and DNMT1-mediated promoter methylation silencing (PMID:23463365, PMID:20876214, PMID:40676553).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 2004 High

    Establishing that SOX21 exerts developmental effects through transcriptional repression resolved the question of whether SOX21 acts as an activator or repressor, grounding subsequent mechanistic work.

    Evidence Chimeric VP16 (activator) and EnR (repressor) domain-swap fusion constructs injected into zebrafish embryos; dorsoventral patterning readouts

    PMID:15037315

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct target genes identified at this stage
    • Repression mechanism (direct DNA binding vs. co-repressor recruitment) unresolved
  2. 2005 High

    Demonstrating that Sox21 counteracts SoxB1 proteins to shift the progenitor-differentiation balance, and that proneural bHLH factors induce Sox21, placed Sox21 at a key node integrating proneural signaling with SoxB1-mediated progenitor maintenance.

    Evidence Gain- and loss-of-function in chick embryo neural tube; epistasis analysis with Sox1-3 and proneural factors

    PMID:15995704

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets mediating this effect unknown
    • Mechanism of Sox21 antagonism of SoxB1 (competition vs. complex sequestration) not determined
  3. 2009 High

    Sox21 knockout mice revealed an essential role in hair shaft cuticle differentiation, extending Sox21 function beyond the nervous system and identifying cuticle keratin genes as downstream targets.

    Evidence Targeted knockout mouse; histology and gene expression profiling of cuticle keratins

    PMID:19470461

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Sox21 directly binds cuticle keratin promoters not confirmed by ChIP
    • Relationship to other Sox factors in hair follicle not delineated
  4. 2010 Medium

    Proteomic identification of Sox21 as a Sox2-associated protein in ESCs, combined with evidence that Sox21 induction drives differentiation toward neurectoderm and cardiac lineages, established Sox21 as a downstream effector of Sox2 in pluripotent cells; concurrently, chromatin analysis showed Sox21 is a bivalent gene regulated by PRC2-mediated H3K27me3.

    Evidence MudPIT proteomics of Sox2 complexes; inducible Sox21 in ESCs; ChIP for histone marks in wild-type and PRC2-deficient ESCs

    PMID:20687156 PMID:20876214

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Sox2-Sox21 complex formation is functionally required for ESC differentiation not tested by disruption
    • PRC2-independent repression of Sox21 in PRC2-null cells unexplained
  5. 2010 Medium

    Sox21 overexpression in glioma cells repressed Sox2 and induced apoptosis, providing the first evidence for Sox21 as a tumor-suppressive factor in brain cancer.

    Evidence Tet-on inducible Sox21 in human glioma cell lines; apoptosis and cell number assays

    PMID:20824710

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Sox2 repression by Sox21 not defined
    • In vivo tumor suppression not yet tested at this point
  6. 2012 High

    Multiple studies converged to define Sox21's direct transcriptional targets and pathway positions: Sox21 represses Hes5 to promote hippocampal neurogenesis (positioning it at the Notch-Sox intersection), Sox2 directly induces Sox21 which in turn represses Cdx2 during intestinal reprogramming, and conserved non-coding enhancer elements at the Sox21 locus control its tissue-specific expression in the lens.

    Evidence Sox21 KO mice with hippocampal progenitor staging and ChIP on Hes5; inducible Sox2 in mouse intestine with Sox21 shRNA during reprogramming; BAC reporter deletions and morpholino KD in zebrafish lens

    PMID:22387845 PMID:22902753 PMID:22956844

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Hes5 is the sole mediator of Sox21's neurogenic effect unknown
    • Genome-wide direct target repertoire not yet mapped by ChIP-seq at this stage
  7. 2013 Medium

    Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed Sox2:Sox21 complex formation in glioma cells, and Sox21 induction reduced tumor growth and extended survival in orthotopic xenograft models, linking physical Sox2:Sox21 interaction to anti-tumorigenic differentiation.

    Evidence Co-IP in glioma cells; subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft mouse models with inducible Sox21

    PMID:23463365

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Sox2:Sox21 complex is required for differentiation induction (vs. Sox21 acting independently) not tested
    • Binding interface and stoichiometry undefined
  8. 2020 High

    ChIP-seq in dental epithelium identified Anapc10 as a direct Sox21 target, linking Sox21 loss to Smad3 upregulation and accelerated TGF-β1-induced EMT, thereby connecting Sox21 to ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation and epithelial integrity.

    Evidence Sox21 KO mice; ChIP-seq; Anapc10 disruption; TGF-β1 stimulation and EMT assays

    PMID:32674056

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Anapc10 regulation by Sox21 operates in tissues beyond dental epithelium unknown
    • How Sox21-Anapc10-Smad3 axis interacts with canonical APC/C function not elucidated
  9. 2021 High

    Conditional knockout in airway epithelium demonstrated that SOX21 inhibits SOX2-driven basal-to-ciliated cell differentiation, establishing that the SOX2-SOX21 antagonism is context- and concentration-dependent in adult tissues.

    Evidence Conditional Sox21 KO mouse; human fetal lung organoids; adult bronchial epithelial cells

    PMID:34286693

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct chromatin targets of SOX21 in airway cells not mapped
    • Whether SOX21 acts by competing with SOX2 on the same enhancers or through distinct targets not resolved
  10. 2023 High

    ChIP/ATAC-seq in patient-derived glioblastoma progenitor cells revealed that SOX21 directly binds and epigenetically represses AP-1-targeted chromatin, defining the molecular basis for SOX21 tumor suppression; c-JUN overexpression rescued tumorigenic capacity, confirming AP-1 as the critical downstream axis.

    Evidence ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq in GPCs with inducible SOX21; orthotopic xenograft survival; c-JUN epistasis

    PMID:41620461

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether SOX21 recruits specific chromatin-remodeling or deacetylase complexes to AP-1 sites not determined
    • Applicability beyond glioblastoma not tested
  11. 2025 Medium

    Identification of DNMT1-mediated promoter methylation as an upstream silencing mechanism of SOX21, with CKS2 as a direct repression target, extended the SOX21 tumor-suppressor paradigm to gastric cancer and linked its inactivation to epigenetic rather than genetic mechanisms.

    Evidence ChIP; dual-luciferase reporter; methylation-specific PCR; DNMT1 knockdown rescue; xenograft model in gastric cancer cells

    PMID:40676553

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether DNMT1-mediated silencing of SOX21 is a general mechanism across cancer types not tested
    • Other transcriptional targets of SOX21 in gastric tissue not identified

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the genome-wide direct target repertoire of SOX21 across tissues, the structural basis of the Sox2:Sox21 complex and how it mediates transcriptional repression vs. activation switching, and whether SOX21's concentration-dependent activity involves distinct co-factor assemblies at different expression levels.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of SOX21 or SOX21:SOX2 complex
  • Genome-wide target comparison across tissues lacking
  • Co-repressor complexes recruited by SOX21 to target chromatin not identified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 7 GO:0003677 DNA binding 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 7 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3
Partners
NEUROG2POU4F2SOX2YBX1

Evidence

Reading pass · 19 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 Sox21 promotes neuronal differentiation by counteracting the activity of Sox1-3 (SoxB1 proteins), and proneural bHLH proteins promote neurogenesis by upregulating Sox21 expression; the balance of Sox21 and Sox1-3 activities determines whether neural cells remain as progenitors or commit to differentiation. Genetic gain- and loss-of-function studies in chick embryo; epistasis analysis Nature neuroscience High 15995704
2004 Sox21 acts as a transcriptional repressor in dorso-ventral patterning in zebrafish; gain-of-function with chimeric Sox21-VP16 (activator) and Sox21-EnR (repressor) constructs demonstrated that Sox21 exerts its developmental effects through transcriptional repression. Microinjection of full-length and chimeric VP16/EnR fusion constructs in zebrafish; morpholino knockdown Mechanisms of development High 15037315
2004 Sox21 represses NGF-induced neuronal differentiation (neurite outgrowth) in PC12 cells, and physically associates with YB-1 (Y-box binding protein 1); YB-1 binding to Sox21 partially restores neuronal differentiation inhibited by Sox21 overexpression. Overexpression in PC12 cells; biochemical co-immunoprecipitation/pulldown identifying YB-1 as Sox21-interacting protein; neurite outgrowth assay Neuroscience letters Medium 15039105
2009 Sox21 is a master regulator of hair shaft cuticle differentiation; Sox21 knockout mice show loss of interlocking cuticle structures and downregulation of cuticle-specific keratin and keratin-associated protein genes, establishing Sox21 as a transcriptional regulator of hair shaft cuticle gene expression. Targeted gene disruption (knockout mouse); histology, gene expression analysis of cuticle-specific keratins Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 19470461
2010 Sox21 is identified as a Sox2-associated protein during early ESC differentiation; ectopic Sox21 expression in ESCs (engineered inducible system) induces differentiation into neurectoderm and heart lineages, demonstrating Sox21 as a downstream effector controlling ESC fate. Multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) proteomics of Sox2-associated proteins; inducible Sox21 expression in ESCs with lineage marker analysis Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) Medium 20687156
2010 The Sox21 gene is regulated as a bivalent gene in ESCs bearing both H3K4me3 (activating) and H3K27me3 (repressive) histone marks; upon Sox2-induced differentiation, all repressive machinery (including PRC2) and histone modifications are lost while activating marks are retained; ESCs lacking functional PRC2 fail to activate Sox21, apparently due to its continued association with other repressive complexes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for histone modifications and transcriptional machinery in ESCs before and after differentiation; PRC2-deficient ESC analysis FASEB journal Medium 20876214
2010 Sox21 overexpression in human glioma cells inhibits Sox2 expression and induces apoptosis, reducing cell number; Sox21 can negatively regulate Sox2 in glioma cells. Tetracycline-regulated (Tet-on) inducible Sox21 overexpression; siRNA knockdown of Sox2; cell number and apoptosis assays; immunofluorescence International journal of cancer Medium 20824710
2012 Sox21 promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis by transcriptional repression of the Notch target gene Hes5; Sox21 loss impairs transition of progenitor cells from type 2a to type 2b; simultaneous overexpression of Hes5 and Sox21 confirmed Hes5 as the downstream effector at the intersection of Notch and Sox pathways. Sox21 knockout mice; ChIP analysis of Sox21 binding sites in neural stem/progenitor cells; overexpression epistasis (Hes5 + Sox21 co-expression); BrdU/marker analysis of progenitor stages The Journal of neuroscience High 22956844
2012 Sox2 transcriptionally induces Sox21 as a specific, immediate, and cell-autonomous target in intestinal stem cells; Sox21 is sufficient to repress Cdx2 (a master regulator of endodermal identity) in colon cancer cells and pluripotent stem cells; inhibition of Sox21 blocks reprogramming to the pluripotent state, establishing Sox21 as a downstream mediator of Sox2 transcriptional action. Inducible Sox2 expression in mouse intestine (in vivo); in vitro Sox21 expression in colon cancer cells and ESCs; shRNA knockdown of Sox21 during reprogramming; Cdx2 reporter assays Current biology : CB High 22902753
2012 Sox21 inhibits neuronal differentiation in Xenopus by binding to Neurogenin2 (Ngn2) and blocking its function; a threshold level of Sox21 is required for cell viability and normal neuronal differentiation, but higher Sox21 concentrations inhibit neuron formation and promote progenitor maintenance. Misexpression (gain-of-function) and morpholino knockdown (loss-of-function) in Xenopus neural plate; co-expression epistasis with Ngn2; cell death and differentiation assays Developmental biology Medium 25448693
2013 Sox21 forms complexes with Sox2 in glioma cells; Sox21 overexpression induces aberrant differentiation (upregulation of S100β, CNPase, Tuj1), reduces tumor size, and extends survival in orthotopic glioma models; the anti-tumorigenic effect correlates with increased Sox2:Sox21 complex formation. Tet-on inducible Sox21 expression in glioma cells; subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft mouse models; co-immunoprecipitation of Sox2:Sox21 complexes; differentiation marker immunostaining International journal of cancer Medium 23463365
2021 SOX21 inhibits differentiation of airway progenitor cells by antagonizing SOX2-induced expression of specific genes involved in airway differentiation; loss of SOX21 increases differentiation of SOX2+ progenitors to basal and ciliated cells; in the adult tracheal epithelium SOX21 inhibits basal-to-ciliated cell differentiation; the interplay between SOX2 and SOX21 is context- and concentration-dependent. Sox21 conditional knockout mouse; human fetal lung organoids; adult bronchial epithelial cells; marker analysis; loss-of-function experiments eLife High 34286693
2020 Sox21 disruption in dental epithelium leads to loss of differentiation markers in ameloblasts and ectopic hair follicle formation; Sox21 directly regulates Anapc10 (APC/C substrate recognition subunit) by binding its regulatory region (ChIP-seq); loss of Sox21 or Anapc10 induces Smad3 expression and accelerates TGF-β1-induced EMT with E-cadherin degradation via Skp2. Sox21 knockout mice; chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq); Anapc10 functional disruption; TGF-β1 stimulation and EMT assays; immunohistochemistry iScience High 32674056
2012 Two highly conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) at the Sox21 locus function as essential lens enhancers; removal of both CNEs from a reporter BAC abolishes lens expression of Sox21; morpholino knockdown of sox21b in zebrafish causes lens development defects; putative Sox binding sites within one CNE are essential for lens enhancer activity. Reporter BAC assays in zebrafish; CNE deletion; morpholino knockdown; mutagenesis of Sox binding sites in CNE Developmental biology Medium 22387845
2023 SOX21 directly binds AP-1-targeted chromatin regions in glioblastoma progenitor cells (GPCs), leading to epigenetic repression of AP-1-activated genes; SOX21 expression reduces GPC tumorigenic capacity and extends survival in orthotopic GBM mouse models; overexpression of the AP-1 family member c-JUN counteracts SOX21 anti-tumorigenic effects. TetOn-inducible SOX21 in patient-derived GPCs; ChIP/ATAC-seq identifying AP-1 chromatin binding sites; orthotopic xenograft survival assay; c-JUN overexpression epistasis; AP-1 inhibitor comparison Cell death & disease High 41620461
2025 SOX21 transcriptionally represses CKS2 in gastric cancer cells; DNMT1-mediated hypermethylation of the SOX21 promoter silences SOX21, thereby releasing CKS2 repression and promoting gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion; the DNMT1/SOX21/CKS2 axis was confirmed by ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and xenograft rescue experiments. ChIP assay; dual-luciferase reporter assay; quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP); DNMT1 silencing rescue experiments; xenograft tumor model BMC cancer Medium 40676553
2024 SOX21 ectopic expression, driven by adoption of Dct regulatory elements following TAD boundary disruption, identifies TGFB2 as a transcriptional target of SOX21; TGFB2 accumulates in aqueous humor of MCOR-affected subjects, linking SOX21-TGFB2 signaling to iris development and eye pressure control. Mouse deletion model of MCOR-causing genomic region; 3D genomic architecture (TAD boundary) modeling; TGFB2 target gene identification; ELISA of aqueous humor American journal of human genetics Medium 39293448
2024 SOX21 binds POU4F2 and attenuates its methylation state, facilitating POU4F2's transcriptional activation of the Hedgehog pathway, which mediates EMT and promotes colon cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Luciferase reporter assay; CUT&RUN-qPCR; methylation-specific PCR; co-expression and knockdown experiments in colon cancer cells Life sciences Low 38992573
2023 miR-181b-2-3p directly targets SOX21 in microglia (BV2 cells); SOX21 knockdown inhibits radiation-induced microglial activation and proliferation; in neural stem cells, irradiation oppositely increases miR-181b-2-3p and decreases SOX21, and SOX21 overexpression restores impaired NSC viability and proliferation. Luciferase reporter assay (SOX21 as miR-181b-2-3p target); siRNA knockdown of SOX21 in BV2; SOX21 overexpression in NSCs; cell viability and proliferation assays Cells Medium 36831315

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 52 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 Sox21 promotes the progression of vertebrate neurogenesis. Nature neuroscience 162 15995704
2010 Proteomic analysis of Sox2-associated proteins during early stages of mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation identifies Sox21 as a novel regulator of stem cell fate. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 93 20687156
2018 Silencing of Long Noncoding RNA SOX21-AS1 Relieves Neuronal Oxidative Stress Injury in Mice with Alzheimer's Disease by Upregulating FZD3/5 via the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Molecular neurobiology 74 30143969
2009 The disruption of Sox21-mediated hair shaft cuticle differentiation causes cyclic alopecia in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 62 19470461
2012 Sox21 promotes hippocampal adult neurogenesis via the transcriptional repression of the Hes5 gene. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 60 22956844
2012 Sox2 acts through Sox21 to regulate transcription in pluripotent and differentiated cells. Current biology : CB 53 22902753
2017 Long non-coding RNA SOX21-AS1 sponges miR-145 to promote the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer by targeting MYO6. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 52 29217166
2019 Long noncoding RNA SOX21-AS1 promotes cervical cancer progression by competitively sponging miR-7/VDAC1. Journal of cellular physiology 47 30912129
1999 Expression patterns of zebrafish sox11A, sox11B and sox21. Mechanisms of development 45 10559493
2010 Forced expression of Sox21 inhibits Sox2 and induces apoptosis in human glioma cells. International journal of cancer 40 20824710
2014 Sox21 regulates the progression of neuronal differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Developmental biology 39 25448693
2020 Knockdown of long non-coding RNA SOX21-AS1 attenuates amyloid-β-induced neuronal damage by sponging miR-107. Bioscience reports 36 32124921
2004 Ectopic expression and knockdown of a zebrafish sox21 reveal its role as a transcriptional repressor in early development. Mechanisms of development 35 15037315
2019 SOX21-AS1 is associated with clinical stage and regulates cell proliferation in nephroblastoma. Bioscience reports 30 30992391
2004 Sox21 is a repressor of neuronal differentiation and is antagonized by YB-1. Neuroscience letters 28 15039105
2020 Long noncoding RNA SOX21-AS1 regulates the progression of triple-negative breast cancer through regulation of miR-520a-5p/ORMDL3 axis. Journal of cellular biochemistry 27 32277517
2021 SOX21 modulates SOX2-initiated differentiation of epithelial cells in the extrapulmonary airways. eLife 26 34286693
2021 Long non-coding RNA SOX21-AS1 modulates lung cancer progress upon microRNA miR-24-3p/PIM2 axis. Bioengineered 25 34511042
2013 Sox21 inhibits glioma progression in vivo by forming complexes with Sox2 and stimulating aberrant differentiation. International journal of cancer 25 23463365
2008 Cloning and developmental expression of the soxB2 genes, sox14 and sox21, during Xenopus laevis embryogenesis. The International journal of developmental biology 24 18956331
2020 Sox21 Regulates Anapc10 Expression and Determines the Fate of Ectodermal Organ. iScience 21 32674056
2012 Lens development depends on a pair of highly conserved Sox21 regulatory elements. Developmental biology 20 22387845
2010 Rapid activation of the bivalent gene Sox21 requires displacement of multiple layers of gene-silencing machinery. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 19 20876214
2022 SOX21-AS1 activated by STAT6 promotes pancreatic cancer progression via up-regulation of SOX21. Journal of translational medicine 18 36335356
2020 Long non-coding RNA SOX21-AS1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion through upregulating PAK7 expression by sponging miR-144-3p in glioma cells. Neoplasma 17 31973536
2020 Silencing of long non-coding RNA SOX21-AS1 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma invasion and migration by impairing TSPAN8 via transcription factor GATA6. International journal of biological macromolecules 17 32698071
2020 Long-Chain Non-Coding SOX21-AS1 Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells Through the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Cancer management and research 17 33173334
2020 Long non-coding RNA SOX21-AS1 enhances the stemness of breast cancer cells via the Hippo pathway. FEBS open bio 16 33103351
2012 Artificial induction of Sox21 regulates sensory cell formation in the embryonic chicken inner ear. PloS one 16 23071561
2021 SOX21-AS1 modulates neuronal injury of MMP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells via targeting miR-7-5p and inhibiting IRS2. Neuroscience letters 13 33421490
2011 Expression and function of Sox21 during mouse cochlea development. Neurochemical research 13 21287267
2016 Sox21 deletion in mice causes postnatal growth deficiency without physiological disruption of hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine axes. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 12 27616671
2020 LncRNA SOX21-AS1 Promotes the Growth and Invasiveness of Osteosarcoma Cells Through miR-7-5p/IRS2 Regulatory Network. Archives of medical research 9 33341286
2011 Comparative analysis of duplicated sox21 genes in zebrafish. Development, growth & differentiation 9 21492149
2023 Distinct roles for SOX2 and SOX21 in differentiation, distribution and maturation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 6 36867267
2022 Downregulation of SOX21-AS1 Alleviated Cisplatin Resistance in Cervical Cancer Through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Inhibition. Rejuvenation research 6 36039935
2022 SOX2 and SOX21 in Lung Epithelial Differentiation and Repair. International journal of molecular sciences 6 36361852
2023 Dual Effects of miR-181b-2-3p/SOX21 Interaction on Microglia and Neural Stem Cells after Gamma Irradiation. Cells 5 36831315
2023 Long non-coding RNA SOX21-AS1: A potential tumor oncogene in human cancers. Pathology, research and practice 5 37633003
2024 SOX21-AS1 Augmented Cervical Cancer Growth by Triggering FZD3 to Activate the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Biochemical genetics 4 38512584
2024 Exosomal SOX21-AS1 Regulates EREG by Sponging miR-451a and Promotes the Malignancy of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Journal of Cancer 4 38817864
2021 Quantitative detection of SRY-Box 21 (SOX21) gene promoter methylation as a stool-based noninvasive biomarker for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer by MethyLight method. Indian journal of cancer 4 33402569
2020 High potential of SOX21 gene promoter methylation as an epigenetic biomarker for early detection of colorectal cancer. Indian journal of cancer 4 32445320
2024 Intervention of epithelial mesenchymal transition against colon cancer cell growth and metastasis based on SOX21/POU4F2/Hedgehog signaling axis. Life sciences 3 38992573
2024 LncRNA SOX21-AS1 Promotes Activation of BV2 Cells via Epigenetical Silencing of SOCS3 and Aggravates Parkinson's Disease. Gerontology 3 39047719
2024 Congenital microcoria deletion in mouse links Sox21 dysregulation to disease and suggests a role for TGFB2 in glaucoma and myopia. American journal of human genetics 3 39293448
2023 LncRNA SOX21-AS1 accelerates endometrial carcinoma progression through the miR-7-5p/RAF1 pathway. World journal of surgical oncology 2 37481582
2012 Deletion of the Sox21 gene drastically affects hair lipids. Experimental dermatology 2 23171466
2025 LncRNA SOX21-AS1 Promotes the Progression of Pancreatic Cancer by Sponging miR-9-3p and Upregulating YOD1. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences 1 40525874
2026 SOX21 suppresses glioblastoma growth by repressing AP-1 activity. Cell death & disease 0 41620461
2026 High-sensitivity in situ detection of Sox21 reveals transcript asymmetry from the zygote stage. Developmental biology 0 41692143
2025 DNMT1 blocks SOX21-repressed CKS2 transcription to promote gastric cancer progression. BMC cancer 0 40676553